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Nutini A. Amyloid oligomers and their membrane toxicity - A perspective study. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 187:9-20. [PMID: 38211711 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a condition involving a disparate group of pathologies characterized by the extracellular deposition of insoluble fibrils composed of broken-down proteins. These proteins can accumulate locally, causing peculiar symptoms, or in a widespread way, involving many organs and. causing severe systemic failure. The damage that is created is related not only to the accumulation of. amyloid fibrils but above all to the precursor oligomers of the fibrils that manage to enter the cell in a very particular way. This article analyzes the current state of research related to the entry of these oligomers into the cell membrane and the theories related to their toxicity. The paper proposed here not only aims to review the contents in the literature but also proposes a new vision of amyloid toxicity. that could occur in a multiphase process catalyzed by the cell membrane itself. In this process, the denaturation of the lipid bilayer is followed by the stabilization of a pore through energetically favorable self-assembly processes which are achieved through particular oligomeric structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Nutini
- Biology and Biomechanics Dept - Centro Studi Attività Motorie, Italy.
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2
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Tchekalarova J, Ivanova P, Krushovlieva D, Kortenska L, Angelova VT. Protective Effect of the Novel Melatonin Analogue Containing Donepezil Fragment on Memory Impairment via MT/ERK/CREB Signaling in the Hippocampus in a Rat Model of Pinealectomy and Subsequent Aβ 1-42 Infusion. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1867. [PMID: 38339146 PMCID: PMC10855364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A reduction in melatonin function contributes to the acceleration of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and understanding the molecular processes of melatonin-related signaling is critical for intervention in AD progression. Recently, we synthesized a series of melatonin analogues with donepezil fragments and tested them in silico and in vitro. In this study, one of the most potent compounds, 3c, was evaluated in a rat model of pinealectomy (pin) followed by icvAβ1-42 infusion. Melatonin was used as the reference drug. Treatment with melatonin and 3c (10 mg/kg, i.p. for 14 days) had a beneficial effect on memory decline and the concomitant increase in hippocampal Aβ1-42 and pTAU in the pin+icvAβ1-42 rats. Melatonin supplementation facilitated non-amyloidogenic signaling via non-receptor (histone deacetylase sirtuin 1, SIRT1) and receptor-related signaling (MT/ERK/CREB). The hybrid 3c analogue up-regulated the MT1A and MT2B receptors, pERK and pCREB. Our results strongly support the hypothesis that melatonin-related analogues may become a promising drug candidate for Alzheimer's disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Tchekalarova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.I.); (D.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Petya Ivanova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.I.); (D.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Desislava Krushovlieva
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.I.); (D.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Lidia Kortenska
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.I.); (D.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Violina T. Angelova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria;
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Ondrejcak T, Klyubin I, Hu NW, O'Malley TT, Corbett GT, Winters R, Perkinton MS, Billinton A, Prenderville JA, Walsh DM, Rowan MJ. Tau and Amyloid β Protein in Patient-Derived Aqueous Brain Extracts Act Concomitantly to Disrupt Long-Term Potentiation in Vivo. J Neurosci 2023; 43:5870-5879. [PMID: 37491315 PMCID: PMC10423043 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0082-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β protein (Aβ) and tau, the two main proteins implicated in causing Alzheimer's disease (AD), are posited to trigger synaptic dysfunction long before significant synaptic loss occurs in vulnerable circuits. Whereas soluble Aβ aggregates from AD brain are well recognized potent synaptotoxins, less is known about the synaptotoxicity of soluble tau from AD or other tauopathy patient brains. Minimally manipulated patient-derived aqueous brain extracts contain the more diffusible native forms of these proteins. Here, we explore how intracerebral injection of Aβ and tau present in such aqueous extracts of patient brain contribute to disruption of synaptic plasticity in the CA1 area of the male rat hippocampus. Aqueous extracts of certain AD brains acutely inhibited long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission in a manner that required both Aβ and tau. Tau-containing aqueous extracts of a brain from a patient with Pick's disease (PiD) also impaired LTP, and diffusible tau from either AD or PiD brain lowered the threshold for AD brain Aβ to inhibit LTP. Remarkably, the disruption of LTP persisted for at least 2 weeks after a single injection. These findings support a critical role for diffusible tau in causing rapid onset, persistent synaptic plasticity deficits, and promoting Aβ-mediated synaptic dysfunction.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The microtubule-associated protein tau forms relatively insoluble fibrillar deposits in the brains of people with neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Pick's diseases. More soluble aggregates of disease-associated tau may diffuse between cells and could cause damage to synapses in vulnerable circuits. We prepared aqueous extracts of diseased cerebral cortex and tested their ability to interfere with synaptic function in the brains of live rats. Tau in these extracts rapidly and persistently disrupted synaptic plasticity and facilitated impairments caused by amyloid β protein, the other major pathologic protein in Alzheimer's disease. These findings show that certain diffusible forms of tau can mediate synaptic dysfunction and may be a target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Ondrejcak
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Igor Klyubin
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Neng-Wei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Tiernan T O'Malley
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Grant T Corbett
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Róisín Winters
- Transpharmation Ireland, Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michael S Perkinton
- Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca UK, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Billinton
- Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca UK, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Jack A Prenderville
- Transpharmation Ireland, Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Dominic M Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Michael J Rowan
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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4
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Jin Y, Downey MA, Singh A, Buratto SK, Bowers MT. Computationally Designed Small Molecules Disassemble Both Soluble Oligomers and Protofibrils of Amyloid β-Protein Responsible for Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:2717-2726. [PMID: 37442126 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the world's most pressing health crises. AD is an incurable disease affecting more than 6.5 million Americans, predominantly the elderly, and in its later stages, leads to memory loss, dementia, and death. Amyloid β (Aβ) protein aggregates have been one of the pathological hallmarks of AD since its initial characterization. The early stages of Aβ accumulation and aggregation involve the formation of oligomers, which are considered neurotoxic and play a key role in further aggregation into fibrils that eventually appear in the brain as amyloid plaques. We have recently shown by combining ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) that Aβ42 rapidly forms dodecamers (12-mers) as the terminal oligomeric state, and these dodecamers seed the early formation of Aβ42 protofibrils. The link between soluble oligomers and fibril formation is one of the essential aspects for understanding the root cause of the disease state and is critical to developing therapeutic interventions. Utilizing a joint pharmacophore space (JPS) method, potential drugs have been designed specifically for amyloid-related diseases. These small molecules were generated based on crucial chemical features necessary for target selectivity. In this paper, we utilize our combined IM-MS and AFM methods to investigate the impact of three second-generation JPS small-molecule inhibitors, AC0201, AC0202, and AC0203, on dodecamer as well as fibril formation in Aβ42. Our results indicate that AC0201 works well as an inhibitor and remodeler of both dodecamers and fibril formation, AC0203 behaves less efficiently, and AC0202 is ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Matthew A Downey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ambuj Singh
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Acelot, Inc., 3160 Porter Drive, Suite 200, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Steven K Buratto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael T Bowers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Shinoda S, Tozawa Y, Kurimoto SI, Shigemori H, Sekiguchi M. Three new meroterpenoids from Sargassum macrocarpum and their inhibitory activity against amyloid β aggregation. J Nat Med 2023; 77:508-515. [PMID: 36933089 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ aggregation in the brain is considered the cause of AD. Therefore, inhibiting Aβ aggregation and degrading existing Aβ aggregates is a promising approach for the treatment and prevention of the disease. In searching for inhibitors of Aβ42 aggregation, we found that meroterpenoids isolated from Sargassum macrocarpum possess potent inhibitory activities. Therefore, we searched for active compounds from this brown alga and isolated 16 meroterpenoids, which contain three new compounds. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated using two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Thioflavin-T assay and transmission electron microscopy were used to reveal the inhibitory activity of these compounds against Aβ42 aggregation. All the isolated meroterpenoids were found to be active, and compounds with a hydroquinone structure tended to have stronger activity than those with a quinone structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Shinoda
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Yuta Tozawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kurimoto
- School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Shigemori
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
- Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability (MiCS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Sekiguchi
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan.
