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Karunaratne UW, Dassanayake TL. Effect of L-theanine on selective attention in a traffic-related reaction task in sleep-deprived young adults: a double-blind placebo-controlled, crossover study. Nutr Neurosci 2024:1-10. [PMID: 39052627 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2024.2383080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-theanine is a non-protein-forming amino acid found in tea. Limited evidence suggests that it improves selective attention. Sleep deprivation impairs attention and psychomotor reactions, affecting automobile driving. We aimed to determine whether L-theanine improves neurobehavioral measures of visual attention in acutely sleep-deprived healthy adults in a traffic-scene-based attention task. METHODS In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced, two-way crossover study, we compared the effects of a 200-mg dose of L-theanine with a placebo (150 ml of distilled water) on a computerised, traffic-scene-based visual recognition reaction task in 24 healthy volunteers (age 20-25 years; 13 males) sleep-deprived overnight. The participants made speeded button-presses to imminent accident scenes (i.e. hits), while ignoring safe scenes. They were tested pre-dose and 45 min post-dose, each treatment administered one week apart. RESULTS Hit rates were more than 90% in all sessions, and were similar in two treatments, pre- vs post-dose. L-theanine significantly reduced false alarms (i.e. responses to safe scenes) (p = 0.014) and increased A' (i.e. target-distractor discriminability) (p = 0.009), whereas placebo did not (p > 0.05). L-theanine reduced hit reaction time by 38.65 ms (p = 0.007), and placebo by 19.08 ms (p = 0.016), however reaction time changes from baseline were not significantly different between treatments (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS L-theanine in high doses appears to improve selective visual attention by concurrently improving information processing speed and target-distractor discriminability in acutely sleep-deprived individuals. This is consistent with previous functional neuroimaging findings, where L-theanine suppressed distractor-processing and default-mode-network activity in visual selective attention tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umangi W Karunaratne
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Tharaka L Dassanayake
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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Jagim AR, Harty PS, Tinsley GM, Kerksick CM, Gonzalez AM, Kreider RB, Arent SM, Jager R, Smith-Ryan AE, Stout JR, Campbell BI, VanDusseldorp T, Antonio J. International society of sports nutrition position stand: energy drinks and energy shots. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2171314. [PMID: 36862943 PMCID: PMC9987737 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2171314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) bases the following position stand on a critical analysis of the literature regarding the effects of energy drink (ED) or energy shot (ES) consumption on acute exercise performance, metabolism, and cognition, along with synergistic exercise-related performance outcomes and training adaptations. The following 13 points constitute the consensus of the Society and have been approved by the Research Committee of the Society: Energy drinks (ED) commonly contain caffeine, taurine, ginseng, guarana, carnitine, choline, B vitamins (vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, and B12), vitamin C, vitamin A (beta carotene), vitamin D, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium), sugars (nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners), tyrosine, and L-theanine, with prevalence for each ingredient ranging from 1.3 to 100%. Energy drinks can enhance acute aerobic exercise performance, largely influenced by the amount of caffeine (> 200 mg or >3 mg∙kg bodyweight [BW-1]) in the beverage. Although ED and ES contain several nutrients that are purported to affect mental and/or physical performance, the primary ergogenic nutrients in most ED and ES based on scientific evidence appear to be caffeine and/or the carbohydrate provision. The ergogenic value of caffeine on mental and physical performance has been well-established, but the potential additive benefits of other nutrients contained in ED and ES remains to be determined. Consuming ED and ES 10-60 minutes before exercise can improve mental focus, alertness, anaerobic performance, and/or endurance performance with doses >3 mg∙kg BW-1. Consuming ED and ES containing at least 3 mg∙kg BW-1 caffeine is most likely to benefit maximal lower-body power production. Consuming ED and ES can improve endurance, repeat sprint performance, and sport-specific tasks in the context of team sports. Many ED and ES contain numerous ingredients that either have not been studied or evaluated in combination with other nutrients contained in the ED or ES. For this reason, these products need to be studied to demonstrate efficacy of single- and multi-nutrient formulations for physical and cognitive performance as well as for safety. Limited evidence is available to suggest that consumption of low-calorie ED and ES during training and/or weight loss trials may provide ergogenic benefit and/or promote additional weight control, potentially through enhanced training capacity. However, ingestion of higher calorie ED may promote weight gain if the energy intake from consumption of ED is not carefully considered as part of the total daily energy intake. Individuals should consider the impact of regular coingestion of high glycemic index carbohydrates from ED and ES on metabolic health, blood glucose, and insulin levels. Adolescents (aged 12 through 18) should exercise caution and seek parental guidance when considering the consumption of ED and ES, particularly in excessive amounts (e.g. > 400 mg), as limited evidence is available regarding the safety of these products among this population. Additionally, ED and ES are not recommended for children (aged 2-12), those who are pregnant, trying to become pregnant, or breastfeeding and those who are sensitive to caffeine. Diabetics and individuals with preexisting cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatorenal, and/or neurologic disease who are taking medications that may be affected by high glycemic load foods, caffeine, and/or other stimulants should exercise caution and consult with their physician prior to consuming ED. The decision to consume ED or ES should be based upon the beverage's content of carbohydrate, caffeine, and other nutrients and a thorough understanding of the potential side effects. Indiscriminate use of ED or ES, especially if multiple servings per day are consumed or when consumed with other caffeinated beverages and/or foods, may lead to adverse effects. The purpose of this review is to provide an update to the position stand of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) integrating current literature on ED and ES in exercise, sport, and medicine. The effects of consuming these beverages on acute exercise performance, metabolism, markers of clinical health, and cognition are addressed, as well as more chronic effects when evaluating ED/ES use with exercise-related training adaptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin – La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Patrick S. Harty
- Exercise & Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Grant M. Tinsley
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
- Exercise & Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Adam M. Gonzalez
- Department of Allied Health and Kinesiology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Bill I. Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Trisha VanDusseldorp
- Bonafede Health, LLC, JDS Therapeutics, Harrison, NY, USA
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
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3
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Yilmaz U, Buzdagli Y, Polat ML, Bakir Y, Ozhanci B, Alkazan S, Ucar H. Effect of single or combined caffeine and L-Theanine supplementation on shooting and cognitive performance in elite curling athletes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2267536. [PMID: 37815006 PMCID: PMC10566444 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2267536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have investigated the effect of single or combined caffeine (CAF) and L-theanine (THE) intake on attention performance. However, its effect on shooting performance and cognitive performance in a sport is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis "Does single or combined CAF and THE supplementation have an effect on shooting and cognitive performance in elite curling athletes?." It is predicted that over the next decade, studies based on nutritional ergogenic supplements in the developing sport of curling will continue to increase, leading to a significant increase in studies examining the effects of CAF and THE supplementation, alone or in combination, on throwing and cognitive performance in elite curling athletes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized controlled crossover study, twenty-two elite national curling athletes (age 20.20 ± 1.61 and sports age 6.20 ± 0.51 years, height 174.10 ± 7.21 cm, BMI 21.80 ± 3.47 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to CAF (6 mg/kg single dose CAF), THE (6 mg/kg single dose THE), CAF*THE (6 mg/kg CAF and 6 mg/kg THE combined) and PLA (400 mg maltodextrin) groups at each of four sessions. 60 minutes after taking the supplement, the athletes were first given the Stroop test and then asked to shoot. RESULTS Our main findings have shown that the performance of athletes in guard (F=3.452, P < .001, ηp2 = .842), draw (F=1.647, P < .001, ηp2 = .485), and take-out (F=3.121, P < .001, ηp2 = .743) shot styles significantly improved when comparing the combined intake of CAF and THE to the PLA. Regarding cognitive performance evaluation through the Stroop test, during the NR task (F=4.743, P = .001, ηp2 = .653), the combined intake of CAF and THE significantly improved reaction times compared to the intake of single CAF, THE, or PLA. The best reaction times during the CR and ICR (respectively; F=2.742, P = .004, ηp2 = .328; F = 1.632, P < .001, ηp2 = .625) tasks were achieved with the combined CAF and THE intake, showing a significant improvement compared to PLA. During the NER (F=2.961, P < .001, ηp2 = .741), task, the combined intake of CAF and THE significantly improved error rates compared to the intake of CAF, THE, or PLA single. The best accuracy rates during the CER and ICER (respectively; F=4.127, P < .001, ηp2 = .396; F=3.899, P < .001, ηp2 = .710) tasks were achieved with the combined CAF and THE intake, leading to a significant reduction in error rates compared to PLA. Based on these findings, it has been demonstrated in this study that the best shooting scores and cognitive performance were achieved, particularly with the combined intake of CAF and THE. CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings, it has been demonstrated in this study that the best shooting scores and cognitive performance were achieved, particularly with the combined intake of CAF and THE. The combined use of these supplements has been found to be more effective on shooting and cognitive performance than their single use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Yilmaz
- Hakkâri University, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Hakkâri, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Buzdagli
- Erzurum Technical University, Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | - Yusuf Bakir
- Erzurum Technical University, Institute of Health Sciences, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Burak Ozhanci
- Erzurum Technical University, Institute of Health Sciences, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sena Alkazan
- Erzurum Technical University, Institute of Health Sciences, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Halil Ucar
- Atatürk University, Institute of Winter Sports and Sport Sciences, Erzurum, Turkey
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Minné D, Stromin J, Docrat T, Engel-Hills P, Marnewick JL. The effects of tea polyphenols on emotional homeostasis: Understanding dementia risk through stress, mood, attention & sleep. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 57:77-88. [PMID: 37739736 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Decades of research provide evidence that certain phytochemicals in tea (Camellia sinensis) and other herbal beverages are protective against the development of sporadic types of dementia in later life. Since tea drinking is an economical and widely adopted social-cultural practice across all age groups, it is an ideal product to target in designing low-cost dietary interventions for Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia. In this review, we focus on the protective roles of tea-derived polyphenols and other phytochemicals on mood, the stress response, attention, and sleep, in keeping with the perspective that many early neuropathological events in AD may stem, in part, from allostatic overload. This approach aligns with the perspective that many forms of dementia, including AD, begin to take root in the brain decades prior to symptom onset, underscoring the need for early uptake of accessible and viable lifestyle interventions. The findings reviewed here suggest that consuming green and oolong tea can improve mood and reduce overall stress. However, given the caffeine content in tea and its association with stress reactivity, the effects of daily whole tea consumption on the emotional state are likely dose-dependent with an inverted-U relationship to wellbeing. Plant-based beverages that are to be consumed in high daily quantities for health purposes and which are naturally free of caffeine, such as Rooibos, may be more appropriate as a dietary supplement for managing emotional regulation over the lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donné Minné
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Way, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa; Health and Wellness Sciences Faculty, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Way, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa.
