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Berkholz J, Karle W. Unravelling the molecular interplay: SUMOylation, PML nuclear bodies and vascular cell activity in health and disease. Cell Signal 2024; 119:111156. [PMID: 38574938 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
In the seemingly well-researched field of vascular research, there are still many underestimated factors and molecular mechanisms. In recent years, SUMOylation has become increasingly important. SUMOylation is a post-translational modification in which small ubiquitin-related modifiers (SUMO) are covalently attached to target proteins. Sites where these SUMO modification processes take place in the cell nucleus are PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) - multiprotein complexes with their essential main component and organizer, the PML protein. PML and SUMO, either alone or as partners, influence a variety of cellular processes, including regulation of transcription, senescence, DNA damage response and defence against microorganisms, and are involved in innate immunity and inflammatory responses. They also play an important role in maintaining homeostasis in the vascular system and in pathological processes leading to the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. This review summarizes information about the function of SUMO(ylation) and PML(-NBs) in the human vasculature from angiogenesis to disease and highlights their clinical potential as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Berkholz
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany.
| | - Weronika Karle
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Cheng J, Li Z, Liu Y, Li C, Huang X, Tian Y, Shen F. [Bioinformatics analysis and validation of the interaction between PML protein and TAB1 protein]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2024; 44:179-186. [PMID: 38293990 PMCID: PMC10878890 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2024.01.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the interaction between PML protein and TAB1 protein using bioinformatic approaches and experimentally verify the results. METHODS Using Rosetta software, a 3D model of TAB1 protein was constructed through a comparative modeling approach; the secondary structure of PML protein was retrieved in the PDB database and its crystal structure and 3D structure were resolved. Zdock 3.0.2 software was used to perform protein-protein docking of PML and TAB1, and the best conformation was extracted for molecular structure analysis of the docking model. The interaction between the two proteins was detected using immunoprecipitation in α-MMC-treated M1 inflammatory macrophages. RESULTS When 6IMQ of PML was used as the docking site, PML protein formed 3 salt bridges, 6 hydrogen bonds and 6 hydrophobic interactions with TAB1 proteins; when 5YUF of PML was used as the docking site, PML protein formed 1 hydrogen bond, 3 electrostatic interactions and 9 hydrophobic interactions with TAB1 proteins, and both of the docking modes formed good molecular docking and interactions. In the M1 inflammatory macrophages treated with α-MMC for 4 h, positive protein bands of PML and TAB1 were detected in the cell lysates in PML-IP group. CONCLUSION PML protein can interact strongly with TAB1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cheng
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Z Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Y Liu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - C Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - X Huang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Y Tian
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - F Shen
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
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Moradimotlagh A, Chen S, Koohbor S, Moon KM, Foster LJ, Reiner N, Nandan D. Leishmania infection upregulates and engages host macrophage Argonaute 1, and system-wide proteomics reveals Argonaute 1-dependent host response. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1287539. [PMID: 38098491 PMCID: PMC10720368 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1287539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani, an intracellular protozoan parasite, is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, the most severe form of leishmaniasis in humans. It is becoming increasingly clear that several intracellular pathogens target host cell RNA interference (RNAi) pathways to promote their survival. Complexes of Argonaute proteins with small RNAs are core components of the RNAi. In this study, we investigated the potential role of host macrophage Argonautes in Leishmania pathogenesis. Using Western blot analysis of Leishmania donovani-infected macrophages, we show here that Leishmania infection selectively increased the abundance of host Argonaute 1 (Ago1). This increased abundance of Ago1 in infected cells also resulted in higher levels of Ago1 in active Ago-complexes, suggesting the preferred use of Ago1 in RNAi in Leishmania-infected cells. This analysis used a short trinucleotide repeat containing 6 (TNRC6)/glycine-tryptophan repeat protein (GW182) protein-derived peptide fused to Glutathione S-transferase as an affinity matrix to capture mature Ago-small RNAs complexes from the cytosol of non-infected and Leishmania-infected cells. Furthermore, Ago1 silencing significantly reduced intracellular survival of Leishmania, demonstrating that Ago1 is essential for Leishmania pathogenesis. To investigate the role of host Ago1 in Leishmania pathogenesis, a quantitative whole proteome approach was employed, which showed that expression of several previously reported Leishmania pathogenesis-related proteins was dependent on the level of macrophage Ago1. Together, these findings identify Ago1 as the preferred Argonaute of RNAi machinery in infected cells and a novel and essential virulence factor by proxy that promotes Leishmania survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Moradimotlagh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stella Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sara Koohbor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kyung-Mee Moon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Leonard J. Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Neil Reiner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Devki Nandan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Saribas AS, Bellizzi A, Wollebo HS, Beer T, Tang HY, Safak M. Human neurotropic polyomavirus, JC virus, late coding region encodes a novel nuclear protein, ORF4, which targets the promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) and modulates their reorganization. Virology 2023; 587:109866. [PMID: 37741199 PMCID: PMC10602023 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported the discovery and characterization of two novel proteins (ORF1 and ORF2) generated by the alternative splicing of the JC virus (JCV) late coding region. Here, we report the discovery and partial characterization of three additional novel ORFs from the same coding region, ORF3, ORF4 and ORF5, which potentially encode 70, 173 and 265 amino acid long proteins respectively. While ORF3 protein exhibits a uniform distribution pattern throughout the cells, we were unable to detect ORF5 expression. Surprisingly, ORF4 protein was determined to be the only JCV protein specifically targeting the promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) and inducing their reorganization in nucleus. Although ORF4 protein has a modest effect on JCV replication, it is implicated to play major roles during the JCV life cycle, perhaps by regulating the antiviral response of PML-NBs against JCV infections and thus facilitating the progression of the JCV-induced disease in infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sami Saribas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Anna Bellizzi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hassen S Wollebo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Thomas Beer
- The Wistar Institute Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility Room 252, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hsin-Yao Tang
- The Wistar Institute Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility Room 252, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mahmut Safak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Luo H, Tan G, Hu X, Li Y, Lei D, Zeng Y, Qin B. Triple motif proteins 19 and 38 correlated with treatment responses and HBsAg clearance in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients during peg-IFN-α therapy. Virol J 2023; 20:161. [PMID: 37475028 PMCID: PMC10360334 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the expression of triple motif protein 19/38 (TRIM19/38) mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers is associated with the response to pegylated interferon alpha (peg-IFN-α) treatment and HBsAg clearance. METHODS In this prospective study, HBeAg-negative chronic HBV carriers treated with peg-IFN-α completed 48 weeks of follow-up. After treatment with peg-IFN-α, the patients were divided into responders (R group) and nonresponders (NR group) according to the changes in HBV DNA and HBsAg levels at week 48 of treatment. According to whether serum HBsAg loss or seroconversion occurred, the patients were divided into a serological response group (SR group) and a nonserological response group (NSR group). The level of TRIM19/38 mRNA in PBMCs was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The diagnostic performance of TRIM19/38 was analysed by calculating the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the ROC curve (AUC). RESULTS 43 HBeAg-negative chronic HBV carriers, 35 untreated CHB patients and 19 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. We