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Wang Z, Jin M, Hong W, Liu W, Reczek D, Lagomarsino VN, Hu Y, Weeden T, Frosch MP, Young-Pearse TL, Pradier L, Selkoe D, Walsh DM. Learnings about Aβ from human brain recommend the use of a live-neuron bioassay for the discovery of next generation Alzheimer's disease immunotherapeutics. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:39. [PMID: 36899414 PMCID: PMC10007750 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite ongoing debate, the amyloid β-protein (Aβ) remains the prime therapeutic target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, rational drug design has been hampered by a lack of knowledge about neuroactive Aβ. To help address this deficit, we developed live-cell imaging of iPSC-derived human neurons (iNs) to study the effects of the most disease relevant form of Aβ-oligomeric assemblies (oAβ) extracted from AD brain. Of ten brains studied, extracts from nine caused neuritotoxicity, and in eight cases this was abrogated by Aβ immunodepletion. Here we show that activity in this bioassay agrees relatively well with disruption of hippocampal long-term potentiation, a correlate of learning and memory, and that measurement of neurotoxic oAβ can be obscured by more abundant non-toxic forms of Aβ. These findings indicate that the development of novel Aβ targeting therapeutics may benefit from unbiased activity-based discovery. To test this principle, we directly compared 5 clinical antibodies (aducanumab, bapineuzumab, BAN2401, gantenerumab, and SAR228810) together with an in-house aggregate-preferring antibody (1C22) and established relative EC50s in protecting human neurons from human Aβ. The results yielded objective numerical data on the potency of each antibody in neutralizing human oAβ neuritotoxicity. Their relative efficacies in this morphological assay were paralleled by their functional ability to rescue oAβ-induced inhibition of hippocampal synaptic plasticity. This novel paradigm provides an unbiased, all-human system for selecting candidate antibodies for advancement to human immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Wang
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ming Jin
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wei Hong
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David Reczek
- Sanofi-Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Valentina N Lagomarsino
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yuan Hu
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tim Weeden
- Sanofi-Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- Massachusetts General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Tracy L Young-Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Dennis Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Dominic M Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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7
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Canet G, Zussy C, Hernandez C, Maurice T, Desrumaux C, Givalois L. The pathomimetic oAβ25–35 model of Alzheimer's disease: Potential for screening of new therapeutic agents. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 245:108398. [PMID: 37001735 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly, currently affecting more than 40 million people worldwide. The two main histopathological hallmarks of AD were identified in the 1980s: senile plaques (composed of aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides) and neurofibrillary tangles (composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein). In the human brain, both Aβ and tau show aggregation into soluble and insoluble oligomers. Soluble oligomers of Aβ include their most predominant forms - Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 - as well as shorter peptides such as Aβ25-35 or Aβ25-35/40. Most animal models of AD have been developed using transgenesis, based on identified human mutations. However, these familial forms of AD represent less than 1% of AD cases. In this context, the idea emerged in the 1990s to directly inject the Aβ25-35 fragment into the rodent brain to develop an acute model of AD that could mimic the disease's sporadic forms (99% of all cases). This review aims to: (1) summarize the biological activity of Aβ25-35, focusing on its impact on the main structural and functional alterations observed in AD (cognitive deficits, APP misprocessing, tau system dysfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, cholinergic and glutamatergic alterations, HPA axis dysregulation, synaptic deficits and cell death); and (2) confirm the interest of this pathomimetic model in AD research, as it has helped identify and characterize many molecules (marketed, in clinical development, and in preclinical testing), and to the development of alternative approaches for AD prevention and therapy. Today, the Aβ25-35 model appears as a first-intent choice model to rapidly screen the symptomatic or neuroprotective potencies of new compounds, chemical series, or innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Kalita S, Bergman H, Dubey KD, Shaik S. How Can Static and Oscillating Electric Fields Serve in Decomposing Alzheimer's and Other Senile Plaques? J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3543-3553. [PMID: 36735972 PMCID: PMC9936589 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative conditions, which are ascribed to extracellular accumulation of β-amyloid peptides into plaques. This phenomenon seems to typify other related neurodegenerative diseases. The present study uses classical molecular-dynamics simulations to decipher the aggregation-disintegration behavior of β-amyloid peptide plaques in the presence of static and oscillating oriented external electric fields (OEEFs). A long-term disintegration of such plaques is highly desirable since this may improve the prospects of therapeutic treatments of Alzheimer's disease and of other neurodegenerative diseases typified by senile plaques. Our study illustrates the spontaneous aggregation of the β-amyloid, its prevention and breakdown when OEEF is applied, and the fate of the broken aggregate when the OEEF is removed. Notably, we demonstrate that the usage of an oscillating OEEF on β-amyloid aggregates appears to lead to an irreversible disintegration. Insight is provided into the root causes of the various modes of aggregation, as well as into the different fates of OEEF-induced disintegration in oscillating vs static fields. Finally, our simulation results are compared to the well-established TTFields and the Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) therapies, which are currently used options for treatments of Alzheimer's disease and other related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Kalita
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Hagai Bergman
- Department of Medical Neurobiology (Physiology), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel 91120
| | - Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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Li K, Ran B, Wang Y, Liu L, Li W. PLCγ2 impacts microglia-related effectors revealing variants and pathways important in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:999061. [PMID: 36147734 PMCID: PMC9485805 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.999061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease mainly characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. The etiology of AD is complex and remains incompletely understood. In recent years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have increasingly highlighted the central role of microglia in AD pathology. As a trans-membrane receptor specifically present on the microglia in the central nervous system, phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C gamma 2 (PLCγ2) plays an important role in neuroinflammation. GWAS data and corresponding pathological research have explored the effects of PLCG2 variants on amyloid burden and tau pathologies that underline AD. The link between PLCγ2 and other AD-related effectors in human and mouse microglia has also been established, placing PLCγ2 downstream of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK), and colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). Because the research on PLCγ2’s role in AD is still in its early stages, few articles have been published, therefore in this paper, we integrate the relevant research published to date, review the structural features, expression patterns, and related pathways of PLCγ2, and summarize the recent studies on important PLCG2 variants related to AD. Furthermore, the possibility and challenge of using PLCγ2 to develop therapeutic drugs for AD are also discussed.
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Galantamine tethered hydrogel as a novel therapeutic target for streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's disease in Wistar rats. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100100. [PMID: 35510084 PMCID: PMC9058960 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque formation, neuronal cell death, and cognitive impairment are the unique symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). No single step remedy is available to treat AD, so the present study aimed to improve the drugability and minimize the abnormal behavioral and biochemical activities in streptozotocin (STZ) induced AD experimental Wistar rats. In particular, we explored the utilization of methacrylated gelatin (GelMA), which is a biopolymeric hydrogel that mimics the natural tissue environment. The synthesized biopolymeric gel contained the drug galantamine (Gal). Investigations were conducted to evaluate the behavioral activities of STZ-induced AD experimental rats under STZ + GelMA + Gal treatment. The experimental groups comprised the control and STZ, STZ + GelMA, STZ + Gal, and STZ + GelMA + Gal (10 mg/kg) treated rats. Intracerebroventricular STZ ensures cognitive decline in terms of an increase in the escape latency period, with a decrease in the spontaneous alteration of behavioral activities. Our results indicated decrease Aβ aggregation in the hydrogel-based drug treatment group and significant decreases in the levels of acetylcholinesterase and lipid peroxidation (p < 0.001). In addition, the glutathione and superoxide dismutase activities appeared to be improved in the STZ + GelMA + Gal group compared with the other treatment groups. Furthermore, histopathological and immunohistochemical experiments showed that the GelMA + Gal treated AD rats exhibited significantly improved behavioral and biochemical activities compared with the STZ treated AD rats. Therefore, STZ + GelMA + Gal administration from the pre-plaque stage may have a potential clinical application in the prevention of AD. Thus, we conclude that hydrogel-based Gal drugs are efficient at decreasing Aβ aggregation and improving the neuroinflammatory process, antioxidant activity, and neuronal growth. Hydrogel-based drug treatment normalized cognitive deficit sin ICV-STZ rats with AD. Hydrogel-based drug treatment enhanced behavioral and biochemical activities in AD-induced rats. Hydrogel-based drug treatment increased memory performance and neuronal growth in rats with AD. Antioxidant potential of hydrogel-tethered Gal blocked apoptosis in AD-induced rats.