| | - Juliet Stromin
- Psychology Department, University of Cape Town, Lover's Walk, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa.
| | - Taskeen Docrat
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Way, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa.
| | - Penelope Engel-Hills
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Way, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa; Health and Wellness Sciences Faculty, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Way, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa.
| | - Jeanine L Marnewick
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Way, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa.
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Processing Technologies for the Extraction of Value-Added Bioactive Compounds from Tea. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-023-09338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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Kennedy DO, Wightman EL. Mental Performance and Sport: Caffeine and Co-consumed Bioactive Ingredients. Sports Med 2022; 52:69-90. [PMID: 36447122 PMCID: PMC9734217 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01796-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The plant defence compound caffeine is widely consumed as a performance enhancer in a sporting context, with potential benefits expected in both physiological and psychological terms. However, although caffeine modestly but consistently improves alertness and fatigue, its effects on mental performance are largely restricted to improved attention or concentration. It has no consistent effect within other cognitive domains that are important to sporting performance, including working memory, executive function and long-term memory. Although caffeine's central nervous system effects are often attributed to blockade of the receptors for the inhibitory neuromodulator adenosine, it also inhibits a number of enzymes involved both in neurotransmission and in cellular homeostasis and signal propagation. Furthermore, it modulates the pharmacokinetics of other endogenous and exogenous bioactive molecules, in part via interactions with shared cytochrome P450 enzymes. Caffeine therefore enjoys interactive relationships with a wide range of bioactive medicinal and dietary compounds, potentially broadening, increasing, decreasing, or modulating the time course of their functional effects, or vice versa. This narrative review explores the mechanisms of action and efficacy of caffeine and the potential for combinations of caffeine and other dietary compounds to exert psychological effects in excess of those expected following caffeine alone. The review focusses on, and indeed restricted its untargeted search to, the most commonly consumed sources of caffeine: products derived from caffeine-synthesising plants that give us tea (Camellia sinensis), coffee (Coffea genus), cocoa (Theabroma cacao) and guaraná (Paullinia cupana), plus multi-component energy drinks and shots. This literature suggests relevant benefits to mental performance that exceed those associated with caffeine for multi-ingredient energy drinks/shots and several low-caffeine extracts, including high-flavanol cocoa and guarana. However, there is a general lack of research conducted in such a way as to disentangle the relative contributions of the component parts of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O. Kennedy
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Emma L. Wightman
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
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Medrano M, Molina-Hidalgo C, Alcantara JMA, Ruiz JR, Jurado-Fasoli L. Acute Effect of a Dietary Multi-Ingredient Nootropic as a Cognitive Enhancer in Young Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Triple-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial. Front Nutr 2022; 9:858910. [PMID: 35634417 PMCID: PMC9133906 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.858910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To study the acute effect of a dietary multi-ingredient nootropic on cognitive performance in young healthy adults. We also analyzed the influence of the dietary multi-ingredient nootropic on emotional state, heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV). Methods This is a randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. In total, 26 young healthy adults (50% women; 24.9 ± 3.3 years old) ingested 10 g of a dietary multi-ingredient nootropic [Evo-Gamers®; Harrison Sport Nutrition (HSN), Granada, Spain] or placebo (maltodextrin) in a randomized order (clinicaltrials.gov No. NCT04790188). After 30 min of the ingestion, participants performed a battery of cognitive performance tests to measure the processing speed, inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, creativity, and verbal fluency. The emotional status was assessed through questionnaires, and HR and HRV were measured using a heart rate monitor. Results In comparison with placebo, the acute ingestion of the nootropic showed a significantly better response time in several cognitive tests (i.e., processing speed, inhibitory control, spatial working memory, and cognitive flexibility, all P < 0.05 and effect size range of 0.4–0.6). It also displayed a higher accuracy in the processing speed, the inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility tests (all P < 0.05; effect size ranged from 0.4 to 0.6). Furthermore, the nootropic showed a higher creativity and positive emotions and lower sadness-depression emotions, whereas HR and HRV remained similar between placebo vs. nootropic conditions. However, there were no differences between the nootropic and placebo in verbal fluency, motivation, or anxiety (all P > 0.05). Conclusion An acute ingestion of a dietary multi-ingredient nootropic enhances cognitive performance in comparison with placebo without negatively influencing HR or HRV in young healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Medrano
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Molina-Hidalgo
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan M. A. Alcantara
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jonatan R. Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lucas Jurado-Fasoli
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- *Correspondence: Lucas Jurado-Fasoli,
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Stratton MT, Siedler MR, Harty PS, Rodriguez C, Boykin JR, Green JJ, Keith DS, White SJ, DeHaven B, Williams AD, Tinsley GM. The influence of caffeinated and non-caffeinated multi-ingredient pre-workout supplements on resistance exercise performance and subjective outcomes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:126-149. [PMID: 35599920 PMCID: PMC9116396 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2060048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is substantial consumer and practitioner interest in an emerging supplement class known as multi-ingredient pre-workout supplements (MIPS), largely due to their prevalence in resistance training communities as well as research findings demonstrating the ergogenic impact of caffeine on muscular performance. However, limited research has examined the potential efficacy of non-caffeinated MIPS, despite their growing popularity among those who are caffeine-sensitive or who train later in the day. Methods Twenty-four resistance-trained college-aged males (n = 12) and females (n = 12) completed three visits in which they ingested either a caffeinated MIPS (C), an otherwise identical non-caffeinated MIPS (NC), or placebo in a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover fashion. Squat isometric peak force (PFiso), rate of force development (RFD), and isokinetic performance were assessed. Upper and lower body maximal muscular strength and endurance were evaluated using the bench press and leg press, respectively. Visual analog scales for energy, focus, and fatigue were completed five times throughout the testing protocol. The effects of supplementation and biological sex on all variables were examined using linear mixed effects models. Results Significantly greater PFiso was observed in both C (b: 0.36 transformed units [0.09, 0.62]) and NC (b: 0.32 transformed units [95% CI: 0.05, 0.58]) conditions, relative to placebo. Early RFD (RFD50) may have been higher with supplementation, particularly in females, with no effects for late RFD (RFD200) or peak RFD. In addition, increases in subjective energy after supplement ingestion were noted for C, but not NC. No effects of supplementation on traditional resistance exercise performance or isokinetic squat performance were observed, other than a lower leg press one-repetition maximum for males in the NC condition. Conclusions These data indicate that acute ingestion of either a caffeinated or non-caffeinated pre-workout formulation improved maximal force production during an isometric squat test but did not provide additional benefit to leg press, bench press, or isokinetic squat performance over placebo, within the context of a laboratory environment. The consumption of a caffeinated, but not non-caffeinated, MIPS increased subjective ratings of energy over placebo when assessed as part of a testing battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Stratton
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Madelin R. Siedler
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Patrick S. Harty
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Christian Rodriguez
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jake R. Boykin
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jacob J. Green
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Dale S. Keith
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sarah J. White
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Brielle DeHaven
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Abegale D. Williams
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Grant M. Tinsley
