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Reich N, Mannino M, Kotler S. Using caffeine as a chemical means to induce flow states. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 159:105577. [PMID: 38331128 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Flow is an intrinsically rewarding state characterised by positive affect and total task absorption. Because cognitive and physical performance are optimal in flow, chemical means to facilitate this state are appealing. Caffeine, a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist, has been emphasized as a potential flow-inducer. Thus, we review the psychological and biological effects of caffeine that, conceptually, enhance flow. Caffeine may facilitate flow through various effects, including: i) upregulation of dopamine D1/D2 receptor affinity in reward-associated brain areas, leading to greater energetic arousal and 'wanting'; ii) protection of dopaminergic neurons; iii) increases in norepinephrine release and alertness, which offset sleep-deprivation and hypoarousal; iv) heightening of parasympathetic high frequency heart rate variability, resulting in improved cortical stress appraisal, v) modification of striatal endocannabinoid-CB1 receptor-signalling, leading to enhanced stress tolerance; and vi) changes in brain network activity in favour of executive function and flow. We also discuss the application of caffeine to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and caveats. We hope to inspire studies assessing the use of caffeine to induce flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Reich
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Biomedical & Life Sciences Division, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK; The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Island Research Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK.
| | - Michael Mannino
- Flow Research Collective, USA; Miami Dade College, Miami, FL, USA
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Latino F, Tafuri F. Physical Activity and Cognitive Functioning. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:216. [PMID: 38399504 PMCID: PMC10890300 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Neuroscience applied to motor activity is a growing area that aims to understand the effects of motor activity on the structures and functions of the Central Nervous System. Attention has been paid to this multidisciplinary field of investigation by the scientific community both because it is of great importance in the treatment of many chronic diseases and because of its potential applications in the Movement Sciences. Motor activity during a developmental age is, in fact, an indispensable tool for the physical and mental growth of children, both able-bodied and disabled. Through movement, individuals can improve their physical efficiency and promote their own better health, establish relationships with the environment and others, express themselves and their emotions, form their identity and develop cognitive processes. This literature review aims, therefore, to highlight how an adequate practice of motor activity offers extraordinary possibilities for everyone in relation to learning, from the perspective of an integral development of the person, and, consequently, can raise the awareness of those involved in the training and growth, especially the youngest, towards the educational value of motor and sports activities. According to this review, and in line with the modern neuroscientific approach toward the relationships between motor activities and cognitive functions, it is possible to claim that hypokinesia tends to inhibit learning. Therefore, it now seems more topical than ever to draw attention to the need to introduce working proposals that integrate brain-based motor activity programs into the school curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Latino
- Department of Human Science, Educational and Sport, Pegaso University, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Tafuri
- Heracle Lab Research in Educational Neuroscience, Niccolò Cusano University, 00166 Rome, Italy;
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Butler JM, Frampton CM, Moore G, Barclay ML, Jardine DL. Immediate effect of caffeine on sympathetic nerve activity: why coffee is safe? A single-centre crossover study. Clin Auton Res 2023; 33:623-633. [PMID: 37598402 PMCID: PMC10751260 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-023-00967-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSES Habitual coffee drinking is ubiquitous and generally considered to be safe despite its transient hypertensive effect. Our purpose was to determine the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the hypertensive response. METHODS In a single-centre crossover study, medical caregivers were studied after consumption of standard coffee (espresso), water and decaffeinated coffee (decaff) given in random order at least 1 month apart. Plasma caffeine levels, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, total peripheral resistance and muscle sympathetic activity were recorded. Baroreflex activity was assessed using burst incidence and RR interval changes to spontaneous blood pressure fluctuations. RESULTS A total of 16 subjects (mean [± standard error] age 34.4 ± 2 years; 44% female) were recruited to the study. Three agents were studied in ten subjects, and two agents were studied in six subjects. Over a 120-min period following the consumption of standard coffee, mean (± SE) plasma caffeine levels increased from 2.4 ± 0.8 to 21.0 ± 4 µmol/L and arterial pressure increased to 103 ± 1 mmHg compared to water (101 ± 1 mmHg; p = 0.066) and decaff (100 ± 1 mmHg; p = 0.016). Peripheral resistance in the same period following coffee increased to 120 ± 4% of the baseline level compared to water (107 ± 4; p = 0.01) and decaff (109 ± 4; p = 0.02). Heart rate was lower after both coffee and decaff consumption: 62 ± 1 bpm compared to water (64 bpm; p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively). Cardio-vagal baroreflex activity remained stable after coffee, but sympathetic activity decreased, with burst frequency of 96 ± 3% versus water (106 ± 3%; p = 0.04) and decaff (112 ± 3%; p = 0.001) despite a fall in baroreflex activity from - 2.2 ± 0.1 to - 1.8 ± 0.1 bursts/100 beats/mmHg, compared to water (p = 0.009) and decaff (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION The hypertensive response to coffee is secondary to peripheral vasoconstriction but this is not mediated by increased sympathetic nerve activity. These results may explain why habitual coffee drinking is safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Butler
- Department of General Medicine, Christchurch Hospital, 2 Riccarton Ave, Private Bag 4710, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Christopher M Frampton
- Department of Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Grant Moore
- Department of Toxicology, Christchurch Hospital, 2 Riccarton Ave, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Murray L Barclay
- Department of Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Christchurch Hospital, 2 Riccarton Ave, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - David L Jardine
- Department of General Medicine, Christchurch Hospital, 2 Riccarton Ave, Private Bag 4710, Christchurch, New Zealand.
