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Ossendorff R, Wang S, Kurth S, Jaenisch M, Assaf E, Strauss AC, Bertheloot D, Welle K, Burger C, Wirtz DC, Schildberg FA. TNFα-Induced Inflammation Model-Evaluation of Concentration and Passage-Dependent Effects on Bovine Chondrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9136. [PMID: 39273085 PMCID: PMC11395278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation models are widely used in the in vitro investigation of new therapeutic approaches for osteoarthritis. TNFα (tumor necrosis factor alpha) plays an important role in the inflammatory process. Current inflammation models lack uniformity and make comparisons difficult. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically investigate whether the effects of TNFα are concentration-dependent and whether chondrocyte expansion has an effect on the inflammatory model. Bovine chondrocytes were enzymatically isolated, expanded to passages 1-3, and transferred into a 3D pellet culture. Chondrocyte pellets were stimulated with recombinant bovine TNFα at different concentrations for 48 h to induce inflammation. Gene expression of anabolic (collagen 2, aggrecan, cartilage oligomeric protein (COMP)), catabolic (matrix metalloproteinases (MMP3, MMP13)), dedifferentiation (collagen 1) markers, inflammation markers (interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX), prostaglandin-E-synthase-2 (PTGES2)), and the apoptosis marker caspase 3 was determined. At the protein level, concentrations of IL-6, nitric oxide (NO), and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using the independent t-test, and significance was defined as p < 0.05. In general, TNFα caused a decrease in anabolic markers and an increase in the expression of catabolic and inflammatory markers. There was a concentration-dependent threshold of 10 ng/mL to induce significant inflammatory effects. Most of the markers analyzed showed TNFα concentration-dependent effects (COMP, PRG4, AGN, Col1, MMP3, and NFkB). There was a statistical influence of selected gene expression markers from different passages on the TNFα chondrocyte inflammation model, including Col2, MMP13, IL-6, NFkB, COX2, and PTGES2. Considering the expression of collagen 2 and MMP3, passage 3 chondrocytes showed a higher sensitivity to TNFα stimulation compared to passages 1 and 2. On the other hand, MMP13, IL-6, NFkB, and caspase 3 gene expression were lower in P3 chondrocytes compared to the other passages. On the protein level, inflammatory effects showed a similar pattern, with cytokine effects starting at 10 ng/mL and differences between the passages. TNFα had a detrimental effect on cartilage, with a clear threshold observed at 10 ng/mL. Although TNFα effects showed concentration-dependent patterns, this was not consistent for all markers. The selected passage showed a clear influence, especially on inflammation markers. Further experiments were warranted to explore the effects of TNFα concentration and passage in long-term stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Frank A. Schildberg
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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Middendorf JM, Diamantides N, Kim B, Dugopolski C, Kennedy S, Blahut E, Cohen I, Bonassar LJ. The influence of chondrocyte source on the manufacturing reproducibility of human tissue engineered cartilage. Acta Biomater 2021; 131:276-285. [PMID: 34245892 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple human tissue engineered cartilage constructs are showing promise in advanced clinical trials but identifying important measures of manufacturing reproducibility remains a challenge. FDA guidance suggests measuring multiple mechanical properties prior to implantation, because these properties could affect the long term success of the implant. Additionally, these engineered cartilage mechanics could be sensitive to the autologous chondrocyte source, an inherently irregular manufacturing starting material. If any mechanical properties are sensitive to changes in the autologous chondrocyte source, these properties may need to be measured prior to implantation to ensure manufacturing reproducibility and quality. Therefore, this study identified variability in the compressive, friction, and shear properties of a human tissue engineered cartilage constructs due to the chondrocyte source. Over 200 constructs were created from 7 different chondrocyte sources and tested using 3 distinct mechanical experiments. Under confined compression, the compressive properties (aggregate modulus and hydraulic permeability) varied by orders of magnitude due to the chondrocyte source. The friction coefficient changed by a factor of 5 due to the chondrocyte source and high intrapatient variability was noted. In contrast, the shear modulus was not affected by changes in the chondrocyte source. Finally, measurements on the local compressive and shear mechanics revealed variability in the depth dependent strain fields based on chondrocyte source. Since the chondrocyte source causes large amounts of variability in the compression and local mechanical properties of engineered cartilage, these mechanical properties may be important measures of manufacturing reproducibility. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Although the FDA recommends measuring mechanical properties of human tissue engineered cartilage constructs during manufacturing, the effect of manufacturing variability on construct mechanics is unknown. As one of the first studies to measure multiple mechanical properties on hundreds of human tissue engineered cartilage constructs, we found the compressive properties are most sensitive to changes in the autologous chondrocyte source, an inherently irregular manufacturing variable. This sensitivity to the autologous chondrocyte source reveals the compressive properties should be measured prior to implantation to assess manufacturing reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Middendorf