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Saeed M, Khan MS, Kamboh AA, Alagawany M, Khafaga AF, Noreldin AE, Qumar M, Safdar M, Hussain M, Abd El-Hack ME, Chao S. L-theanine: an astounding sui generis amino acid in poultry nutrition. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5625-5636. [PMID: 33142480 PMCID: PMC7647716 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
L-theanine (γ-Glutamylethylamide) is a nonprotein water soluble amino acid (AA) mostly found in leaves of Camellia sinensis (green tea). This is a key component of green tea and is considered as the most abundant form of total AAs in green tea (i.e., about 50%). L-theanine is an exclusive taste ingredient of tea producing an attractive flavor and aroma in tea. It has biological effects such as antioxidant, growth promoter, immune booster, anti-stresser, hepatoprotective, antitumor, antiaging, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antianxiety activities that are worth noticing. It could reduce the oxidative impairment by reducing the synthesis of reactive oxygen species, oxidative parameters, and lipid damage as well as increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The oral ingestion of L-theanine enhanced γδ T-cell proliferation. Therefore, it is being considered an essential compound of green tea that has the ability to improve immune function. The L-theanine can be used as a potential treatment for hepatic injury and immune-related liver diseases via the downregulation of the inflammatory response through the initiation of nitric oxide synthesis and glutathione production which are likely to be critical for the control of hepatic diseases as well as for the improvement of immune function. In addition, it could be used as a best natural feed additive with a potent antistressor by decreasing the levels of corticosterone, dopamine, and noradrenaline. After systematically reviewing the literature, it is noticed that most studies were carried out on mice, pig, human, and butterfly; while dietary supplementation studies of L-theanine in animal and poultry especially among broilers are very limited because of less awareness of this AA. So, the aim of this review is to encourage the veterinarian and poultry researchers to conduct more research at the molecular level about this AA to expose its more beneficial effects and its mechanism of absorption for potential use of this unique green tea AA in poultry nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saeed
- Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China; Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajjad Khan
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Asghar Ali Kamboh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam 70060, Pakistan
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Noreldin
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Qumar
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Safdar
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Mubashar Hussain
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Sun Chao
- Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China.
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10
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Zaragoza J, Tinsley G, Urbina S, Villa K, Santos E, Juaneza A, Tinnin M, Davidson C, Mitmesser S, Zhang Z, Taylor L. Effects of acute caffeine, theanine and tyrosine supplementation on mental and physical performance in athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:56. [PMID: 31771598 PMCID: PMC6880365 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A limited amount of research has demonstrated beneficial effects of caffeine and theanine supplementation for enhancement of mental performance. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the acute ingestion of a supplement containing caffeine, theanine and tyrosine improves mental and physical performance in athletes. METHODS Twenty current or former male collegiate athletes (age: 20.5 ± 1.4 y; height: 1.82 ± 0.08 m; weight: 83.9 ± 12.6 kg; body fat: 13.8 ± 5.6%) completed this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. After familiarization, each participant completed two identical testing sessions with provision of a proprietary dietary supplement (SUP) containing caffeine theanine and tyrosine or a placebo (PL). Within each testing session, participants completed assessments of mental and physical performance before and after provision of SUP or PL, as well as after two rounds of exercise. Assessments were performed using a performance testing device (Makoto Arena) that evaluated multiple aspects of mental and physical performance in response to auditory and visual stimuli. Testing was performed both with the body in a static position and during dynamic movement. General linear models were used to evaluate the effects of SUP and PL on performance. RESULTS Changes in movement accuracy during performance assessment were greater following SUP ingestion as compared to PL for both static and dynamic testing (SUP: + 0.4 to 7.5%; PL: - 1.4 to 1.4% on average; p < 0.05). For dynamic testing, the change in number of targets hit was higher and the change in average hit time was lower with SUP as compared to PL (p < 0.05). However, there were no differences between conditions for the changes in number of targets hit or average hit time during static testing. There were no differences in changes of subjective variables during either condition, and performance measures during the two rounds of exercise did not differ between conditions (p > 0.05). DISCUSSION The present results indicate that a combination of a low-dose of caffeine with theanine and tyrosine may improve athletes' movement accuracy surrounding bouts of exhaustive exercise without altering subjective variables. Based on this finding, supplementation with caffeine, theanine and tyrosine could potentially hold ergogenic value for athletes in sports requiring rapid and accurate movements. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03019523. Registered 24 January 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Zaragoza
- School of Exercise & Sports Science, Human Performance Lab, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, 76513, USA
| | - Grant Tinsley
- Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Stacie Urbina
- Guardian Premiere Solutions Special Warfare, San Antonio, TX, 78236, USA
| | - Katelyn Villa
- School of Exercise & Sports Science, Human Performance Lab, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, 76513, USA
| | - Emily Santos
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiac Rehabilitation, Scott & White Medical Center, Temple, TX, 76508, USA
| | - Angelie Juaneza
- School of Exercise & Sports Science, Human Performance Lab, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, 76513, USA
| | - Matthias Tinnin
- School of Exercise & Sports Science, Human Performance Lab, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, 76513, USA
| | - Cory Davidson
- Department of Nutrition & Scientific Affairs, The Nature's Bounty Co., 2100 Smithtown Ave, Ronkonkoma, NY, 11779, USA
| | - Susan Mitmesser
- Department of Nutrition & Scientific Affairs, The Nature's Bounty Co., 2100 Smithtown Ave, Ronkonkoma, NY, 11779, USA
| | - Zhiying Zhang
- Department of Nutrition & Scientific Affairs, The Nature's Bounty Co., 2100 Smithtown Ave, Ronkonkoma, NY, 11779, USA
| | - Lem Taylor
- School of Exercise & Sports Science, Human Performance Lab, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, 76513, USA.
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11
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Enzymatic synthesis of L-theanine from L-glutamine and ethylamine by Bacillus licheniformis γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and its mutants specialized in transpeptidase activity. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Thomas CJ, Rothschild J, Earnest CP, Blaisdell A. The Effects of Energy Drink Consumption on Cognitive and Physical Performance in Elite League of Legends Players. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7090196. [PMID: 31443435 PMCID: PMC6784180 DOI: 10.3390/sports7090196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the cognitive and physical changes associated with consuming an energy drink concurrent to video gaming, we examined a convenience sample of nine elite League of Legends (LoL) e-sport players (21 ± 2 y, BMI 25.6 ± 3.4 kg/m2) consuming an energy drink (ReloadTM) or placebo (Placebo) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Participants completed the same test battery prior to treatment consumption and after playing each of three competitive LoL games. Primary outcomes included measures of attention (Erikson Flanker Test), reaction time (Go/No-Go test) and working memory (n-back test). Secondary outcomes examined fatigue (hand grip strength and finger tap speed). Statistical analysis was performed by repeated-measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) and reported as the mean (standard deviation [SD]) or mean change (95% confidence interval [CI]). Participants reported sleeping 8.1 (1.2) h/night, playing LoL 10.3 (2.1) h/d, playing other video games 1.8 (2.8) h/d, and exercising 4.2 (1.7) times per week. Overall, we observed no significant time, group, or group-by-time interactions for any measured performance index with the exception of a significant improvement for the n-back test, where the Reload group demonstrated a significant within-group improvement: Reload [−171 ms (95% CI, −327.91, −14.09), p < 0.004], Placebo [−92 ms (95% CI, −213.63, 29.63)]. However, no between-group differences were noted (38.50 ms, 95% CI, −141.89, 64.89, p = 0.803). Our findings suggest that elite eSport athletes do not demonstrate a mental or physical improvement in performance relative to the treatment supplement or indices measured in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey J Thomas
- School of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA.