found that TRIM19/38 mRNA levels were significantly lower in untreated CHB patients than in healthy controls. In HBeAg-negative chronic HBV carriers who underwent prospective follow-up, TRIM19/38 mRNA levels were negatively correlated with HBV DNA and ALT at baseline. Among the patients treated with peg-IFN-α, 16 patients achieved a treatment response (R group) and 27 patients did not achieve a treatment response (NR group). Compared with baseline, HBsAg levels in the R group decreased significantly at 12 and 24 weeks of treatment; at the early stage of peg-IFN-α treatment, the dynamic changes in TRIM19/38 mRNA levels in the R and NR groups were different, and the TRIM19/38 mRNA levels in the R group were significantly higher than those in the NR group, especially at 24 weeks of treatment. ROC curve analysis showed that the changes in mRNA levels of TRIM19 and TRIM38 predicted the treatment response, with AUCs of 0.694 and 0.757, respectively. Among the patients treated with peg-IFN-α, 11 patients achieved a serological response (SR group) and 32 patients did not achieve a serological response (NSR group). Compared with baseline, HBsAg levels in the SR group decreased significantly at 12 and 24 weeks of treatment; TRIM19/38 mRNA levels were significantly higher in the SR group than in the NSR group at week 24. CONCLUSION The higher level of TRIM19/38 mRNA in PBMCs of HBeAg-negative chronic HBV carriers may be related to the early treatment effect of peg-IFN-α and HBsAg clearance. TRIM19 and TRIM38 have clinical significance in predicting virological response and guiding treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China
- Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guili Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Xiaoxia Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China
- Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yadi Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Dingjia Lei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Yueying Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Bo Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China
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Roos K, Berkholz J. LDL Affects the Immunomodulatory Response of Endothelial Cells by Modulation of the Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein (PML) Expression via PKC. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087306. [PMID: 37108469 PMCID: PMC10138343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to its function as an intravascular lipid transporter, LDL also triggers signal transduction in endothelial cells (ECs), which, among other things, trigger immunomodulatory cascades, e.g., IL-6 upregulation. However, the molecular mechanisms of how these LDL-triggered immunological responses in ECs are realized are not fully understood. Since promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) plays a role in promoting inflammatory processes, we examined the relationship between LDL, PML, and IL-6 in human ECs (HUVECs and EA.hy926 cells). RT-qPCR, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence analyses showed that LDL but not HDL induced higher PML expression and higher numbers of PML-nuclear bodies (PML-NBs). Transfection of the ECs with a PML gene-encoding vector or PML-specific siRNAs demonstrated PML-regulated IL-6 and IL-8 expression and secretion after LDL exposure. Moreover, incubation with the PKC inhibitor sc-3088 or the PKC activator PMA showed that LDL-induced PKC activity leads to the upregulation of PML mRNA and PML protein. In summary, our experimental data suggest that high LDL concentrations trigger PKC activity in ECs to upregulate PML expression, which then increases production and secretion of IL-6 and IL-8. This molecular cascade represents a novel cellular signaling pathway with immunomodulatory effects in ECs in response to LDL exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrin Roos
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Berkholz
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
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Udagawa O, Kato-Udagawa A, Hirano S. Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear body-like structures can assemble in mouse oocytes. Biol Open 2022; 11:275379. [PMID: 35579421 PMCID: PMC9194678 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), a class of membrane-less cellular organelles, participate in various biological activities. PML-NBs are known as the core-shell-type nuclear body, harboring ‘client’ proteins in their core. Although multiple membrane-less organelles work in the oocyte nucleus, PML-NBs have been predicted to be absent from oocytes. Here, we show that some well-known PML clients (but not endogenous PML) co-localized with small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) protein in the nucleolus and peri-centromeric heterochromatin of maturing oocytes. In oocytes devoid of PML-NBs, endogenous PML protein localized in the vicinity of chromatin. During and after meiotic resumption, PML co-localized with SUMO gathering around chromosomes. To examine the benefit of the PML-NB-free intranuclear milieu in oocytes, we deliberately assembled PML-NBs by microinjecting human PML-encoding plasmids into oocytes. Under conditions of limited SUMO availability, assembled PML-NBs tended to cluster. Upon proteotoxic stress, SUMO delocalized from peri-centromeric heterochromatin and co-localized with SC35 (a marker of nuclear speckles)-positive large compartments, which was disturbed by pre-assembled PML-NBs. These observations suggest that the PML-NB-free intranuclear environment helps reserve SUMO for emergent responses by redirecting the flux of SUMO otherwise needed to maintain PML-NB dynamics. Summary: PML-NB-free intranuclear environment in the oocyte helps reserve SUMO for emergent responses by redirecting the flux of SUMO otherwise needed to maintain PML-NB dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Udagawa
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kato-Udagawa
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
| | - Seishiro Hirano
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
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Wani S, Daroszewska A, Salter DM, van ‘t Hof RJ, Ralston SH, Albagha OME. The Paget's disease of bone risk gene PML is a negative regulator of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049318. [PMID: 35229101 PMCID: PMC9066519 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Paget's disease of bone (PDB) is characterized by focal increases in bone remodelling. Genome-wide association studies identified a susceptibility locus for PDB tagged by rs5742915, which is located within the PML gene. Here, we have assessed the candidacy of PML as the predisposing gene for PDB at this locus. We found that the PDB-risk allele of rs5742915 was associated with lower PML expression and that PML expression in blood cells from individuals with PDB was lower than in controls. The differentiation, survival and resorptive activity of osteoclasts prepared from Pml-/- mice was increased compared with wild type. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of IFN-γ on osteoclast formation from Pml-/- was significantly blunted compared with wild type. Bone nodule formation was also increased in osteoblasts from Pml-/- mice when compared with wild type. Although microCT analysis of trabecular bone showed no differences between Pml-/- mice and wild type, bone histomorphometry showed that Pml-/- mice had high bone turnover with increased indices of bone resorption and increased mineral apposition rate. These data indicate that reduced expression of PML predisposes an individual to PDB and identify PML as a novel regulator of bone metabolism. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Wani
- Rheumatology and Bone Disease Unit, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Anna Daroszewska
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Donald M. Salter
- Rheumatology and Bone Disease Unit, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Rob J. van ‘t Hof
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
- Vanthof Scientific, Torun 87-100, Poland
| | - Stuart H. Ralston
- Rheumatology and Bone Disease Unit, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Omar M. E. Albagha
- Rheumatology and Bone Disease Unit, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
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Uggè M, Simoni M, Fracassi C, Bernardi R. PML isoforms: a molecular basis for PML pleiotropic functions. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:609-619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Xie Q, Chu H, Yi J, Yu H, Gu T, Guan Y, Liu X, Liang J, Li Y, Wang J. Identification of a prognostic immune-related signature for small cell lung cancer. Cancer Med 2021; 10:9115-9128. [PMID: 34741430 PMCID: PMC8683526 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose As a subgroup of lung cancer, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterized by a short tumor doubling time, high rates of early occurred distant cancer spread, and poor outcomes. Despite its exquisite sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, acquired drug resistance and tumor progression are typical. This study aimed to develop a robust signature based on immune‐related genes to predict the outcome of patients with SCLC. Methods The expression data of 77 SCLC patients from George's cohort were divided into training set and testing set, and 1534 immune‐related genes from ImmPort database were used to generate and validate the signature. Cox proportional hazards and the Kaplan–Meier analysis were used for developing and testing the prognostic signature. Single‐sample gene set enrichment analysis was used to determine immune cell infiltration phenotypes. Results A 10‐gene model comprising NR3C1, NR1D2, TANK, ARAF, HDGF, INHBE, LRSAM1, PLXNA1, PML, and SP1 with the highest frequency after 1000 interactions, was chosen to construct immune‐related signature. This signature showed robust predictive value for SCLC patients’ survival in both training and testing sets. This signature was weakly associated with the clinic pathological values like TNM stage. Furthermore, patients with low risk presented with activation of immune signal pathways, and specific immune cell infiltration with high levels of CD56bright NK cells but low levels of CD8+ T cells, mast cells, and helper T cells. Conclusion The present study developed immune‐related signature that may help predict the prognosis of SCLC patients, which reflects an unappreciated level of heterogeneity of immunophenotype associated with diverse prognosis for specific subsets in this highly lethal cancer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xie