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11
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Wang F, Sun X, Zan J, Li M, Liu Y, Chen J. Terahertz spectra and weak intermolecular interactions of nucleosides or nucleoside drugs. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 265:120344. [PMID: 34481145 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, terahertz (THz) spectra of four DNA nucleosides (Adenosine, Thymidine, Cytidine and Guanosine) and two nucleoside derivatives (Ribavirin and Entecavir, first time reported) in the solid phase were studied experimentally by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in the frequency of 1-10 THz. The lattice energy, geometric structure, vibration spectrum of them were analyzed theoretically by the generalized energy-based fragmentation approach under periodic boundary conditions (denoted as PBC-GEBF) and the density functional theory (DFT). The intra- and inter-molecular weak interactions corresponding to the vibrational modes of the crystal, polymer and monomer were obtained, with the help of the potential energy distribution (PED) and reduced density gradient (RDG) methods. It was found that the sum of electronic and thermal free energies increased from the monomer to polymer, and from the polymer to crystal. For example, the inter-molecular interaction energy from the monomer to dimer of adenosine increased 6.969 kcal/mol, and that from the dimer to crystal (the periodic boundary conditions were considered) increased 666.792 kcal/mol. Therefore, only the crystal structure constrained the periodic boundary conditions could well describe the experimental results, although the former scholars chose the monomer or polymer as the initial configuration due to the limitation of computing resources and methods. In THz band, the vibrational modes were generally originated from the collective vibration (more than 99% of them were vibration, only less than 1% of them were rotation and translation) of all molecules involved, which could reflect the molecular structure and spatial distribution of different substances. In order to accurately identify the spectra, we studied the location, type and contribution of all weak interactions, and found that the strong characteristic peaks corresponding to the strong hydrogen bonds came from inter-molecular, while the weak hydrogen bonds mainly originated from intra- and inter-molecular, the out-of-plane bending made the largest contribution, accounting for more than 90%. Furthermore, taking guanine, guanosine and two guanosine derivatives (Ribavirin and Entecavir) as examples, the differences of weak interaction among them caused by different molecular configuration, arrangement and substituent position were studied, and the fundamental reason of THz spectrum change was found. This research can lay a foundation for crystal engineering, supramolecular chemistry, molecular recognition and self-assembly, protein-ligand interaction, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; College of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing XiaoZhuang University, Nanjing 211171, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianan Zan
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshi Li
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Liu
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingyi Chen
- College of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing XiaoZhuang University, Nanjing 211171, People's Republic of China
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12
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Maguire E, Menzies GE, Phillips T, Sasner M, Williams HM, Czubala MA, Evans N, Cope EL, Sims R, Howell GR, Lloyd-Evans E, Williams J, Allen ND, Taylor PR. PIP2 depletion and altered endocytosis caused by expression of Alzheimer's disease-protective variant PLCγ2 R522. EMBO J 2021; 40:e105603. [PMID: 34254352 PMCID: PMC8408593 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants identified in genome-wide association studies have implicated immune pathways in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we investigated the mechanistic basis for protection from AD associated with PLCγ2 R522, a rare coding variant of the PLCG2 gene. We studied the variant's role in macrophages and microglia of newly generated PLCG2-R522-expressing human induced pluripotent cell lines (hiPSC) and knockin mice, which exhibit normal endogenous PLCG2 expression. In all models, cells expressing the R522 mutation show a consistent non-redundant hyperfunctionality in the context of normal expression of other PLC isoforms. This manifests as enhanced release of cellular calcium ion stores in response to physiologically relevant stimuli like Fc-receptor ligation or exposure to Aβ oligomers. Expression of the PLCγ2-R522 variant resulted in increased stimulus-dependent PIP2 depletion and reduced basal PIP2 levels in vivo. Furthermore, it was associated with impaired phagocytosis and enhanced endocytosis. PLCγ2 acts downstream of other AD-related factors, such as TREM2 and CSF1R, and alterations in its activity directly impact cell function. The inherent druggability of enzymes such as PLCγ2 raises the prospect of PLCγ2 manipulation as a future therapeutic approach in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Maguire
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
| | - Georgina E Menzies
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Cardiff, UK.,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Neil Evans
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
| | - Emma L Cope
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rebecca Sims
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - Julie Williams
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Cardiff, UK.,MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Philip R Taylor
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Cardiff, UK.,Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff, UK
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13
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Luo Y, Zhou S, Haeiwa H, Takeda R, Okazaki K, Sekita M, Yamamoto T, Yamano M, Sakamoto K. Role of amber extract in protecting SHSY5Y cells against amyloid β1-42-induced neurotoxicity. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111804. [PMID: 34175817 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is an irreversible, progressive brain disease. Amyloid β plays a critical role in AD development. Some Chinese traditional medicines, such as the fossilized plant resin, amber, have been applied as mental stabilizers. However, the effects of amber on AD pathogenesis remain unknown. Therefore, we aimed to determine the potential of amber extract for treating AD by evaluating its effects on amyloid-β (1-42) (Aβ (1-42))-induced neuronal cell death. We measured levels of ROS, Bcl-2, and Bax mRNA, and found that amber extract decreased Aβ (1-42)-induced cell apoptosis via the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Amber extract also decreased β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and increased microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3II) and Beclin 1. These findings suggested that amber extract protects neuronal cells against Aβ (1-42)-induced cell apoptosis by upregulating autophagy and downregulating BACE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuening Luo
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Siqi Zhou
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Haruna Haeiwa
- Kohaku Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Reiko Takeda
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Kohaku Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kazuma Okazaki
- Kohaku Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Marie Sekita
- Kohaku Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Kohaku Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Mikio Yamano
- Kohaku Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
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14
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Sharma S, Saini A, Nehru B. Neuroprotective effects of carbenoxolone against amyloid-beta 1-42 oligomer-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in rats. Neurotoxicology 2021; 83:89-105. [PMID: 33412218 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of Aβ plays a major role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and induces neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Recent studies have shown that the soluble aggregates of Aβ are the major culprits in the development of these aberrations inside the brain. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective potential of carbenoxolone (Cbx), which has been found to possess anti-inflammatory and nootropic properties. Male SD rats (250-300 g) were divided into the four groups (n = 8 per group): (1) sham control rats injected with vehicles, (2) Aβ 1-42 group rats injected i.c.v. with Aβ 42 oligomers (10 μl/rat), (3) Aβ 1-42+Cbx group rats injected i.c.v. with Aβ 42 oligomers (10 μl/rat) and i.p. with carbenoxolone disodium (20 mg/kg body weight) for six-weeks and (4) Cbx group rats injected i.p. with carbenoxolone disodium (20 mg/kg body weight) for six-weeks. Progressive learning and memory deficits were seen through a battery of behavioral tests and a significant increase in the expressions of GFAP and Iba-1 was observed which resulted in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines post Aβ oligomer injection. The levels of BDNF, Bcl-2 and pCREB were decreased while Bax, caspase-3, caspase-9 and cytochrome c levels were induced. Also, neurotransmitter levels were altered and neuronal damage was observed through histopathological studies. After Cbx supplementation, the expressions of GFAP, IBA-1, pro-inflammatory cytokines, iNOS, nNOS and nitric oxide levels were normalized. The expression levels of pro-apoptotic markers were decreased and neurotrophin levels were restored. Also, neurotransmitter levels and neuronal profile were improved and progressive improvements in behavioural performance were observed. Our results demonstrated that Cbx might have prevented the Aβ induced neurodegeneration and cognitive decline by inhibiting the neuroinflammation and inducing BDNF/CREB signalling. These findings suggest that Cbx can be explored as a potential therapeutic agent against the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Block II, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Avneet Saini
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Block II, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Bimla Nehru
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Block II, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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15
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Abstract
The history of Alzheimer's disease (AD) started in 1907, but we needed to wait until the end of the century to identify the components of pathological hallmarks and genetic subtypes and to formulate the first pathogenic hypothesis. Thanks to biomarkers and new technologies, the concept of AD then rapidly changed from a static view of an amnestic dementia of the presenium to a biological entity that could be clinically manifested as normal cognition or dementia of different types. What is clearly emerging from studies is that AD is heterogeneous in each aspect, such as amyloid composition, tau distribution, relation between amyloid and tau, clinical symptoms, and genetic background, and thus it is probably impossible to explain AD with a single pathological process. The scientific approach to AD suffers from chronological mismatches between clinical, pathological, and technological data, causing difficulty in conceiving diagnostic gold standards and in creating models for drug discovery and screening. A recent mathematical computer-based approach offers the opportunity to study AD in real life and to provide a new point of view and the final missing pieces of the AD puzzle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Ferrari
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
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16