- Athletics Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Rothschild
- School of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA.
- TriFit Performance Center, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA.
| | - Conrad P Earnest
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Aaron Blaisdell
- Department of Psychology & Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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13
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Katasonov AB. [Neurobiological effects of theanine and its possible use in neurology and psychiatry]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 118:118-124. [PMID: 30585616 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2018118111118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Theanine is an analog of glutamate and the major aminoacid in green tea. It has received growing attention in recent years because of its beneficial effects on the central nervous system. Theanine was shown to increase levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and to stimulate neurogenesis. Anti-stress and calming effects of theanine are the most apparent and well-studied. A number of studies showed neuroprotective effects of theanine after an ischemic cerebral injury or the exposure to toxic chemicals. It also improved cognitive function including attention, memory and learning. Recent studies demonstrated a promising role of theanine in augmentation therapy for major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. Theoretical grounds for using theanine in treatment of bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder and some neurodegenerative disorders are discussed.
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14
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Gijselaers HJM, Kirschner PA, de Groot RHM. The Consumption of Breakfast, Fish and/or Caffeine does not Predict Study Progress in Adult Distance Education. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2019; 88:1-9. [PMID: 31161895 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of breakfast, fish, or caffeine are each separately often investigated in relation to learning performance in traditional education, but not in distance education (DE). The objective of this study was to investigate whether the relations between the consumption of breakfast, fish, and/or caffeine on the one hand and learning performance on the other are also found in DE students. This population is different from traditional students and characterized by a different profile in terms of age, personal and work responsibilities as well as other demographics. In an observational longitudinal study, the consumption of breakfast, fish, and caffeine of 1157 DE students (18-76 years old, mean 35.8 ± 11.1 years) was used to predict learning performance using multiple regression analysis. In an online digital survey, university students provided information about their consumption of these nutritional measures and on important covariates. Learning performance, measured as study progress (i.e., the number of successfully completed modules), was evaluated objectively after 14 months. Results showed that adding the consumption of breakfast, fish, and caffeine to the covariate model did not fit the data better, χ2 (3, N = 1155) = 3.287, p = 0.35. This means that neither the consumption of breakfast nor fish nor caffeine predicted study progress in adults participating in DE. This study is important as it is the first to report on these relations in this specific age group and educational setting, which is increasingly important due to the increased preference for this type of education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronymus J M Gijselaers
- 1 Welten Institute - Research Centre for Learning, Teaching and Technology, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Paul A Kirschner
- 1 Welten Institute - Research Centre for Learning, Teaching and Technology, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands.,2 Learning & Educational Technology Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Renate H M de Groot
- 3 Maastricht University, Department of Complex Genetics, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM)/Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht, Netherlands
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15
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Schuster J, Mitchell ES. More than just caffeine: psychopharmacology of methylxanthine interactions with plant-derived phytochemicals. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 89:263-274. [PMID: 30213684 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In general, preparations of coffee, teas, and cocoa containing high levels of polyphenols, L-theanine and other bioactive compounds selectively enhance mood and cognition effects of caffeine. This review summarizes the bioactive components of commonly consumed natural caffeine sources (e.g. guayusa, mate and camellia teas, coffee and cocoa) and analyzes the psychopharmacology of constituent phytochemicals: methylxanthines, polyphenols, and L-theanine. Acute and chronic synergistic effects of these compounds on mood and cognition are compared and discussed. Specific sets of constituent compounds such as polyphenols, theobromine and L-theanine appear to enhance mood and cognition effects of caffeine and alleviate negative psychophysiological effects of caffeine. However, more research is needed to identify optimal combinations and ratios of caffeine and phytochemicals for enhancement of cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Schuster
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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16
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Daou M, Sassi JM, Miller MW, Gonzalez AM. Effects of a Multi-Ingredient Energy Supplement on Cognitive Performance and Cerebral-Cortical Activation. J Diet Suppl 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2018.1440686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Daou
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Adam M. Gonzalez
- Department of Health Professions, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
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17
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Wang D, Gao Q, Zhao G, Kan Z, Wang X, Wang H, Huang J, Wang T, Qian F, Ho CT, Wang Y. Protective Effect and Mechanism of Theanine on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and Acute Liver Injury in Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7674-7683. [PMID: 29969892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Theanine, a unique bioactive constituent from tea ( Camellia sinensis) leaves, is widely used as a functional ingredient and dietary supplement. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects of theanine and its molecular mechanism, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation mouse model was employed in this study. The survival rate of mice in the theanine-treated group increased significantly compared with that of LPS-only group mice. Furthermore, ICR male mice were randomly divided into three or four groups: control, LPS (LPS treatment only), LPS + theanine (20 mg/kg/day), and theanine (theanine treatment only). The results showed that compared with the LPS group, the liver damage and oxidative stress of the theanine-treated group decreased significantly, based on plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentrations, hepatic total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and histological scores and apoptosis [terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining and caspase-3 activity] in the liver tissues. Furthermore, compared with no treatment, pretreatment with theanine significantly decreased the release of interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, inhibited the expression of several inflammatory factors (including IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6), and increased the IL-10/interferon (IFN)-γ ratio in the hepatic tissues. In the LPS-induced inflammation model, theanine inhibited the expression of proinflammatory mediators involved in the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), and attenuated the phosphorylation of NF-κB in the hepatic tissues. Moreover, theanine suppressed the acute-phase response (elevated nitric oxide and C-reactive protein levels). Furthermore, theanine suppressed the LPS-induced inflammatory state by normalizing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity. Taken together, the results suggest that theanine potentially ameliorates LPS-induced inflammation and acute liver injury; molecular mechanism of action may involve normalization of HPA axis hyperactivity and inactivation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Guangshan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Zhipeng Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Haisong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Jinbao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Taotao Wang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition , Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , Jiangsu 212000 , China
| | - Frank Qian
- Pritzker School of Medicine , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
- Department of Food Science , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901 , United States
| | - Yijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
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18
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Theanine supplementation prevents liver injury and heat shock response by normalizing hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis hyperactivity in mice subjected to whole body heat stress. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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19
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Dietz C, Dekker M. Effect of Green Tea Phytochemicals on Mood and Cognition. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 23:2876-2905. [PMID: 28056735 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666170105151800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Green tea is traditionally known to induce mental clarity, cognitive function, physical activation and relaxation. Recently, a special green tea, matcha tea, is rapidly gaining popularity throughout the world and is frequently referred to as a mood- and brain food. Matcha tea consumption leads to much higher intake of green tea phytochemicals compared to regular green tea. Previous research on tea constituents caffeine, L-theanine, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) repeatedly demonstrated benefits on mood and cognitive performance. These effects were observed when these phytochemicals were consumed separately and in combination. METHODS A review was conducted on 49 human intervention studies to summarize the research on acute psychoactive effects of caffeine, L-theanine, and EGCG on different dimensions of mood and cognitive performance. CONCLUSION Caffeine was found to mainly improve performance on demanding long-duration cognitive tasks and self-reported alertness, arousal, and vigor. Significant effects already occurred at low doses of 40 mg. L-theanine alone improved self-reported relaxation, tension, and calmness starting at 200 mg. L-theanine and caffeine combined were found to particularly improve performance in attention-switching tasks and alertness, but to a lesser extent than caffeine alone. No conclusive evidence relating to effects induced by EGCG could be given since the amount of intervention studies was limited. These studies provided reliable evidence showing that L-theanine and caffeine have clear beneficial effects on sustained attention, memory, and suppression of distraction. Moreover, L-theanine was found to lead to relaxation by reducing caffeine induced arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dietz
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Dekker
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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20
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Turck D, Bresson J, Burlingame B, Dean T, Fairweather‐Tait S, Heinonen M, Hirsch‐Ernst KI, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Neuhäuser‐Berthold M, Nowicka G, Pentieva K, Sanz Y, Sjödin A, Stern M, Tomé D, Van Loveren H, Vinceti M, Willatts P, Martin A, Strain S(JJ, Siani A. Black tea and improvement of attention: evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05266. [PMID: 32625903 PMCID: PMC7009616 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following an application from Unilever NV, submitted for authorisation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 via the Competent Authority of Ireland, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the scientific substantiation of a health claim related to black tea and improvement of attention. The scope of the application was proposed to fall under a health claim based on newly developed scientific evidence. The food proposed by the applicant as the subject of the health claim is black tea. The Panel considers that black tea characterised by its content of tea solids, caffeine and l‐theanine, which is the subject of the health claim, is sufficiently characterised in relation to the claimed effect. The claimed effect proposed by the applicant is ‘improves attention’. The Panel considers that improvement of attention is a beneficial physiological effect. Three human intervention studies provided by the applicant show an effect of black tea on attention under the conditions of used proposed by the applicant. The applicant proposed that the claimed effect depends on the concerted action of two substances, caffeine and l‐theanine, both of which are present in black tea. The Panel considers that the effect of black tea on attention observed in the three human intervention studies provided by the applicant can be explained by its caffeine content. The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has been established between the consumption of black tea and improvement of attention. The Panel considers that the effect of black tea on attention can be explained by its caffeine content. The following wording reflects the scientific evidence: ‘Owing to its caffeine content, black tea improves attention’. In order to obtain the claimed effect, 2–3 servings of black tea providing at least 75 mg of caffeine in total should be consumed within 90 min.
