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Maniaki E, Pineda C, Hibbert A, Finch N. Exploring the relationship between calcitonin, ionized calcium, and bone turnover in cats with and without naturally occurring hypercalcemia. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1399942. [PMID: 38887540 PMCID: PMC11182001 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1399942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This case-control study aimed to evaluate calcitonin response in naturally occurring hypercalcemia in cats and assess the relationships between calcitonin and ionized calcium (iCa) and examine relationships between calcitonin, iCa and bone turnover. Methods Hypercalcemic cats (persistently increased iCa concentration [>1.40 mmol/l]) were identified retrospectively via a medical database search; additional hypercalcemic and normocalcemic cats were recruited prospectively. Data regarding routine biochemical and urine testing, diagnostic imaging and additional blood testing were obtained. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was used as a marker of bone turnover. Serum calcitonin concentration was analyzed using a previously validated immunoradiometric assay. Hypercalcemic cats with an increased calcitonin concentration (>0.9 ng/L) were termed responders. Group comparisons were performed using a Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables and a χ2 test for categorical variables. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationships between calcitonin, iCa and ALP. Results Twenty-six hypercalcemic and 25 normocalcemic cats were recruited. Only 5/26 (19.2%) of the hypercalcemic cats were identified as responders, and all were diagnosed with idiopathic hypercalcemia. There was no significant correlation between the concentrations of calcitonin and iCa (p = 0.929), calcitonin and ALP (p = 0.917) or iCa and ALP (p = 0.678) in hypercalcemic cats, however, a significant negative correlation was observed between calcitonin and ALP (p = 0.037) when normocalcemic and hypercalcemic cats with an elevated calcitonin concentration were analyzed together. Discussion The expected increase in calcitonin concentration was present in only a small subset of hypercalcemic cats; no correlation was found between iCa and calcitonin concentration. The inverse relationship between calcitonin and ALP in cats with increased calcitonin concentrations suggests that the ability of calcitonin to correct hypercalcemia may be related to the degree of bone turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Maniaki
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Pineda
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Angie Hibbert
- The Feline Centre, Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Finch
- The Feline Centre, Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Voss A, Chow R. Intravenous lipid emulsion therapy in 2 dogs and 2 cats with vitamin D toxicosis. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2023; 64:1119-1124. [PMID: 38046423 PMCID: PMC10637706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D toxicosis can lead to severe and prolonged hypercalcemia resulting in multi-organ damage and even death. Current treatment often involves prolonged hospitalization and may require medications with potential for adverse effects. The objective of this case series was to describe reductions in serum ionized calcium concentrations following intravenous lipid emulsion therapy in vitamin D toxicosis. Two dogs and 2 cats with vitamin D toxicosis were treated with intravenous lipid emulsion therapy in addition to standard treatment regimens. Ionized hypercalcemia was lower following intravenous lipid emulsion therapy despite a more than 24-hour delay in initiating treatment in 3 of the 4 patients, and no adverse reactions were observed. Additionally, 2 of the 4 animals in this case series had long-term monitoring of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations that revealed persistent elevations at 6 d in a dog and 5 mo in a cat, despite earlier resolution of their ionized hypercalcemia. Key clinical message: This is the first documented serial report of reduction of serum ionized calcium concentrations after administration of intravenous lipid emulsion, in addition to other standard therapies, in 2 dogs and 2 cats with vitamin D toxicosis. Furthermore, a chronically elevated plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was documented in 2 of the 4 patients, including the first report in a cat. In these 2 cases, ionized calcium concentrations normalized despite persistently elevated 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Voss
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Rosalind Chow
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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Haven L, Bodkin A, Criswell SL. Histologic examination of canned cat food. J Histotechnol 2023; 46:114-126. [PMID: 36811489 DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2023.2177815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Cat food production is a billion-dollar industry in the United States, with most pet owners trusting pet food companies to provide their pets with complete nutrition. Moist or canned cat food is healthier than dry kibble for cats due to its higher water content promoting healthy kidney function, but ingredient labels on canned cat food are lengthy with ambiguous terminology including 'animal by-products.' Forty canned cat food samples were collected from grocery stores and were processed using routine histologic methods. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections were evaluated microscopically to determine the cat food content. Many brands and flavors were composed of well-preserved skeletal muscles admixed with various animal organs, which closely approximates nutritional components found in natural feline prey. However, several samples demonstrated marked degenerative changes suggesting a delay in food processing and potential decrease in nutrient content. Four samples contained cuts consisting of skeletal muscle only with no organ meat. Surprisingly, 10 samples contained fungal spores and 15 demonstrated refractile particulate matter. A cost analysis demonstrated that although the overall quality of canned cat food increases as the average cost per ounce increases, low-cost high-quality canned cat food is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Haven
- Department of Diagnostic and Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Amanda Bodkin
- Clinical Laboratory, Methodist Le Bonheur Healthcare, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sheila L Criswell
