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Anti-Tumor Effects of Ginsenoside 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Combination in Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. MEDICINES 2021; 8:medicines8060028. [PMID: 34199743 PMCID: PMC8227560 DOI: 10.3390/medicines8060028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In spite of possessing desirable anticancer properties, currently, limited clinical success has been achieved with 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (aPPD) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol). This study is designed to evaluate if the combination of aPPD with calcitriol can inhibit human prostate cancer xenograft growth by using nuclear receptor signaling. Athymic male nude mice were utilized to establish an androgen-independent human prostate cancer C4-2 cell castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) xenograft model. Mice were treated orally for six weeks with 70 mg/kg aPPD administered once daily or three times per week with 4 µg/kg calcitriol or in combination or only with vehicle control. Contrary to our expectations, calcitriol treatment alone increased C4-2 tumor growth. However, the addition of calcitriol substantially increased aPPD-mediated tumor growth suppression (76% vs. 53%, combination vs. aPPD alone). The combination treatment significantly increased levels of cleaved caspase-3 apoptotic marker compared to vehicle-treated or aPPD-treated C4-2 tumors. The mechanistic elucidations indicate that tumor inhibition by the aPPD and calcitriol combination was accompanied by elevated vitamin D receptor (VDR) protein expression. In silico data suggest that aPPD weakly binds to the native LBD pocket of VDR. Interestingly, the combination of aPPD and calcitriol activated VDR at a significantly higher level than calcitriol alone and this indicates that aPPD may be an allosteric activator of VDR. Overall, aPPD and calcitriol combination significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo with no acute or chronic toxic effects in the C4-2 xenograft CRPC nude mice. The involvement of VDR and downstream apoptotic pathways are potential mechanistic routes of antitumor effects of this combination.
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Guevara MA, Lu J, Moore RE, Chambers SA, Eastman AJ, Francis JD, Noble KN, Doster RS, Osteen KG, Damo SM, Manning SD, Aronoff DM, Halasa NB, Townsend SD, Gaddy JA. Vitamin D and Streptococci: The Interface of Nutrition, Host Immune Response, and Antimicrobial Activity in Response to Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:3131-3140. [PMID: 33170652 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus species are common causes of human infection. These Gram-positive, encapsulated bacterial pathogens infect diverse anatomic spaces, leading to infections including skin and soft tissue infection, endocarditis, pneumonia, meningitis, sinusitis, otitis media, chorioamnionitis, sepsis, and even death. Risk for streptococcal infection is highest in low- and middle-income countries where micronutrient deficiency is common. Epidemiological data reveal that vitamin D deficiency is associated with enhanced risk of streptococcal infection and cognate disease outcomes. Additionally, vitamin D improves antibacterial defenses by stimulating innate immune processes such as phagocytosis and enhancing production of reactive oxygen species (oxidative burst) and antimicrobial peptides (including cathelicidin and lactoferrin), which are important for efficient killing of bacteria. This review presents the most recent published work that studies interactions between the micronutrient vitamin D, the host immune system, and pathogenic streptococci as well as comparisons with other relevant infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A. Guevara
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jacky Lu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Rebecca E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Schuyler A. Chambers
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Alison J. Eastman
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jamisha D. Francis
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kristen N. Noble
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Ryan S. Doster
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kevin G. Osteen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Steven M. Damo
- Department of Chemistry, Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee 37208, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Shannon D. Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - David M. Aronoff
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Natasha B. Halasa
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Steven D. Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Gaddy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
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3
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Maksymchuk OV, Kashuba VI. Altered expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in metabolism of androgens and vitamin D in the prostate as a risk factor for prostate cancer. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:1161-1172. [PMID: 32681429 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00133-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common malignant disease among men. The signaling pathways, regulated by the androgen and vitamin D receptors, play a key role in prostate cancer. The intracellular level of androgens and vitamin D determines not only receptor functionality, but also the efficacy of cellular processes regulated by them (cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation etc.). It is known that several androgen-metabolizing P450s (CYP3A4/5/43 and CYP2B6) and P450 enzymes (CYP2R1, CYP27A1, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, CYP3A4, CYP2J2), which are necessary for vitamin D metabolism, are expressed in the prostate. It was shown that alterations in an expression pattern of the certain cytochrome P450s might lead to the development of castration-resistant cancer (CYP3A4, CYP2J2, CYP24A1), and to chemo-resistance (CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2B6) and early mortality (CYP2B6, CYP27A1, CYP24A1). Moreover, steroidogenic CYPs (CYP17A1, CYP11A1) are not expressed in normal prostate tissue. Alterations in their expression levels in steroidogenic tissues are closely associated with carcinogenesis, and, most importantly, with the development of aggressive forms of prostate cancer. Hence, it is important, to study how expression of CYPs in the prostate might be regulated, to understand the mechanisms of disease development and to improve the effectiveness of therapy. Several CYPs (CYP3A43, CYP2B6, CYP27A1, CYP24A1) can be considered as prognostic and diagnostic markers of prostate cancer. To propose personalized treatment, individual differences in CYP expression should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana V Maksymchuk
- Department of Molecular Oncogenetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150, Zabolotnogo Street, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine.