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Abdul Manap AS, Madhavan P, Vijayabalan S, Chia A, Fukui K. Explicating anti-amyloidogenic role of curcumin and piperine via amyloid beta (A β) explicit pathway: recovery and reversal paradigm effects. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10003. [PMID: 33062432 PMCID: PMC7532763 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported the synergistic effects of curcumin and piperine in cell cultures as potential anti-cholinesterase and anti-amyloidogenic agents. Due to limited findings on the enrolment of these compounds on epigenetic events in AD, we aimed at elucidating the expression profiles of Aβ42-induced SH-SY5Y cells using microarray profiling. In this study, an optimized concentration of 35 µM of curcumin and piperine in combination was used to treat Aβ42 fibril and high-throughput microarray profiling was performed on the extracted RNA. This was then compared to curcumin and piperine used singularly at 49.11 µM and 25 µM, respectively. Our results demonstrated that in the curcumin treated group, from the top 10 upregulated and top 10 downregulated significantly differentially expressed genes (p < 0.05; fold change ≥ 2 or ≤ -2), there were five upregulated and three downregulated genes involved in the amyloidogenic pathway. While from top 10 upregulated and top 10 downregulated significantly differentially expressed genes (p < 0.05; fold change ≥ 2 or ≤ - 2) in the piperine treated group, there were four upregulated and three downregulated genes involved in the same pathway, whereas there were five upregulated and two downregulated genes involved (p < 0.05; fold change ≥ 2 or ≤ - 2) in the curcumin-piperine combined group. Four genes namely GABARAPL1, CTSB, RAB5 and AK5 were expressed significantly in all groups. Other genes such as ITPR1, GSK3B, PPP3CC, ERN1, APH1A, CYCS and CALM2 were novel putative genes that are involved in the pathogenesis of AD. We revealed that curcumin and piperine have displayed their actions against Aβ via the modulation of various mechanistic pathways. Alterations in expression profiles of genes in the neuronal cell model may explain Aβ pathology post-treatment and provide new insights for remedial approaches of a combined treatment using curcumin and piperine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimi Syamima Abdul Manap
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Priya Madhavan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shantini Vijayabalan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adeline Chia
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Koji Fukui
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
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17
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Cieślik M, Czapski GA, Wójtowicz S, Wieczorek I, Wencel PL, Strosznajder RP, Jaber V, Lukiw WJ, Strosznajder JB. Alterations of Transcription of Genes Coding Anti-oxidative and Mitochondria-Related Proteins in Amyloid β Toxicity: Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:1374-1388. [PMID: 31734880 PMCID: PMC7061023 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01819-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that pathological forms of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide contribute to neuronal degeneration and synaptic loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we investigated the impact of exogenous Aβ1-42 oligomers (AβO) and endogenously liberated Aβ peptides on transcription of genes for anti-oxidative and mitochondria-related proteins in cell lines (neuronal SH-SY5Y and microglial BV2) and in brain cortex of transgenic AD (Tg-AD) mice, respectively. Our results demonstrated significant AβO-evoked changes in transcription of genes in SH-SY5Y cells, where AβO enhanced expression of Sod1, Cat, mt-Nd1, Bcl2, and attenuated Sirt5, Sod2 and Sdha. In BV2 line, AβO increased the level of mRNA for Sod2, Dnm1l, Bcl2, and decreased for Gpx4, Sirt1, Sirt3, mt-Nd1, Sdha and Mfn2. Then, AβO enhanced free radicals level and impaired mitochondrial membrane potential only in SH-SY5Y cells, but reduced viability of both cell types. Inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 and activator of sirtuin-1 more efficiently enhanced viability of SH-SY5Y than BV2 affected by AβO. Analysis of brain cortex of Tg-AD mice confirmed significant downregulation of Sirt1, Mfn1 and mt-Nd1 and upregulation of Dnm1l. In human AD brain, changes of microRNA pattern (miRNA-9, miRNA-34a, miRNA-146a and miRNA-155) seem to be responsible for decrease in Sirt1 expression. Overall, our results demonstrated a diverse response of neuronal and microglial cells to AβO toxicity. Alterations of genes encoding Sirt1, Mfn1 and Drp1 in an experimental model of AD suggest that modulation of mitochondria dynamics and Sirt1, including miRNA strategy, may be crucial for improvement of AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Cieślik
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz A Czapski
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Wójtowicz
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iga Wieczorek
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Environmental Agents, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław L Wencel
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Environmental Agents, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert P Strosznajder
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Environmental Agents, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vivian Jaber
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
- Bollinger Professor of Alzheimer's disease, LSU Neuroscience Center and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Joanna B Strosznajder
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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18
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Aluri KC, Salisbury JP, Prehn JHM, Agar JN. Loss of angiogenin function is related to earlier ALS onset and a paradoxical increase in ALS duration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3715. [PMID: 32111867 PMCID: PMC7048737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
0.5-1% of ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are associated with mutations in the angiogenin (ANG). These mutations are thought to cause disease through a loss of ANG function, but this hypothesis has not been evaluated statistically. In addition, the potential for ANG to promote disease has not been considered. With the goal of better defining the etiology of ANG-ALS, we assembled all clinical onset and disease duration data and determined if these were correlated with biochemical properties of ANG variants. Loss of ANG stability and ribonuclease activity were found to correlate with early ALS onset, confirming an aspect of the prevailing model of ANG-ALS. Conversely, loss of ANG stability and ribonuclease activity correlated with longer survival following diagnosis, which is inconsistent with the prevailing model. These results indicate that functional ANG appears to decrease the risk of developing ALS but exacerbate ALS once in progress. These findings are rationalized in terms of studies demonstrating that distinct mechanisms contribute to ALS onset and progression and propose that ANG replacement or stabilization would benefit pre-symptomatic ANG-ALS patients. However, this study challenges the prevailing hypothesis that augmenting ANG will benefit symptomatic ANG-ALS patients. Instead, our results suggest that silencing of ANG activity may be beneficial for symptomatic ALS patients. This study will serve as a call-to-arms for neurologists to consistently publish ALS and PD patient's clinical data-if all ANG-ALS patients' data were available our findings could be tested with considerable statistical power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna C Aluri
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States
| | - Joseph P Salisbury
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, SFI Future-Neuro Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Jeffrey N Agar
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States.
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19
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GABA-A receptor modulating steroids in acute and chronic stress; relevance for cognition and dementia? Neurobiol Stress 2019; 12:100206. [PMID: 31921942 PMCID: PMC6948369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction, dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are increasing as the population worldwide ages. Therapeutics for these conditions is an unmet need. This review focuses on the role of the positive GABA-A receptor modulating steroid allopregnanolone (APα), it's role in underlying mechanisms for impaired cognition and of AD, and to determine options for therapy of AD. On one hand, APα given intermittently promotes neurogenesis, decreases AD-related pathology and improves cognition. On the other, continuous exposure of APα impairs cognition and deteriorates AD pathology. The disparity between these two outcomes led our groups to analyze the mechanisms underlying the difference. We conclude that the effects of APα depend on administration pattern and that chronic slightly increased APα exposure is harmful to cognitive function and worsens AD pathology whereas single administrations with longer intervals improve cognition and decrease AD pathology. These collaborative assessments provide insights for the therapeutic development of APα and APα antagonists for AD and provide a model for cross laboratory collaborations aimed at generating translatable data for human clinical trials.
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20
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Veerabhadrappa B, Delaby C, Hirtz C, Vialaret J, Alcolea D, Lleó A, Fortea J, Santosh MS, Choubey S, Lehmann S. Detection of amyloid beta peptides in body fluids for the diagnosis of alzheimer's disease: Where do we stand? Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019; 57:99-113. [PMID: 31661652 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1678011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive decline of cognitive abilities. Amyloid beta peptides (Aβ), Tau proteins and the phosphorylated form of the Tau protein, p-Tau, are the core pathological biomarkers of the disease, and their detection for the diagnosis of patients is progressively being implemented. However, to date, their quantification is mostly performed on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the collection of which requires an invasive lumbar puncture. Early diagnosis has been shown to be important for disease-modifying treatment, which is currently in development, to limit the progression of the disease. Nevertheless, the diagnosis is often delayed to the point where the disease has already progressed, and the tools currently available do not allow for a systematic follow-up of patients. Thus, the search for a molecular signature of AD in a body fluid such as blood or saliva that can be collected in a minimally invasive way offers hope. A number of methods have been developed for the quantification of core biomarkers, especially in easily accessible fluids such as the blood, that improve their accuracy, specificity and sensitivity. This review summarizes and compares these approaches, focusing in particular on their use for Aβ detection, the earliest biomarker to be modified in the course of AD. The review also discusses biomarker quantification in CSF, blood and saliva and their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Veerabhadrappa
- Center for Incubation Innovation Research and Consultancy (CIIRC), Jyothy Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Constance Delaby
- INSERM U1183, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Protéomique Clinique, CHU de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christophe Hirtz
- INSERM U1183, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Protéomique Clinique, CHU de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Vialaret
- INSERM U1183, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Protéomique Clinique, CHU de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mysore Sridhar Santosh
- Center for Incubation Innovation Research and Consultancy (CIIRC), Jyothy Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Sylvain Lehmann
- INSERM U1183, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Protéomique Clinique, CHU de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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21
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Arya R, Gupta SP, Paliwal S, Sharma S, Madan K, Chauhan M. Pharmacophore Modeling and Docking Studies to Investigate Potential Leads for the Development of β -Secretase APP Cleavage Enzyme-1 (BACE-1) Inhibitors. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180815666181023110736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Alzheimer’s disease is a medical condition with detrimental brain health. It is
majorly diagnosed in aging individuals plaque in β) characterized by accumulated Amyloidal beta (A
1 BACE) 1 secretase APP cleavage enzyme βneurological areas. The ) is the target of choice that can
be exploited to find drugs against Alzheimer’s disease.
Methods:
A series of BACE-1 inhibitors with reported binding constant were considered for the development
of a feature based pharmacophore model.
Results:
The good correlation coefficient (r=0.91) and RMSD of 0.93 was observed with 30 compounds
in training set. The model was validated internally (r2test=0.76) as well as externally by Fischer validation.
The pharmacophore based virtual screening retrieved compounds that were docked and biologically
evaluated.