- Department of Diagnostic and Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Villaverde C, Chandler M. Commercial vs Homemade Cat Diets: What you need to know. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:415-428. [PMID: 35311418 PMCID: PMC11104037 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221090389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE A feeding plan recommendation for cats, both healthy and with disease, should include diet choice, amounts to feed and the feeding method. Diet choice can be complex owing to the abundance of products, sometimes with conflicting marketing messages, and the prevalence of information with no scientific basis. It is important to be aware of the specific challenges of both commercial and homemade diets. Moreover, a nutritional assessment is a prerequisite when recommending a diet to ensure that it is safe, appropriate for the cat's life stage and nutritious for long-term feeding. COMMERCIAL VS HOMEMADE DIETS There are a variety of commercial diets available, allowing considerable customisation. These products are regulated and can be tested to determine nutritional adequacy and safety, although as the industry is partly self-regulated, choice of manufacturer is important. Properly formulated homemade diets can be customised to the patient and are a good option when no commercial product that meets the patient's needs exists. Homemade diets can be an owner preference. A serious limitation is the lack of testing, potentially affecting safety and also resulting in a reliance on database information to determine nutritional adequacy. Generic homemade diet recipes (eg, sourced from the internet) have additional risks of deficiencies and imbalances, and are not recommended. Homemade diets should be devised by a veterinary nutrition specialist with consideration of both patient and owner factors. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Dietary misinformation, which is all too readily available on the internet, may result in owners making questionable feeding choices for their pets. A homemade diet may be requested by owners based on the perception that there are poor ingredients in commercial foods. The veterinary healthcare team needs to have good evidence-based information to present to owners about diet choice. EVIDENCE BASE Several decades of research on feline nutrition forms the basis for nutritional requirements and dietary recommendations. There are varying degrees of evidence regarding requirements for each nutrient, and a lack of data on the effects of different types of processing on nutrient needs.
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Vecchiato CG, Delsante C, Galiazzo G, Perfetti S, Pinna C, Sabetti MC, Zagnoli L, Biagi G, Pietra M. Case Report: A Case Series Linked to Vitamin D Excess in Pet Food: Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) Toxicity Observed in Five Cats. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:707741. [PMID: 34490396 PMCID: PMC8416511 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.707741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) toxicity caused by defective pet food formulations is a rare occurrence described in cats. Nevertheless, it poses a health risk, even though the affected pet food is not fed as the sole diet. Excessive vitamin D3 intake might cause hypercalcemia and soft tissue mineralization, which are findings that prompt clinicians to further investigate the feasible etiology. This case series describes the effects of an extremely high vitamin D3 intake in five young cats caused by the consumption of a fish-based complementary kitten pet food (KPF) that was fed to all of the cats as part of their diet (cases 1, 2, and 3) or eaten exclusively (cases 4 and 5). Due to the different amounts of vitamin D3 consumed, diagnostic examinations showed different degrees of severity of hypercalcemia and azotemia as well as different radiographic findings in cases where diagnostic imaging was performed (cases 2, 4, and 5). All of the cats were treated by withdrawing the affected food and providing medical management of the hypercalcemia. All of the cats recovered, except for two persistent azotemic cats, which developed chronic kidney disease. The goal of this case series is, therefore, to describe the occurrence and resolution of an acute vitamin D3 toxicity due to the highest amount of dietary vitamin D3 intake that has ever been described in domestic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla G Vecchiato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Costanza Delsante
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Galiazzo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Simone Perfetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Carlo Pinna
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Maria C Sabetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Laura Zagnoli
- Clinica Veterinaria dell' Orologio - AniCura, Sasso Marconi, Italy
| | - Giacomo Biagi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
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Wang SH, Satapathy SC, Anderson D, Chen SX, Zhang YD. Deep Fractional Max Pooling Neural Network for COVID-19 Recognition. Front Public Health 2021; 9:726144. [PMID: 34447739 PMCID: PMC8383320 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.726144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a form of disease triggered by a new strain of coronavirus. This paper proposes a novel model termed "deep fractional max pooling neural network (DFMPNN)" to diagnose COVID-19 more efficiently. Methods: This 12-layer DFMPNN replaces max pooling (MP) and average pooling (AP) in ordinary neural networks with the help of a novel pooling method called "fractional max-pooling" (FMP). In addition, multiple-way data augmentation (DA) is employed to reduce overfitting. Model averaging (MA) is used to reduce randomness. Results: We ran our algorithm on a four-category dataset that contained COVID-19, community-acquired pneumonia, secondary pulmonary tuberculosis (SPT), and healthy control (HC). The 10 runs on the test set show that the micro-averaged F1 (MAF) score of our DFMPNN is 95.88%. Discussions: This proposed DFMPNN is superior to 10 state-of-the-art models. Besides, FMP outperforms traditional MP, AP, and L2-norm pooling (L2P).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Hua Wang
- School of Mathematics and Actuarial Science, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Donovan Anderson
- School of Mathematics and Actuarial Science, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Shi-Xin Chen
- Nursing Department, The Fourth People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, China
| | - Yu-Dong Zhang