| | - Vladimir I Kashuba
- Department of Molecular Oncogenetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150, Zabolotnogo Street, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
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Khatun A, Shimozawa M, Kito H, Kawaguchi M, Fujimoto M, Ri M, Kajikuri J, Niwa S, Fujii M, Ohya S. Transcriptional Repression and Protein Degradation of the Ca 2+-Activated K + Channel K Ca1.1 by Androgen Receptor Inhibition in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Front Physiol 2018; 9:312. [PMID: 29713287 PMCID: PMC5911984 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel KCa1.1 plays an important role in the promotion of breast cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. The androgen receptor (AR) is proposed as a therapeutic target for AR-positive advanced triple-negative breast cancer. We herein investigated the effects of a treatment with antiandrogens on the functional activity, activation kinetics, transcriptional expression, and protein degradation of KCa1.1 in human breast cancer MDA-MB-453 cells using real-time PCR, Western blotting, voltage-sensitive dye imaging, and whole-cell patch clamp recording. A treatment with the antiandrogen bicalutamide or enzalutamide for 48 h significantly suppressed (1) depolarization responses induced by paxilline (PAX), a specific KCa1.1 blocker and (2) PAX-sensitive outward currents induced by the depolarizing voltage step. The expression levels of KCa1.1 transcripts and proteins were significantly decreased in MDA-MB-453 cells, and the protein degradation of KCa1.1 mainly contributed to reductions in KCa1.1 activity. Among the eight regulatory β and γ subunits, LRRC26 alone was expressed at high levels in MDA-MB-453 cells and primary and metastatic breast cancer tissues, whereas no significant changes were observed in the expression levels of LRRC26 and activation kinetics of PAX-sensitive outward currents in MDA-MB-453 cells by the treatment with antiandrogens. The treatment with antiandrogens up-regulated the expression of the ubiquitin E3 ligases, FBW7, MDM2, and MDM4 in MDA-MB-453 cells, and the protein degradation of KCa1.1 was significantly inhibited by the respective siRNA-mediated blockade of FBW7 and MDM2. Based on these results, we concluded that KCa1.1 is an androgen-responsive gene in AR-positive breast cancer cells, and its down-regulation through enhancements in its protein degradation by FBW7 and/or MDM2 may contribute, at least in part, to the antiproliferative and antimetastatic effects of antiandrogens in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anowara Khatun
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motoki Shimozawa
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kito
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mayu Kawaguchi
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mayu Fujimoto
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Moe Ri
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junko Kajikuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satomi Niwa
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Fujii
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susumu Ohya
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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5
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Battaglia S, Karasik E, Gillard B, Williams J, Winchester T, Moser MT, Smiraglia DJ, Foster BA. LSD1 dual function in mediating epigenetic corruption of the vitamin D signaling in prostate cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2017; 9:82. [PMID: 28811844 PMCID: PMC5553900 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-017-0382-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysine-specific demethylase 1A (LSD1) is a key regulator of the androgen (AR) and estrogen receptors (ER), and LSD1 levels correlate with tumor aggressiveness. Here, we demonstrate that LSD1 regulates vitamin D receptor (VDR) activity and is a mediator of 1,25(OH)2-D3 (vitamin D) action in prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS Athymic nude mice were xenografted with CWR22 cells and monitored weekly after testosterone pellet removal. Expression of LSD1 and VDR (IHC) were correlated with tumor growth using log-rank test. TRAMP tumors and prostates from wild-type (WT) mice were used to evaluate VDR and LSD1 expression via IHC and western blotting. The presence of VDR and LSD1 in the same transcriptional complex was evaluated via immunoprecipitation (IP) using nuclear cell lysate. The effect of LSD1 and 1,25(OH)2-D3 on cell viability was evaluated in C4-2 and BC1A cells via trypan blue exclusion. The role of LSD1 in VDR-mediated gene transcription was evaluated for Cdkn1a, E2f1, Cyp24a1, and S100g via qRT-PCR-TaqMan and via chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Methylation of Cdkn1a TSS was measured via bisulfite sequencing, and methylation of a panel of cancer-related genes was quantified using methyl arrays. The Cancer Genome Atlas data were retrieved to identify genes whose status correlates with LSD1 and DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). Results were correlated with patients' survival data from two separate cohorts of primary and metastatic PCa. RESULTS LSD1 and VDR protein levels are elevated in PCa tumors and correlate with faster tumor growth in xenograft mouse models. Knockdown of LSD1 reduces PCa cell viability, and gene expression data suggest a dual coregulatory role of LSD1 for VDR, acting as a coactivator and corepressor in a locus-specific manner. LSD1 modulates VDR-dependent transcription by mediating the recruitment of VDR and DNMT1 at the TSS of VDR-targeted genes and modulates the epigenetic status of transcribed genes by altering H3K4me2 and H3K9Ac and DNA methylation. Lastly, LSD1 and DNMT1 belong to a genome-wide signature whose expression correlates with shorter progression-free survival and overall survival in primary and metastatic patients' samples, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrate that LSD1 has a dual coregulatory role as corepressor and coactivator for VDR and defines a genomic signature whose targeting might have clinical relevance for PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Battaglia