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21
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Fernando WMADB, Somaratne G, Goozee KG, Williams S, Singh H, Martins RN. Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease: Can Tea Phytochemicals Play a Role in Prevention? J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:481-501. [PMID: 28582855 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dementia and diabetes mellitus are prevalent disorders in the elderly population. While recognized as two distinct diseases, diabetes has more recently recognized as a significant contributor to risk for developing dementia, and some studies make reference to type 3 diabetes, a condition resulting from insulin resistance in the brain. Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia, and diabetes, interestingly, share underlying pathological processes, commonality in risk factors, and, importantly, pathways for intervention. Tea has been suggested to possess potent antioxidant properties. It is rich in phytochemicals including, flavonoids, tannins, caffeine, polyphenols, boheic acid, theophylline, theobromine, anthocyanins, gallic acid, and finally epigallocatechin-3-gallate, which is considered to be the most potent active ingredient. Flavonoid phytochemicals, known as catechins, within tea offer potential benefits for reducing the risk of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease by targeting common risk factors, including obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. Studies also show that catechins may prevent the formation of amyloid-β plaques and enhance cognitive functions, and thus may be useful in treating patients who have Alzheimer's disease or dementia. Furthermore, other phytochemicals found within tea offer important antioxidant properties along with innate properties capable of modulating intracellular neuronal signal transduction pathways and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warnakulasuriya M A D B Fernando
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Geeshani Somaratne
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn G Goozee
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,KARVIAH Research Centre, Anglicare, Castle Hill, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shehan Williams
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Harjinder Singh
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,School of Biomedical Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,KARVIAH Research Centre, Anglicare, Castle Hill, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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22
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Tewari D, Stankiewicz AM, Mocan A, Sah AN, Tzvetkov NT, Huminiecki L, Horbańczuk JO, Atanasov AG. Ethnopharmacological Approaches for Dementia Therapy and Significance of Natural Products and Herbal Drugs. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:3. [PMID: 29483867 PMCID: PMC5816049 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a clinical syndrome wherein gradual decline of mental and cognitive capabilities of an afflicted person takes place. Dementia is associated with various risk factors and conditions such as insufficient cerebral blood supply, toxin exposure, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, and often coexisting with some neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Although there are well-established (semi-)synthetic drugs currently used for the management of AD and AD-associated dementia, most of them have several adverse effects. Thus, traditional medicine provides various plant-derived lead molecules that may be useful for further medical research. Herein we review the worldwide use of ethnomedicinal plants in dementia treatment. We have explored a number of recognized databases by using keywords and phrases such as “dementia”, “Alzheimer's,” “traditional medicine,” “ethnopharmacology,” “ethnobotany,” “herbs,” “medicinal plants” or other relevant terms, and summarized 90 medicinal plants that are traditionally used to treat dementia. Moreover, we highlight five medicinal plants or plant genera of prime importance and discuss the physiological effects, as well as the mechanism of action of their major bioactive compounds. Furthermore, the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and dementia is also discussed. We conclude that several drugs of plant origin may serve as promising therapeutics for the treatment of dementia, however, pivotal evidence for their therapeutic efficacy in advanced clinical studies is still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Adrian M Stankiewicz
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,ICHAT and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Archana N Sah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Biology Roumen Tsanev, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lukasz Huminiecki
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Jarosław O Horbańczuk
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland.,Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Mancini E, Beglinger C, Drewe J, Zanchi D, Lang UE, Borgwardt S. Green tea effects on cognition, mood and human brain function: A systematic review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 34:26-37. [PMID: 28899506 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Green tea (Camellia sinensis) is a beverage consumed for thousands of years. Numerous claims about the benefits of its consumption were stated and investigated. As green tea is experiencing a surge in popularity in Western culture and as millions of people all over the world drink it every day, it is relevant to understand its effects on the human brain. PURPOSE To assess the current state of knowledge in the literature regarding the effects of green tea or green tea extracts, l-theanine and epigallocatechin gallate both components of green tea-on general neuropsychology, on the sub-category cognition and on brain functions in humans. METHODS We systematically searched on PubMed database and selected studies by predefined eligibility criteria. We then assessed their quality and extracted data. We structured our effort according to the PRISMA statement. OUTCOME We reviewed and assessed 21 studies, 4 of which were randomised controlled trials, 12 cross-over studies (both assessed with an adapted version of the DELPHI-list), 4 were cross-sectional studies and one was a cohort study (both assessed with an adapted version of the Newcastle-Ottawa assessment scale). The average study quality as appraised by means of the DELPHI-list was good (8.06/9); the studies evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa-scale were also good (6.7/9). CONCLUSIONS The reviewed studies presented evidence that green tea influences psychopathological symptoms (e.g. reduction of anxiety), cognition (e.g. benefits in memory and attention) and brain function (e.g. activation of working memory seen in functional MRI). The effects of green tea cannot be attributed to a single constituent of the beverage. This is exemplified in the finding that beneficial green tea effects on cognition are observed under the combined influence of both caffeine and l-theanine, whereas separate administration of either substance was found to have a lesser impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edele Mancini
- University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry, Wilhelm Klein Str. 27, 4012 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Beglinger
- University Hospital Basel, Department of Gastroenterology, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Drewe
- University Hospital Basel, Department of Gastroenterology, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Davide Zanchi
- University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry, Wilhelm Klein Str. 27, 4012 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Undine E Lang
- University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry, Wilhelm Klein Str. 27, 4012 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry, Wilhelm Klein Str. 27, 4012 Basel, Switzerland; King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychosis Studies, London, United Kingdom.