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Huili Chu
- Department of Oncology, No. 960 Hospital, The People's Liberation Army of China, Jinan, China
| | - Jian Yi
- YuceBio Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Yu
- YuceBio Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Tiantian Gu
- YuceBio Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaping Guan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Jinan, China
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Patra U, Müller S. A Tale of Usurpation and Subversion: SUMO-Dependent Integrity of Promyelocytic Leukemia Nuclear Bodies at the Crossroad of Infection and Immunity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696234. [PMID: 34513832 PMCID: PMC8430037 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) are multi-protein assemblies representing distinct sub-nuclear structures. As phase-separated molecular condensates, PML NBs exhibit liquid droplet-like consistency. A key organizer of the assembly and dynamics of PML NBs is the ubiquitin-like SUMO modification system. SUMO is covalently attached to PML and other core components of PML NBs thereby exhibiting a glue-like function by providing multivalent interactions with proteins containing SUMO interacting motifs (SIMs). PML NBs serve as the catalytic center for nuclear SUMOylation and SUMO-SIM interactions are essential for protein assembly within these structures. Importantly, however, formation of SUMO chains on PML and other PML NB-associated proteins triggers ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation which coincide with disruption of these nuclear condensates. To date, a plethora of nuclear activities such as transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, apoptosis, senescence, cell cycle control, DNA damage response, and DNA replication have been associated with PML NBs. Not surprisingly, therefore, SUMO-dependent PML NB integrity has been implicated in regulating many physiological processes including tumor suppression, metabolism, drug-resistance, development, cellular stemness, and anti-pathogen immune response. The interplay between PML NBs and viral infection is multifaceted. As a part of the cellular antiviral defense strategy, PML NB components are crucial restriction factors for many viruses and a mutual positive correlation has been found to exist between PML NBs and the interferon response. Viruses, in turn, have developed counterstrategies for disarming PML NB associated immune defense measures. On the other end of the spectrum, certain viruses are known to usurp specific PML NB components for successful replication and disruption of these sub-nuclear foci has recently been linked to the stimulation rather than curtailment of antiviral gene repertoire. Importantly, the ability of invading virions to manipulate the host SUMO modification machinery is essential for this interplay between PML NB integrity and viruses. Moreover, compelling evidence is emerging in favor of bacterial pathogens to negotiate with the SUMO system thereby modulating PML NB-directed intrinsic and innate immunity. In the current context, we will present an updated account of the dynamic intricacies between cellular PML NBs as the nuclear SUMO modification hotspots and immune regulatory mechanisms in response to viral and bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upayan Patra
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Müller
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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12
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van den Biggelaar RHGA, van der Maas L, Meiring HD, Pennings JLA, van Eden W, Rutten VPMG, Jansen CA. Proteomic analysis of chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in response to an inactivated IBV + NDV poultry vaccine. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12666. [PMID: 34135356 PMCID: PMC8209092 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89810-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivated poultry vaccines are subject to routine potency testing for batch release, requiring large numbers of animals. The replacement of in vivo tests for cell-based alternatives can be facilitated by the identification of biomarkers for vaccine-induced immune responses. In this study, chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells were stimulated with an inactivated vaccine for infectious bronchitis virus and Newcastle disease virus, as well as inactivated infectious bronchitis virus only, and lipopolysaccharides as positive control, or left unstimulated for comparison with the stimulated samples. Next, the cells were lysed and subjected to proteomic analysis. Stimulation with the vaccine resulted in 66 differentially expressed proteins associated with mRNA translation, immune responses, lipid metabolism and the proteasome. For the eight most significantly upregulated proteins, mRNA expression levels were assessed. Markers that showed increased expression at both mRNA and protein levels included PLIN2 and PSMB1. Stimulation with infectious bronchitis virus only resulted in 25 differentially expressed proteins, which were mostly proteins containing Src homology 2 domains. Stimulation with lipopolysaccharides resulted in 118 differentially expressed proteins associated with dendritic cell maturation and antimicrobial activity. This study provides leads to a better understanding of the activation of dendritic cells by an inactivated poultry vaccine, and identified PLIN2 and PSMB1 as potential biomarkers for cell-based potency testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin H G A van den Biggelaar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hugo D Meiring
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem van Eden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Victor P M G Rutten
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christine A Jansen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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13
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Pischedda S, O'Connor D, Fairfax BP, Salas A, Martinon-Torres F, Pollard AJ, Trück J. Changes in epigenetic profiles throughout early childhood and their relationship to the response to pneumococcal vaccination. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:29. [PMID: 33541404 PMCID: PMC7860179 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01012-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumococcal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young children and immaturity of the immune system partly underlies poor vaccine responses seen in the young. Emerging evidence suggests a key role for epigenetics in the maturation and regulation of the immune system in health and disease. The study aimed to investigate epigenetic changes in early life and to understand the relationship between the epigenome and antigen-specific antibody responses to pneumococcal vaccination. Methods The epigenetic profiles from 24 healthy children were analyzed at 12 months prior to a booster dose of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13), and at 24 months of age, using the Illumina Methylation 450 K assay and assessed for differences over time and between high and low vaccine responders. Results Our analysis revealed 721 significantly differentially methylated positions between 12 and 24 months (FDR < 0.01), with significant enrichment in pathways involved in the regulation of cell–cell adhesion and T cell activation. Comparing high and low vaccine responders, we identified differentially methylated CpG sites (P value < 0.01) associated with HLA-DPB1 and IL6. Conclusion These data imply that epigenetic changes that occur during early childhood may be associated with antigen-specific antibody responses to pneumococcal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pischedda
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections and Pediatrics Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Galicia, Spain.
| | - Daniel O'Connor
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and The NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Benjamin P Fairfax
- MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Antonio Salas
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections and Pediatrics Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Galicia, Spain
| | - Federico Martinon-Torres
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections and Pediatrics Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and The NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Johannes Trück
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and The NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK. .,Division of Immunology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland.
