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Chan A, Rose J, Alvarez E, Bar-Or A, Butzkueven H, Fox RJ, Gold R, Gudesblatt M, Haartsen J, Spelman T, Wright K, Ferraro D, Sola P, Hodgkinson S, Kalincik T, Lechner-Scott J, McGuigan C, Spach K, Chen C, Fam S, Wu F, Miller C. Lymphocyte reconstitution after DMF discontinuation in clinical trial and real-world patients with MS. Neurol Clin Pract 2020; 10:510-519. [PMID: 33510947 PMCID: PMC7837440 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Delayed-release dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has demonstrated robust efficacy in treating patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Decreases in absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) are a well-known pharmacodynamic effect of DMF treatment, but lymphocyte recovery dynamics are not well characterized after discontinuation of DMF. Methods Data sources included the Biogen DMF integrated clinical trial data set, a retrospective US chart abstraction study, and data from MSBase. We assessed rate and time course of lymphocyte reconstitution after DMF discontinuation. Results The majority of patients who developed lymphopenia while treated with DMF and subsequently discontinued treatment experienced ALC reconstitution. The median time to reach ALC ≥0.8 × 109/L was 2-4 months after discontinuation for patients treated in real-world data sets; the median time to reach ALC ≥0.91 × 109/L was 2 months after discontinuation in DMF clinical trials. Severity of lymphopenia on treatment and decline in ALC within the first 6 months did not affect the ALC reconstitution rate after DMF discontinuation; rather, on-treatment lymphopenia duration influenced the reconstitution rate. In patients with severe, prolonged lymphopenia for ≥3 years, lymphocyte reconstitution to ≥0.91 × 109/L was 12-18 months vs 2-3 months in patients with lymphopenia persisting <6 months. Conclusions The majority of patients who discontinued DMF due to lymphopenia experienced ALC reconstitution within 2-4 months following DMF discontinuation. This may help guide clinicians in managing patients who develop lymphopenia during DMF treatment. Prolonged lymphopenia on DMF treatment is associated with slow lymphocyte recovery after DMF discontinuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chan
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - John Rose
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Enrique Alvarez
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Robert J Fox
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Mark Gudesblatt
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Jodi Haartsen
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Tim Spelman
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Katy Wright
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Diana Ferraro
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Patrizia Sola
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Suzanne Hodgkinson
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Christopher McGuigan
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Karen Spach
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Chongshu Chen
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Sami Fam
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
| | - Catherine Miller
- Department of Neurology (AC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Brain Institute (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Neurology (JR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center at the University of Colorado (EA), Aurora, CO; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (AB-O), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Central Clinical School (HB), Monash University, VIC, Australia; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (RJF), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (RG), St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; South Shore Neurologic Association PC (MG), Patchogue, NY; Eastern Health MS Service (JH), Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (KW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Clinical Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Dallas, TX; Department of Neuroscience (DF, PS), Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Liverpool Hospital (SH), NSW, Australia; Department of Medicine (TK), CORe Unit, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology (TK), Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health (JL-S), University Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (JL-S), John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology (C. McGuigan), St. Vincent's University Hospital and University College, Dublin, Ireland; Envision Pharma Group (KS), Fairfield, CT; and Biogen (CC, SF, FW, C. Miller), Cambridge, MA
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