- Sibley School of Mechanical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Nicole Diamantides
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Byumsu Kim
- Sibley School of Mechanical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Eric Blahut
- Histogenics Corporation, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Itai Cohen
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Sibley School of Mechanical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
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Vainieri ML, Alini M, Yayon A, van Osch GJVM, Grad S. Mechanical Stress Inhibits Early Stages of Endogenous Cell Migration: A Pilot Study in an Ex Vivo Osteochondral Model. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12081754. [PMID: 32781503 PMCID: PMC7466115 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration has a central role in osteochondral defect repair initiation and biomaterial-mediated regeneration. New advancements to reestablish tissue function include biomaterials and factors promoting cell recruitment, differentiation and tissue integration, but little is known about responses to mechanical stimuli. In the present pilot study, we tested the influence of extrinsic forces in combination with biomaterials releasing chemoattractant signals on cell migration. We used an ex vivo mechanically stimulated osteochondral defect explant filled with fibrin/hyaluronan hydrogel, in presence or absence of platelet-derived growth factor-BB or stromal cell-derived factor 1, to assess endogenous cell recruitment into the wound site. Periodic mechanical stress at early time point negatively influenced cell infiltration compared to unloaded samples, and the implementation of chemokines to increase cell migration was not efficient to overcome this negative effect. The gene expression at 15 days of culture indicated a marked downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)13 and MMP3, a decrease of β1 integrin and increased mRNA levels of actin in osteochondral samples exposed to complex load. This work using an ex vivo osteochondral mechanically stimulated advanced platform demonstrated that recurrent mechanical stress at early time points impeded cell migration into the hydrogel, providing a unique opportunity to improve our understanding on management of joint injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Vainieri
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos, Switzerland; (M.L.V.); (M.A.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos, Switzerland; (M.L.V.); (M.A.)
| | - Avner Yayon
- ProCore Ltd., Weizmann Science Park, 7 Golda Meir St., Ness Ziona 70400, Israel;
| | - Gerjo J. V. M. van Osch
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Delft, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sibylle Grad
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos, Switzerland; (M.L.V.); (M.A.)
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-81-4142480
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Ren S, Zhang X, Yu X, Zhou R, Xu L, Lin Z, Zhang W. Correlation analysis of potential factors influencing graft maturity based on MRI after lateral meniscal allograft transplantation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11250. [PMID: 32647114 PMCID: PMC7347933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this respective study was to assess the graft signal/noise quotient (SNQ) value and associated factors based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after lateral meniscal allograft transplantation (LMAT). Patients with LMAT were included. The SNQ, width of the anterior horn (WAH), width of the midbody (WMB), width of the posterior horn (WPH) of each lateral meniscus, coronal graft extrusion (CGE), the anterior cartilage meniscus distance (ACMD) and the posterior cartilage meniscus distance (PCMD) were measured using MRI and tested by multivariate stepwise regression analysis. The relative percentage of extrusion (PRE) was calculated. Seventy-one male patients were examined, and 7 patients were lost to follow-up. The SNQ of the meniscus increased from immediately after surgery to 6 months postoperatively, decreased from 6 to 12 months, increased from 12 to 24 months, and increased from 24 to 36 months. The mean SNQ had a significant negative association with the WPH and CGE at 6 months (p < 0.05), the WPH at 1 year (p < 0.05), the PRE of CGE (CPRE) at 2 years (p < 0.05), and the PCMD, CPRE, and PRE of the PCMD (PPRE) at 3 years (p < 0.01) postoperatively. Multivariate stepwise regression analysis showed that the WPH at 6 months, WPH at 1 year, WMD and PCMD at 2 years, and WMD, ACMD and CGE at 3 years were significant independent factors correlated with the mean SNQ of grafts in different periods. Maturation of meniscal grafts fluctuated with time. The maturation process occupied the main role before 1 year postoperatively, but after the maturation process, tearing of the meniscal allograft played the leading role. Changes in an allograft’s location had an obvious association with the SNQ. The WPH influenced the graft SNQ value at 6 months and 1 year postoperatively, but after the maturation process, the WMB and graft extrusion played the same roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyou Ren
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 1120 Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China
| | - Xintao Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 1120 Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiurong Yu
- Anesthesia Operation Center, Hainan Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Sanya, 572013, Hainan, China
| | - Ri Zhou
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 1120 Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Radiology Department, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Zhenglong Lin
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 1120 Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 1120 Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong, China.