Conclusion:
The three structurally diverse molecules were tested by in-vitro method. The pyridine
derivative with highest fit value (6.9) exhibited IC50 value of 2.70 µM and thus was found to be the most
promising lead molecule as BACE-1 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Arya
- Banasthali University, 304022, Banasthali, (Raj.), India
| | - Satya Prakash Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, 250005, Meerut, India
| | | | - Swapnil Sharma
- Banasthali University, 304022, Banasthali, (Raj.), India
| | - Kirtika Madan
- Banasthali University, 304022, Banasthali, (Raj.), India
| | - Monika Chauhan
- Banasthali University, 304022, Banasthali, (Raj.), India
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22
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Li Y, Ba M, Du Y, Xia C, Tan S, Ng KP, Ma G. Aβ1-42 increases the expression of neural KATP subunits Kir6.2/SUR1 via the NF-κB, p38 MAPK and PKC signal pathways in rat primary cholinergic neurons. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 38:665-674. [PMID: 30868916 DOI: 10.1177/0960327119833742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) may mediate a potential neuroprotective role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Given that exposure to Aβ1-42 in cultured primary cholinergic neurons for 72 h significantly upregulates the expression of KATP subunits Kir6.2/SUR1, we aim to study the underlying signal transduction mechanisms that are involved in Aβ1-42-induced upregulation of KATP subunits Kir6.2/SUR1. In the present study, we first identified the primary cultured rat cortical and hippocampal neurons using immunocytochemistry. 0.5 μM NF-κB inhibitor SN-50, 2 μM p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 or 2 μM PKC inhibitor Chelerythrine chloride (CTC) were then added in three separate groups, followed by 2 μM Aβ1-42 30 min later in all 3 groups. Western Blot was performed 72 h later to detect the expression of KATP subunits Kir6.2/SUR1. We found that Aβ1-42 significantly increased the level of KATP subunits Kir6.2/SUR1 expression at 72 h when compared with the control group ( p < 0.05). However, when compared with the Aβ1-42 group, the level of KATP subunits Kir6.2/SUR1 expression at 72 h significantly decreased in the SN50 + Aβ1-42 group, SB203580 + Aβ1-42 group, and the CTC + Aβ1-42 group ( p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that the NF-κB, p38 MAPK, and PKC signal pathways are partially involved in the upregulation of KATP subunits Kir6.2/SUR1 expression induced by Aβ1-42 cytotoxicity in neurons, which supports a potential theoretical basis of targeting these signal pathways in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- 1 Department of Neurology, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - M Ba
- 2 Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai City, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Du
- 1 Department of Neurology, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - C Xia
- 1 Department of Neurology, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - S Tan
- 1 Department of Neurology, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - K P Ng
- 3 Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - G Ma
- 4 Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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23
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Hong W, Wang Z, Liu W, O'Malley TT, Jin M, Willem M, Haass C, Frosch MP, Walsh DM. Diffusible, highly bioactive oligomers represent a critical minority of soluble Aβ in Alzheimer's disease brain. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 136:19-40. [PMID: 29687257 PMCID: PMC6647843 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Significant data suggest that soluble Aβ oligomers play an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but there is great confusion over what exactly constitutes an Aβ oligomer and which oligomers are toxic. Most studies have utilized synthetic Aβ peptides, but the relevance of these test tube experiments to the conditions that prevail in AD is uncertain. A few groups have studied Aβ extracted from human brain, but they employed vigorous tissue homogenization which is likely to release insoluble Aβ that was sequestered in plaques during life. Several studies have found such extracts to possess disease-relevant activity and considerable efforts are being made to purify and better understand the forms of Aβ therein. Here, we compared the abundance of Aβ in AD extracts prepared by traditional homogenization versus using a far gentler extraction, and assessed their bioactivity via real-time imaging of iPSC-derived human neurons plus the sensitive functional assay of long-term potentiation. Surprisingly, the amount of Aβ retrieved by gentle extraction constituted only a small portion of that released by traditional homogenization, but this readily diffusible fraction retained all of the Aβ-dependent neurotoxic activity. Thus, the bulk of Aβ extractable from AD brain was innocuous, and only the small portion that was aqueously diffusible caused toxicity. This unexpected finding predicts that generic anti-oligomer therapies, including Aβ antibodies now in trials, may be bound up by the large pool of inactive oligomers, whereas agents that specifically target the small pool of diffusible, bioactive Aβ would be more useful. Furthermore, our results indicate that efforts to purify and target toxic Aβ must employ assays of disease-relevant activity. The approaches described here should enable these efforts, and may assist the study of other disease-associated aggregation-prone proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hong
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zemin Wang
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wen Liu
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tiernan T O'Malley
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ming Jin
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael Willem
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- Massachusetts General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Dominic M Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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24
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Di Fede G, Catania M, Maderna E, Ghidoni R, Benussi L, Tonoli E, Giaccone G, Moda F, Paterlini A, Campagnani I, Sorrentino S, Colombo L, Kubis A, Bistaffa E, Ghetti B, Tagliavini F. Molecular subtypes of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3269. [PMID: 29459625 PMCID: PMC5818536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21641-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding and aggregation is a central feature of several neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), in which assemblies of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides accumulate in the brain in the form of parenchymal and/or vascular amyloid. A widely accepted concept is that AD is characterized by distinct clinical and neuropathological phenotypes. Recent studies revealed that Aβ assemblies might have structural differences among AD brains and that such pleomorphic assemblies can correlate with distinct disease phenotypes. We found that in both sporadic and inherited forms of AD, amyloid aggregates differ in the biochemical composition of Aβ species. These differences affect the physicochemical properties of Aβ assemblies including aggregation kinetics, resistance to degradation by proteases and seeding ability. Aβ-amyloidosis can be induced and propagated in animal models by inoculation of brain extracts containing aggregated Aβ. We found that brain homogenates from AD patients with different molecular profiles of Aβ are able to induce distinct patterns of Aβ-amyloidosis when injected into mice. Overall these data suggest that the assembly of mixtures of Aβ peptides into different Aβ seeds leads to the formation of distinct subtypes of amyloid having distinctive physicochemical and biological properties which result in the generation of distinct AD molecular subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Fede
- IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Catania
- IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Maderna
- IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Ghidoni
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio - Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Benussi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio - Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisa Tonoli
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio - Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giaccone
- IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Moda
- IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Paterlini
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio - Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Colombo
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Kubis
- IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy.,Department of Toxicology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Edoardo Bistaffa
- IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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25
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Czapski GA, Cieślik M, Wencel PL, Wójtowicz S, Strosznajder RP, Strosznajder JB. Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 alters expression of mitochondria-related genes in PC12 cells: relevance to mitochondrial homeostasis in neurodegenerative disorders. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1865:281-288. [PMID: 29128369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the release of amyloid beta peptides (Aβ) in the form of monomers/oligomers which may lead to oxidative stress, mitochondria dysfunction, synaptic loss, neuroinflammation and, in consequence, to overactivation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). However, Aβ peptides are also released in the brain ischemia, traumatic injury and in inflammatory response. PARP-1 is suggested to be a promising target in therapy of neurodegenerative disorders. We investigated the impact of PARP-1 inhibition on transcription of mitochondria-related genes in PC12 cells. Moreover, the effect of PARP-1 inhibitor (PJ34) on cells subjected to Aβ oligomers (AβO) - evoked stress was analyzed. Our data demonstrated that inhibition of PARP-1 in PC12 cells enhanced the transcription of genes for antioxidative enzymes (Sod1, Gpx1, Gpx4), activated genes regulating mitochondrial fission/fusion (Mfn1, Mfn2, Dnm1l, Opa1, Fis1), subunits of ETC complexes (mt-Nd1, Sdha, mt-Cytb) and modulated expression of several TFs, enhanced Foxo1 and decreased Nrf1, Stat6, Nfkb1. AβO elevated free radicals concentration, decreased mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) and cell viability after 24h. Gene transcription was not affected by AβO after 24h, but was significantly downregulated after 96h. In AβO stress, PJ34 exerted stimulatory effect on expression of several genes (Gpx1, Gpx4, Opa1, Mfn2, Fis1 and Sdha), decreased transcription of numerous TFs (Nrf1, Tfam, Stat3, Stat6, Trp53, Nfkb1) and prevented oxidative stress. Our results indicated that PARP-1 inhibition significantly enhanced transcription of genes involved in antioxidative defense and in regulation of mitochondria function, but was not able to ameliorate cells viability affected by Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz A Czapski
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Cieślik
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Przemysław L Wencel
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Environmental Agents, Department of Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Wójtowicz
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Robert P Strosznajder
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Environmental Agents, Department of Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna B Strosznajder
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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26
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Roher AE, Kokjohn TA, Clarke SG, Sierks MR, Maarouf CL, Serrano GE, Sabbagh MS, Beach TG. APP/Aβ structural diversity and Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Neurochem Int 2017; 110:1-13. [PMID: 28811267 PMCID: PMC5688956 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) proposes amyloid- β (Aβ) is a chief pathological element of dementia. AD therapies have targeted monomeric and oligomeric Aβ 1-40 and 1-42 peptides. However, alternative APP proteolytic processing produces a complex roster of Aβ species. In addition, Aβ peptides are subject to extensive posttranslational modification (PTM). We propose that amplified production of some APP/Aβ species, perhaps exacerbated by differential gene expression and reduced peptide degradation, creates a diverse spectrum of modified species which disrupt brain homeostasis and accelerate AD neurodegeneration. We surveyed the literature to catalog Aβ PTM including species with isoAsp at positions 7 and 23 which may phenocopy the Tottori and Iowa Aβ mutations that result in early onset AD. We speculate that accumulation of these alterations induce changes in secondary and tertiary structure of Aβ that favor increased toxicity, and seeding and propagation in sporadic AD. Additionally, amyloid-β peptides with a pyroglutamate modification at position 3 and oxidation of Met35 make up a substantial portion of sporadic AD amyloid deposits. The intrinsic physical properties of these species, including resistance to degradation, an enhanced aggregation rate, increased neurotoxicity, and association with behavioral deficits, suggest their emergence is linked to dementia. The generation of specific 3D-molecular conformations of Aβ impart unique biophysical properties and a capacity to seed the prion-like global transmission of amyloid through the brain. The accumulation of rogue Aβ ultimately contributes to the destruction of vascular walls, neurons and glial cells culminating in dementia. A systematic examination of Aβ PTM and the analysis of the toxicity that they induced may help create essential biomarkers to more precisely stage AD pathology, design countermeasures and gauge the impacts of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E Roher
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; Division of Clinical Education, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA.