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton St, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
| | - Ellen Karasik
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton St, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
| | - Bryan Gillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton St, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
| | - Jennifer Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton St, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
| | - Trisha Winchester
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton St, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
| | - Michael T Moser
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton St, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
| | - Dominic J Smiraglia
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton St, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
| | - Barbara A Foster
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton St, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
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6
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D'Abronzo LS, Bose S, Crapuchettes ME, Beggs RE, Vinall RL, Tepper CG, Siddiqui S, Mudryj M, Melgoza FU, Durbin-Johnson BP, deVere White RW, Ghosh PM. The androgen receptor is a negative regulator of eIF4E phosphorylation at S209: implications for the use of mTOR inhibitors in advanced prostate cancer. Oncogene 2017; 36:6359-6373. [PMID: 28745319 PMCID: PMC5690844 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The anti-androgen bicalutamide is widely used in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer (PCa) in many countries, but its effect on castration resistant PCa (CRPC) is limited. We previously showed that resistance to bicalutamide results from activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Interestingly, clinical trials testing combinations of the mTOR inhibitor RAD001 with bicalutamide were effective in bicalutamide-naïve CRPC patients, but not in bicalutamide-pre-treated ones. Here we investigate causes for their difference in response. Evaluation of CRPC cell lines identified resistant vs sensitive in-vitro models, and revealed that increased eIF4E(S209) phosphorylation is associated with resistance to the combination. We confirmed using a human-derived tumor-xenograft mouse model that bicalutamide pre-treatment is associated with an increase in eIF4E(S209) phosphorylation. Thus, AR suppressed eIF4E phosphorylation, while the use of anti-androgens relieved this suppression, thereby triggering its increase. Additional investigation in human prostatectomy samples showed that increased eIF4E phosphorylation strongly correlated with the cell proliferation marker Ki67. SiRNA-mediated knock-down of eIF4E sensitized CRPC cells to RAD001+bicalutamide, while eIF4E overexpression induced resistance. Inhibition of eIF4E phosphorylation by treatment with CGP57380 (an inhibitor of MAPK interacting serine-threonine kinases Mnk1/2, the eIF4E upstream kinase) or inhibitors of ERK1/2, the upstream kinase regulating Mnk1/2, also sensitized CRPC cells to RAD001+bicalutamide. Examination of downstream targets of eIF4E-mediated translation, including survivin, demonstrated that eIF4E(S209) phosphorylation increased cap-independent translation whereas its inhibition restored cap-dependent translation which could be inhibited by mTOR inhibitors. Thus, our results demonstrate that while combinations of AR and mTOR inhibitors were effective in suppressing tumor growth by inhibiting both AR-induced transcription and mTOR-induced cap-dependent translation, pre-treatment with AR antagonists including bicalutamide increased eIF4E phosphorylation that induced resistance to combinations of AR and mTOR inhibitors by inducing cap-independent translation. We conclude that this resistance can be overcome by inhibiting eIF4E phosphorylation with Mnk1/2 or ERK1/2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S D'Abronzo
- VA Northern California Health Care System, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - S Bose
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - M E Crapuchettes
- VA Northern California Health Care System, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - R E Beggs
- VA Northern California Health Care System, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - R L Vinall
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,California Northstate University College of Pharmacy, Elk Grove, CA, USA
| | - C G Tepper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - S Siddiqui
- VA Northern California Health Care System, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - M Mudryj
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - F U Melgoza
- VA Northern California Health Care System, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - B P Durbin-Johnson
- Department of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - R W deVere White
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - P M Ghosh
- VA Northern California Health Care System, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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7