- Department of Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Lowery LM, Anderson DE, Scanlon KF, Stack A, Escalante G, Campbell SC, Kerksick CM, Nelson MT, Ziegenfuss TN, VanDusseldorp TA, Kalman DS, Campbell BI, Kreider RB, Antonio J. International society of sports nutrition position stand: coffee and sports performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2237952. [PMID: 37498180 PMCID: PMC10375938 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2237952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on review and critical analysis of the literature regarding the contents and physiological effects of coffee related to physical and cognitive performance conducted by experts in the field and selected members of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN), the following conclusions represent the official Position of the Society:(1) Coffee is a complex matrix of hundreds of compounds. These are consumed with broad variability based upon serving size, bean type (e.g. common Arabica vs. Robusta), and brew method (water temperature, roasting method, grind size, time, and equipment).(2) Coffee's constituents, including but not limited to caffeine, have neuromuscular, antioxidant, endocrine, cognitive, and metabolic (e.g. glucose disposal and vasodilation) effects that impact exercise performance and recovery.(3) Coffee's physiologic effects are influenced by dose, timing, habituation to a small degree (to coffee or caffeine), nutrigenetics, and potentially by gut microbiota differences, sex, and training status.(4) Coffee and/or its components improve performance across a temporal range of activities from reaction time, through brief power exercises, and into the aerobic time frame in most but not all studies. These broad and varied effects have been demonstrated in men (mostly) and in women, with effects that can differ from caffeine ingestion, per se. More research is needed.(5) Optimal dosing and timing are approximately two to four cups (approximately 473-946 ml or 16-32 oz.) of typical hot-brewed or reconstituted instant coffee (depending on individual sensitivity and body size), providing a caffeine equivalent of 3-6 mg/kg (among other components such as chlorogenic acids at approximately 100-400 mg per cup) 60 min prior to exercise.(6) Coffee has a history of controversy regarding side effects but is generally considered safe and beneficial for healthy, exercising individuals in the dose range above.(7) Coffee can serve as a vehicle for other dietary supplements, and it can interact with nutrients in other foods.(8) A dearth of literature exists examining coffee-specific ergogenic and recovery effects, as well as variability in the operational definition of "coffee," making conclusions more challenging than when examining caffeine in its many other forms of delivery (capsules, energy drinks, "pre-workout" powders, gum, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonnie M Lowery
- Walsh University, Department of Exercise Science, North Canton, OH, USA
- Nutrition, Exercise and Wellness Associates, Cuyahoga Falls, USA
| | - Dawn E Anderson
- Indiana Institute of Technology, Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, Fort Wayne, USA
| | - Kelsey F Scanlon
- Walsh University, Department of Exercise Science, North Canton, OH, USA
| | - Abigail Stack
- University of Mount Union, Department of Exercise, Nutrition, and Sport Science Alliance, USA
| | | | - Sara C Campbell
- The State University of New Jersey, Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, New Brunswick, USA
| | - Chad M Kerksick
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, USA
| | | | | | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Bonafide Health, LLC p/b JDS Therapeutics, Harrison, USA
- Jacksonville University, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Jacksonville, USA
| | - Douglas S Kalman
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Nutrition, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | - Bill I Campbell
- University of South Florida, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, Tampa, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, College Station, USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, USA
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Kunasegaran K, Ismail AMH, Ramasamy S, Gnanou JV, Caszo BA, Chen PL. Understanding mental fatigue and its detection: a comparative analysis of assessments and tools. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15744. [PMID: 37637168 PMCID: PMC10460155 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental fatigue has shown to be one of the root causes of decreased productivity and overall cognitive performance, by decreasing an individual's ability to inhibit responses, process information and concentrate. The effects of mental fatigue have led to occupational errors and motorway accidents. Early detection of mental fatigue can prevent the escalation of symptoms that may lead to chronic fatigue syndrome and other disorders. To date, in clinical settings, the assessment of mental fatigue and stress is done through self-reported questionnaires. The validity of these questionnaires is questionable, as they are highly subjective measurement tools and are not immune to response biases. This review examines the wider presence of mental fatigue in the general population and critically compares its various detection techniques (i.e., self-reporting questionnaires, heart rate variability, salivary cortisol levels, electroencephalogram, and saccadic eye movements). The ability of these detection tools to assess inhibition responses (which are sensitive enough to be manifested in a fatigue state) is specifically evaluated for a reliable marker in identifying mentally fatigued individuals. In laboratory settings, antisaccade tasks have been long used to assess inhibitory control and this technique can potentially serve as the most promising assessment tool to objectively detect mental fatigue. However, more studies need to be conducted in the future to validate and correlate this assessment with other existing measures of mental fatigue detection. This review is intended for, but not limited to, mental health professionals, digital health scientists, vision researchers, and behavioral scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveena Kunasegaran
- Department of Psychology, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Shamala Ramasamy
- Department of Psychology, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Justin Vijay Gnanou
- Department of Biochemistry, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Brinnell Annette Caszo
- Department of Physiology, International Medial University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Po Ling Chen
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
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Lenasi H, Rihar E, Filipič J, Klemenc M, Fister P. The Effect of Caffeine on Heart Rate Variability in Newborns: A Pilot Study. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1459. [PMID: 37511834 PMCID: PMC10381585 DOI: 10.3390/life13071459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal apnoea can be treated with caffeine, which affects the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. Heart rate variability (HRV) reflects the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and might be used as a measure of ANS maturation in newborns. We aimed to establish the effect of caffeine on HRV in newborns and investigated the potential correlation between HRV and postmenstrual age (PMA). In 25 haemodynamically stable newborns hospitalized due to apnoea and treated with caffeine (2.5 mg/kg), we assessed breathing frequency, arterial oxygen saturation, body temperature, and the heart rate while they were sleeping. We assessed HRV by spectral analysis using fast Fourier transformation. The same protocol was reapplied 100 h after caffeine withdrawal to assess the control parameters. Caffeine increased breathing frequency (p = 0.023) but did not affect any other parameter assessed including HRV. We established a positive correlation between postmenstrual age and HRV during treatment with caffeine as well as after caffeine had been withdrawn (total power: p = 0.044; low-frequency band: p = 0.039). Apparently, the maintenance dose of caffeine is too low to affect the heart rate and HRV. A positive correlation between PMA and HRV might reflect maturation of the ANS, irrespective of caffeine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Lenasi
