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Dadé M, Zeinsteger P, Bozzolo F, Mestorino N. Repellent and Lethal Activities of Extracts From Fruits of Chinaberry ( Melia azedarach L., Meliaceae) Against Triatoma infestans. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:158. [PMID: 30094242 PMCID: PMC6070623 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triatoma infestans is the principal vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, parasite responsible of Chagas's Disease transmission in Argentina. Pyrethroids have become common pesticides for the control of T. infestans but increasing resistance encourages the search of new alternatives and the use of natural products for biological control arises as a new strategy. Melia azedarach L. is originated from the Himalaya's region and several compounds are part of its rich phytochemistry. Folk medicine of the plant is due to its repellent and insecticidal activities. Aims of this work were to evaluate the repellent activity of methanolic and acetonic extracts from fruits of M. azedarach by means of the area preference method of fifth and first nymph stages as well as to test the acute lethal effect of the more repellent extract by means of direct application on cuticle on both stages. For repellence, qualitative filter papers were divided into two halves, one treated with methanolic (ME) or acetonic (AC) extract and the other without treatment. Controls were impregnated half with methanol or acetone and half without the solvents. One nymph was located in each Petri or well and repellence percentage was determined. For the lethal effect, fasted and fed to repletion 5th stage nymphs were topically administered with different concentrations of AC and deaths were registered after 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. Phytochemical analysis of extracts was performed as well. AC demonstrated high repellent activity (100%, both stages), whereas ME extract activity was slight (10-21%). AC extract was selected for lethal assays due to early repellent activity. Fed to repletion nymphs were more sensitive to the lethal activity of the extract when compared to fasted nymphs (LD50: 11.5 vs. 23.1 μg/insect, respectively). Phytochemistry assays of extracts showed a higher concentration of flavonoids, alkaloids and triterpenes for AC. Considering these results, next assays will include the test of Melia azedarach extract on T. infestans that are resistant to pyrethroids for a possible synergism between AC and the pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nora Mestorino
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Studies (LEFyT), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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Abras A, Muñoz C, Ballart C, Berenguer P, Llovet T, Herrero M, Tebar S, Pinazo MJ, Posada E, Martí C, Fumadó V, Bosch J, Coll O, Juncosa T, Ginovart G, Armengol J, Gascón J, Portús M, Gállego M. Towards a New Strategy for Diagnosis of Congenital Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:1396-1407. [PMID: 28202792 PMCID: PMC5405257 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02248-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The immigration of Latin American women of childbearing age has spread the congenital transmission of Chagas disease to areas of nonendemicity, and the disease is now a worldwide problem. Some European health authorities have implemented screening programs to prevent vertical transmission, but the lack of a uniform protocol calls for the urgent establishment of a new strategy common to all laboratories. Our aims were to (i) analyze the trend of passive IgG antibodies in the newborn by means of five serological tests for the diagnosis and follow-up of congenital Trypanosoma cruzi infection, (ii) assess the utility of these techniques for diagnosing a congenital transmission, and (iii) propose a strategy for a prompt, efficient, and cost-effective diagnosis of T. cruzi infection. In noninfected newborns, a continuous decreasing trend of passive IgG antibodies was observed, but none of the serological assays seroreverted in any the infants before 12 months. From 12 months onwards, serological tests achieved negative results in all the samples analyzed, with the exception of the highly sensitive chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA). In contrast, in congenitally infected infants, the antibody decline was detected only after treatment initiation. In order to improve the diagnosis of congenital T. cruzi infection, we propose a new strategy involving fewer tests that allows significant cost savings. The protocol could start 1 month after birth with a parasitological test and/or a PCR. If negative, a serological test would be carried out at 9 months, which if positive, would be followed by another at around 12 months for confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Abras
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratori d'Ictiologia Genètica, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Carmen Muñoz
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Cristina Ballart
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Berenguer
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Llovet
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Mercedes Herrero
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Tebar
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María-Jesús Pinazo
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Posada
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Martí
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Hospital General de Granollers, Granollers, Spain
| | - Victoria Fumadó
- Servei de Pediatria, Unitat de Medicina Importada, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jordi Bosch
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Barcelona, Spain
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Coll
- Departament de Medicina Materno-Fetal, Institut Clínic de Ginecologia, Obstetrícia i Neonatologia, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Juncosa
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Gemma Ginovart
- Unitat de Neonatologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Armengol
- Servei de Ginecologia i Obstetrícia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Gascón
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Portús
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Gállego
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Barcelona, Spain
