Body composition and cardiometabolic health of pediatric patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) under burosumab therapy

Burosumab Efficacy and Safety in Patients with X-Linked Hypophosphatemia: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Real-World Data

To assess the efficacy and safety of burosumab in children and adults with X-linked hypophosphatemia based on real-world evidence. MEDLINE (via PubMed) and Cochrane Library were searched until 18 October 2023 for single-arm (before-after) studies. Registries including Clinicaltrials.gov, EU Clinical Trials, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and conference abstracts. The outcomes were a change in serum phosphorus concentrations and change in RSS, a change in serum ALP, bone-specific ALP, a change in the ratio of Tubular maximum reabsorption of Phosphate to Glomerular Filtrate rate, a change in serum 1,25(OH)2D and 25(OH)2D concentrations, change in height Z-score, McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and safety outcomes. An inverse variance random-effects meta-analysis was applied for data synthesis. Fifteen studies (289 participants) were included. Burosumab treatment improved serum phosphate concentrations [mean difference 0.88 mg/dl, 95% confidence interval 0.70 to 1.07, I2 = 92%), Rickets Severity score (mean difference - 1.86, 95% confidence interval - 2.5 to - 1.21, I2 = 71%), serum alkaline phosphate concentrations (mean difference - 1.86, 95% confidence interval - 2.5 to - 1.21, I2 = 71%), serum 1,25(OH)2D concentrations (mean difference 18.91 pg/ml, 95% confidence interval 6.39 to 31.43, I2 = 96%) and renal phosphate reabsorption (mean difference 1.22 mg/dl, 95% confidence interval 0.70 to 1.74, I2 93%). Burosumab treatment improved overall clinical and laboratory findings in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia.

Body composition, metabolic syndrome, and lifestyle in treatment-naïve gender-diverse youth in Israel

BACKGROUND

There is a scarcity of published studies evaluating transgender/gender-diverse youth before initiating gender-affirming hormones.

AIM

To study the body composition, metabolic syndrome (MetS) components and lifestyle habits in treatment-naïve transgender youth.

METHODS

Cross-sectional study evaluating 153 transgender youth [median age 15.7 years, 94 transgender males] who attended The Israeli Children and Adolescents Gender Clinic between 6/2021-12/2022. Clinical, metabolic data and lifestyle habits (diet, physical activity and sleep patterns) were retrieved from the medical files. Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Body mass index and muscle-to-fat ratio z-scores were calculated by sex designated at birth.

RESULTS

Weight categories differed between genders, with a greater proportion of subjects classified as underweight among transgender females, and a greater proportion affected by overweight/obese/severe obese among transgender males (p = 0.035). The odds for MetS components were increased by 2.2 for every 1 standard deviation decrease in the muscle-to-fat ratio z-score (95%CI: 1.45 to 3.26, p < 0.001). About one-third of the cohort did not meet any of the three lifestyle recommendations. Transgender males had increased odds for MetS components by 3.49 (95%CI: 1.63 to 7.44, p = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Treatment-naïve transgender-male adolescents have an imbalance between muscle and adipose tissue, which places them at increased susceptibility for MetS components even prior to hormonal treatment.

Metabolically healthy obesity in adults with X-linked hypophosphatemia

OBJECTIVES

X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is characterized by increased concentrations of circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) resulting in phosphate wasting, hypophosphatemia, atypical growth plate and bone matrix mineralization. Epidemiologic studies suggest a relationship between FGF-23, obesity, and metabolic dysfunction. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is high in children with XLH. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of obesity and metabolic complications in adults with XLH.

METHODS

We conducted a prospective cohort study in adult XLH patients from a single tertiary referral center. The proportion of patients with a BMI >25 kg/m2 was the main outcome measure. Body fat mass percentage (FM%) and adipose tissue surfaces were secondary outcome measures. Glucose homeostasis (plasma glucose and insulin concentrations after fasting and 2 hours after an oral glucose tolerance test) was explored in a subgroup of patients and compared with age-, sex-, and BMI-matched healthy controls.

RESULTS

Among 113 evaluated patients, 85 (75%) were female and 110 (97%) carried a PHEX mutation. Sixty-three (56%) patients were overweight or obese, with a median BMI of 25.3 [IQR, 22.7; 29.2] kg/m2. BMI was correlated with FM%, abdominal and thigh subcutaneous and intra-abdominal adipose tissue surfaces. The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and diabetes was not different between XLH patients and matched controls.

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is high among XLH patients and is associated with excess fat mass. However, the prevalence of glucose homeostasis abnormalities is not increased in patients compared to healthy controls, suggesting that metabolically healthy overweight or obesity predominates.