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Rihar
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jerneja Filipič
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Klemenc
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital Dr. Franc Derganc, Ulica Padlih Borcev 13A, 5290 Šempeter pri Gorici, Slovenia
| | - Petja Fister
- Children's Hospital, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Bohoričeva ulica 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Moscatelli F, De Maria A, Marinaccio LA, Monda V, Messina A, Monacis D, Toto G, Limone P, Monda M, Messina G, Monda A, Polito R. Assessment of Lifestyle, Eating Habits and the Effect of Nutritional Education among Undergraduate Students in Southern Italy. Nutrients 2023; 15:2894. [PMID: 37447220 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The years spent at university represent a critical period that can influence both the quality of lifestyle and the eating habits of subsequent adulthood, and also, in the long term, the health of the individual. The aim of this study was to investigate the lifestyle of university students living away from home. METHODS Each subject recruited for the study was given a questionnaire to obtain general information, eating habits and physical activity levels before (T0) and after six month of training seminars (T1). Blood pressure, body composition and questionnaire responses were investigated. RESULTS The main findings of this study are a significant decrement in blood pressure; an increment in physical activity practice; an increased number of subjects who pay attention to the calorific value of food and also an improvement in BIA parameters. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study demonstrated the challenges that university students face in leading a healthy lifestyle and caring for their nutritional needs, particularly when they are away from their families. No intervention specifically targets young adults, even though much emphasis is placed on the promotion of a healthy lifestyle based on a varied and balanced diet and sufficient exercise. Our study showed that it is possible to improve lifestyle through educational events aimed at making students aware of the health risks deriving from unhealthy lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenzo Moscatelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71013 Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonella De Maria
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples "Parthenope", 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Monacis
- Department of Humanities, Letters, Cultural Heritage, Educational Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Giusi Toto
- Department of Humanities, Letters, Cultural Heritage, Educational Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Limone
- Department of Humanities, Telematic University "Pegaso", 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71013 Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonietta Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Polito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71013 Foggia, Italy
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Latino F, Tafuri F, Saraiello E, Tafuri D. Classroom-Based Physical Activity as a Means to Improve Self-Efficacy and Academic Achievement among Normal-Weight and Overweight Youth. Nutrients 2023; 15:2061. [PMID: 37432221 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although physical activity has positive physical and mental health outcomes, particularly among adolescents, a significant percentage of young people maintain a largely sedentary lifestyle. Considering that the youths spend the greater part of the day at school, this is considered an ideal setting to foster active and healthy living. Consequently, this study is intended to investigate the connection between physical activity, self-efficacy and academic achievement in normal-weight and overweight adolescents. In total, 100 students (aged 14-15) from a public high school placed in the south of Italy were enrolled. They participated either in a 12-week classroom-based physical activity break program performed during science classes (60'/2 days per week) in which a nutritional educational program was carried out or in regular science lessons (60'/2 days per week). At the beginning and end of the intervention programs, a set of standardized motor evaluation tests (standing long jump test, Harvard step test, push up, sit and reach test), the scholastic self-efficacy test and the Amos 8-15 were administered. As a result, a meaningful Time × Group interaction for the self-efficacy variable and Amos 8-15 was observed in the intervention group. Specifically, they reported significant improvement in study skills, motivational factors, concentration and self-efficacy, as well as a decrease in anxiety and BMI (p < 0.001). No significant change was observed in the control group. The conclusions of this research underpin the notion that classroom-based physical activity break is a successful approach for enhancing students' psycho-physical well-being, as well as academic achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Latino
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Pegaso University, 80100 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Tafuri
- Heracle Lab Research in Educational Neuroscience, Niccolò Cusano University, 00166 Roma, Italy
| | - Emma Saraiello
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness, University of Napoli "Parthenope", 80100 Napoli, Italy
| | - Domenico Tafuri
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness, University of Napoli "Parthenope", 80100 Napoli, Italy
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Gender Differences in the Frequency of Positive and Negative Effects after Acute Caffeine Consumption. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061318. [PMID: 36986044 PMCID: PMC10052698 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gender-specific caffeine-related adverse effects should be thoroughly investigated. Sixty-five adult participants were included in the study, 30 men and 35 women (age, 22.5 ± 2.8; body weight, 71.7 ± 16.2 kg; BMI, 23.6 ± 4.4). The participants who were classified as low and moderate caffeine users received 3 mg/kg, and high caffeine users received 6 mg/kg of caffeine in one dose. One hour after ingestion of caffeine and within twenty-four hours, the participants completed a side effect questionnaire. Effects after the ingestion of CAF were divided into two subgroups: negative (muscle soreness, increased urine output, tachycardia and palpitations, anxiety or nervousness, headache, gastrointestinal problems, and insomnia) and positive (perception improvement; increased vigor/activeness). Caffeine ingestion resulted in a statistically significant association between gender and negative effects one hour after ingestion (p = 0.049). Gender and positive effects one hour after ingestion (p = 0.005), and between gender and positive effects within 24 h after ingestion (p = 0.047). There were significant associations between gender and perception improvement (p = 0.032) and gender and increased vigor/activeness (p = 0.009) one hour after ingestion. Nearly 30% of men and 54% of women reported negative effects. At the same time, 20% of women and more than 50% of men reported positive effects. Gender is an important factor in the negative and positive effects of caffeine consumption.