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Khatun A, Fujimoto M, Kito H, Niwa S, Suzuki T, Ohya S. Down-Regulation of Ca 2+-Activated K⁺ Channel K Ca1.1 in Human Breast Cancer MDA-MB-453 Cells Treated with Vitamin D Receptor Agonists. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122083. [PMID: 27973439 PMCID: PMC5187883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D (VD) reduces the risk of breast cancer and improves disease prognoses. Potential VD analogs are being developed as therapeutic agents for breast cancer treatments. The large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel KCa1.1 regulates intracellular Ca2+ signaling pathways and is associated with high grade tumors and poor prognoses. In the present study, we examined the effects of treatments with VD receptor (VDR) agonists on the expression and activity of KCa1.1 in human breast cancer MDA-MB-453 cells using real-time PCR, Western blotting, flow cytometry, and voltage-sensitive dye imaging. Treatments with VDR agonists for 72 h markedly decreased the expression levels of KCa1.1 transcripts and proteins in MDA-MB-453 cells, resulting in the significant inhibition of depolarization responses induced by paxilline, a specific KCa1.1 blocker. The specific proteasome inhibitor MG132 suppressed VDR agonist-induced decreases in KCa1.1 protein expression. These results suggest that KCa1.1 is a new downstream target of VDR signaling and the down-regulation of KCa1.1 through the transcriptional repression of KCa1.1 and enhancement of KCa1.1 protein degradation contribute, at least partly, to the antiproliferative effects of VDR agonists in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anowara Khatun
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Mayu Fujimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Kito
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Satomi Niwa
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 403-8334, Japan.
| | - Susumu Ohya
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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8
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Ghosh PM. WOMEN IN CANCER PROFILE: From physics to cancer biology and everywhere in between. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:P15-P21. [PMID: 27605444 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paramita M Ghosh
- Research ServiceVA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of UrologyUniversity of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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9
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Ben-Eltriki M, Deb S, Adomat H, Tomlinson Guns ES. Calcitriol and 20(S)-protopanaxadiol synergistically inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 158:207-219. [PMID: 26709138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The potential cancer preventive roles of calcitriol, the dihydroxylated metabolite of Vitamin D3, as well as 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (aPPD), the aglycone of the protopanaxadiol family of ginsenosides, have gained much attention in recent years for the prevention/treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). In the present study, we evaluated the anticancer and chemosensitization effects of calcitriol at clinically relevant concentrations and aPPD, either alone or in combination, in two well-characterized human PCa cell lines: androgen-sensitive non-metastatic LNCaP cells and androgen-independent metastatic C4-2 cells. The effects of the treatments on PCa cell viability and proliferation rates were evaluated by MTS and Brdu assays, respectively. Combination Indices (CI) and Dose Reduction Indices (DRI) were estimated to assess synergistic anticancer activity using Calcusyn software (Biosoft, Cambridge, UK). Then, we determined the potential Pharmacodynamic interaction mechanisms as follows: The protein expression levels of the genes those are known to control cell cycle (cyclin D1 and cdk2); apoptosis (Bcl-2, Bax, and Capspases 3), androgen receptor and Vitamin D receptors were examined upon combinational treatment. The cell viability assay data show that addition of 10nM calcitriol to aPPD significantly lowered its IC50 values from the range of 41-53μM to 13-23μM, in LNCaP and C4-2 prostate cancer cells. The cell proliferation rate was significantly lower for combination treatments compared to the cells treated with aPPD alone. Similarly, Western blot results indicate that aPPD significantly upregulated Vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression, while calcitriol further enhanced the ability of aPPD to induce pro-apoptotic BAX, increased cleaved caspase-3 and downregulate cdk2 protein levels. Thus, the pharmacodynamic interaction between aPPD and calcitriol in impacting growth inhibition and apoptosis appears to be synergistic in nature. In conclusion, calcitriol sensitizes PCa cells to aPPD-mediated anticancer effects by enhancing its ability to induce apoptosis and reduce cell proliferation, and this synergism may limit calcitriol toxicity by facilitating the use of lower calcitriol doses. The associated increase in VDR expression and calcitriol half-life may be mechanistically associated with this sensitization effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ben-Eltriki
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Subrata Deb
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy at Roosevelt University, Schaumburg, IL, USA
| | - Hans Adomat
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Emma S Tomlinson Guns
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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10