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14
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Bush SJ, McCulloch MEB, Lisowski ZM, Muriuki C, Clark EL, Young R, Pridans C, Prendergast JGD, Summers KM, Hume DA. Species-Specificity of Transcriptional Regulation and the Response to Lipopolysaccharide in Mammalian Macrophages. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:661. [PMID: 32793601 PMCID: PMC7386301 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian macrophages differ in their basal gene expression profiles and response to the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In human macrophages, LPS elicits a temporal cascade of transient gene expression including feed forward activators and feedback regulators that limit the response. Here we present a transcriptional network analysis of the response of sheep bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) to LPS based upon RNA-seq at 0, 2, 4, 7, and 24 h post-stimulation. The analysis reveals a conserved transcription factor network with humans, and rapid induction of feedback regulators that constrain the response at every level. The gene expression profiles of sheep BMDM at 0 and 7 h post LPS addition were compared to similar data obtained from goat, cow, water buffalo, horse, pig, mouse and rat BMDM. This comparison was based upon identification of 8,200 genes annotated in all species and detected at >10TPM in at least one sample. Analysis of expression of transcription factors revealed a conserved transcriptional millieu associated with macrophage differentiation and LPS response. The largest co-expression clusters, including genes encoding cell surface receptors, endosome–lysosome components and secretory activity, were also expressed in all species and the combined dataset defines a macrophage functional transcriptome. All of the large animals differed from rodents in lacking inducible expression of genes involved in arginine metabolism and nitric oxide production. Instead, they expressed inducible transporters and enzymes of tryptophan and kynurenine metabolism. BMDM from all species expressed high levels of transcripts encoding transporters and enzymes involved in glutamine metabolism suggesting that glutamine is a major metabolic fuel. We identify and discuss transcripts that were uniquely expressed or regulated in rodents compared to large animals including ACOD1, CXC and CC chemokines, CD163, CLEC4E, CPM, CSF1, CSF2, CTSK, MARCO, MMP9, SLC2A3, SLC7A7, and SUCNR1. Conversely, the data confirm the conserved regulation of multiple transcripts for which there is limited functional data from mouse models and knockouts. The data provide a resource for functional annotation and interpretation of loci involved in susceptibility to infectious and inflammatory disease in humans and large animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Bush
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mary E B McCulloch
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zofia M Lisowski
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Charity Muriuki
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emily L Clark
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Young
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kim M Summers
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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15
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Li W, Luo Z, Yan CY, Wang XH, He ZJ, Ouyang SH, Yan C, Liu LF, Zhou QQ, Mu HL, Gong HB, Duan WJ, Liang L, Kurihara H, Feng D, Li YF, He RR. Autophagic degradation of PML promotes susceptibility to HSV-1 by stress-induced corticosterone. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:9032-9049. [PMID: 32802177 PMCID: PMC7415815 DOI: 10.7150/thno.46921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus that can cause a variety of clinical syndromes including mucocutaneous disease and HSV-1 encephalitis (HSE). Here, we characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying the susceptibility to HSV-1 under stressful conditions. Methods: Restraint stress and corticosterone (CORT, a primary stress hormone) were respectively used to establish HSV-1 susceptible model in vivo and in vitro. Viral titers were determined by plaque assay. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), qRT-PCR, H&E staining, IHC staining and flow cytometry were employed to evaluate virus-related protein expressions and detect the activation of autophagy. Loss- and gain-function assays, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) technique and autophagy agonist/antagonist treatments were applied in mechanistic experiments. Results: Restraint stress increased the susceptibility of mouse brain to HSV-1. Similarly, CORT treatment enhanced the susceptibility of neural cells to HSV-1. Furthermore, PML protein level in HSV-1 infected brain tissues and neural cells was remarkably decreased by stress treatment in vivo or CORT treatment in vitro, while its transcriptional level was not affected. Notably, a striking decline in protein expressions of ICP27 and gB was observed in PML-overexpressing cells, which was reversed by CORT treatment. By contrast, protein expression of gB was increased by knockdown with si-PML in virus-infected SH-SY5Y cells. We further discovered that CORT-driven PML degradation was dependent on the activation of autophagy in a ULK1-independent manner, rather than proteasome pathway. Bafilomycin A1 (BaF1) attenuated the augmentation effect of CORT on HSV-1 infection. The expressions of viral proteins were reduced in LC3-depleted cells, and the degradation of PML by CORT-induced autophagy was prevented in cells with LC3 knockdown by RNAi. Interestingly, PML was revealed to interact with the autophagic cargo receptor P62 and the autophagic effector protein LC3. Additionally, CORT failed to increase gB protein level when PML was silenced, providing direct evidence linking autophagic degradation of PML and CORT-induced virus susceptibility. Conclusion: Our results revealed that restraint stress/CORT increased HSV-1 susceptibility by delivering PML into autolysosomes for degradation. The results obtained from in vitro and in vivo models not only demonstrated the adverse effects of stress on HSV-1 infection, but also systematically investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms. These discoveries broaden our understanding of the interplay between host and viruses, and a comprehensive understanding of the role of autophagy in viral infection will provide information for future development of innovative drugs against viral infection.
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16
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Paulus C, Harwardt T, Walter B, Marxreiter A, Zenger M, Reuschel E, Nevels MM. Revisiting promyelocytic leukemia protein targeting by human cytomegalovirus immediate-early protein 1. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008537. [PMID: 32365141 PMCID: PMC7224577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies are nuclear organelles implicated in intrinsic and innate antiviral defense. The eponymous PML proteins, central to the self-organization of PML bodies, and other restriction factors found in these organelles are common targets of viral antagonism. The 72-kDa immediate-early protein 1 (IE1) is the principal antagonist of PML bodies encoded by the human cytomegalovirus (hCMV). IE1 is believed to disrupt PML bodies by inhibiting PML SUMOylation, while PML was proposed to act as an E3 ligase for IE1 SUMOylation. PML targeting by IE1 is considered to be crucial for hCMV replication at low multiplicities of infection, in part via counteracting antiviral gene induction linked to the cellular interferon (IFN) response. However, current concepts of IE1-PML interaction are largely derived from mutant IE1 proteins known or predicted to be metabolically unstable and globally misfolded. We performed systematic clustered charge-to-alanine scanning mutagenesis and identified a stable IE1 mutant protein (IE1cc172-176) with wild-type characteristics except for neither interacting with PML proteins nor inhibiting PML SUMOylation. Consequently, IE1cc172-176 does not associate with PML bodies and is selectively impaired for disrupting these organelles. Surprisingly, functional analysis of IE1cc172-176 revealed that the protein is hypermodified by mixed SUMO chains and that IE1 SUMOylation depends on nucleosome rather than PML binding. Furthermore, a mutant hCMV expressing IE1cc172-176 was only slightly attenuated compared to an IE1-null virus even at low multiplicities of infection. Finally, hCMV-induced expression of cytokine and IFN-stimulated genes turned out to be reduced rather than increased in the presence of IE1cc172-176 relative to wild-type IE1. Our findings challenge present views on the relationship of IE1 with PML and the role of PML in hCMV replication. This study also provides initial evidence for the idea that disruption of PML bodies upon viral infection is linked to activation rather than inhibition of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Paulus
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Harwardt
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernadette Walter
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Marxreiter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marion Zenger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Edith Reuschel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinic St. Hedwig at Hospital Barmherzige Brüder Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael M. Nevels
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
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17
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Ronsley R, Kariminia A, Ng B, Mostafavi S, Reid G, Subrt P, Hijiya N, Schultz KR. The TLR9 agonist (GNKG168) induces a unique immune activation pattern in vivo in children with minimal residual disease positive acute leukemia: Results of the TACL T2009-008 phase I study. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2019; 36:468-481. [PMID: 31530240 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2019.1667461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Preclinical studies show that TLR9 agonists can eradicate leukemia by induction of immune responses in vivo against AML and ALL. These studies demonstrated that TLR9 agonists induce an immediate NK response followed by adaptive T and B cells responses resulting in long term anti-leukemia immunity. Methods: The Therapeutic Advances in Childhood Leukemia and Lymphoma Phase I consortium performed a pilot study on 3 patients with MRD positive acute leukemia after an initial remission on conventional chemotherapy (TACL T2009-008) with the TLR 9 agonist (GNKG168). To guide future trial development, we evaluated the impact of GNKG168 by Nanostring on the expression 608 genes before and 8 days after initiation of GNKG168 therapy. Results: Twenty-three out of 578 markers on the nanostring panel showed significant difference (p ≤ 0.05). We focused on 8 markers that had the greatest differences with p < 0.01. Two genes were increased, promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) and H-RAS, and 6 were decreased, Single Ig and TIR Domain containing (SIGIRR, IL1R8), interleukin 1 receptor 1 (IL1RL1, ST2), C-C Motif chemokine receptor 8 (CCR8), interleukin 7 R (IL7R), cluster of differentiation 8B (CD8B), and cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3D). Tumor inhibitory pathways were downregulated including the SIGIRR (IL1R8), important in IL-37 signaling and NK cell inhibition. TLR9 can induce IL-33, which is known to downregulate ST2 (IL1RL1) a receptor for IL-33. Conclusion: GNKG168 therapy is associated with immunologic changes in pediatric leukemia patients. Further work with a larger sample size is required to assess the impact of these changes on disease treatment and persistence of leukemia remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Ronsley