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Sharma E, Joshi R, Gulati A. l-Theanine: An astounding sui generis integrant in tea. Food Chem 2017; 242:601-610. [PMID: 29037735 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
l-theanine (l-Th), a non-protein amino acid present in tea, is a valuable nutraceutical product with unique health benefits and used as an additive in food industry. l-Th enhances the umami taste but its use is limited due to its inadequate production. Different extraction approaches from tea shoots, chemical synthesis to microbial transformation have been tried to meet its demand. In vitro, in vivo as well as clinical studies have shown its positive effect in regulating CNS disorders. l-Th has become choice ingredient in CNS active products due to its anti-stress and neuroprotective role in dementias particularly in retrogression of Alzheimer's. l-Th biochemically modulates various anti-neoplastic agents by increasing their bioavailability in tumour cells. The review, is an effort to condense the recent research on l-Th highlighting its biological resource, plausible role in tea plant, production approaches, its physiological role on human health and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshita Sharma
- CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Robin Joshi
- CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ashu Gulati
- CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Dietz C, Dekker M, Piqueras-Fiszman B. An intervention study on the effect of matcha tea, in drink and snack bar formats, on mood and cognitive performance. Food Res Int 2017; 99:72-83. [PMID: 28784536 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Matcha tea is gaining popularity throughout the world in recent years and is frequently referred to as a mood-and-brain food. Previous research has demonstrated that three constituents present in matcha tea, l-theanine, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and caffeine, affect mood and cognitive performance. However, to date there are no studies assessing the effect of matcha tea itself. The present study investigates these effects by means of a human intervention study administering matcha tea and a matcha containing product. Using a randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blind study, 23 consumers participated in four test sessions. In each session, participants consumed one of the four test products: matcha tea, matcha tea bar (each containing 4g matcha tea powder), placebo tea, or placebo bar. The assessment was performed at baseline and 60min post-treatment. The participants performed a set of cognitive tests assessing attention, information processing, working memory, and episodic memory. The mood state was measured by means of a Profile of Mood States (POMS). After consuming the matcha products compared to placebo versions, there were mainly significant improvements in tasks measuring basic attention abilities and psychomotor speed in response to stimuli over a defined period of time. In contrast to expectations, the effect was barely present in the other cognitive tasks. The POMS results revealed no significant changes in mood. The influence of the food matrix was demonstrated by the fact that on most cognitive performance measures the drink format outperformed the bar format, particularly in tasks measuring speed of spatial working memory and delayed picture recognition. This study suggests that matcha tea consumed in a realistic dose can induce slight effects on speed of attention and episodic secondary memory to a low degree. Further studies are required to elucidate the influences of the food matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dietz
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Dekker
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
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Daglia M, Di Lorenzo A, Nabavi SF, Sureda A, Khanjani S, Moghaddam AH, Braidy N, Nabavi SM. Improvement of Antioxidant Defences and Mood Status by Oral GABA Tea Administration in a Mouse Model of Post-Stroke Depression. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9050446. [PMID: 28468264 PMCID: PMC5452176 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Green GABA (GGABA) and Oolong GABA (OGABA) teas are relatively new varieties of tea, whose chemical composition and functional properties are largely under-studied, despite their promising health capacities. Post stroke depression (PSD) is a complication of stroke with high clinical relevance, yielding increasing mortality and morbidity rates, and a lower response to common therapies and rehabilitation. Methods: Two chemically characterized commercial samples of GGABA and OGABA were investigated for effects on mood following oral administration using a mouse model of PSD, through common validated tests including the Despair Swimming Test and Tail Suspension Test. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of GGABA and OGABA was evaluated by determining the levels of lipid peroxidation products and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the mouse brain in vivo. Results: GGABA and OGABA attenuated depressed mood by influencing behavioral parameters linked to depression. GGABA was more active than OGABA in this study, and this effect may be likely due to a higher content of polyphenolic substances and amino acids in GGABA compared to OGABA. GGABA also exerted a greater antioxidant activity. Conclusions: Our data suggests that GABA tea is a promising candidate that can be used as an adjuvant in the management of PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Daglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, Pavia University, VialeTaramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Arianna Di Lorenzo
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, Pavia University, VialeTaramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- KOLINPHARMA S.p.A., Lainate, Corso Europa 5, 20020 Lainate (MI), Italy.
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19395-5487, Tehran 19395-5487, Iran.
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Grup de Nutrició Comunitària i Estrès Oxidatiu and CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de E-07122 Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Sedigheh Khanjani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Behshti University, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran 19615-1178, Iran.
| | - Akbar Hajizadeh Moghaddam
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, 47416-95447 Babolsar, Iran.
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia.
- CHeBA NPI, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19395-5487, Tehran 19395-5487, Iran.
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Giles GE, Mahoney CR, Brunyé TT, Kanarek RB. Cautiously Caffeinated: Does Caffeine Modulate Inhibitory, Impulsive, or Risky Behavior? JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2016.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace E. Giles
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army Natick Soldier Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Natick, Massachusetts
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Caroline R. Mahoney
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army Natick Soldier Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Natick, Massachusetts
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Tad T. Brunyé
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army Natick Soldier Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Natick, Massachusetts
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Robin B. Kanarek
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
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Wilhelmus MM, Hay JL, Zuiker RG, Okkerse P, Perdrieu C, Sauser J, Beaumont M, Schmitt J, van Gerven JM, Silber BY. Effects of a single, oral 60 mg caffeine dose on attention in healthy adult subjects. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:222-232. [PMID: 27649778 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116668593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine induces positive effects on sustained attention, although studies assessing the acute effects of low caffeine dose (<75 mg) on sustained attention are limited and use short-term tests. Therefore, we investigated the acute effects of a 60 mg dose of caffeine on sustained attention in tests lasting up to 45 minutes using 82 low or non-caffeine-consuming healthy male ( n=41) and female ( n=41) adults aged between 40 and 60 years. Vigilance was measured using Mackworth Clock test, Rapid Visual Information Processing Test, adaptive tracking test, saccadic eye movement and attention switch test. Effects on mood and fatigue were analysed using Bond and Lader and Caffeine Research visual analogue scales, and Samn-Perelli questionnaire. Saliva sampling was performed for both compliance and caffeine pharmacokinetic analysis. Administration of a 60 mg caffeine dose resulted in a significant improvement in sustained attention compared with the placebo. Also a significantly improved peak saccadic velocity and reaction time performance was found, and decreased error rate. Significantly increased feelings of alertness, contentment and overall mood after caffeine treatment compared with placebo were observed. This study demonstrated that in healthy adult subjects oral administration of a single 60 mg caffeine dose elicited a clear enhancement of sustained attention and alertness, measured both in multiple objective performances and in subjective scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha Mm Wilhelmus
- 1 Centre for Human Drug Research (CHDR), Leiden, the Netherlands.,3 Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Justin L Hay
- 1 Centre for Human Drug Research (CHDR), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Gja Zuiker
- 1 Centre for Human Drug Research (CHDR), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter Okkerse
- 1 Centre for Human Drug Research (CHDR), Leiden, the Netherlands
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29
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Giles GE, Mahoney CR, Brunyé TT, Taylor HA, Kanarek RB. Caffeine and theanine exert opposite effects on attention under emotional arousal. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:93-100. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tea is perceived as more relaxing than coffee, even though both contain caffeine. L-theanine in tea may account for the difference. Consumed together, caffeine and theanine exert similar cognitive effects to that of caffeine alone, but exert opposite effects on arousal, in that caffeine accentuates and theanine mitigates physiological and felt stress responses. We evaluated whether caffeine and theanine influenced cognition under emotional arousal. Using a double-blind, repeated-measures design, 36 participants received 4 treatments (200 mg caffeine + 0 mg theanine, 0 mg caffeine + 200 mg theanine, 200 mg caffeine + 200 mg theanine, 0 mg caffeine + 0 mg theanine) on separate days. Emotional arousal was induced by highly arousing negative film clips and pictures. Mood, salivary cortisol, and visual attention were evaluated. Caffeine accentuated global processing of visual attention on the hierarchical shape task (p < 0.05), theanine accentuated local processing (p < 0.05), and the combination did not differ from placebo. Caffeine reduced flanker conflict difference scores on the Attention Network Test (p < 0.05), theanine increased difference scores (p < 0.05), and the combination did not differ from placebo. Thus, under emotional arousal, caffeine and theanine exert opposite effects on certain attentional processes, but when consumed together, they counteract the effects of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E. Giles
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Caroline R. Mahoney
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Tad T. Brunyé
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Holly A. Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Robin B. Kanarek
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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30
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l-Theanine as a Functional Food Additive: Its Role in Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. BEVERAGES 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages2020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Gijselaers HJM, Elena B, Kirschner PA, de Groot RHM. Physical Activity, Sleep, and Nutrition Do Not Predict Cognitive Performance in Young and Middle-Aged Adults. Front Psychol 2016; 7:642. [PMID: 27199867 PMCID: PMC4854020 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological lifestyle factors (BLFs) such as physical activity, sleep, and nutrition play a role in cognitive functioning. Research concerning the relation between BLFs and cognitive performance is scarce however, especially in young and middle-aged adults. Research has not yet focused on a multidisciplinary approach with respect to this relation in the abovementioned population, where lifestyle habits are more stable. The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of these BLFs to cognitive performance. Path analysis was conducted in an observational study in which 1131 adults were analyzed using a cross-validation approach. Participants provided information on physical activity, sedentary behavior, chronotype, sleep duration, sleep quality, and the consumption of breakfast, fish, and caffeine via a survey. Their cognitive performance was measured using objective digital cognitive tests. Exploration yielded a predictive cohesive model that fitted the data properly, χ2/df = 0.8, CFI = 1.00, RMSEA < 0.001, SRMR = 0.016. Validation of the developed model indicated that the model fitted the data satisfactorily, χ2/df = 2.75, CFI = 0.95, RMSEA < 0.056, SRMR = 0.035. None of the variables within the BLFs were predictive for any of the cognitive performance measures, except for sedentary behavior. Although sedentary behavior was positively predictive for processing speed its contribution was small and unclear. The results indicate that the variables within the BLFs do not predict cognitive performance in young and middle-aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronymus J M Gijselaers
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Welten Institute-Research Centre for Learning, Teaching and Technology, Open University of the Netherlands Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Barberà Elena
- eLearn Center, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul A Kirschner
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Welten Institute-Research Centre for Learning, Teaching and Technology, Open University of the Netherlands Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Renate H M de Groot
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Welten Institute-Research Centre for Learning, Teaching and Technology, Open University of the NetherlandsHeerlen, Netherlands; Department of Complex Genetics, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, Netherlands
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Boros K, Jedlinszki N, Csupor D. Theanine and Caffeine Content of Infusions Prepared from Commercial Tea Samples. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 12:75-9. [PMID: 27019564 PMCID: PMC4787341 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.176061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Caffeine and L-theanine are pharmacologically important constituents of tea, especially due to their effects on the central nervous system. The effects of these two compounds are opposite: While caffeine is a well-known stimulant, theanine has a relaxing effect. Tea processing may influence the caffeine and theanine content of tea leaves. Objective: The aim of our work was to quantify these constituents from a set of commercial products to reveal the possible correlations of caffeine and theanine content and processing methods. Materials and Methods: Theanine and caffeine contents of 37 commercial white, green, oolong, black, and pu-erh tea samples were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. Results: The mean L-theanine content of white, green, oolong, and black teas were 6.26, 6.56, 6.09, and 5.13 mg/g, respectively. The same values for caffeine content were 16.79, 16.28, 19.31, and 17.73 mg/g. Conclusion: Though the effect of processing on theanine content was evident, quantification for these analytes does not seem to be a good criterion to discriminate the different types of tea. Caffeine content provided no information on the effect of processing, and the theanine content of the samples was rather variable, independently from the type of the tea. The quantitative analysis of caffeine and theanine is essential to assess the stimulating effect of the tea, however, for chemical profiling further secondary metabolites have to be determined. SUMMARY Thirty-seven commercial white, green, oolong, black, and pu-erh tea samples were analyzed for caffeine and theanine content While the caffeine content was similar, the theanine contents of black teas were slightly lower and practically zero in pu-erh The great variability of these two compound within the tea categories allows no discrimination of tea types based solely on theanine and caffeine quantification Contrary to the previous data, the way of processing has no determining effect on theanine content.