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Pstras L. The Impact of Energy Drink Consumption on Heart Rate Variability after Exercise. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2023; 42:311-313. [PMID: 36454579 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2022.2035848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The effects of caffeine or caffeine-based energy drinks on the recovery of autonomic nervous system balance after exercise have been the subject of several studies which yielded inconclusive results. In a recent study by Porto et al., the impact of a caffeine-based energy drink on heart rate variability (HRV) before and after a moderate aerobic exercise (running on a treadmill) has been studied in a randomized, crossover trial on healthy and active young males. It was concluded that an energy drink consumed before exercise did not affect HRV indices during post-exercise recovery. However, this conclusion is somewhat inconsistent with the reported data and hence may be misleading. Here, I discuss the shortcomings of that study and point out some inaccuracies in the reported results. Considering the above, it appears that energy drink consumption may affect some HRV indices after exercise, at least those related to high frequency changes in the autonomic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Pstras
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Grant SS, Kim K, Friedman BH. How Long Is Long Enough? Controlling for Acute Caffeine Intake in Cardiovascular Research. Brain Sci 2023; 13:224. [PMID: 36831767 PMCID: PMC9954082 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine substantially affects cardiovascular functioning, yet wide variability exists in caffeine control procedures in cardiovascular reactivity research. This study was conducted in order to identify a minimal abstention duration in habitual coffee consumers whereby cardiovascular reactivity is unconfounded by caffeine; Six hours (caffeine's average half-life) was hypothesized. Thirty-nine subjects (mean age: 20.9; 20 women) completed a repeated measures study involving hand cold pressor (CP) and memory tasks. Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee were administered. The following cardiovascular indices were acquired during pre-task, task, and post-task epochs prior to coffee intake, 30 min-, and six hours post-intake: Heart rate (HR), high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV), root mean squared successive differences (RMSSD), systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP, DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pre-ejection period (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI). Results support the adequacy of a six-hour abstention in controlling for caffeine-elicited cardiovascular changes. The current study offers a suggested guideline for caffeine abstention duration in cardiovascular research in psychophysiology. Consistent practice in caffeine abstention protocols would promote validity and reliability across such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shara S. Grant
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW Ste 640, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Kye Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion Clinic School of Medicine, 1 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Bruce H. Friedman
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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ÇALIŞKAN ŞG, BİLGİN MD. Genç yetişkinlerde elektrofizyolojik ve hemodinamik parametreler üzerine kafeinli içeceklerin akut etkileri. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.1089294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The consumption of caffeinated beverages has significantly increased among young people in recent years. The objective of the study is to investigate the acute effects of caffeinated beverages on electrocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters of young adults.
Materials and Methods: Study was designed as a non-randomized, non-placebo controlled, three-arm parallel assignment. It was conducted on 56 individuals selected from a pool of students enrolled at Aydın Adnan Menderes University. Energy drink, coffee, cola and control groups were determined according to the results of the applicant acceptance questionnaire. Blood pressure and electrocardiogram were measured before and after consuming the drinks at 30 minutes and 60 minutes. Heart rate variability was detected from electrocardiogram signal and investigated by linear analysis.
Results: All caffeinated drinks increased the blood pressure. Only, heart rate was increased by energy drink and cola. There was a small increment in root-mean square differences of successive R-R intervals and the number of times successive heartbeat intervals exceed 50ms (NN50) values in coffee group. High frequency (HF) values were increased some for coffee and cola groups. But, low frequency (LF) and LF/HF values were decreased. These alterations were statistically significant for coffee group. PR interval and QRS complex did not alter, however, QTc interval was lower in energy drink and cola groups.
Conclusion: Caffeinated beverage consumption has the potential to induce adverse effects on cardiovascular system of young adults. Coffee appears to be more prominent than energy drink and cola.
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Caponnetto P, Emma R, Benfatto F, Ferlito S, Gulino A, Maniaci A, Lechien JR, Ingrassia A, Cocuzza S, Polosa R. Saccharin test: Methodological validation and systematic review of the literature. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2021:1455613211064044. [PMID: 34915769 DOI: 10.1177/01455613211064044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Saccharin test (ST) is a convenient method to assess the efficiency of mucociliary clearance, the primary defense mechanism of the upper airways' tract. The study objectives are to: (1) substantiate its short- (3 days) and long-term (30 days) repeatability; (2) assess its tolerability; (3) conduct a systematic literature review and to compare our results with the existing evidence. METHODS Twenty-nine healthy subjects were enrolled in an observational prospective study to perform an ST on three separate visits (at baseline; at follow-up visits at day 3 and at day 30). Transit times were recorded and self-reported nasal and general symptoms noted. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to compare our results with the existing literature. RESULTS The mean values (±SD) of ST transit time (STTT) were 7.085 (±2.19), 7.788 (±2.11), and 7.790 (±2.06) minutes at baseline, day 3, and day 30, respectively. Significant linear regression analysis was observed between day 3 and baseline (r = .193; P = .019) and day 30 and baseline (r = .182 P = .024). Significant agreement for the intrasession repeatability was observed with an ICC = .354 (P = .001). Outcomes' comparisons between baseline vs day 3 (P = .197) and baseline vs day 30 (P = .173) were not statistically significant. ST was well tolerated. Concordance with existing literature's data and high level of STTT repeatability were confirmed by the qualitative analysis. CONCLUSION STTT reproducibility was good both in the short- and long-term. ST tolerability was very good. Our study data are consistent with the existing literature, indicating ST as a sound methodology for detection of early respiratory health changes and for specific regulatory application in respiratory research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Caponnetto
- Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (CPCT), Teaching Hospital "Policlinico - V. Emanuele", 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalia Emma
- Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (CPCT), Teaching Hospital "Policlinico - V. Emanuele", 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Benfatto
- Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (CPCT), Teaching Hospital "Policlinico - V. Emanuele", 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ferlito
- Department of Medical Science, Surgical Science and Advanced Technologies "G.F, Ingrassia", 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gulino
- Department of Medical Science, Surgical Science and Advanced Technologies "G.F, Ingrassia", 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonino Maniaci
- Department of Medical Science, Surgical Science and Advanced Technologies "G.F, Ingrassia", 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Jerome R Lechien
- Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, 54521University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium
| | - Angelo Ingrassia
- Department of Medical Science, Surgical Science and Advanced Technologies "G.F, Ingrassia", 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cocuzza
- Department of Medical Science, Surgical Science and Advanced Technologies "G.F, Ingrassia", 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Riccardo Polosa
- Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (CPCT), Teaching Hospital "Policlinico - V. Emanuele", 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Sarshin A, Naderi A, da Cruz CJG, Feizolahi F, Forbes SC, Candow DG, Mohammadgholian E, Amiri M, Jafari N, Rahimi A, Alijani E, Earnest CP. The effects of varying doses of caffeine on cardiac parasympathetic reactivation following an acute bout of anaerobic exercise in recreational athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:44. [PMID: 32819393 PMCID: PMC7441702 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00373-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine the effects of varying doses of caffeine on autonomic reactivation following anaerobic exercise. METHODS Recreationally active males (N = 20; 24 ± 2y) participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study where participants ingested: [1] Control (CON; no supplement), [2] a non-caffeinated placebo (PLA), [3] 3-mg∙kg- 1 of caffeine (CAF3) or [4] 6-mg∙kg- 1 of caffeine (CAF6) prior to Wingate testing. Parasympathetic (lnRMSSD, primary outcome) and global HRV (lnSDNN, secondary outcome) were assessed at rest (i.e., pre-ingestion), 45-min post-ingestion, and 5-min and 35-min post-exercise recovery. We used a GLM to assess mean (95% CI) changes from pre-ingestion baseline. RESULTS Overall, we observed a significant trend for lnRMSSD and lnSDNN (both, p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.745). Forty-five minutes after treatment ingestion, we observed a significant increase in lnRMSSD for CAF3 (0.15 ms, 95%CI, 0.07,0.24) and CAF6 (0.16 ms, 95%CI, 0.06,0.25), both being significant (both, p < 0.004) vs. CON (- 0.02 ms, 95%CI, - 0.09,0.04). Five-minutes after exercise, all treatments demonstrated significant declines in lnRMSSD vs. baseline (all, p < 0.001). After 35-min of recovery, lnRMSSD returned to a level not significantly different than baseline for CAF3 (0.03 ms, 95%CI, - 0.05, 0.12) and CAF6 (- 0.03 ms, 95%CI, - 0.17, 0.10), while PLA (- 0.16 ms, 95%CI, - 0.25, - 0.06) and CON (- 0.17 ms, 95%CI, - 0.28, - 0.07) treatments remained significantly depressed. A similar pattern was also observed for SDNN. CONCLUSION Caffeine ingestion increases resting cardiac autonomic modulation and accelerates post-exercise autonomic recovery after a bout of anaerobic exercise in recreationally active young men. However, no differences between caffeine doses on cardiac autonomic reactivity were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sarshin
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Alireza Naderi
- Department of Sport Physiology, Boroujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd, Iran
| | | | - Foad Feizolahi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Faculty of Education, Department of Physical Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, R7A6A9, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, S4S0A2, Canada
| | | | - Mehrdad Amiri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Naghmeh Jafari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Alireza Rahimi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Eidi Alijani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Conrad P Earnest
- Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Pyndiura KL, Di Battista AP, Hutchison MG. A history of concussion is associated with minimal perturbations to heart rate variability in athletes. Brain Inj 2020; 34:1416-1421. [DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2020.1802661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyla L. Pyndiura
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - Alex P. Di Battista
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - Michael G. Hutchison
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
- Neuroscience Research Program, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Non-linear analysis of heart rate variability for evaluating the acute effects of caffeinated beverages in young adults. Cardiol Young 2020; 30:1018-1023. [PMID: 32513326 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951120001481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Caffeinated beverages are the most consumed substances in the world. High rate of uptake of these beverages leads to various cardiovascular disorders ranging from palpitations to coronary failure. The objective of the study is to ascertain how the complexity parameters of heart rate variability are affected by acute consumption of caffeinated beverages in young adults.Electrocardiogram measurements were performed before consuming drinks. After consuming the drinks, measurements were done again at 30 minutes and 60 minutes. Heart rate variability signals were acquired from electrocardiogram signals. Also, the signals were reconstructed in the phase space and largest Lyapunov exponent, correlation dimension, approximate entropy, and detrended fluctuation analysis values were calculated.Heart rate increased for energy drink and cola groups but not in coffee group. Non-linear parameter values of energy drink, coffee, and cola group are increased within 60 minutes after drink consumption. This change is statistically significant just for energy drink group.Energy drink consumption increases the complexity of the cardiovascular system in young adults significantly. Coffee and cola consumption have no significant effect on the non-linear parameters of heart rate variability.
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Rodrigues F, Freire AP, Uzeloto J, Xavier R, Ito J, Rocha M, Calciolari R, Ramos D, Ramos E. Particularities and Clinical Applicability of Saccharin Transit Time Test. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 23:229-240. [PMID: 30956710 PMCID: PMC6449131 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1676116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The importance of mucociliary clearance (MCC) for the respiratory system homeostasis is clear. Therefore, evaluating this defense mechanism is fundamental in scientific research and in the clinical practice of pulmonology and of associated areas. However, MCC evaluation has not been so usual due to the complexity of methods that use radiolabeled particles. Nevertheless, as an interesting alternative, there is the saccharin transit time (STT) test. This method is reproducible, simple to perform, noninvasive, does not demand high costs, and has been widely used in studies of nasal MCC. Although the STT test is widely used, there is still lack of a detailed description of its realization. Objective The present literature review aims to provide basic information related to the STT test and to present the findings of the previous studies that used this method, discussing variations in its execution, possible influences on the obtained results and limitations of the method, as well as to relate our experience with the use of STT in researches. Data Synthesis There are several factors that can alter the results obtained from STT tests, which would raise difficulties with proper interpretation and with the discussion of the results among different studies. Conclusions Saccharin transit time is a widely used method for the evaluation of nasal MCC, and therefore, the standardization related to the previous and concurrent to test orientations, and also its execution, become essential to improve its accuracy, and allow comparisons among different studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rodrigues
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Campus de Presidente Prudente, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Freire
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Campus de Presidente Prudente, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Uzeloto
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Campus de Presidente Prudente, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Xavier
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Campus de Presidente Prudente, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ito