Cardiovascular health in pediatric patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia under two years of burosumab therapy

Introduction

X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is caused by an inactivating mutation in the phosphate-regulating endopeptidase X-linked (PHEX) gene whose defective product fails to control phosphatonin fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) serum levels. Although elevated FGF23 levels have been linked with detrimental cardiac effects, the cardiologic outcomes in XLH patients have been subject to debate. Our study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and severity of cardiovascular morbidity in pediatric XLH patients before, during, and after a 2-year treatment period with burosumab, a recombinant anti-FGF23 antibody.

Methods

This prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary medical center, and included 13 individuals with XLH (age range 0.6-16.2 years) who received burosumab every 2 weeks. Clinical assessment at treatment initiation and after .5, 1, and 2 years of uninterrupted treatment included anthropometric measurements and cardiologic evaluations (blood pressure [BP], electrocardiogram, conventional echocardiography, and myocardial strain imaging).

Results

The linear growth of all patients improved significantly (mean height z-score: from -1.70 ± 0.80 to -0.96 ± 1.08, P=0.03). Other favorable effects were decline in overweight/obesity rates (from 46.2% to 23.1%) and decreased rates of elevated BP (systolic BP from 38.5% to 15.4%; diastolic BP from 38.5% to 23.1%). Electrocardiograms revealed no significant abnormality throughout the study period. Cardiac dimensions and myocardial strain parameters were within the normative range for age at baseline and remained unchanged during the study period.

Conclusion

Cardiologic evaluations provided reassurance that 2 years of burosumab therapy did not cause cardiac morbidity. The beneficial effect of this treatment was a reduction in cardiovascular risk factors, as evidenced by the lower prevalence of both overweight/obesity and elevated BP.

Disease Manifestations and Complications in Dutch X-Linked Hypophosphatemia Patients

X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is the most common monogenetic cause of chronic hypophosphatemia, characterized by rickets and osteomalacia. Disease manifestations and treatment of XLH patients in the Netherlands are currently unknown. Characteristics of XLH patients participating in the Dutch observational registry for genetic hypophosphatemia and acquired renal phosphate wasting were analyzed. Eighty XLH patients, including 29 children, were included. Genetic testing, performed in 78.8% of patients, showed a PHEX mutation in 96.8%. Median (range) Z-score for height was - 2.5 (- 5.5; 1.0) in adults and - 1.4 (- 3.7; 1.0) in children. Many patients were overweight or obese: 64.3% of adults and 37.0% of children. All children received XLH-related medication e.g., active vitamin D, phosphate supplementation or burosumab, while 8 adults used no medication. Lower age at start of XLH-related treatment was associated with higher height at inclusion. Hearing loss was reported in 6.9% of children and 31.4% of adults. Knee deformities were observed in 75.0% of all patients and osteoarthritis in 51.0% of adult patients. Nephrocalcinosis was observed in 62.1% of children and 33.3% of adults. Earlier start of XLH-related treatment was associated with higher risk of nephrocalcinosis and detection at younger age. Hyperparathyroidism longer than six months was reported in 37.9% of children and 35.3% of adults. This nationwide study confirms the high prevalence of adiposity, hearing loss, bone deformities, osteoarthritis, nephrocalcinosis and hyperparathyroidism in Dutch XLH patients. Early start of XLH-related treatment appears to be beneficial for longitudinal growth but may increase development of nephrocalcinosis.

Linear growth of children with X-linked hypophosphatemia treated with burosumab: a real-life observational study

To assess the long-term efficacy of burosumab for pediatric patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia, focusing on linear growth. This multi-center retrospective study included 35 pediatric patients who began treatment with burosumab between January 2018 and January 2021. We collected clinical data, anthropometric measurements, laboratory results, and Rickets Severity Score (RSS), from 2 years prior to treatment initiation and up to 4 years after. Burosumab was initiated at a mean age of 7.5 ± 4.4 years (range 0.6-15.9), with a mean initial dose of 0.8 ± 0.3 mg/kg, which was subsequently increased to 1.1 ± 0.4 mg/kg. The patients were followed for 2.9 ± 1.4 years (range 1-4) after initiating burosumab. Serum phosphorus levels increased from 2.7 ± 0.8 mg/dl at burosumab initiation to 3.4 ± 0.6 mg/dl after 3 months and remained stable (p < 0.001). Total reabsorption of phosphorus increased from 82.0 ± 6.8 to 90.1 ± 5.3% after 12 months of treatment (p = 0.041). The RSS improved from 1.7 ± 1.0 at burosumab initiation to 0.5 ± 0.6 and 0.3 ± 0.6 after 12 and 24 months, respectively (p < 0.001). Both height z-score and weight z-score improved from burosumab initiation to the end of the study: from - 2.07 ± 1.05 to - 1.72 ± 1.04 (p < 0.001) and from - 0.51 ± 1.12 to - 0.11 ± 1.29 (p < 0.001), respectively. Eight children received growth hormone combined with burosumab treatment. Height z-score improved among those who received growth hormone (from - 2.33 ± 1.12 to - 1.94 ± 1.24, p = 0.042) and among those who did not (from - 2.01 ± 1.01 to - 1.66 ± 1.01, p = 0.001).