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology & BMT, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, USA
| | - Amina Kariminia
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology & BMT, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, USA.,Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Bernard Ng
- Department of Statistics and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sara Mostafavi
- Department of Statistics and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gregor Reid
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology & BMT, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, USA.,Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Peter Subrt
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology & BMT, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, USA.,Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nobuko Hijiya
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IIllinois, USA
| | - Kirk R Schultz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology & BMT, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, USA.,Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
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18
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Nguyen BN, Peterson BN, Portnoy DA. Listeriolysin O: A phagosome-specific cytolysin revisited. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e12988. [PMID: 30511471 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Listeriolysin O (LLO) is an essential determinant of Listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis that mediates the escape of L. monocytogenes from host cell vacuoles, thereby allowing replication in the cytosol without causing appreciable cell death. As a member of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) family of pore-forming toxins, LLO is unique in that it is secreted by a facultative intracellular pathogen, whereas all other CDCs are produced by pathogens that are largely extracellular. Replacement of LLO with other CDCs results in strains that are extremely cytotoxic and 10,000-fold less virulent in mice. LLO has structural and regulatory features that allow it to function intracellularly without causing cell death, most of which map to a unique N-terminal region of LLO referred to as the proline, glutamic acid, serine, threonine (PEST)-like sequence. Yet, while LLO has unique properties required for its intracellular site of action, extracellular LLO, like other CDCs, affects cells in a myriad of ways. Because all CDCs form pores in cholesterol-containing membranes that lead to rapid Ca2+ influx and K+ efflux, they consequently trigger a wide range of host cell responses, including mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, histone modification, and caspase-1 activation. There is no debate that extracellular LLO, like all other CDCs, can stimulate multiple cellular activities, but the primary question we wish to address in this perspective is whether these activities contribute to L. monocytogenes pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney N Nguyen
- Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Bret N Peterson
- Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Daniel A Portnoy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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19
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Akhbari P, Tobin D, Poterlowicz K, Roberts W, Boyne JR. MCV-miR-M1 Targets the Host-Cell Immune Response Resulting in the Attenuation of Neutrophil Chemotaxis. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2343-2354. [PMID: 29777657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Virus-encoded microRNAs are emerging as key regulators of persistent infection and host-cell immune evasion. Merkel cell polyomavirus, the predominant etiological agent of Merkel cell carcinoma, encodes a single microRNA, MCV-miR-M1, which targets the oncogenic Merkel cell polyomavirus large T antigen. MCV-miR-M1 has previously been shown to play an important role in the establishment of long-term infection, however, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. A key unanswered question is whether, in addition to autoregulating large T antigen, MCV-miR-M1 also targets cellular transcripts to orchestrate an environment conducive to persistent infection. To address this, we adopted an RNA sequencing-based approach to identify cellular targets of MCV-miR-M1. Intriguingly, bioinformatics analysis of transcripts that are differentially expressed in cells expressing MCV-miR-M1 revealed several genes implicated in immune evasion. Subsequent target validation led to the identification of the innate immunity protein, SP100, as a direct target of MCV-miR-M1. Moreover, MCV-miR-M1-mediated modulation of SP100 was associated with a significant decrease in CXCL8 secretion, resulting in the attenuation of neutrophil chemotaxis toward Merkel cells harboring synthetic Merkel cell polyomavirus. Based on these observations, we propose that MCV-miR-M1 targets key immune response regulators to help facilitate persistent infection, which is a prerequisite for cellular transformation in Merkel cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Akhbari
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Desmond Tobin
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Krzysztof Poterlowicz
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Wayne Roberts
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK; School of Clinical and Applied Science, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - James R Boyne
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.
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20
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Hossain MG, Ohsaki E, Honda T, Ueda K. Importance of Promyelocytic Leukema Protein (PML) for Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Lytic Replication. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2324. [PMID: 30349510 PMCID: PMC6186782 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many DNA virus replication-related proteins are associated with promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML), a component of nuclear domain 10 (ND10), which has been investigated for its potential involvement in viral replication. In the case of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic gene products, K8 (K-bZIP), ORF59, and ORF75 have been shown to colocalize with PML, but its importance in KSHV lytic replication is still unclear. In this study, we analyzed the functional influence of PML on KSHV latency and lytic replication in KSHV-infected primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cell lines. Stable PML-knockout (BC3-PMLKO) and PML-overexpressing BC3 cells (BC3PML) were successfully generated and the latency and reactivation status were analyzed. The results demonstrated that neither KSHV latency nor the episome copy number was affected in BC3-PMLKO cells. In the reactivation phase, the expression dynamics of KSHV immediate-early or early lytic proteins such as RTA, K9 (vIRF1), K5, K3, ORF59, and K8 (K-bZIP) were comparable between wild-type, control BC3, and BC3-PMLKO cells. Interestingly, KSHV lytic replication, virion production, and expression of late genes were downregulated in BC3-PMLKO cells and upregulated in BC3PML cells, compared to those in control or wild-type BC3 cells. Moreover, exogenous PML increased the size of the PML dots and recruited additional K8 (K-bZIP) to PML-NBs as dots. Therefore, PML would function as a positive regulator for KSHV lytic DNA replication by recruiting KSHV replication factors such as 8 (K-bZIP) or ORF59 to the PML-NBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Golzar Hossain
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eriko Ohsaki
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Honda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiji Ueda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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21
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Chen D, Feng C, Tian X, Zheng N, Wu Z. Promyelocytic Leukemia Restricts Enterovirus 71 Replication by Inhibiting Autophagy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1268. [PMID: 29922292 PMCID: PMC5996053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein, also known as TRIM19, functions as a major organizer of PML nuclear bodies (NBs) in most mammalian cells and plays important roles in antiviral activities against both DNA and RNA viruses. In this study, we found that the downregulation of PML rendered HeLa cells more susceptible to infection by enterovirus 71 (EV71), and the overexpression of the PMLIII or PMLIV isoforms inhibited viral protein expression and resulted in viral titers that were 2–3 log units lower than those in the control. Using short interfering RNAs, the downregulation of either the PMLIII or PMLIV isoform increased both viral protein VP1 expression and viral production. The PML repression of EV71 replication was partially mediated by the inhibition of autophagy, and PML deficiency triggered autophagy. Furthermore, the EV71 infection resulted in a reduction in PML independent of the proteasome pathway. Instead, PML degradation was mediated by virus protease 3Cpro. In conclusion, PML contributes to a cellular antiviral effect by inhibiting autophagy, which is countered by a disruption of promyelocytic leukemia protein-nuclear bodies mediated by viral protease 3Cpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyan Chen
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunhong Feng
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tian
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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22
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The Human CMV IE1 Protein: An Offender of PML Nuclear Bodies. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY 2018; 223:77-94. [PMID: 28528440 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53168-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) are SUMOylation-dependent, highly complex protein assemblies that accumulate in the interchromosomal territories of the cell nucleus. Research of the last two decades revealed that many viruses have evolved effector proteins that modify PML-NBs. This correlates with antagonization of individual PML-NB components which act as host cell restriction factors. The multifunctional immediate-early protein IE1 of human cytomegalovirus directly interacts with the PML protein resulting in a disruption of the dot-like structure of PML-NBs. This review summarizes recent advances on the functional consequences of PML-NB modification by IE1. In particular, we describe that PML exerts a novel co-regulatory role during the interferon response which is abrogated by IE1. Via binding to PML, IE1 is able to compromise both intrinsic antiviral defense mechanisms and classical innate immune responses. These interactions of IE1 with innate host defenses are crucial for the onset of lytic replication and, consequently, may represent promising targets for antiviral strategies.