Abbreviations used: CZE: Capillary zone electrophoresis, DAD: Diode array detector, EEG: Electroencephalography, GC: Gas chromatography, HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography, IR: Infrared spectroscopy, MEKC: Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, MS: Mass spectrometry, RP: Reversed phase, RSD: Relative standard deviation, SD: Standard deviation, TLC: Tile liquid chromatography, UV: Ultraviolet
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Boros
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nikoletta Jedlinszki
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dezső Csupor
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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Sumathi T, Asha D, Nagarajan G, Sreenivas A, Nivedha R. L-Theanine alleviates the neuropathological changes induced by PCB (Aroclor 1254) via inhibiting upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in rat brain. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 42:99-117. [PMID: 26826962 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study is aimed at evaluating the protective role of L-theanine on aroclor 1254-induced oxidative stress in rat brain. Intraperitoneal administration of Aroclor 1254 (2 mg/kg b.wt. for 30 days) caused oxidative stress in rat brain and also caused neurobehavioral changes. Oxidative stress was assessed by determining the levels of lipid peroxide (LPO), protein carbonyl content, and changes in activities of creatine kinase (CK), acetylcholinesterase (AchE), and ATPases in the hippocampus, cerebellum and cerebral cortex of control and experimental rats. Histopathological results showed that PCB caused neuronal loss in all three regions. PCB upregulated the mRNA expressions of inflammatory cytokines. Oral administration of L-theanine (200 mg/kg b.wt.) increased the status of antioxidants, decreased the levels of LPO, nitric oxide (NO) and increased the activities of CK, AchE and ATPases. L-Theanine restored normal architecture of brain regions and downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, L-theanine shows a protective role against PCBs-induced oxidative damage in rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangarajan Sumathi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600113, India.
| | - Deivasigamani Asha
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600113, India
| | - Ganesan Nagarajan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600113, India
| | - Arivazhagan Sreenivas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600113, India
| | - Rajendran Nivedha
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600113, India
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Kahathuduwa CN, Dassanayake TL, Amarakoon AMT, Weerasinghe VS. Acute effects of theanine, caffeine and theanine–caffeine combination on attention. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 20:369-377. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2016.1144845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chanaka N. Kahathuduwa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA
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Yu XC, Wu BL, Gao JC, Yang W. Theanine enhanced both the toxicity of strychnine and anticonvulsion of pentobarbital sodium. Drug Chem Toxicol 2015; 39:217-23. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2015.1080264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Dodd FL, Kennedy DO, Riby LM, Haskell-Ramsay CF. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effects of caffeine and L-theanine both alone and in combination on cerebral blood flow, cognition and mood. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2563-76. [PMID: 25761837 PMCID: PMC4480845 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Evidence suggests interactive effects of the tea components caffeine and L-theanine on behaviour, yet no data exists exploring the impact of the two on cerebral blood flow (CBF). OBJECTIVES The current placebo-controlled, double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover study examined the effects of caffeine and L-theanine on CBF and extended previous cognitive and mood findings by using lower doses than previous studies of a similar methodology, which more closely reflect the ratios present in tea. METHODS Twelve habitual consumers and 12 non-habitual consumers of caffeine each received 75 mg caffeine, 50 mg L-theanine, 75 mg caffeine plus 50 mg L-theanine, and placebo in a counterbalanced order across four separate visits. CBF was measured via near-infrared spectroscopy with cognition and mood assessed at baseline and 30 min post-dose. Salivary caffeine and peripheral haemodynamics were co-monitored. RESULTS Caffeine reduced oxygenated haemoglobin (oxy-Hb), increased deoxygenated haemoglobin (deoxy-Hb), improved performance on attention tasks and increased overall mood ratings. Increases in deoxy-Hb following caffeine were more pronounced in non-consumers. Some evidence for increased deoxy-Hb remained when caffeine was combined with L-theanine, but this effect was attenuated and the effects of caffeine on oxy-Hb, cognition and mood were eradicated. CONCLUSIONS Combining L-theanine with caffeine, at levels and ratios equivalent to one to two cups of tea, eliminated the vasoconstrictive effect and behavioural effects of caffeine. This supports previous findings of an interaction between these substances, despite a lack of effects of L-theanine in isolation. However, at the levels tested here, this did not lead to a positive impact on behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. L. Dodd
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - D. O. Kennedy
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - L. M. Riby
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - C. F. Haskell-Ramsay
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
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Baker LB, Nuccio RP, Jeukendrup AE. Acute effects of dietary constituents on motor skill and cognitive performance in athletes. Nutr Rev 2014; 72:790-802. [PMID: 25400063 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Performance in many sports is at least partially dependent on motor control, coordination, decision-making, and other cognitive tasks. This review summarizes available evidence about the ingestion of selected nutrients or isolated compounds (dietary constituents) and potential acute effects on motor skill and/or cognitive performance in athletes. Dietary constituents discussed include branched-chain amino acids, caffeine, carbohydrate, cocoa flavanols, Gingko biloba, ginseng, guarana, Rhodiola rosea, sage, L-theanine, theobromine, and tyrosine. Although this is not an exhaustive list, these are perhaps the most researched dietary constituents. Caffeine and carbohydrate have the greatest number of published reports supporting their ability to enhance acute motor skill and cognitive performance in athletes. At this time, there is insufficient published evidence to substantiate the use of any other dietary constituents to benefit sports-related motor skill or cognitive performance. The optimal dose and timing of caffeine and carbohydrate intake promoting enhanced motor skill and cognitive performance remain to be identified. Valid, reliable, and sensitive batteries of motor skills and cognitive tests should be developed for use in future efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B Baker
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Barrington, Illinois, USA
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Rana A, Singh HP, Gulati A. Concurrent Analysis of Theanine, Caffeine, and Catechins Using Hydrophobic Selective C12 Stationary Phase. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.962144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Rana
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Tea Technology Lab, Hill Area Tea Science Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Harsh Pratap Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Tea Technology Lab, Hill Area Tea Science Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ashu Gulati
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Tea Technology Lab, Hill Area Tea Science Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Culetu A, Héritier J, Andlauer W. Valorisation of theanine from decaffeinated tea dust in bakery functional food. Int J Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Culetu
- Institute of Life Technologies; University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland; Route du Rawyl 47 CH-1950 Sion Switzerland
- National Institute of Research & Development for Food Bioresources - IBA Bucharest; Dinu Vintila 6 021102 Bucharest Romania
| | - Julien Héritier
- Institute of Life Technologies; University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland; Route du Rawyl 47 CH-1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Wilfried Andlauer
- Institute of Life Technologies; University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland; Route du Rawyl 47 CH-1950 Sion Switzerland
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Camfield DA, Stough C, Farrimond J, Scholey AB. Acute effects of tea constituents L-theanine, caffeine, and epigallocatechin gallate on cognitive function and mood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2014; 72:507-22. [PMID: 24946991 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted on 11 randomized placebo-controlled human studies of acute effects of tea constituents L-theanine and epigallocatechin gallate, administered alone or in combination with caffeine, on cognitive function and mood. The outcome measures of mood were alertness, calmness, and contentedness, derived from the Bond-Lader scales, and state anxiety, from the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Cognitive measures assessed were attentional switch, intersensory attention, and rapid visual information processing. Standardized mean differences between placebo and treatment groups are presented for each study and outcome measure. Meta-analysis using a random-effects model was conducted when data were available for three or more studies. Evidence of moderate effect sizes in favor of combined caffeine and L-theanine in the first 2 hours postdose were found for outcome measures Bond-Lader alertness, attentional switching accuracy, and, to a lesser extent, some unisensory and multisensory attentional outcomes. Moderator analysis of caffeine and L-theanine doses revealed trends toward greater change in effect size for caffeine dose than for L-theanine dose, particularly during the first hour postdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Camfield