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Antunes BP, Vainieri ML, Alini M, Monsonego-Ornan E, Grad S, Yayon A. Enhanced chondrogenic phenotype of primary bovine articular chondrocytes in Fibrin-Hyaluronan hydrogel by multi-axial mechanical loading and FGF18. Acta Biomater 2020; 105:170-179. [PMID: 31982592 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for cartilage lesions are often associated with fibrocartilage formation and donor site morbidity. Mechanical and biochemical stimuli play an important role in hyaline cartilage formation. Biocompatible scaffolds capable of transducing mechanical loads and delivering bioactive instructive factors may better support cartilage regeneration. In this study we aimed to test the interplay between mechanical and FGF-18 mediated biochemical signals on the proliferation and differentiation of primary bovine articular chondrocytes embedded in a chondro-conductive Fibrin-Hyaluronan (FB/HA) based hydrogel. Chondrocytes seeded in a Fibrin-HA hydrogel, with or without a chondro-inductive, FGFR3 selective FGF18 variant (FGF-18v) were loaded into a joint-mimicking bioreactor applying controlled, multi-axial movements, simulating the natural movements of articular joints. Samples were evaluated for DNA content, sulphated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) accumulation, key chondrogenic gene expression markers and histology. Under moderate loading, samples produced particularly significant amounts of sGAG/DNA compared to unloaded controls. Interestingly there was no significant effect of FGF-18v on cartilage gene expression at rest. Following moderate multi-axial loading, FGF-18v upregulated the expression of Aggrecan (ACAN), Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein (COMP), type II collagen (COL2) and Lubricin (PRG4). Moreover, the combination of load and FGF-18v, significantly downregulated Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and Matrix Metaloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), two of the most important factors contributing to joint destruction in OA. Biomimetic mechanical signals and FGF-18 may work in concert to support hyaline cartilage regeneration and repair. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Articular cartilage has very limited repair potential and focal cartilage lesions constitute a challenge for current standard clinical procedures. The aim of the present research was to explore novel procedures and constructs, based on biomaterials and biomechanical algorithms that can better mimic joints mechanical and biochemical stimulation to promote regeneration of damaged cartilage. Using a hydrogel-based platform for chondrocyte 3D culture revealed a synergy between mechanical forces and growth factors. Exploring the mechanisms underlying this mechano-biochemical interplay may enhance our understanding of cartilage remodeling and the development of new strategies for cartilage repair and regeneration.
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Karimi F, O'Connor AJ, Qiao GG, Heath DE. Integrin Clustering Matters: A Review of Biomaterials Functionalized with Multivalent Integrin-Binding Ligands to Improve Cell Adhesion, Migration, Differentiation, Angiogenesis, and Biomedical Device Integration. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701324. [PMID: 29577678 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Material systems that exhibit tailored interactions with cells are a cornerstone of biomaterial and tissue engineering technologies. One method of achieving these tailored interactions is to biofunctionalize materials with peptide ligands that bind integrin receptors present on the cell surface. However, cell biology research has illustrated that both integrin binding and integrin clustering are required to achieve a full adhesion response. This biophysical knowledge has motivated researchers to develop material systems biofunctionalized with nanoscale clusters of ligands that promote both integrin occupancy and clustering of the receptors. These materials have improved a wide variety of biological interactions in vitro including cell adhesion, proliferation, migration speed, gene expression, and stem cell differentiation; and improved in vivo outcomes including increased angiogenesis, tissue healing, and biomedical device integration. This review first introduces the techniques that enable the fabrication of these nanopatterned materials, describes the improved biological effects that have been achieved, and lastly discusses the current limitations of the technology and where future advances may occur. Although this technology is still in its nascency, it will undoubtedly play an important role in the future development of biomaterials and tissue engineering scaffolds for both in vitro and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Karimi
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; Particulate Fluids Processing Centre; University of Melbourne; Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
- Polymer Science Group; Department of Chemical Engineering; Particulate Fluid Processing Centre; University of Melbourne; Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Andrea J. O'Connor
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; Particulate Fluids Processing Centre; University of Melbourne; Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Greg G. Qiao
- Polymer Science Group; Department of Chemical Engineering; Particulate Fluid Processing Centre; University of Melbourne; Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Daniel E. Heath
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; Particulate Fluids Processing Centre; University of Melbourne; Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