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23
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Functions and dys-functions of promyelocytic leukemia protein PML. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-018-0714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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24
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Hsu KS, Kao HY. PML: Regulation and multifaceted function beyond tumor suppression. Cell Biosci 2018; 8:5. [PMID: 29416846 PMCID: PMC5785837 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-018-0204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) was originally identified as a fusion partner of retinoic acid receptor alpha in acute promyelocytic leukemia patients with the (15;17) chromosomal translocation, giving rise to PML–RARα and RARα–PML fusion proteins. A body of evidence indicated that PML possesses tumor suppressing activity by regulating apoptosis, cell cycle, senescence and DNA damage responses. PML is enriched in discrete nuclear substructures in mammalian cells with 0.2–1 μm diameter in size, referred to as alternately Kremer bodies, nuclear domain 10, PML oncogenic domains or PML nuclear bodies (NBs). Dysregulation of PML NB formation results in altered transcriptional regulation, protein modification, apoptosis and cellular senescence. In addition to PML NBs, PML is also present in nucleoplasm and cytoplasmic compartments, including the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria-associated membranes. The role of PML in tumor suppression has been extensively studied but increasing evidence indicates that PML also plays versatile roles in stem cell renewal, metabolism, inflammatory responses, neural function, mammary development and angiogenesis. In this review, we will briefly describe the known PML regulation and function and include new findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Sheng Hsu
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.,Present Address: Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Hung-Ying Kao
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.,The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
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25
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Bezzi M, Seitzer N, Ishikawa T, Reschke M, Chen M, Wang G, Mitchell C, Ng C, Katon J, Lunardi A, Signoretti S, Clohessy JG, Zhang J, Pandolfi PP. Diverse genetic-driven immune landscapes dictate tumor progression through distinct mechanisms. Nat Med 2018; 24:165-175. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.4463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Promyelocytic Leukemia (PML) is a nuclear protein that forms sub-nuclear structures termed nuclear bodies associated with transcriptionally active genomic regions. PML is a tumour suppressor and regulator of cell differentiation. We demonstrate that PML promotes TNFα-induced transcriptional responses by promoting NF-κB activity. TNFα-treated PML-/- cells show normal IκBα degradation and NF-κB nuclear translocation but significantly reduced NF-κB DNA binding and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. We also demonstrate that the PML retinoic acid receptor-α (PML-RARα) oncofusion protein, which causes acute promyelocytic leukemia, inhibits TNFα induced gene expression and phosphorylation of NF-κB. This study establishes PML as an important regulator of NF-κB and demonstrates that PML-RARα dysregulates NF-κB.
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27
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Leishmania donovani chaperonin 10 regulates parasite internalization and intracellular survival in human macrophages. Med Microbiol Immunol 2017; 206:235-257. [PMID: 28283754 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protozoa of the genus Leishmania infect macrophages in their mammalian hosts causing a spectrum of diseases known as the leishmaniases. The search for leishmania effectors that support macrophage infection is a focus of significant interest. One such candidate is leishmania chaperonin 10 (CPN10) which is secreted in exosomes and may have immunosuppressive properties. Here, we report for the first time that leishmania CPN10 localizes to the cytosol of infected macrophages. Next, we generated two genetically modified strains of Leishmania donovani (Ld): one strain overexpressing CPN10 (CPN10+++) and the second, a CPN10 single allele knockdown (CPN10+/-), as the null mutant was lethal. When compared with the wild-type (WT) parental strain, CPN10+/- Ld showed higher infection rates and parasite loads in human macrophages after 24 h of infection. Conversely, CPN10+++ Ld was associated with lower initial infection rates. This unexpected apparent gain-of-function for the knockdown could have been explained either by enhanced parasite internalization or by enhanced intracellular survival. Paradoxically, we found that CPN10+/- leishmania were more readily internalized than WT Ld, but also displayed significantly impaired intracellular survival. This suggests that leishmania CPN10 negatively regulates the rate of parasite uptake by macrophages while being required for intracellular survival. Finally, quantitative proteomics identified an array of leishmania proteins whose expression was positively regulated by CPN10. In contrast, many macrophage proteins involved in innate immunity were negatively regulated by CPN10. Taken together, these findings identify leishmania CPN10 as a novel effector with broad based effects on macrophage cell regulation and parasite survival.
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Abstract
The promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) is the main organizer of stress-responsive subnuclear structures called PML nuclear bodies. These structures recruit multiple interactors and modulate their abundance or their posttranslational modifications, notably by the SUMO ubiquitin-like modifiers. The involvement of PML in antiviral responses is well established. In contrast, the role of PML in bacterial infection remains poorly characterized. Here, we show that PML restricts infection by the pathogenic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes but not by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. During infection, PML undergoes oxidation-mediated multimerization, associates with the nuclear matrix, and becomes de-SUMOylated due to the pore-forming activity of the Listeria toxin listeriolysin O (LLO). These events trigger an antibacterial response that is not observed during in vitro infection by an LLO-defective Listeria mutant, but which can be phenocopied by specific induction of PML de-SUMOylation. Using transcriptomic and proteomic microarrays, we also characterized a network of immunity genes and cytokines, which are regulated by PML in response to Listeria infection but independently from the listeriolysin O toxin. Our study thus highlights two mechanistically distinct complementary roles of PML in host responses against bacterial infection. IMPORTANCE The promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) is a eukaryotic protein that can polymerize in discrete nuclear assemblies known as PML nuclear bodies (NBs) and plays essential roles in many different cellular processes. Key to its function, PML can be posttranslationally modified by SUMO, a ubiquitin-like modifier. Identification of the role of PML in antiviral defenses has been deeply documented. In contrast, the role of PML in antibacterial defenses remains elusive. Here, we identify two mechanistically distinct complementary roles of PML in antibacterial responses against pathogens such as Listeria: (i) we show that PML regulates the expression of immunity genes in response to bacterial infection, and (ii) we unveil the fact that modification of PML SUMOylation by bacterial pore-forming toxins is sensed as a danger signal, leading to a restriction of bacterial intracellular multiplication. Taken together, our data reinforce the concept that intranuclear bodies can dynamically regulate important processes, such as defense against invaders.
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Wang K, Langevin S, O’Hern CS, Shattuck MD, Ogle S, Forero A, Morrison J, Slayden R, Katze MG, Kirby M. Anomaly Detection in Host Signaling Pathways for the Early Prognosis of Acute Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160919. [PMID: 27532264 PMCID: PMC4988711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical diagnosis of acute infectious diseases during the early stages of infection is critical to administering the appropriate treatment to improve the disease outcome. We present a data driven analysis of the human cellular response to respiratory viruses including influenza, respiratory syncytia virus, and human rhinovirus, and compared this with the response to the bacterial endotoxin, Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Using an anomaly detection framework we identified pathways that clearly distinguish between asymptomatic and symptomatic patients infected with the four different respiratory viruses and that accurately diagnosed patients exposed to a bacterial infection. Connectivity pathway analysis comparing the viral and bacterial diagnostic signatures identified host cellular pathways that were unique to patients exposed to LPS endotoxin indicating this type of analysis could be used to identify host biomarkers that can differentiate clinical etiologies of acute infection. We applied the Multivariate State Estimation Technique (MSET) on two human influenza (H1N1 and H3N2) gene expression data sets to define host networks perturbed in the asymptomatic phase of infection. Our analysis identified pathways in the respiratory virus diagnostic signature as prognostic biomarkers that triggered prior to clinical presentation of acute symptoms. These early warning pathways correctly predicted that almost half of the subjects would become symptomatic in less than forty hours post-infection and that three of the 18 subjects would become symptomatic after only 8 hours. These results provide a proof-of-concept for utility of anomaly detection algorithms to classify host pathway signatures that can identify presymptomatic signatures of acute diseases and differentiate between etiologies of infection. On a global scale, acute respiratory infections cause a significant proportion of human co-morbidities and account for 4.25 million deaths annually. The development of clinical diagnostic tools to distinguish between acute viral and bacterial respiratory infections is critical to improve patient care and limit the overuse of antibiotics in the medical community. The identification of prognostic respiratory virus biomarkers provides an early warning system that is capable of predicting which subjects will become symptomatic to expand our medical diagnostic capabilities and treatment options for acute infectious diseases. The host response to acute infection may be viewed as a deterministic signaling network responsible for maintaining the health of the host organism. We identify pathway signatures that reflect the very earliest perturbations in the host response to acute infection. These pathways provide a monitor the health state of the host using anomaly detection to quantify and predict health outcomes to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Mathematics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Stanley Langevin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Corey S. O’Hern
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Department of Applied Physics, Department of Physics, and Graduate Program in Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Shattuck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Department of Physics and Benjamin Levich Institute, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Serenity Ogle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Adriana Forero
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Juliet Morrison
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Richard Slayden
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Katze
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael Kirby
- Department of Mathematics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Research in the last 2 decades has demonstrated that a specific organelle of the cell nucleus, termed PML nuclear body (PML-NB) or nuclear domain 10 (ND10), is frequently modified during viral infection. This correlates with antagonization of a direct repressive function of individual PML-NB components, such as the PML, hDaxx, Sp100, or ATRX protein, that are able to act as cellular restriction factors. Recent studies now reveal an emerging role of PML-NBs as coregulatory structures of both type I and type II interferon responses. This emphasizes that targeting of PML-NBs by viral regulatory proteins has evolved as a strategy to compromise intrinsic antiviral defense and innate immune responses.