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Abras A, Gállego M, Muñoz C, Juiz NA, Ramírez JC, Cura CI, Tebar S, Fernández-Arévalo A, Pinazo MJ, de la Torre L, Posada E, Navarro F, Espinal P, Ballart C, Portús M, Gascón J, Schijman AG. Identification of Trypanosoma cruzi Discrete Typing Units (DTUs) in Latin-American migrants in Barcelona (Spain). Parasitol Int 2016; 66:83-88. [PMID: 27940065 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, is divided into six Discrete Typing Units (DTUs): TcI-TcVI. We aimed to identify T. cruzi DTUs in Latin-American migrants in the Barcelona area (Spain) and to assess different molecular typing approaches for the characterization of T. cruzi genotypes. Seventy-five peripheral blood samples were analyzed by two real-time PCR methods (qPCR) based on satellite DNA (SatDNA) and kinetoplastid DNA (kDNA). The 20 samples testing positive in both methods, all belonging to Bolivian individuals, were submitted to DTU characterization using two PCR-based flowcharts: multiplex qPCR using TaqMan probes (MTq-PCR), and conventional PCR. These samples were also studied by sequencing the SatDNA and classified as type I (TcI/III), type II (TcII/IV) and type I/II hybrid (TcV/VI). Ten out of the 20 samples gave positive results in the flowcharts: TcV (5 samples), TcII/V/VI (3) and mixed infections by TcV plus TcII (1) and TcV plus TcII/VI (1). By SatDNA sequencing, we classified the 20 samples, 19 as type I/II and one as type I. The most frequent DTU identified by both flowcharts, and suggested by SatDNA sequencing in the remaining samples with low parasitic loads, TcV, is common in Bolivia and predominant in peripheral blood. The mixed infection by TcV-TcII was detected for the first time simultaneously in Bolivian migrants. PCR-based flowcharts are very useful to characterize DTUs during acute infection. SatDNA sequence analysis cannot discriminate T. cruzi populations at the level of a single DTU but it enabled us to increase the number of characterized cases in chronically infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Abras
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Roselló 134-4°, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Laboratori d'Ictiologia Genètica, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Gállego
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Roselló 134-4°, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carmen Muñoz
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Quintí 89, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Natalia A Juiz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas (LaBMECh), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres" (INGEBI-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490-2°, C1428ADN Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Carlos Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas (LaBMECh), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres" (INGEBI-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490-2°, C1428ADN Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina I Cura
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas (LaBMECh), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres" (INGEBI-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490-2°, C1428ADN Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Tebar
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Roselló 134-4°, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Fernández-Arévalo
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Roselló 134-4°, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María-Jesús Pinazo
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Roselló 134-4°, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonardo de la Torre
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Roselló 134-4°, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Posada
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Roselló 134-4°, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Navarro
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Quintí 89, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Paula Espinal
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Ballart
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Roselló 134-4°, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Portús
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Gascón
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Roselló 134-4°, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro G Schijman
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas (LaBMECh), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres" (INGEBI-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490-2°, C1428ADN Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Apt W, Zulantay I, Arnello M, Oddó D, González S, Rodríguez J, Kemmerling U, Truyens C, Carlier Y. Congenital infection by Trypanosoma cruzi in an endemic area of Chile: a multidisciplinary study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012; 107:98-104. [PMID: 23222947 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trs013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the prevalence of Chagas disease (ChD) in pregnant women in Choapa Province (IV Region, Chile) and the vertical transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi. METHOD ELISA and IFI IgG for ChD was performed for the pregnant women. PCR for T. cruzi was done for all chagasic mothers and their newborns. The congenital infection was confirmed by serial positive PCR and/or ELISA or IFI IgG after age of nine months. The placentas of mothers, with and without ChD, were submitted for histopathology and immunohistochemical study. RESULTS From 4831 deliveries in 2005-2009 with a serological coverage of 88.6%, it was established that 147 cases (3.4%) had ChD. More than 80% of the pregnancies had a physiological evolution and 90% of the newborn were term. Congenital transmission was demonstrated in six children (4.7%) of the 127 newborn studied by serial PCR (at birth and/or between 3-18 months) and/or ELISA or IIF IgG after age nine months. Most of congenital cases were asymptomatic (67%). The histopathology shows edema, necrosis, fibrinoid deposit in the placentas of 28 of 29 chagasic mothers. In three cases the immnunochemistry demonstrated a decrease in actin expression in trophoblast cells. In one congenital case amastigote nests was observed. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that T. cruzi infection in pregnant women and vertical transmission in Chile are still prevalent. For this reason it is important to propose control measures in endemic areas of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Apt
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Básico-Clínico, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
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