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Lee Y, Choi J, Hwang NS. Regulation of lubricin for functional cartilage tissue regeneration: a review. Biomater Res 2018; 22:9. [PMID: 29568558 PMCID: PMC5857089 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-018-0118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lubricin is chondrocyte-secreted glycoprotein that primarily conducts boundary lubrication between joint surfaces. Besides its cytoprotective function and extracellular matrix (ECM) attachment, lubricin is recommended as a novel biotherapeutic protein that restore functional articular cartilage. Likewise, malfunction of lubrication in damaged articular cartilage caused by complex and multifaceted matter is a major concern in the field of cartilage tissue engineering. Main body Although a noticeable progress has been made toward cartilage tissue regeneration through numerous approaches such as autologous chondrocyte implantation, osteochondral grafts, and microfracture technique, the functionality of engineered cartilage is a challenge for complete reconstruction of cartilage. Thus, delicate modulation of lubricin along with cell/scaffold application will expand the research on cartilage tissue engineering. Conclusion In this review, we will discuss the empirical analysis of lubricin from fundamental interpretation to the practical design of gene expression regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsup Lee
- 1School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Choi
- 1School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Nathaniel S Hwang
- 1School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742 Republic of Korea.,2Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 152-742 Republic of Korea.,3N-Bio/BioMAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 152-742 Republic of Korea
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Ossendorff R, Grad S, Stoddart MJ, Alini M, Schmal H, Südkamp N, Salzmann GM. Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation in Osteoarthritic Surroundings: TNFα and Its Inhibition by Adalimumab in a Knee-Specific Bioreactor. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:431-440. [PMID: 29100004 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517737497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) fails in up to 20% of cases. Advanced intra-articular degeneration paired with an inflammatory environment may be closely related to implantation failure. Certain cytokines have been identified to play a major role during early osteoarthritis. PURPOSE To investigate the effects of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and its potential inhibition by adalimumab on cartilage regeneration in an in vitro model of ACI. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Bovine articular chondrocytes were cultivated and transferred at passage 3 to fibrin-polyurethane scaffolds. Constructs were loaded by compression (10%-20% scaffold height) and shear (±25°) in a fully characterized multiaxial load (L) bioreactor to simulate clinical ACI or were subjected to free swelling (FS) conditions for a duration of 2 weeks. TNFα (20 ng/mL), adalimumab (10 µg/mL), or both were added to the medium. To assess the outcome, DNA, GAG (glycosaminoglycan), and total collagen were quantified, and gene expression of anabolic (collagen 2, aggrecan, cartilage oligomeric protein, proteoglycan 4), catabolic (matrix metalloproteinases [MMP] 3 and 13), dedifferentiation (collagen 1), and hypertrophy (collagen 10) markers and proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β) was analyzed. Histological evaluation was performed with safranin O/fast green, toluidine blue, and immunohistochemistry of collagen 1 and 2. Apoptosis was analyzed by immunolabeling of anti-active caspase 3. For statistical evaluation, nonparametric tests were chosen with a significance level of P < .05. RESULTS A general downregulation of anabolic and upregulation of catabolic markers was detected in the TNFα groups. Collagen 2 was suppressed by TNFα (FS, P = .029; L, P = .006), while MMP 3 was significantly upregulated (FS, P = .035; L, P = .001). Dynamic loading induced a chondrogenic response, which could not fully antagonize the effect of the cytokine. Adalimumab antagonized all effects of TNFα. The histological and immunohistochemical assessments demonstrated less matrix formation in the cytokine-only groups. TNFα induced apoptosis, and this effect was increased by loading. CONCLUSION TNFα does negatively affect chondrogenesis under simulated ACI conditions. Both dynamic load and, more potentially, adalimumab showed the capability of antagonizing the negative effects. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Catabolic cytokine suppression (ie, TNFα inhibition) combined with compression and shear load may best meet the conditions for chondrogenesis in an osteoarthritic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ossendorff
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin J Stoddart
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Hagen Schmal
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology and Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Norbert Südkamp
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gian M Salzmann
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Schulthess Clinic, Zürich, Switzerland.,Gelenkzentrum Rhein-Main, Wiesbaden, Germany