| | - Tyler A Kokjohn
- Department of Microbiology, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Steven G Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Michael R Sierks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6106, USA
| | - Chera L Maarouf
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Geidy E Serrano
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Marwan S Sabbagh
- Alzheimer's and Memory Disorders Division, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
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27
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Matveeva EG, Moll JR, Khan MM, Thompson RB, Cliff RO. Surface Assay for Specific Detection of Soluble Amyloid Oligomers Utilizing Pronucleon Peptides Instead of Antibodies. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1213-1221. [PMID: 28290668 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoassays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are widely used for diagnostics; however, antibodies as detection reagents may be insufficiently selective and have other shortcomings. We present a novel non-antibody-based detection method based on binding target molecules to peptides (used as recognition molecules): a surface assay for A-β oligomers employing a peptide comprising amino acid residues of the human β-amyloid protein (Pronucleon peptide) as the capture agent. For the sake of convenience, we term this the "Pronucleon peptide-linked immunosorbent assay", or PLISA. Pronucleon peptides are amino acid sequences matched to target amyloids of interest, in particular soluble Aβ-1-42 amyloid protein oligomers, which are widely considered as an early biomarker for Alzheimer's disease in body fluids. The Pronucleon peptide in a PLISA is immobilized on the surface and substitutes for the capture antibody used in an ELISA for binding the Aβ-1-42 oligomers present in the sample. We present data comparing synthetic oligomer PLISAs in spiked buffer and body fluids (such as cerebrospinal fluid, brain extracts, or whole blood) to those from an ELISA and demonstrate better selectivity of the PLISA for amyloid β-42 oligomers versus monomers and fibrils. The detection limit, calculated as the mean (blank) plus three standard deviations, was in the range of 0.35-1.5 pM (32-135 ng/L) (oligomers contained approximately 20 monomers on average).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia G. Matveeva
- Adlyfe, Inc., 9430 Key West Avenue, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Jonathan R. Moll
- Adlyfe, Inc., 9430 Key West Avenue, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Mariam M. Khan
- Adlyfe, Inc., 9430 Key West Avenue, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Richard B. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Richard O. Cliff
- Adlyfe, Inc., 9430 Key West Avenue, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
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28
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Liu Y, Tang J, Gao X, Wang M, Shen J, You X. Effect of retinoid X receptor-α nuclear export inhibition on apoptosis of neurons in vivo and in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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29
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Zamolodchikov D, Renné T, Strickland S. The Alzheimer's disease peptide β-amyloid promotes thrombin generation through activation of coagulation factor XII. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:995-1007. [PMID: 26613657 PMCID: PMC4870142 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Essentials How the Alzheimer's disease (AD) peptide β-amyloid (Aβ) disrupts neuronal function in the disease is unclear. Factor (F) XII initiates blood clotting via FXI, and thrombosis has been implicated in AD. Aβ triggers FXII-dependent FXI and thrombin activation, evidence of which is seen in AD plasma. Aβ-triggered clotting could contribute to neuronal dysfunction in AD and be a novel therapeutic target. SUMMARY Background β-Amyloid (Aβ) is a key pathologic element in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the mechanisms by which it disrupts neuronal function in vivo are not completely understood. AD is characterized by a prothrombotic state, which could contribute to neuronal dysfunction by affecting cerebral blood flow and inducing inflammation. The plasma protein factor XII triggers clot formation via the intrinsic coagulation cascade, and has been implicated in thrombosis. Objectives To investigate the potential for Aβ to contribute to a prothrombotic state. Methods and results We show that Aβ activates FXII, resulting in FXI activation and thrombin generation in human plasma, thereby establishing Aβ as a possible driver of prothrombotic states. We provide evidence for this process in AD by demonstrating decreased levels of FXI and its inhibitor C1 esterase inhibitor in AD patient plasma, suggesting chronic activation, inhibition and clearance of FXI in AD. Activation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway in AD is further supported by elevated fibrin levels in AD patient plasma. Conclusions The ability of Aβ to promote coagulation via the FXII-driven contact system identifies new mechanisms by which it could contribute to neuronal dysfunction and suggests potential new therapeutic targets in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Zamolodchikov
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Renné
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm S-171 76, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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30
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Shariatpanahi M, Khodagholi F, Ashabi G, Bonakdar Yazdi B, Hassani S, Azami K, Abdollahi M, Noorbakhsh F, Taghizadeh G, Sharifzadeh M. The involvement of protein kinase G inhibitor in regulation of apoptosis and autophagy markers in spatial memory deficit induced by Aβ. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 30:364-75. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Shariatpanahi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- NeuroBiology Research Center; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Ghorbangol Ashabi
- Department of Physiology; Physiology Research Center; School of Medicine; Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences; Ahvaz Iran
| | - Behnoosh Bonakdar Yazdi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Shokoufeh Hassani
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Kian Azami
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Ghorban Taghizadeh
- Department of Neuroscience; Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology in Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Neuroscience; Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology in Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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31
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microRNA-34a-Mediated Down-Regulation of the Microglial-Enriched Triggering Receptor and Phagocytosis-Sensor TREM2 in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150211. [PMID: 26949937 PMCID: PMC4780721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of Aβ42-peptides and the formation of drusen in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are due in part to the inability of homeostatic phagocytic mechanisms to clear self-aggregating Aβ42-peptides from the extracellular space. The triggering receptor expressed in myeloid/microglial cells-2 (TREM2), a trans-membrane-spanning, sensor-receptor of the immune-globulin/lectin-like gene superfamily is a critical component of Aβ42-peptide clearance. Here we report a significant deficit in TREM2 in AMD retina and in cytokine- or oxidatively-stressed microglial (MG) cells. RT-PCR, miRNA-array, LED-Northern and Western blot studies indicated up-regulation of a microglial-enriched NF-кB-sensitive miRNA-34a coupled to a down-regulation of TREM2 in the same samples. Bioinformatics/transfection-luciferase reporter assays indicated that miRNA-34a targets the 299 nucleotide TREM2-mRNA-3'UTR, resulting in TREM2 down-regulation. C8B4-microglial cells challenged with Aβ42 were able to phagocytose these peptides, while miRNA-34a down-regulated both TREM2 and the ability of microglial-cells to phagocytose. Treatment of TNFα-stressed MG cells with phenyl-butyl nitrone (PBN), caffeic-acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), the NF-kB - [corrected] inhibitor/resveratrol analog CAY10512 or curcumin abrogated these responses. Incubation of anti-miRNA-34a (AM-34a) normalized miRNA-34a abundance and restored TREM2 back to homeostatic levels. These data support five novel observations: (i) that a ROS- and NF-kB - [corrected] sensitive, miRNA-34a-mediated modulation of TREM2 may in part regulate the phagocytic response; (ii) that gene products encoded on two different chromosomes (miRNA-34a at chr1q36.22 and TREM2 at chr6p21.1) orchestrate a phagocytic-Aβ42-peptide clearance-system; (iii) that this NF-kB-mediated-miRNA-34a-TREM2 mechanism is inducible from outside of the cell; (iv) that when operating normally, this pathway can clear Aβ42 peptide monomers from the extracellular medium; and (v) that anti-NF-kB and/or anti-miRNA (AM)-based therapeutic strategies may be useful against deficits in TREM-2 receptor-based-sensing and -phagocytic signaling that promote pathogenic amyloidogenesis.
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32
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Tian P, Lindorff-Larsen K, Boomsma W, Jensen MH, Otzen DE. A Monte Carlo Study of the Early Steps of Functional Amyloid Formation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146096. [PMID: 26745180 PMCID: PMC4706413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their well-known roles in neurodegenerative diseases and amyloidoses, amyloid structures also assume important functional roles in the cell. Although functional amyloid shares many physiochemical properties with its pathogenic counterpart, it is evolutionarily optimized to avoid cytotoxicity. This makes it an interesting study case for aggregation phenomenon in general. One of the most well-known examples of a functional amyloid, E. coli curli, is an essential component in the formation of bacterial biofilm, and is primarily formed by aggregates of the protein CsgA. Previous studies have shown that the minor sequence variations observed in the five different subrepeats (R1-R5), which comprise the CsgA primary sequence, have a substantial influence on their individual aggregation propensities. Using a recently described diffusion-optimized enhanced sampling approach for Monte Carlo simulations, we here investigate the equilibrium properties of the monomeric and dimeric states of these subrepeats, to probe whether structural properties observed in these early stage oligomers are decisive for the characteristics of the resulting aggregate. We show that the dimerization propensities of these peptides have strong correlations with their propensity for amyloid formation, and provide structural insights into the inter- and intramolecular contacts that appear to be essential in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Tian
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science and Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Kresten Lindorff-Larsen
- Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science and Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Wouter Boomsma
- Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science and Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Mogens Høgh Jensen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Erik Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Centre for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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33
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Choi S, Kim D, Kam TI, Yun S, Kim S, Park H, Hwang H, Pletnikova O, Troncoso JC, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Ko HS. Lysosomal Enzyme Glucocerebrosidase Protects against Aβ1-42 Oligomer-Induced Neurotoxicity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143854. [PMID: 26629917 PMCID: PMC4668030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) functions as a lysosomal enzyme and its mutations are known to be related to many neurodegenerative diseases, including Gaucher’s disease (GD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB). However, there is little information about the role of GCase in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here we demonstrate that GCase protein levels and enzyme activity are significantly decreased in sporadic AD. Moreover, Aβ1–42 oligomer treatment results in neuronal cell death that is concomitant with decreased GCase protein levels and enzyme activity, as well as impairment in lysosomal biogenesis and acidification. Importantly, overexpression of GCase promotes the lysosomal degradation of Aβ1–42 oligomers, restores the lysosomal impairment, and protects against the toxicity in neurons treated with Aβ1–42 oligomers. Our findings indicate that a deficiency of GCase could be involved in progression of AD pathology and suggest that augmentation of GCase activity may be a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulah Choi
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Donghoon Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Tae-In Kam
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Seungpil Yun
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Sangjune Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hyejin Park
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heehong Hwang
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Juan C. Troncoso
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Valina L. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ted M. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Han Seok Ko
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Talwar P, Sinha J, Grover S, Rawat C, Kushwaha S, Agarwal R, Taneja V, Kukreti R. Dissecting Complex and Multifactorial Nature of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis: a Clinical, Genomic, and Systems Biology Perspective. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4833-64. [PMID: 26351077 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of memory and other cognitive functions. AD can be classified into familial AD (FAD) and sporadic AD (SAD) based on heritability and into early onset AD (EOAD) and late onset AD (LOAD) based on age of onset. LOAD cases are more prevalent with genetically complex architecture. In spite of significant research focused on understanding the etiological mechanisms, search for diagnostic biomarker(s) and disease-modifying therapy is still on. In this article, we aim to comprehensively review AD literature on established etiological mechanisms including role of beta-amyloid and apolipoprotein E (APOE) along with promising newer etiological factors such as epigenetic modifications that have been associated with AD suggesting its multifactorial nature. As genomic studies have recently played a significant role in elucidating AD pathophysiology, a systematic review of findings from genome-wide linkage (GWL), genome-wide association (GWA), genome-wide expression (GWE), and epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) was conducted. The availability of multi-dimensional genomic data has further coincided with the advent of computational and network biology approaches in recent years. Our review highlights the importance of integrative approaches involving genomics and systems biology perspective in elucidating AD pathophysiology. The promising newer approaches may provide reliable means of early and more specific diagnosis and help identify therapeutic interventions for LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Talwar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India.,Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Juhi Sinha
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India.,Department of Paediatrics, Division of Pneumonology-Immunology, Charité University Medical Centre, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chitra Rawat
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India.,Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Suman Kushwaha
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - Rachna Agarwal
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - Vibha Taneja
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India. .,Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India.