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Campus de Presidente Prudente, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Marceli Rocha
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Campus de Presidente Prudente, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Calciolari
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Campus de Presidente Prudente, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Dionei Ramos
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Campus de Presidente Prudente, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Ercy Ramos
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Campus de Presidente Prudente, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
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da Silva Rolim P, da Costa Matos RA, Von Koenig Soares EDMK, Molina GE, da Cruz CJG. Caffeine increases parasympathetic reactivation without altering resting and exercise cardiac parasympathetic modulation: A balanced placebo design. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:490-498. [PMID: 30326789 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1532532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The sympathicotonic effect of caffeine is strongly evidenced in the literature. However, the effects of caffeine or caffeine expectancy on the cardiac parasympathetic modulation remain obscure. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of caffeine consumption and expectancy of caffeine consumption on the cardiac parasympathetic modulation under different stress conditions. Twenty-one physically active men (22.3 ± 2.9 years, 25.2 ± 2.7 kg/m2) consumed ∼3 mg/kg of caffeine received as caffeine, caffeine as placebo, placebo as placebo and placebo as caffeine. Parasympathetic modulation was assessed by heart rate variability (HRV-Poincaré SD1 index) at supine and orthostatic positions, during a submaximal exercise (HRV threshold-HRVT) and during each 60 seconds (s) within 300 s of post-exercise active recovery. A factorial ANOVA for repeated measures (p < 0.05) was used to assess the effect of caffeine, expectancy and resting time after caffeine intake on the HRV. No significant effect of caffeine or expectancy was observed on the SD1 value at supine or standing positions (p = 0.47-0.53; p = 0.57-0.31, respectively), despite an increase in this variable after resting periods in both positions (p < 0.001). During exercise, caffeine and expectancy do not alter the HRVT (p = 0.51-0.39). However, higher SD1 values were observed after caffeine administration from 60 to 300 s post-exercise recovery (p = 0.01-0.05) but not for the effects of expectancy (p = 0.19-0.94). We concluded that low doses of caffeine or expectancy do not alter the resting cardiac parasympathetic modulation or HRVT. However, caffeine, but not expectancy, increases parasympathetic reactivation after a submaximal exercise test in young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma da Silva Rolim
- a Group of Studies and Research in Cardiac Autonomic Function (GEFAC) , Centro Universitário Euro Americano-UNIEURO , Brasilia , Brazil
| | - Raquel Adjafre da Costa Matos
- a Group of Studies and Research in Cardiac Autonomic Function (GEFAC) , Centro Universitário Euro Americano-UNIEURO , Brasilia , Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Eckhardt Molina
- b Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education , Universidade de Brasília , Brasilia , Brazil
| | - Carlos Janssen Gomes da Cruz
- a Group of Studies and Research in Cardiac Autonomic Function (GEFAC) , Centro Universitário Euro Americano-UNIEURO , Brasilia , Brazil.,b Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education , Universidade de Brasília , Brasilia , Brazil
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Adolph D, Teismann T, Forkmann T, Wannemüller A, Margraf J. High frequency heart rate variability: Evidence for a transdiagnostic association with suicide ideation. Biol Psychol 2018; 138:165-171. [PMID: 30253232 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Low levels of high frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) have been shown to be associated with suicidal ideation and behavior in students and depressed patients. The goal of the present study was to examine associations between suicide ideation and resting HF-HRV as well as HF-HRV reactivity in a diagnostically heterogeneous sample of adult outpatients with or without concurrent suicide ideation. Participants were N = 85 outpatients (67.1% female; age: M = 38.8, SD = 13.72). HF-HRV reactivity was assessed using a sad film induction method. Associations between resting HF-HRV, HF-HRV reactivity and suicide ideation were analyzed using linear regression modeling - controlling for depression, anxiety and stress. HF-HRV reactivity towards the sad film, but not low resting HF-HRV baseline, was predictive of higher scores on suicidal ideation within the whole sample. In women, lower resting as well as perturbed HF-HRV reactivity was associated with higher scores on suicidal ideation. Results suggest that suicide ideators have a reduced capacity to regulate their response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Adolph
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Tobias Teismann
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Forkmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Andre Wannemüller
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jürgen Margraf
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
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20
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La Monica MB, Fukuda DH, Wang R, Gonzalez AM, Wells AJ, Hoffman JR, Stout JR. Maintenance of Vagal Tone with Time-Release Caffeine, But Vagal Withdrawal During Placebo in Caffeine-Habituated Men. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/caff.2017.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. La Monica
- Department of Educational and Human Sciences, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - David H. Fukuda
- Department of Educational and Human Sciences, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of Educational and Human Sciences, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Adam M. Gonzalez
- Department of Health Professions, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York
| | - Adam J. Wells
- Department of Educational and Human Sciences, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jay R. Hoffman
- Department of Educational and Human Sciences, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Department of Educational and Human Sciences, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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21
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Kagawa D, Fujii A, Ohtsuka M, Murase T. Ingestion of coffee polyphenols suppresses deterioration of skin barrier function after barrier disruption, concomitant with the modulation of autonomic nervous system activity in healthy subjects. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1445520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of consumption of coffee polyphenols (CPPs) on the autonomic nervous system activity and decreased skin barrier function caused by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) treatment. In this single-blind, placebo-controlled study, ten healthy male subjects consumed either a beverage containing CPPs or a placebo beverage for four weeks. CPPs significantly suppressed the deterioration in skin barrier function and skin moisture content induced by SDS treatment after the third week. Furthermore, in the heart rate variability analysis, CPPs significantly produced an increase in parasympathetic nervous activity, and a decrease in sympathetic nervous activity after the four weeks of beverage consumption. These results suggest that CPPs might influence the regulation of the autonomic nervous system and contribute to the suppressive effect on deterioration of skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiji Kagawa
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akihiko Fujii
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ohtsuka
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
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22