CONCLUSION

 Burosumab treatment in a real-life setting improved phosphate homeostasis and rickets severity and enhanced linear growth.

WHAT IS KNOWN

• Compared to conventional therapy, burosumab treatment has been shown to increase serum phosphate levels and reduce the severity of rickets. • The effect of burosumab on growth is still being study.

WHAT IS NEW

• Height z-score improved between the start of burosumab treatment and the end of the study (-2.07 ± 1.05 vs. -1.72 ± 1.04, p < 0.001). • Eight children received burosumab combined with growth hormone treatment without side effects during the concomitant treatments.

The International X-Linked Hypophosphatemia (XLH) Registry: first interim analysis of baseline demographic, genetic and clinical data

BACKGROUND

X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a rare, hereditary, progressive, renal phosphate-wasting disorder characterized by a pathological increase in FGF23 concentration and activity. Due to its rarity, diagnosis may be delayed, which can adversely affect outcomes. As a chronic disease resulting in progressive accumulation of musculoskeletal manifestations, it is important to understand the natural history of XLH over the patient's lifetime and the impact of drug treatments and other interventions. This multicentre, international patient registry (International XLH Registry) was established to address the paucity of these data. Here we present the findings of the first interim analysis of the registry.

RESULTS

The International XLH Registry was initiated in August 2017 and includes participants of all ages diagnosed with XLH, regardless of their treatment and management. At the database lock for this first interim analysis (29 March 2021), 579 participants had entered the registry before 30 November 2020 and are included in the analysis (360 children [62.2%], 217 adults [37.5%] and 2 whose ages were not recorded [0.3%]; 64.2% were female). Family history data were available for 319/345 (92.5%) children and 145/187 (77.5%) adults; 62.1% had biological parents affected by XLH. Genetic testing data were available for 341 (94.7%) children and 203 (93.5%) adults; 370/546 (67.8%) had genetic test results; 331/370 (89.5%) had a confirmed PHEX mutation. A notably longer time to diagnosis was observed in adults ≥ 50 years of age (mean [median] duration 9.4 [2.0] years) versus all adults (3.7 [0.1] years) and children (1.0 [0.2] years). Participants presented with normal weight, shorter length or height and elevated body mass index (approximately - 2 and + 2 Z-scores, respectively) versus the general population. Clinical histories were collected for 349 participants (239 children and 110 adults). General data trends for prevalence of bone, dental, renal and joint conditions in all participants were aligned with expectations for a typical population of people with XLH.

CONCLUSION

The data collected within the International XLH Registry, the largest XLH registry to date, provide substantial information to address the paucity of natural history data, starting with demographic, family history, genetic testing, diagnosis, auxology and baseline data on clinical presentation.

Effects of Burosumab Treatment on Mineral Metabolism in Children and Adolescents With X-linked Hypophosphatemia

CONTEXT

Burosumab has been approved for the treatment of children and adults with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). Real-world data and evidence for its efficacy in adolescents are lacking.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the effects of 12 months of burosumab treatment on mineral metabolism in children (aged <12 years) and adolescents (aged 12-18 years) with XLH.

DESIGN

Prospective national registry.

SETTING

Hospital clinics.

PATIENTS

A total of 93 patients with XLH (65 children, 28 adolescents).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Z scores for serum phosphate, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate per glomerular filtration rate (TmP/GFR) at 12 months.

RESULTS

At baseline, patients showed hypophosphatemia (-4.4 SD), reduced TmP/GFR (-6.5 SD), and elevated ALP (2.7 SD, each P < .001 vs healthy children) irrespective of age, suggesting active rickets despite prior therapy with oral phosphate and active vitamin D in 88% of patients. Burosumab treatment resulted in comparable increases in serum phosphate and TmP/GFR in children and adolescents with XLH and a steady decline in serum ALP (each P < .001 vs baseline). At 12 months, serum phosphate, TmP/GFR, and ALP levels were within the age-related normal range in approximately 42%, 27%, and 80% of patients in both groups, respectively, with a lower, weight-based final burosumab dose in adolescents compared with children (0.72 vs 1.06 mg/kg, P < .01).

CONCLUSIONS

In this real-world setting, 12 months of burosumab treatment was equally effective in normalizing serum ALP in adolescents and children, despite persistent mild hypophosphatemia in one-half of patients, suggesting that complete normalization of serum phosphate is not mandatory for substantial improvement of rickets in these patients. Adolescents appear to require lower weight-based burosumab dosage than children.