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35
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Gendelman HE, Mosley RL, Boska MD, McMillan J. The promise of nanoneuromedicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:171-6. [PMID: 24552556 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA.
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36
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Bhattacharjee S, Zhao Y, Lukiw WJ. Deficits in the miRNA-34a-regulated endogenous TREM2 phagocytosis sensor-receptor in Alzheimer's disease (AD); an update. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:116. [PMID: 24987367 PMCID: PMC4060025 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Surjyadipta Bhattacharjee
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Neuroscience Center and Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yuhai Zhao
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Neuroscience Center and Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Neuroscience Center and Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
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37
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Bao X, Jin Y, Liu X, Liao H, Zhang L, Pang T. Synthesis and biological evaluation of XB-1 analogues as novel histamine H3 receptor antagonists and neuroprotective agents. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46392c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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38
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Zeng X, Wang T, Jiang L, Ma G, Tan S, Li J, Gao J, Liu K, Zhang Y. Diazoxide and cyclosporin A protect primary cholinergic neurons against beta-amyloid (1-42)-induced cytotoxicity. Neurol Res 2013; 35:529-36. [PMID: 23595141 DOI: 10.1179/1743132813y.0000000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianwei Zeng
- Department of NeurosurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Tony Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Liangliang Jiang
- Department of NeurologyProvincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guozhao Ma
- Department of NeurologyProvincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shuhui Tan
- Department of NeurologyProvincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jialong Li
- Department of NeurologyProvincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianxin Gao
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Kejing Liu
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of NeurologyProvincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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39
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Monitoring of neuronal loss in the hippocampus of Aβ-injected rat: autophagy, mitophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis stand against apoptosis. Neuromolecular Med 2013; 16:175-90. [PMID: 24203394 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-013-8272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we tried to answer the following questions: which kind of defense pathways are activated after Aβ insult? How defense systems react against noxious effects of Aβ and whether they are able to deal against apoptosis or not? So, we traced some molecular pathways including autophagy, mitophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis before reaching to the endpoint of apoptosis. Besides, we measured the function of mitochondria after injection of Aβ (1-42) in CA1 area of hippocampus as a model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Based on our data, autophagy markers reached to their maximum level and returned to the control level as apoptotic markers started to increase. As a specialized form of autophagy, mitophagy markers followed the trend of autophagy markers. Whereas mitochondrial dynamic processes shifted toward fission, mitochondrial biogenesis was severely affected by Aβ and significantly decreased. Alongside suppression of mitochondrial biogenesis, activity of specific enzymes involved in antioxidant defense system, electron transport chain, and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) decreased in response to the Aβ. Activity of antioxidant enzymes increased at first and then decreased significantly compared to the control. TCA enzymes aconitase and malate dehydrogenase activities reduced immediately while citrate synthase and fumarase activities did not change. Based on our finding, monitoring of the master molecules of intracellular cascades and determining their trends before the destructive function of Aβ could be the target of therapeutic issues for AD.
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40
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Donepezil inhibits the amyloid-beta oligomer-induced microglial activation in vitro and in vivo. Neurotoxicology 2013; 40:23-32. [PMID: 24189446 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on Alzheimer's disease (AD) have focused on soluble oligomeric forms of amyloid-beta (Aβ oligomer, AβO) that are directly associated with AD-related pathologies, such as cognitive decline, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation. Donepezil is a well-known anti-dementia agent that increases acetylcholine levels through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. However, a growing body of experimental and clinical studies indicates that donepezil may also provide neuroprotective and disease-modifying effects in AD. Additionally, donepezil has recently been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory effects against lipopolysaccharides and tau pathology. However, it remains unknown whether donepezil has anti-inflammatory effects against AβO in cultured microglial cells and the brain in animals. Further, the effects of donepezil against AβO-mediated neuronal death, astrogliosis, and memory impairment have also not yet been investigated. Thus, in the present study, we examined the anti-inflammatory effect of donepezil against AβO and its neuroinflammatory mechanisms. Donepezil significantly attenuated the release of inflammatory mediators (prostaglandin E2, interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-α, and nitric oxide) from microglia. Donepezil also decreased AβO-induced up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 protein and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase as well as translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B. We next showed that donepezil suppresses activated microglia-mediated toxicity in primary hippocampal cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. In intrahippocampal AβO-injected mice, donepezil significantly inhibited microgliosis and astrogliosis. Furthermore, behavioral tests revealed that donepezil (2 mg/kg/day, 5 days, p.o.) significantly ameliorated AβO-induced memory impairment. These results suggest that donepezil directly inhibits microglial activation induced by AβO through blocking MAPK and NF-κB signaling and, in part, contributing to the amelioration of neurodegeneration and memory impairment.
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41
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Huang D, Wang Z, Xia J, Zhang P, Kirkland B, Paravastu AK, Guan J. Microcontact printing of Alzheimer’s β-amyloid monomers and fibrils. Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Fisher CK, Ullman O, Stultz CM. Comparative studies of disordered proteins with similar sequences: application to Aβ40 and Aβ42. Biophys J 2013; 104:1546-55. [PMID: 23561531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative comparisons of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) with similar sequences, such as mutant forms of the same protein, may provide insights into IDP aggregation-a process that plays a role in several neurodegenerative disorders. Here we describe an approach for modeling IDPs with similar sequences that simplifies the comparison of the ensembles by utilizing a single library of structures. The relative population weights of the structures are estimated using a Bayesian formalism, which provides measures of uncertainty in the resulting ensembles. We applied this approach to the comparison of ensembles for Aβ40 and Aβ42. Bayesian hypothesis testing finds that although both Aβ species sample β-rich conformations in solution that may represent prefibrillar intermediates, the probability that Aβ42 samples these prefibrillar states is roughly an order of magnitude larger than the frequency in which Aβ40 samples such structures. Moreover, the structure of the soluble prefibrillar state in our ensembles is similar to the experimentally determined structure of Aβ that has been implicated as an intermediate in the aggregation pathway. Overall, our approach for comparative studies of IDPs with similar sequences provides a platform for future studies on the effect of mutations on the structure and function of disordered proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles K Fisher
- Committee on Higher Degrees in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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43
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González-Castañeda RE, Sánchez-González VJ, Flores-Soto M, Vázquez-Camacho G, Macías-Islas MA, Ortiz GG. Neural restrictive silencer factor and choline acetyltransferase expression in cerebral tissue of Alzheimer's Disease patients: A pilot study. Genet Mol Biol 2013; 36:28-36. [PMID: 23569405 PMCID: PMC3615522 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572013000100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT) brain level is one of the main biochemical disorders in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). In rodents, recent data show that the CHAT gene can be regulated by a neural restrictive silencer factor (NRSF). The aim of the present work was to evaluate the gene and protein expression of CHAT and NRSF in frontal, temporal, entorhinal and parietal cortices of AD patient brains. Four brains from patients with AD and four brains from subjects without dementia were studied. Cerebral tissues were obtained and processed by the guanidine isothiocyanate method for RNA extraction. CHAT and NRSF gene and protein expression were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. CHAT gene expression levels were 39% lower in AD patients as compared to the control group (p < 0.05, U test). ChAT protein levels were reduced by 17% (p = 0.02, U test). NRSF gene expression levels were 86% higher in the AD group (p = 0.001, U test) as compared to the control group. In the AD subjects, the NRSF protein levels were 57% higher (p > 0.05, U test) than in the control subjects. These findings suggest for the first time that in the brain of AD patients high NRSF protein levels are related to low CHAT gene expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío E González-Castañeda
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo-Envejecimiento, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. ; Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Campus Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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44
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Alzheimer's disease related markers, cellular toxicity and behavioral deficits induced six weeks after oligomeric amyloid-β peptide injection in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53117. [PMID: 23301030 PMCID: PMC3534645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative pathology associated with aging characterized by the presence of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles that finally result in synaptic and neuronal loss. The major component of senile plaques is an amyloid-β protein (Aβ). Recently, we characterized the effects of a single intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of Aβ fragment (25–35) oligomers (oAβ25–35) for up to 3 weeks in rats and established a clear parallel with numerous relevant signs of AD. To clarify the long-term effects of oAβ25–35 and its potential role in the pathogenesis of AD, we determined its physiological, behavioral, biochemical and morphological impacts 6 weeks after injection in rats. oAβ25–35 was still present in the brain after 6 weeks. oAβ25–35 injection did not affect general activity and temperature rhythms after 6 weeks, but decreased body weight, induced short- and long-term memory impairments, increased corticosterone plasma levels, brain oxidative (lipid peroxidation), mitochondrial (caspase-9 levels) and reticulum stress (caspase-12 levels), astroglial and microglial activation. It provoked cholinergic neuron loss and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. It induced cell loss in the hippocampic CA subdivisions and decreased hippocampic neurogenesis. Moreover, oAβ25–35 injection resulted in increased APP expression, Aβ1–42 generation, and increased Tau phosphorylation. In conclusion, this in vivo study evidenced that the soluble oligomeric forms of short fragments of Aβ, endogenously identified in AD patient brains, not only provoked long-lasting pathological alterations comparable to the human disease, but may also directly contribute to the progressive increase in amyloid load and Tau pathology, involved in the AD physiopathology.