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Anderson DE, Johnstone B. Dynamic Mechanical Compression of Chondrocytes for Tissue Engineering: A Critical Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2017; 5:76. [PMID: 29322043 PMCID: PMC5732133 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2017.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage functions to transmit and translate loads. In a classical structure-function relationship, the tissue resides in a dynamic mechanical environment that drives the formation of a highly organized tissue architecture suited to its biomechanical role. The dynamic mechanical environment includes multiaxial compressive and shear strains as well as hydrostatic and osmotic pressures. As the mechanical environment is known to modulate cell fate and influence tissue development toward a defined architecture in situ, dynamic mechanical loading has been hypothesized to induce the structure-function relationship during attempts at in vitro regeneration of articular cartilage. Researchers have designed increasingly sophisticated bioreactors with dynamic mechanical regimes, but the response of chondrocytes to dynamic compression and shear loading remains poorly characterized due to wide variation in study design, system variables, and outcome measurements. We assessed the literature pertaining to the use of dynamic compressive bioreactors for in vitro generation of cartilaginous tissue from primary and expanded chondrocytes. We used specific search terms to identify relevant publications from the PubMed database and manually sorted the data. It was very challenging to find consensus between studies because of species, age, cell source, and culture differences, coupled with the many loading regimes and the types of analyses used. Early studies that evaluated the response of primary bovine chondrocytes within hydrogels, and that employed dynamic single-axis compression with physiologic loading parameters, reported consistently favorable responses at the tissue level, with upregulation of biochemical synthesis and biomechanical properties. However, they rarely assessed the cellular response with gene expression or mechanotransduction pathway analyses. Later studies that employed increasingly sophisticated biomaterial-based systems, cells derived from different species, and complex loading regimes, did not necessarily corroborate prior positive results. These studies report positive results with respect to very specific conditions for cellular responses to dynamic load but fail to consistently achieve significant positive changes in relevant tissue engineering parameters, particularly collagen content and stiffness. There is a need for standardized methods and analyses of dynamic mechanical loading systems to guide the field of tissue engineering toward building cartilaginous implants that meet the goal of regenerating articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon E Anderson
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Brian Johnstone
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Li K, Zhang C, Qiu L, Gao L, Zhang X. Advances in Application of Mechanical Stimuli in Bioreactors for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2017; 23:399-411. [PMID: 28463576 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) is the weight-bearing tissue in diarthroses. It lacks the capacity for self-healing once there are injuries or diseases due to its avascularity. With the development of tissue engineering, repairing cartilage defects through transplantation of engineered cartilage that closely matches properties of native cartilage has become a new option for curing cartilage diseases. The main hurdle for clinical application of engineered cartilage is how to develop functional cartilage constructs for mass production in a credible way. Recently, impressive hyaline cartilage that may have the potential to provide capabilities for treating large cartilage lesions in the future has been produced in laboratories. The key to functional cartilage construction in vitro is to identify appropriate mechanical stimuli. First, they should ensure the function of metabolism because mechanical stimuli play the role of blood vessels in the metabolism of AC, for example, acquiring nutrition and removing wastes. Second, they should mimic the movement of synovial joints and produce phenotypically correct tissues to achieve the adaptive development between the micro- and macrostructure and function. In this article, we divide mechanical stimuli into three types according to forces transmitted by different media in bioreactors, namely forces transmitted through the liquid medium, solid medium, or other media, then we review and summarize the research status of bioreactors for cartilage tissue engineering (CTE), mainly focusing on the effects of diverse mechanical stimuli on engineered cartilage. Based on current researches, there are several motion patterns in knee joints; but compression, tension, shear, fluid shear, or hydrostatic pressure each only partially reflects the mechanical condition in vivo. In this study, we propose that rolling-sliding-compression load consists of various stimuli that will represent better mechanical environment in CTE. In addition, engineers often ignore the importance of biochemical factors to the growth and development of engineered cartilage. In our point of view, only by fully considering synergistic effects of mechanical and biochemical factors can we find appropriate culture conditions for functional cartilage constructs. Once again, rolling-sliding-compression load under appropriate biochemical conditions may be conductive to realize the adaptive development between the structure and function of engineered cartilage in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology , Tianjin, China
| | - Chunqiu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology , Tianjin, China
| | - Lulu Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology , Tianjin, China
| | - Lilan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology , Tianjin, China
| | - Xizheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology , Tianjin, China