Different Efficacy of Burosumab on Physical Performance and Serum Phosphate in Adult Patients with X-Linked Hyphophosphatemic Rickets during the First Six-Month of Treatment

Burosumab is a monoclonal anti-FGF23 antibody used to treat patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH). Its effect on serum phosphate and physical performance was compared in patients during a 6-month treatment with burosumab. Eight adult patients with XHL were treated with burosumab (1 mg/kg s.c. every 28 days). In the first 6 months of treatment, calcium-phosphate metabolism variables were measured, and muscle performance (tested with chair and walking test) and quality of life (tested with fatigue, BPI-pain and BPI-life questionnaires) were estimated. A significant increase in serum phosphate was observed during the treatment. From the 16th week, serum phosphate became significantly lower than its value in the 4th week. No patients had serum phosphate below the normal range at the 10th week, but seven patients were hypophosphatemic in the 20th and 24th week. All patients improved the execution time of the chair test and walking test, which reached a plateau after the 12th week. BPI-pain and BPI-life scores significantly decreased from baseline to the 24th week. In conclusion, a six-month burosumab treatment may significantly improve the general condition and physical performance of adult patients with XLH; this improvement was more stable and more indicative of treatment efficacy than that of serum phosphate.

Novel Treatment Options in Childhood Bone Diseases

BACKGROUND

Several novel treatment options have recently become available in childhood bone diseases. The purpose of this article is to provide an update on some of the therapeutic agents used in the treatment of pediatric osteoporosis, X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets, and achondroplasia (ACH).

SUMMARY

Vitamin D3 and Ca supplementation remains the basis of childhood osteoporosis treatment. Bisphosphonate (BP) therapy is the main antiresorptive therapeutic option, while denosumab, a human monoclonal IgG2 antibody with high affinity and specificity for a primary regulator of bone resorption - RANKL, represents a possible alternative. Its potent inhibition of bone resorption and turnover process leads to continuous increase of bone mineral density throughout the treatment also in the pediatric population. With a half-life much shorter than BPs, its effects are rapidly reversible upon discontinuation. Safety and dosing concerns in children remain. Novel treatment options have recently become available in two rare bone diseases. Burosumab, a monoclonal antibody against FGF-23, has been approved for the treatment of children with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets older than 1 year. It presents an effective, more etiology-based treatment for rickets compared to conventional therapy, without the need for multiple daily oral phosphate supplementation. Its long-term efficacy and safety are currently being investigated. After years of anticipation, a novel treatment option for ACH has become available. C-type natriuretic peptide analog vosoritide effectively increases proportional growth and has a reasonable safety profile in children >2 years. Its effect on other features of the disease and the final height is yet to be determined. Several other treatment options for ACH exploring different therapeutic approaches are currently being investigated.

KEY MESSAGES

Denosumab is effective in the treatment of childhood-onset osteoporosis; however, further studies are necessary to determine the optimal treatment protocol. Burosumab is more etiology-based and convenient in comparison to conventional treatment of X-linked hypophospha--temic rickets in children and adults. Vosoritide importantly changes the natural course of achondroplasia, at least in the short term.

Dental health of pediatric patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) after three years of burosumab therapy

An inactivating PHEX gene mutation with the resultant accumulation of several mineralization-inhibiting proteins (e.g., FGF23) causes skeletal and dental morbidity in X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). This prospective case-control study explored the effect of burosumab, an anti-FGF23 antibody, on dental health of children with XLH. Ten children (age 4.3-15 years) with XLH underwent burosumab treatment per protocol. Assessment of their dental status at treatment initiation and after 1 and 3 years of treatment included clinical, laboratory and radiographic evaluation of rickets and dentition. Orthopantomographic examinations of ten healthy sex- and age-matched controls were selected for comparison. Coronal and pulp dimensions of a selected permanent mandibular molar were measured with Planmeca Romexis^® software. One year of treatment led to improvement of height z-score (p=0.019) and healing of the rickets (p<0.001) in the XLH patients, and those achievements were maintained after three years of treatment. Dental morphology of XLH patients, distinguished by increased pulp-coronal ratios compared to controls (p=0.002), remained larger after the first year of treatment (p<0.001) and did not attain the decrease expected with age after three years of treatment. Five patients had a history of recurrent dental abscesses, with three having undergone at least one episode during the year before burosumab initiation. One patient sustained recurrent abscesses throughout three years of treatment. The persistence of the unique dental morphology of XLH patients undergoing burosumab therapy, as evidenced by excessively larger pulp dimensions, supports the role of other PHEX gene-related local mineralization inhibitors, such as osteopontin, in the pathogenesis of dental morbidity.