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31
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Gu H, Zheng Y. Role of ND10 nuclear bodies in the chromatin repression of HSV-1. Virol J 2016; 13:62. [PMID: 27048561 PMCID: PMC4822283 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a neurotropic virus that establishes lifelong latent infection in human ganglion sensory neurons. This unique life cycle necessitates an intimate relation between the host defenses and virus counteractions over the long course of infection. Two important aspects of host anti-viral defense, nuclear substructure restriction and epigenetic chromatin regulation, have been intensively studied in the recent years. Upon viral DNA entering the nucleus, components of discrete nuclear bodies termed nuclear domain 10 (ND10), converge at viral DNA and place restrictions on viral gene expression. Meanwhile the infected cell mobilizes its histones and histone-associated repressors to force the viral DNA into nucleosome-like structures and also represses viral transcription. Both anti-viral strategies are negated by various HSV countermeasures. One HSV gene transactivator, infected cell protein 0 (ICP0), is a key player in antagonizing both the ND10 restriction and chromatin repression. On one hand, ICP0 uses its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity to target major ND10 components for proteasome-dependent degradation and thereafter disrupts the ND10 nuclear bodies. On the other hand, ICP0 participates in de-repressing the HSV chromatin by changing histone composition or modification and therefore activates viral transcription. Involvement of a single viral protein in two seemingly different pathways suggests that there is coordination in host anti-viral defense mechanisms and also cooperation in viral counteraction strategies. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the role of chromatin regulation and ND10 dynamics in both lytic and latent HSV infection. We focus on the new observations showing that ND10 nuclear bodies play a critical role in cellular chromatin regulation. We intend to find the connections between the two major anti-viral defense pathways, chromatin remodeling and ND10 structure, in order to achieve a better understanding of how host orchestrates a concerted defense and how HSV adapts with and overcomes the host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Gu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, 4117 Biological Science Building, 5047 Gullen Mall, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, 4117 Biological Science Building, 5047 Gullen Mall, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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32
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Shigella infection interferes with SUMOylation and increases PML-NB number. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122585. [PMID: 25848798 PMCID: PMC4388590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis is a severe diarrheal disease that affects hundreds of thousands of individuals resulting in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Shigellosis is caused by Shigella spp., a gram-negative bacterium that uses a Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS) to deliver effector proteins into the cytosol of infected human cells. Shigella infection triggers multiple signaling programs that result in a robust host transcriptional response that includes the induction of multiple proinflammatory cytokines. PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) are dynamic subnuclear structures that coordinate immune signaling programs and have a demonstrated role in controlling viral infection. We show that PML-NB number increases upon Shigella infection. We examined the effects of Shigella infection on SUMOylation and found that upon Shigella infection the localization of SUMOylated proteins is altered and the level of SUMOylated proteins decreases. Although Shigella infection does not alter the abundance of SUMO activating enzymes SAE1 or SAE2, it dramatically decreases the level of the SUMO conjugating enzyme Ubc9. All Shigella-induced alterations to the SUMOylation system are dependent upon a T3SS. Thus, we demonstrate that Shigella uses one or more T3SS effectors to influence both PML-NB number and the SUMOylation machinery in human cells.
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33
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Herzer K, Gerken G, Hofmann TG. Hepatitis C-associated liver carcinogenesis: Role of PML nuclear bodies. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:12367-12371. [PMID: 25253937 PMCID: PMC4168070 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i35.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful escape from immune response characterises chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, which results in persistence of infection in about 80% of the patients. The deleterious consequences are cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV accounts the most frequent cause for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver transplantation (LT) in the western world. The underlying molecular mechanisms how HCV promotes tumor development are largely unknown. There is some in vitro and in vivo evidence that HCV interferes with the tumor suppressor PML and may thereby importantly contribute to the HCV-associated pathogenesis with respect to the development of HCC. The tumor suppressor protein “promyelocytic leukemia” (PML) has been implicated in the regulation of important cellular processes like differentiation and apoptosis. In cancer biology, PML and its associated nuclear bodies (NBs) have initially attracted intense interest due to its role in the pathogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). More recently, loss of PML has been implicated in human cancers of various histologic origins. Moreover, number and intensity of PML-NBs increase in response to interferons (IFNs) and there is evidence that PML-NBs may represent preferential targets in viral infections. Thus, PML could not only play a role in the mechanisms of the antiviral action of IFNs but may also be involved in a direct oncogenic effect of the HCV on hepatocytes. This review aims to summarise current knowledge about HCV-related liver carcinogenesis and to discuss a potential role of the nuclear body protein PML for this this hard-to-treat cancer.
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Maarifi G, Chelbi-Alix MK, Nisole S. PML control of cytokine signaling. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:551-61. [PMID: 24861946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein is a tumor suppressor acting as the organizer of nuclear matrix-associated structures named nuclear bodies (NBs). The involvement of PML in various cell processes, including cell death, senescence or antiviral defense underlines the multiple functions of PML due to its ability to interact with various partners either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. The importance of paracrine signaling in the regulation of PML expression is well established. More recently, a growing body of evidence also supports PML as a key regulator of cytokine signaling. These findings shed light on unsuspected biological functions of PML such as immune response, inflammation and cytokine-induced apoptosis. Here we review the current understanding of the pleiotropic activities of PML on cytokine-induced signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghizlane Maarifi
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saint-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Mounira K Chelbi-Alix
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saint-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saint-Pères, 75006 Paris, France.
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35
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Gamell C, Jan Paul P, Haupt Y, Haupt S. PML tumour suppression and beyond: Therapeutic implications. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2653-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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36
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Chung YL, Wu ML. Promyelocytic leukaemia protein links DNA damage response and repair to hepatitis B virus-related hepatocarcinogenesis. J Pathol 2013; 230:377-87. [PMID: 23620081 DOI: 10.1002/path.4195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage response and repair pathways are important barriers to carcinogenesis. Here, we show that promyelocytic leukaemia (PML, also known as TRIM19), involved in sensing DNA damage and executing homologous recombination repair, is down-regulated in non-tumour liver cells surrounding hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). No PML mutation or deletion was found in HBV-infected liver or HCC cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of liver biopsies from patients with breast or liver cancer and HBV reactivation after chemotherapy revealed PML up-regulation and HBV exacerbation in normal liver tissue in response to DNA damage (functional PML), PML down-regulation in HCC peritumour cells associated with high HBsAg accumulation and low HBV replication activity (suppressive PML), and heterogeneous nuclear PML expression in HCC cells that lost HBV DNA and HBsAg and were non-reactive to DNA damage (dysregulated PML). Loss of PML in HBsAg-transgenic mice promoted chromosome breaks in liver cells and accelerated the accumulation of body and liver fat and the development of a liver steatosis-dysplasia-adenoma-carcinoma sequence in an inflammation-independent and male-predominant manner, compared to PML knock-out or HBsAg-transgenic mice during the same time period. These results indicate that PML deficiency facilitates genomic instability and promotes HBsAg-related hepatocarcinogenesis, which also involves androgen and lipid metabolism. These findings uncover a novel PML link between HBV-related tumourigenesis, DNA repair, and metabolism.