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45
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Matveeva EG, Rudolph A, Moll JR, Thompson RB. Structure-selective anisotropy assay for amyloid Beta oligomers. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012. [PMID: 23181170 DOI: 10.1021/cn3001262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Abeta) peptides in their oligomeric form have been proposed as major toxic species in Alzheimer's disease (AD). There are a limited number of anti-Abeta antibodies specific to oligomeric forms of Abeta compared to the monomeric form, and accurate measurement of oligomeric forms in biological samples, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or brain extracts remains challenging. We introduce an oligomer-specific (in preference to monomers or fibrils) fluorescence assay based on a conformationally sensitive bis-pyrene-labeled peptide that contains amino acid residues 16-35 of the human amyloid beta protein (pronucleon peptide, PP). This peptide exhibits a shift in fluorescence emission from pyrene excimer to pyrene monomer emission resulting from a conformational change. Specific binding of PP to oligomeric forms of Abeta can be monitored in solution by a change in fluorescence spectrum as well as a change in pyrene monomer fluorescence anisotropy (or polarization). The mechanism of binding and its relation to anisotropy and fluorescence lifetime changes are discussed. The development of a simple, rapid, anisotropy assay for measurement of Abeta oligomers is important for further study of the oligomers' role in AD, and specific detection of oligomers in biological samples, such as cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia G. Matveeva
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
- Adlyfe, Inc., Rockville,
Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Alan Rudolph
- Adlyfe, Inc., Rockville,
Maryland 20850, United States
| | | | - Richard B. Thompson
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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46
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Gallion SL. Modeling amyloid-beta as homogeneous dodecamers and in complex with cellular prion protein. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49375. [PMID: 23145167 PMCID: PMC3493521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide has been linked to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. A variety of soluble oligomers have been observed to be toxic, ranging from dimers to protofibrils. No tertiary structure has been identified as a single biologically relevant form, though many models are comprised of highly ordered β-sheets. Evidence exists for much less ordered toxic oligomers. The mechanism of toxicity remains highly debated and probably involves multiple pathways. Interaction of Aβ oligomers with the N-terminus of the cellular form of the prion protein (PrP(c)) has recently been proposed. The intrinsically disordered nature of this protein and the highly polymorphic nature of Aβ oligomers make structural resolution of the complex exceptionally challenging. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations are performed for dodecameric assemblies of Aβ comprised of monomers having a single, short antiparallel β-hairpin at the C-terminus. The resulting models, devoid of any intermolecular hydrogen bonds, are shown to correlate well with experimental data and are found to be quite stable within the hydrophobic core, whereas the α-helical N-termini transform to a random coil state. This indicates that highly ordered assemblies are not required for stability and less ordered oligomers are a viable component in the population of soluble oligomers. In addition, a tentative model is proposed for the association of Aβ dimers with a double deletion mutant of the intrinsically disordered N-terminus of PrP(c). This may be useful as a conceptual working model for the binding of higher order oligomers and in the design of further experiments.
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47
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Lin YS, Bowman GR, Beauchamp KA, Pande VS. Investigating how peptide length and a pathogenic mutation modify the structural ensemble of amyloid beta monomer. Biophys J 2012; 102:315-24. [PMID: 22339868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides plays an important role in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Despite extensive effort, it has been difficult to characterize the secondary and tertiary structure of the Aβ monomer, the starting point for aggregation, due to its hydrophobicity and high aggregation propensity. Here, we employ extensive molecular dynamics simulations with atomistic protein and water models to determine structural ensembles for Aβ(42), Aβ(40), and Aβ(42)-E22K (the Italian mutant) monomers in solution. Sampling of a total of >700 microseconds in all-atom detail with explicit solvent enables us to observe the effects of peptide length and a pathogenic mutation on the disordered Aβ monomer structural ensemble. Aβ(42) and Aβ(40) have crudely similar characteristics but reducing the peptide length from 42 to 40 residues reduces β-hairpin formation near the C-terminus. The pathogenic Italian E22K mutation induces helix formation in the region of residues 20-24. This structural alteration may increase helix-helix interactions between monomers, resulting in altered mechanism and kinetics of Aβ oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Zhang W, Bai M, Xi Y, Hao J, Liu L, Mao N, Su C, Miao J, Li Z. Early memory deficits precede plaque deposition in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice: involvement of oxidative stress and cholinergic dysfunction. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1443-52. [PMID: 22342520 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence has shown that cognitive deficits occur early, before amyloid plaque deposition, suggesting that soluble amyloid-β protein (Aβ) contributes to the development of early cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer disease (AD). However, the underlying mechanism(s) through which soluble Aβ exerts its neurotoxicity responsible for cognitive dysfunction in the early stage of AD remains unclear so far. In this study, we used preplaque APPswe/PS1dE9 mice ages 2.5 and 3.5 months to examine alterations in cognitive function, oxidative stress, and cholinergic function. We found that only soluble Aβ, not insoluble Aβ, was detected in these preplaque APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. APPswe/PS1dE9 mice 2.5 months of age did not show any significant changes in the measures of cognitive function, oxidative stress, and cholinergic function, whereas 3.5-month-old APPswe/PS1dE9 mice exhibited spatial memory impairment in the Morris water maze, accompanied by significantly decreased acetylcholine (ACh), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) as well as increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls. In 3.5-month-old preplaque APPswe/PS1dE9 mice, correlational analyses revealed that the performance of impaired spatial memory was inversely correlated with soluble Aβ, MDA, and protein carbonyls, as well as being positively correlated with ACh, ChAT, SOD, and GSH-px; soluble Aβ level was inversely correlated with ACh, ChAT, SOD, and GSH-px, as well as being positively correlated with MDA and protein carbonyls; ACh level showed a significant positive correlation with ChAT, SOD, and GSH-px, as well as a significant inverse correlation with MDA and protein carbonyls. Collectively, this study provides direct evidence that increased oxidative damage and cholinergic dysfunction may be early pathological responses to soluble Aβ and involved in early memory deficits in the preplaque stage of AD. These findings suggest that early antioxidant therapy and improving cholinergic function may be a promising strategy to prevent or delay the onset and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province 710038, China
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Novick PA, Lopes DH, Branson KM, Esteras-Chopo A, Graef IA, Bitan G, Pande VS. Design of β-amyloid aggregation inhibitors from a predicted structural motif. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3002-10. [PMID: 22420626 DOI: 10.1021/jm201332p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug design studies targeting one of the primary toxic agents in Alzheimer's disease, soluble oligomers of amyloid β-protein (Aβ), have been complicated by the rapid, heterogeneous aggregation of Aβ and the resulting difficulty to structurally characterize the peptide. To address this, we have developed [Nle(35), D-Pro(37)]Aβ(42), a substituted peptide inspired from molecular dynamics simulations which forms structures stable enough to be analyzed by NMR. We report herein that [Nle(35), D-Pro(37)]Aβ(42) stabilizes the trimer and prevents mature fibril and β-sheet formation. Further, [Nle(35), D-Pro(37)]Aβ(42) interacts with WT Aβ(42) and reduces aggregation levels and fibril formation in mixtures. Using ligand-based drug design based on [Nle(35), D-Pro(37)]Aβ(42), a lead compound was identified with effects on inhibition similar to the peptide. The ability of [Nle(35), D-Pro(37)]Aβ(42) and the compound to inhibit the aggregation of Aβ(42) provides a novel tool to study the structure of Aβ oligomers. More broadly, our data demonstrate how molecular dynamics simulation can guide experiment for further research into AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Novick
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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β-Secretases, Alzheimer's Disease, and Down Syndrome. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res 2012; 2012:362839. [PMID: 22481915 PMCID: PMC3299320 DOI: 10.1155/2012/362839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Down Syndrome (DS), or trisomy 21, develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology by approximately 40 years of age. Chromosome 21 harbors several genes implicated in AD, including the amyloid precursor protein and one homologue of the β-site APP cleaving enzyme, BACE2. Processing of the amyloid precursor protein by β-secretase (BACE) is the rate-limiting step in the production of the pathogenic Aβ peptide. Increased amounts of APP in the DS brain result in increased amounts of Aβ and extracellular plaque formation beginning early in life. BACE dysregulation potentially represents an overlapping biological mechanism with sporadic AD and a common therapeutic target. As the lifespan for those with DS continues to increase, age-related concerns such as obesity, depression, and AD are of growing concern. The ability to prevent or delay the progression of neurodegenerative diseases will promote healthy aging and improve quality of life for those with DS.
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