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Singh PK, Long MD, Battaglia S, Hu Q, Liu S, Sucheston-Campbell LE, Campbell MJ. VDR regulation of microRNA differs across prostate cell models suggesting extremely flexible control of transcription. Epigenetics 2015; 10:40-9. [PMID: 25494645 DOI: 10.4161/15592294.2014.989088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and is of therapeutic interest in cancer and other settings. Regulation of microRNA (miRNA) by the VDR appears to be important to mediate its actions, for example, to control cell growth. To identify if and to what extent VDR-regulated miRNA patterns change in prostate cancer progression, we undertook miRNA microarray analyses in 7 cell models representing non-malignant and malignant prostate cells (RWPE-1, RWPE-2, HPr1, HPr1AR, LNCaP, LNCaP-C4-2, and PC-3). To focus on primary VDR regulatory events, we undertook expression analyses after 30 minutes treatment with 1α,25(OH)2D3. Across all models, 111 miRNAs were significantly modulated by 1α,25(OH)2D3 treatment. Of these, only 5 miRNAs were modulated in more than one cell model, and of these, only 3 miRNAs were modulated in the same direction. The patterns of miRNA regulation, and the networks they targeted, significantly distinguished the different cell types. Integration of 1α,25(OH)2D3-regulated miRNAs with published VDR ChIP-seq data showed significant enrichment of VDR peaks in flanking regions of miRNAs. Furthermore, mRNA and miRNA expression analyses in non-malignant RWPE-1 cells revealed patterns of miRNA and mRNA co-regulation; specifically, 13 significant reciprocal patterns were identified and these patterns were also observed in TCGA prostate cancer data. Lastly, motif search analysis revealed differential motif enrichment within VDR peaks flanking mRNA compared to miRNA genes. Together, this study revealed that miRNAs are rapidly regulated in a highly cell-type specific manner, and are significantly co-integrated with mRNA regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant K Singh
- a Departments of Pharmacology & Therapeutics ; Roswell Park Cancer Institute ; Buffalo , NY USA
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11
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Liu X, Yang G, Fan Q, Wang L. Proteomic profile in glomeruli of type-2 diabetic KKAy mice using 2-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:2705-13. [PMID: 25515740 PMCID: PMC4278697 DOI: 10.12659/msm.893078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease. To search for glomerular proteins associated with early-stage DN, glomeruli of spontaneous type 2 diabetic KKAy mice were analyzed by 2-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). Material/Methods Glomeruli of 20-week spontaneous type 2 diabetic KKAy mice and age-matched C57BL/6 mice were isolated by kidney perfusion with magnetic beads. Proteomic profiles of glomeruli were investigated by using 2D-DIGE and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Western blot analysis was used to confirm the results of proteomics. Immunohistochemical and semi-quantitative analysis were used to confirm the differential expression of prohibitin and annexin A2 in glomeruli. Results We identified 19 differentially expressed proteins – 17 proteins were significantly up-regulated and 2 proteins were significantly down-regulated in glomeruli of diabetic KKAy mice. Among them, prohibitin and annexin A2 were up-regulated and Western blot analysis validated the same result in proteomics. Immunohistochemical analysis also revealed up-regulation of prohibitin and annexin A2 in glomeruli of KKAy mice. Conclusions Our findings suggest that prohibitin and annexin A2 may be associated with early-stage DN. Further functional research might help to reveal the pathogenesis of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Gang Yang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Qiuling Fan
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Lining Wang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
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12
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Larriba MJ, González-Sancho JM, Bonilla F, Muñoz A. Interaction of vitamin D with membrane-based signaling pathways. Front Physiol 2014; 5:60. [PMID: 24600406 PMCID: PMC3927071 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies in different biological systems have revealed that 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3) modulates signaling pathways triggered at the plasma membrane by agents such as Wnt, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and others. In addition, 1α,25(OH)2D3 may affect gene expression by paracrine mechanisms that involve the regulation of cytokine or growth factor secretion by neighboring cells. Moreover, post-transcriptional and post-translational effects of 1α,25(OH)2D3 add to or overlap with its classical modulation of gene transcription rate. Together, these findings show that vitamin D receptor (VDR) cannot be considered only as a nuclear-acting, ligand-modulated transcription factor that binds to and controls the transcription of target genes. Instead, available data support the view that much of the complex biological activity of 1α,25(OH)2D3 resides in its capacity to interact with membrane-based signaling pathways and to modulate the expression and secretion of paracrine factors. Therefore, we propose that future research in the vitamin D field should focus on the interplay between 1α,25(OH)2D3 and agents that act at the plasma membrane, and on the analysis of intercellular communication. Global analyses such as RNA-Seq, transcriptomic arrays, and genome-wide ChIP are expected to dissect the interactions at the gene and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Larriba
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel González-Sancho
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Bonilla