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Thakurta SG, Sahu N, Miller A, Budhiraja G, Akert L, Viljoen H, Subramanian A. Long-term culture of human mesenchymal stem cell-seeded constructs under ultrasound stimulation: evaluation of chondrogenesis. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/2/5/055016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Simental-Mendía M, Lara-Arias J, Álvarez-Lozano E, Said-Fernández S, Soto-Domínguez A, Padilla-Rivas GR, Martínez-Rodríguez HG. Cotransfected human chondrocytes: over-expression of IGF-I and SOX9 enhances the synthesis of cartilage matrix components collagen-II and glycosaminoglycans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:1063-70. [PMID: 26445237 PMCID: PMC4661021 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20154732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Damage to cartilage causes a loss of type II collagen (Col-II) and glycosaminoglycans
(GAG). To restore the original cartilage architecture, cell factors that stimulate
Col-II and GAG production are needed. Insulin-like growth factor I
(IGF-I) and transcription factor SOX9are
essential for the synthesis of cartilage matrix, chondrocyte proliferation, and
phenotype maintenance. We evaluated the combined effect of IGF-I and
SOX9 transgene expression on Col-II and GAG production by
cultured human articular chondrocytes. Transient transfection and cotransfection were
performed using two mammalian expression plasmids (pCMV-SPORT6), one for each
transgene. At day 9 post-transfection, the chondrocytes that were over-expressing
IGF-I/SOX9 showed 2-fold increased mRNA
expression of the Col-II gene, as well as a 57% increase in Col-II
protein, whereas type I collagen expression (Col-I) was decreased by
59.3% compared with controls. The production of GAG by these cells increased
significantly compared with the controls at day 9 (3.3- vs
1.8-times, an increase of almost 83%). Thus,
IGF-I/SOX9 cotransfected chondrocytes may be
useful for cell-based articular cartilage therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Simental-Mendía
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - J Lara-Arias
- Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Bone and Tissue Bank, Universitary Hospital, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - E Álvarez-Lozano
- Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Bone and Tissue Bank, Universitary Hospital, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - S Said-Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - A Soto-Domínguez
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - G R Padilla-Rivas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - H G Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
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Stojkovska J, Kostić D, Jovanović Ž, Vukašinović-Sekulić M, Mišković-Stanković V, Obradović B. A comprehensive approach to in vitro functional evaluation of Ag/alginate nanocomposite hydrogels. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:305-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Wang N, Grad S, Stoddart MJ, Niemeyer P, Reising K, Schmal H, Südkamp NP, Alini M, Salzmann GM. Particulate cartilage under bioreactor-induced compression and shear. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2013; 38:1105-11. [PMID: 24287980 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-013-2194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our aim was to explore the effect of varying in vitro culture conditions on general chondrogenesis of minced cartilage (MC) fragments. METHODS Minced, fibrin-associated, bovine articular cartilage fragments were cultured in vitro within polyurethane scaffold rings. Constructs were maintained either free swelling for two or four weeks (control), underwent direct mechanical knee-joint-specific bioreactor-induced dynamic compression and shear, or they were maintained free swelling for two weeks followed by two weeks of bioreactor stimulation. Samples were collected for glycosaminoglycan (GAG)/DNA quantification; collagen type I, collagen type II, aggrecan, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), proteoglycan-4 (PRG-4) messenger RNA (mRNA) analysis; histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Cellular outgrowth and neomatrix formation was successfully accomplished among all groups. GAG/DNA and collagen type I mRNA were not different between groups; chondrogenic genes collagen type II, aggrecan and COMP revealed a significant downregulation among free-swelling constructs over time (week two through week four). Mechanical loading was able to maintain chondrogenic expression with significantly stronger expression at long-term time points (four weeks) in comparison with four-week control. Histology and immunohistochemistry revealed that bioreactor culture induced stronger cellular outgrowth than free-swelling constructs. However, weaker collagen type II and aggrecan expression with an increased collagen type I expression was noted among this outgrowth neotissue. CONCLUSIONS The method of MC culture is feasible under in vitro free-swelling and dynamic loading conditions, simulating in vivo posttransplantation. Mechanical stimulation significantly provokes cellular outgrowth and long-term chondrogenic maturation at the mRNA level, whereas histology depicts immature neotissue where typical cartilage matrix is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100853, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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15
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Pohlmeyer JV, Cummings LJ. Cyclic Loading of Growing Tissue in a Bioreactor: Mathematical Model and Asymptotic Analysis. Bull Math Biol 2013; 75:2450-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11538-013-9902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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