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Moheimani RS, Bhetraratana M, Peters KM, Yang BK, Yin F, Gornbein J, Araujo JA, Middlekauff HR. Sympathomimetic Effects of Acute E-Cigarette Use: Role of Nicotine and Non-Nicotine Constituents. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.006579. [PMID: 28931527 PMCID: PMC5634299 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic electronic (e) cigarette users have increased resting cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and increased susceptibility to oxidative stress. The purpose of the present study is to determine the role of nicotine versus non-nicotine constituents in e-cigarette emissions in causing these pathologies in otherwise healthy humans. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-three healthy volunteers who were not current e-cigarette or tobacco cigarette smokers were studied. On different days, each participant used an e-cigarette with nicotine, an e-cigarette without nicotine, or a sham control. Cardiac sympathetic nerve activity was determined by heart rate variability, and susceptibility to oxidative stress was determined by plasma paraoxonase activity. Following exposure to the e-cigarette with nicotine, but not to the e-cigarette without nicotine or the sham control, there was a significant and marked shift in cardiac sympathovagal balance towards sympathetic predominance. The decrease in high-frequency component and the increases in the low-frequency component and the low-frequency to high-frequency ratio were significantly greater following exposure to the e-cigarette with nicotine compared with exposure to the e-cigarette without nicotine or to sham control. Oxidative stress, as estimated by plasma paraoxonase, did not increase following any of the 3 exposures. CONCLUSIONS The acute sympathomimetic effect of e-cigarettes is attributable to the inhaled nicotine, not to non-nicotine constituents in e-cigarette aerosol, recapitulating the same heart rate variability pattern associated with increased cardiac risk in multiple populations with and without known cardiac disease. Evidence of oxidative stress, as estimated by plasma paraoxonase activity, was not uncovered following acute e-cigarette exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - May Bhetraratana
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kacey M Peters
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Benjamin K Yang
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Fen Yin
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jeffrey Gornbein
- Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jesus A Araujo
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Holly R Middlekauff
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
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Coffee Consumption and Heart Rate Variability: The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) Cohort Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070741. [PMID: 28703735 PMCID: PMC5537855 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that acute coffee ingestion can affect cardiovascular autonomic activity, although the chronic effects on heart rate variability (HRV) remain controversial. METHOD A cross-sectional study with baseline data (2008-2010) from ELSA-Brasil cohort of 15,105 (aged 35-74), based in six Brazilian states. Coffee consumption in the previous 12 months was measured using the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and HRV was obtained through electrocardiographic tracings during 10 min at rest. Independent association between the frequency of coffee consumption "never or almost never", "≤1 cup/day", "2-3 cups/day", "≥3 cups/day", and HRV was estimated using generalized linear regression, adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics, health-related behavior, markers of abnormal metabolism, and the presence of coronary artery disease. Further, we applied Bonferroni correction in the full models. RESULTS The mean age was 52 years (standard deviation (SD) = 9.1), and 52% was female; 9.5% never/almost never consumed coffee. In univariate analysis, coffee consumers had reduced values of HRV indexes, but after full adjustments and correction for multiple comparisons, these associations disappeared. A trend of reduction in HRV vagal indexes was observed in those that consumed ≥3 cups of coffee/day. CONCLUSION Most of the effects attributed to the chronic use of coffee on the HRV indexes is related to the higher prevalence of unhealthy habits in coffee users, such as smoking and alcohol use. Adjustment for confounding factors weaken this association, making it non-significant. The effect of higher daily doses of coffee on the autonomic system should be evaluated in further studies.
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Peveler WW, Sanders GJ, Marczinski CA, Holmer B. Effects of Energy Drinks on Economy and Cardiovascular Measures. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:882-887. [PMID: 27386963 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peveler, WW, Sanders, GJ, Marczinski, CA, and Holmer, B. Effects of energy drinks on economy and cardiovascular measures. J Strength Cond Res 31(4): 882-887, 2017-The use of energy drinks among athletes has risen greatly. Caffeine and taurine are the 2 primary performance enhancing ingredients found in energy drinks. The number of emergency department visits involving energy drinks doubled over the past 5 years. Reviews of the health complications have highlighted adverse cardiovascular events. The literature reveals that caffeine is known to moderately increase blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 3 different energy drinks on cardiovascular and performance measures. Fifteen recreational runners completed 5 trials. The first trial consisted of a graded exercise protocol. The 4 remaining trials consisted of 15-minute economy trials at a treadmill speed consistent with 70% of subject's V[Combining Dot Above]O2max. An hour before subjects ingested 1 of the 3 energy drinks or a placebo. HR, BP, V[Combining Dot Above]O2, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded during the 15-minute trial. Mean values for dependent measures were compared using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Fifteen-minute systolic BP readings were significantly lower in the placebo trials (156.93 ± 15.50) in relation to the 3 energy drink trials (163.87 ± 13.30, 166.47 ± 13.71, and 165.00 ± 15.23). There were no significant differences in diastolic BP and HR. There were no significant differences found in V[Combining Dot Above]O2 or RPE measures. Ingestion of energy drinks demonstrated no change in V[Combining Dot Above]O2 or RPE during the economy trials. The findings show no performance benefits under the conditions of this study. However, there does appear to be a significant increase in systolic BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willard W Peveler
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, Kentucky
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Majeed F, Yar T, Alsunni A, Alhawaj AF, AlRahim A, Alzaki M. Synergistic effect of energy drinks and overweight/obesity on cardiac autonomic testing using the Valsalva maneuver in university students. Ann Saudi Med 2017; 37:181-188. [PMID: 28578355 PMCID: PMC6150576 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2017.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and caffeine consumption may lead to autonomic disturbances that can result in a wide range of cardiovascular disorders. OBJECTIVES To determine autonomic disturbances produced by the synergistic effects of overweight or obesity (OW/OB) and energy drinks. DESIGN Cross-sectional, analytical. SETTING Physiology department at a university in Saudi Arabia. SUBJECTS AND METHODS University students, 18-22 years of age, of normal weight (NW) and OW/OB were recruited by convenience sampling. Autonomic testing by the Valsalva ratio (VR) along with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, and mean arterial blood pressure were measured at baseline (0 minute) and 60 minutes after energy drink consumption. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Autonomic disturbance, hemodynamic changes. RESULTS In 50 (27 males and 23 females) subjects, 21 NW and 29 OW/OB, a significant decrease in VR was observed in OW/OB subjects and in NW and OW/OB females at 60 minutes after energy drink consumption. Values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure and mean arterial blood pressure were also significantly higher in OW/OB and in females as compared to NW and males. BMI was negatively correlated with VR and diastolic blood pressure at 60 minutes. CONCLUSION Obesity and energy drinks alter autonomic functions. In some individuals, OW/OB may augment these effects. LIMITATIONS Due to time and resource restraints, only the acute effects of energy drinks were examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrukh Majeed