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
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13
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Godoy AS, Chung I, Montecinos VP, Buttyan R, Johnson CS, Smith GJ. Role of androgen and vitamin D receptors in endothelial cells from benign and malignant human prostate. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E1131-9. [PMID: 23548616 PMCID: PMC4116355 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00602.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Forty years ago, Judah Folkman (Folkman. N Engl J Med 285: 1182-1186, 1971) proposed that tumor growth might be controlled by limiting formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) needed to supply a growing tumor with oxygen and nutrients. To this end, numerous "antiangiogenic" agents have been developed and tested for therapeutic efficacy in cancer patients, including prostate cancer (CaP) patients, with limited success. Despite the lack of clinical efficacy of lead anti-angiogenic therapeutics in CaP patients, recent published evidence continues to support the idea that prostate tumor vasculature provides a reasonable target for development of new therapeutics. Particularly relevant to antiangiogenic therapies targeted to the prostate is the observation that specific hormones can affect the survival and vascular function of prostate endothelial cells within normal and malignant prostate tissues. Here, we review the evidence demonstrating that both androgen(s) and vitamin D significantly impact the growth and survival of endothelial cells residing within prostate cancer and that systemic changes in circulating androgen or vitamin D drastically affect blood flow and vascularity of prostate tissue. Furthermore, recent evidence will be discussed about the expression of the receptors for both androgen and vitamin D in prostate endothelial cells that argues for direct effects of these hormone-activated receptors on the biology of endothelial cells. Based on this literature, we propose that prostate tumor vasculature represents an unexplored target for modulation of tumor growth. A better understanding of androgen and vitamin D effects on prostate endothelial cells will support development of more effective angiogenesis-targeting therapeutics for CaP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro S Godoy
- Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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14
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Zhou TB, Qin YH. Signaling pathways of prohibitin and its role in diseases. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013; 33:28-36. [PMID: 23327602 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2012.752006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Prohibitin (PHB), appearing to be a negative regulator of cell proliferation and to be a tumor suppressor, has been connected to diverse cellular functions including cell cycle control, senescence, apoptosis and the regulation of mitochondrial activities. It is a growth regulatory gene that has pleiotropic functions in the nucleus, mitochondria and cytoplasmic compartments. However, in different tissues/cells, the expression of PHB was different, such as that it was increased in most of the cancers, but its expression was reduced in kidney diseases. Signaling pathways might be very important in the pathogenesis of diseases. This review was performed to provide a relatively complete signaling pathways flowchart for PHB to the investigators who were interested in the roles of PHB in the pathogenesis of diseases. Here, we review the signal transduction pathways of PHB and its role in the pathogenesis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Biao Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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15
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Mooslehner KA, Davies JD, Hughes IA. A cell model for conditional profiling of androgen-receptor-interacting proteins. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:381824. [PMID: 22518120 PMCID: PMC3299338 DOI: 10.1155/2012/381824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) is associated with impaired male genital development and can be transmitted through mutations in the androgen receptor (AR). The aim of this study is to develop a cell model suitable for studying the impact AR mutations might have on AR interacting proteins. For this purpose, male genital development relevant mouse cell lines were genetically modified to express a tagged version of wild-type AR, allowing copurification of multiprotein complexes under native conditions followed by mass spectrometry. We report 57 known wild-type AR-interacting proteins identified in cells grown under proliferating and 65 under nonproliferating conditions. Of those, 47 were common to both samples suggesting different AR protein complex components in proliferating and proliferation-inhibited cells from the mouse proximal caput epididymus. These preliminary results now allow future studies to focus on replacing wild-type AR with mutant AR to uncover differences in protein interactions caused by AR mutations involved in PAIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Mooslehner
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Level 8, Box 116, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- *K. A. Mooslehner:
| | - J. D. Davies
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Level 8, Box 116, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - I. A. Hughes
- Department of Paediatrics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Level 8, Box 116, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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