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MESH Headings
- Adiposity
- Animals
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers/blood
- Biopsy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- DNA Damage
- DNA Repair
- Diethylnitrosamine
- Disease Models, Animal
- Doxorubicin/therapeutic use
- Fatty Liver/metabolism
- Fatty Liver/pathology
- Fatty Liver/virology
- Female
- Genomic Instability
- Hepatitis B/complications
- Hepatitis B/diagnosis
- Hepatitis B/genetics
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/blood
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/genetics
- Hepatitis B virus/genetics
- Hepatitis B virus/growth & development
- Hepatitis B virus/immunology
- Hepatitis B virus/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Liver Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nuclear Proteins/deficiency
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein
- Sex Factors
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/deficiency
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
- Virus Activation
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Lin Chung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Koo Foundation Sun-Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
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37
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Differential gene expressions of the MAPK signaling pathway in enterovirus 71-infected rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Braz J Infect Dis 2013; 17:410-7. [PMID: 23797008 PMCID: PMC9428059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway plays an important role in response to viral infection. The aim of this study was to explore the function and mechanism of MAPK signaling pathway in enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection of human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. Methods Apoptosis of RD cells was observed using annexin V-FITC/PI binding assay under a fluorescence microscope. Cellular RNA was extracted and transcribed to cDNA. The expressions of 56 genes of MAPK signaling pathway in EV71-infected RD cells at 8 h and 20 h after infection were analyzed by PCR array. The levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and TNF-α in the supernatant of RD cells infected with EV71 at different time points were measured by ELISA. Results The viability of RD cells decreased obviously within 48 h after EV71 infection. Compared with the control group, EV71 infection resulted in the significantly enhanced releases of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and TNF-α from infected RD cells (p < 0.05). At 8 h after infection, the expressions of c-Jun, c-Fos, IFN-β, MEKK1, MLK3 and NIK genes in EV71-infected RD cells were up-regulated by 2.08–6.12-fold, whereas other 19 genes (e.g. AKT1, AKT2, E2F1, IKK and NF-κB1) exhibited down-regulation. However, at 20 h after infection, those MAPK signaling molecules including MEKK1, ASK1, MLK2, MLK3, NIK, MEK1, MEK2, MEK4, MEK7, ERK1, JNK1 and JNK2 were up-regulated. In addition, the expressions of AKT2, ELK1, c-Jun, c-Fos, NF-κB p65, PI3K and STAT1 were also increased. Conclusion EV71 infection induces the differential gene expressions of MAPK signaling pathway such as ERK, JNK and PI3K/AKT in RD cells, which may be associated with the secretions of inflammatory cytokines and host cell apoptosis.
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Selective inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome by targeting to promyelocytic leukemia protein in mouse and human. Blood 2013; 121:3185-94. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-05-432104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Points
PML selectively activates NLRP3 inflammasome. Targeting to PML could be used to attenuate NLRP3 inflammasome–associated pathogenesis.
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Tang MK, Liang YJ, Chan JYH, Wong SW, Chen E, Yao Y, Gan J, Xiao L, Leung HC, Kung HF, Wang H, Lee KKH. Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein plays important roles in regulating cell adhesion, morphology, proliferation and migration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59477. [PMID: 23555679 PMCID: PMC3605454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PML protein plays important roles in regulating cellular homeostasis. It forms PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) that act like nuclear relay stations and participate in many cellular functions. In this study, we have examined the proteome of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from normal (PML+/+) and PML knockout (PML−/−) mice. The aim was to identify proteins that were differentially expressed when MEFs were incapable of producing PML. Using comparative proteomics, total protein were extracted from PML−/− and PML+/+ MEFs, resolved by two dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) gels and the differentially expressed proteins identified by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Nine proteins (PML, NDRG1, CACYBP, CFL1, RSU1, TRIO, CTRO, ANXA4 and UBE2M) were determined to be down-regulated in PML−/− MEFs. In contrast, ten proteins (CIAPIN1, FAM50A, SUMO2 HSPB1 NSFL1C, PCBP2, YWHAG, STMN1, TPD52L2 and PDAP1) were found up-regulated. Many of these differentially expressed proteins play crucial roles in cell adhesion, migration, morphology and cytokinesis. The protein profiles explain why PML−/− and PML+/+ MEFs were morphologically different. In addition, we demonstrated PML−/− MEFs were less adhesive, proliferated more extensively and migrated significantly slower than PML+/+ MEFs. NDRG1, a protein that was down-regulated in PML−/− MEFs, was selected for further investigation. We determined that silencing NDRG1expression in PML+/+ MEFs increased cell proliferation and inhibited PML expression. Since NDRG expression was suppressed in PML−/− MEFs, this may explain why these cells proliferate more extensively than PML+/+ MEFs. Furthermore, silencing NDRG1expression also impaired TGF-β1 signaling by inhibiting SMAD3 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Kuen Tang
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Thematic Research Programme, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
- * E-mail: (MKT); (KKHL)
| | - Yong Jia Liang
- Joint JNU-CUHK Key Laboratories for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, JiNan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - John Yeuk Hon Chan
- Joint JNU-CUHK Key Laboratories for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, JiNan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sing Wan Wong
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Thematic Research Programme, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Elve Chen
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Thematic Research Programme, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Yao Yao
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Thematic Research Programme, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Jingyi Gan
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Thematic Research Programme, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Lihai Xiao
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Thematic Research Programme, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Hin Cheung Leung
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Thematic Research Programme, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Hsiang Fu Kung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Hua Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Kenneth Ka Ho Lee
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Thematic Research Programme, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
- Joint JNU-CUHK Key Laboratories for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, JiNan University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (MKT); (KKHL)
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Ohgiya D, Matsushita H, Onizuka M, Nakamura N, Amaki J, Aoyama Y, Kawai H, Ogawa Y, Kawada H, Ando K. Association of promyelocytic leukemia protein with expression of IL-6 and resistance to treatment in multiple myeloma. Acta Haematol 2012; 128:213-22. [PMID: 22906876 DOI: 10.1159/000339486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) was originally identified as a tumor suppressor but has been recently shown to have the ability to control stem cell function in multiple tissues including malignancies. This study aimed to evaluate the biological and clinical significance of PML in multiple myeloma (MM). METHODS We knocked down PML in myeloma cells with a lentiviral vector expressing microRNA to target PML, which were used for in vitro analyses. We also evaluated the association between PML expression in the bone marrow and patients' clinical parameters. RESULTS The expression of IL-6 was decreased in myeloma cells with knocked-down PML expression. Immunohistochemical study showed that the PML expression level varied widely in the bone marrow of 48 MM patients, and that IL-6 expression correlated with PML expression in these patients. In addition, MM with high PML expression at diagnosis showed a poor prognosis regarding the 2-year survival, and PML and IL-6 positivity increased with the progression of disease in 13 sequentially analyzed cases. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PML expression was positively associated with IL-6 expression in patients and was also related to tumor development and resistance to treatment in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ohgiya
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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