- School of Informatics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Albuquerque CSC, Černá P, Gunn-Moore DA. Repeated bouts of pulmonary tuberculosis in a hunting cat: reinfection or recrudescence? JFMS Open Rep 2021; 7:2055116921990292. [PMID: 33953934 PMCID: PMC8044568 DOI: 10.1177/2055116921990292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CASE SUMMARY A 7-year-old neutered male Siamese cat was referred for investigation of weight loss and hypercalcaemia (3.3 mmol/l; reference interval 2-3 mmol/l). Haematology, serum biochemistry, thoracic imaging, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), Ziehl-Neelsen staining of the BAL fluid and interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) were compatible with pneumonia caused by the less pathogenic member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, that is, M microti (the 'vole bacillus'), which is common in cats in the UK. Treatment with azithromycin, rifampicin and marbofloxacin was given for 2 months, followed by 4 months of azithromycin and marbofloxacin. Treatment recommendations for tuberculous pneumonia have since changed. The cat remained asymptomatic for 1 year but went on to develop M microti pneumonia on five other occasions, and was treated for 6-12 months on each occasion. The patient's clinical signs, hypercalcaemia and radiographic/CT pulmonary pathology always resolved completely, and the IGRA became negative, before antimycobacterial treatment was stopped. This suggests cure followed by reinfection owing to avid hunting behaviour. Alternatively, this could represent recrudescence of dormant disease. This case has previously been included in a study that described a series of cases of feline tuberculosis. RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION This case shows that M microti infection in cats can present as recurrent episodes of pneumonia, even after prolonged treatment courses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina SC Albuquerque
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, UK
| | - Petra Černá
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, UK
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Zafalon RVA, Ruberti B, Rentas MF, Amaral AR, Vendramini THA, Chacar FC, Kogika MM, Brunetto MA. The Role of Vitamin D in Small Animal Bone Metabolism. Metabolites 2020; 10:E496. [PMID: 33287408 PMCID: PMC7761812 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs and cats have differences in vitamin D metabolism compared to other mammalian species, as they are unable to perform vitamin D cutaneous synthesis through sun exposure. Therefore, they are dependent on the dietary intake of this nutrient. The classic functions of vitamin D are to stimulate intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption, renal calcium and phosphate reabsorption and regulate bone mineral metabolism. Thus, it is an important nutrient for calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. This review highlights the evidence of the direct and indirect actions of vitamin D on bone mineral metabolism, the consequences of nutritional imbalances of this nutrient in small animals, as well as differences in vitamin D metabolism between different size dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Vessecchi Amorim Zafalon
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Nutrition and Production Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Jardim Elite, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (R.V.A.Z.); (M.F.R.); (T.H.A.V.)
| | - Bruna Ruberti
- Small Animal Internal Medicine Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (B.R.); (M.M.K.)
| | - Mariana Fragoso Rentas
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Nutrition and Production Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Jardim Elite, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (R.V.A.Z.); (M.F.R.); (T.H.A.V.)
| | - Andressa Rodrigues Amaral
- Veterinary Nutrology Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil;
| | - Thiago Henrique Annibale Vendramini
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Nutrition and Production Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Jardim Elite, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (R.V.A.Z.); (M.F.R.); (T.H.A.V.)
| | - Fernanda Chicharo Chacar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of South of Minas Gerais, IFSULDEMINAS, Muzambinho 37890-000, Brazil;
| | - Marcia Mery Kogika
- Small Animal Internal Medicine Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (B.R.); (M.M.K.)
| | - Marcio Antonio Brunetto
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Nutrition and Production Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Jardim Elite, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (R.V.A.Z.); (M.F.R.); (T.H.A.V.)
- Veterinary Nutrology Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil;
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Hurst EA, Homer NZ, Mellanby RJ. Vitamin D Metabolism and Profiling in Veterinary Species. Metabolites 2020; 10:E371. [PMID: 32942601 PMCID: PMC7569877 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for vitamin D analysis in veterinary species is increasing with the growing knowledge of the extra-skeletal role vitamin D plays in health and disease. The circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25(OH)D) metabolite is used to assess vitamin D status, and the benefits of analysing other metabolites in the complex vitamin D pathway are being discovered in humans. Profiling of the vitamin D pathway by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) facilitates simultaneous analysis of multiple metabolites in a single sample and over wide dynamic ranges, and this method is now considered the gold-standard for quantifying vitamin D metabolites. However, very few studies report using LC-MS/MS for the analysis of vitamin D metabolites in veterinary species. Given the complexity of the vitamin D pathway and the similarities in the roles of vitamin D in health and disease between humans and companion animals, there is a clear need to establish a comprehensive, reliable method for veterinary analysis that is comparable to that used in human clinical practice. In this review, we highlight the differences in vitamin D metabolism between veterinary species and the benefits of measuring vitamin D metabolites beyond 25(OH)D. Finally, we discuss the analytical challenges in profiling vitamin D in veterinary species with a focus on LC-MS/MS methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A. Hurst
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK;
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Natalie Z. Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK;
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