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Hawthorn, Australia
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Thangarajan S, Deivasigamani A, Natarajan SS, Krishnan P, Mohanan SK. Neuroprotective activity ofL-theanine on 3-nitropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rat striatum. Int J Neurosci 2014; 124:673-84. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.872642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Maeda-Yamamoto M, Okuda Y, Ohsuge T, Monobe M. Examination of Conditions for the Efficient Extraction of Various Functional Ingredients from Tea Leaves ( Camellia sinensis L.) using a Tea Infuser, ‘Rich plus’ (RICH+ ®). J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.61.586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Einöther SJ, Martens VE. Acute effects of tea consumption on attention and mood. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:1700S-1708S. [PMID: 24172303 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.058248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea has historically been associated with mood and performance benefits, such as relaxation and concentration. This review summarizes the research on the acute effects of tea, and its ingredients theanine and caffeine, on attention and mood. Consistent with abundant research on the benefits of caffeine, the performance benefits of tea were identified in a number of studies, with particularly consistent evidence for improved attention. Tea consumption also consistently improved self-reported alertness and arousal, whereas effects on pleasure or relaxation were less consistent. In addition to the research on caffeine in real-life performance, 2 recent studies have provided a broader perspective on tea's effects on psychological function in that they showed beneficial effects in related areas such as work performance and creativity. These studies showed the validity of laboratory findings by supporting the idea that tea consumption has acute benefits on both mood and performance in real-life situations.
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Lardner AL. Neurobiological effects of the green tea constituent theanine and its potential role in the treatment of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 17:145-55. [PMID: 23883567 DOI: 10.1179/1476830513y.0000000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Theanine (n-ethylglutamic acid), a non-proteinaceous amino acid component of green and black teas, has received growing attention in recent years due to its reported effects on the central nervous system. It readily crosses the blood-brain barrier where it exerts a variety of neurophysiological and pharmacological effects. Its most well-documented effect has been its apparent anxiolytic and calming effect due to its up-regulation of inhibitory neurotransmitters and possible modulation of serotonin and dopamine in selected areas. It has also recently been shown to increase levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. An increasing number of studies demonstrate a neuroprotective effects following cerebral infarct and injury, although the exact molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Theanine also elicits improvements in cognitive function including learning and memory, in human and animal studies, possibly via a decrease in NMDA-dependent CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP) and increase in NMDA-independent CA1-LTP. Furthermore, theanine administration elicits selective changes in alpha brain wave activity with concomitant increases in selective attention during the execution of mental tasks. Emerging studies also demonstrate a promising role for theanine in augmentation therapy for schizophrenia, while animal models of depression report positive improvements following theanine administration. A handful of studies are beginning to examine a putative role in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and theoretical extrapolations to a therapeutic role for theanine in other psychiatric disorders such as anxiety disorders, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and bipolar disorder are discussed.
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Physiological effects of L-theanine on Drosophila melanogaster. Molecules 2013; 18:13175-87. [PMID: 24284483 PMCID: PMC6270322 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181113175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea has been consumed as the most popular drink in East Asia for centuries, and is believed to have a wide range of health benefits. l-Theanine, the major component of the free amino acids in green tea, has been reported to display neuronal protection and tumor inhibition in vitro, but its physiological effects on animal development and behavior remain elusive. In this report, we used Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, as a model organism to investigate the physiological effects of l-theanine. Flies were fed with three different concentrations of theanine as a dietary supplement after eclosion, and were examined for a variety of physiological parameters at different time points. We found theanine treatment results in significantly increased locomotion and courtship ability, and decreased resistance against wet and dry starvation in males, but not in females. Furthermore, theanine application diminished UV tolerance in females, but not in males. However, we did not perceive distinguishable effect of theanine on animal development, life span, weight, and tolerance of heat and anoxia. This work represents the first comprehensive physiological investigation of l-theanine at the whole animal level, and shall shed light on the mechanistic study of theanine in the future.
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Giesbrecht T, Rycroft J, Rowson M, De Bruin E. The combination of L-theanine and caffeine improves cognitive performance and increases subjective alertness. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 13:283-90. [DOI: 10.1179/147683010x12611460764840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Abstract
Research into the cognitive and mood effects of caffeine in human subjects has highlighted some fairly robust and well-accepted effects. However, the majority of these studies have focused on caffeine in isolation; whilst caffeine is normally consumed in the form of plant-derived products and extracts that invariably contain other potentially bioactive phytochemicals. The aim of the present review is to consider the possible mechanisms of action of co-occurring phytochemicals, and any epidemiological evidence suggesting that they contribute to potential health benefits ascribed to caffeine. Intervention studies to date that have been conducted to explore the effects on brain function of the non-caffeine components in caffeine-bearing plants (coffee, tea, cocoa, guaraná), either alone or in combination with caffeine, will also be summarised. Research is beginning to accumulate showing independent effects for several of the phytochemicals that co-occur with caffeine, and/or a modulation of the effects of caffeine when it is co-consumed with these naturally concomitant phytochemicals. The present review highlights that more research aimed at understanding the effects of these compounds is needed and, more importantly, the synergistic relationship that they may have with caffeine.
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Siamwala JH, Dias PM, Majumder S, Joshi MK, Sinkar VP, Banerjee G, Chatterjee S. l-Theanine promotes nitric oxide production in endothelial cells through eNOS phosphorylation. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:595-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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SHIMIZU Y, IMAOKA M, YANO S, SAWARAGI Y, TAKAGI K, WAKAYAMA M. Sensitive Enzymatic Method for the Quantification of Theanine, a Principal Umami Component of Commercial Tea Beverages. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.19.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Caffeine as an attention enhancer: reviewing existing assumptions. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:251-74. [PMID: 23241646 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2917-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Despite the large number of studies on the behavioural effects of caffeine, an unequivocal conclusion had not been reached. In this review, we seek to disentangle a number of questions. OBJECTIVE Whereas there is a general consensus that caffeine can improve performance on simple tasks, it is not clear whether complex tasks are also affected, or if caffeine affects performance of the three attention networks (alerting, orienting and executive control). Other questions being raised in this review are whether effects are more pronounced for higher levels of caffeine, are influenced by habitual caffeine use and whether there effects are due to withdrawal reversal. METHOD Literature review of double-blind placebo controlled studies that assessed acute effects of caffeine on attention tasks in healthy adult volunteers. RESULTS Caffeine improves performance on simple and complex attention tasks, and affects the alerting, and executive control networks. Furthermore, there is inconclusive evidence on dose-related performance effects of caffeine, or the influence of habitual caffeine consumption on the performance effects of caffeine. Finally, caffeine's effects cannot be attributed to withdrawal reversal. CONCLUSIONS Evidence shows that caffeine has clear beneficial effects on attention, and that the effects are even more widespread than previously assumed.
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