- Dr. Farrukh Majeed, Department of Physiology,, College of Medicine,, University of Dammam,, Al-Rakha, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia, +966 13 333 5132, , ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2987-601X
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Massaro S, Pecchia L. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) Analysis: A Methodology for Organizational Neuroscience. ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH METHODS 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1094428116681072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the application of neuroscience methods and findings to the study of organizational phenomena has gained significant interest and converged in the emerging field of organizational neuroscience. Yet, this body of research has principally focused on the brain, often overlooking fuller analysis of the activities of the human nervous system and associated methods available to assess them. In this article, we aim to narrow this gap by reviewing heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, which is that set of methods assessing beat-to-beat changes in the heart rhythm over time, used to draw inference on the outflow of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In addition to anatomo-physiological and detailed methodological considerations, we discuss related theoretical, ethical, and practical implications. Overall, we argue that this methodology offers the opportunity not only to inform on a wealth of constructs relevant for management inquiries but also to advance the overarching organizational neuroscience research agenda and its ecological validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Massaro
- Warwick Business School—Behavioural Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV, UK
| | - Leandro Pecchia
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV, UK
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Flueck JL, Schaufelberger F, Lienert M, Schäfer Olstad D, Wilhelm M, Perret C. Acute Effects of Caffeine on Heart Rate Variability, Blood Pressure and Tidal Volume in Paraplegic and Tetraplegic Compared to Able-Bodied Individuals: A Randomized, Blinded Trial. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165034. [PMID: 27776149 PMCID: PMC5077167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine increases sympathetic nerve activity in healthy individuals. Such modulation of nervous system activity can be tracked by assessing the heart rate variability. This study aimed to investigate the influence of caffeine on time- and frequency-domain heart rate variability parameters, blood pressure and tidal volume in paraplegic and tetraplegic compared to able-bodied participants. Heart rate variability was measured in supine and sitting position pre and post ingestion of either placebo or 6 mg caffeine in 12 able-bodied, 9 paraplegic and 7 tetraplegic participants in a placebo-controlled, randomized and double-blind study design. Metronomic breathing was applied (0.25 Hz) and tidal volume was recorded during heart rate variability assessment. Blood pressure, plasma caffeine and epinephrine concentrations were analyzed pre and post ingestion. Most parameters of heart rate variability did not significantly change post caffeine ingestion compared to placebo. Tidal volume significantly increased post caffeine ingestion in able-bodied (p = 0.021) and paraplegic (p = 0.036) but not in tetraplegic participants (p = 0.34). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased significantly post caffeine in able-bodied (systolic: p = 0.003; diastolic: p = 0.021) and tetraplegic (systolic: p = 0.043; diastolic: p = 0.042) but not in paraplegic participants (systolic: p = 0.09; diastolic: p = 0.33). Plasma caffeine concentrations were significantly increased post caffeine ingestion in all three groups of participants (p<0.05). Plasma epinephrine concentrations increased significantly in able-bodied (p = 0.002) and paraplegic (p = 0.032) but not in tetraplegic participants (p = 0.63). The influence of caffeine on the autonomic nervous system seems to depend on the level of lesion and the extent of the impairment. Therefore, tetraplegic participants may be less influenced by caffeine ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle Leonie Flueck
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Martina Lienert
- Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Schäfer Olstad
- Division of Cardiovascular Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, University Clinic for Cardiology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Wilhelm
- Division of Cardiovascular Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, University Clinic for Cardiology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Perret
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland
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Thomas RM, Algrain HA, Ryan EJ, Popojas A, Carrigan P, Abdulrahman A, Carrillo AE. Influence of a CYP1A2 polymorphism on post-exercise heart rate variability in response to caffeine intake: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ir J Med Sci 2016; 186:285-291. [PMID: 27363424 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-016-1478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proposed differences in caffeine metabolism due to the CYP1A2*1F polymorphism have been linked to variations in cardiovascular disease risk. AIMS We examined the influence of a CYP1A2*1F polymorphism on post-exercise heart rate variability (HRV) in response to caffeine intake. METHODS Volunteers were identified as A/A homozygotes (A/A; 4 females and 7 males; age: 25.3 ± 4.1 years; BMI: 25.9 ± 4.4 kg/m2) or C allele carriers (C allele; 3 females and 6 males; age: 25.5 ± 2.8 years; BMI: 26.6 ± 5.0 kg/m2) for participation in a repeated measures, counterbalanced, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Participants chewed three pieces of gum containing either caffeine (CAF) (100 mg/piece) or placebo for 5 min. Thereafter, participants cycled for 15 min at 75 % of their peak oxygen consumption. Eight HRV indices computed during 5 min at baseline (BASE), 0-5 min after exercise (POST1), and 5-10 min after exercise (POST2) were used for analysis. RESULTS No significant group differences were detected in HRV indices at BASE, POST1, or POST2 during both trials (p > 0.05). Rate of recovery (POST2-POST1) for the square root of the mean of squared differences between successive RR intervals (RMSSD) was significantly different between A/A (6.0 ± 2.5 ms) and C allele (3.6 ± 2.5 ms) groups during the CAF trial (p = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS Rate of RMSSD recovery was the only variable influenced by the CYP1A2*IF polymorphism during post-exercise in response to caffeine intake. Thus, the CYP1A2*1F polymorphism did not overtly influence the effects of caffeine intake on post-exercise HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Thomas
- Department of Biology, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - H A Algrain
- Department of Biology, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - E J Ryan
- Department of Exercise Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A Popojas
- Department of Biology, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - P Carrigan
- Department of Biology, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A Abdulrahman
- Department of Biology, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A E Carrillo
- Department of Exercise Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece.
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Zimmermann-Viehoff F, Thayer J, Koenig J, Herrmann C, Weber CS, Deter HC. Short-term effects of espresso coffee on heart rate variability and blood pressure in habitual and non-habitual coffee consumers--a randomized crossover study. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 19:169-75. [PMID: 25850440 DOI: 10.1179/1476830515y.0000000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide. Aim of this study was to investigate short-term effects of espresso coffee on heart rate variability (HRV), a marker of vagal activity, in healthy habitual and non-habitual coffee consumers. METHODS Seventy-seven healthy subjects (38 habitual and 39 non-habitual coffee consumers, 74% women, mean age 26.97 ± 6.88 years) took part in three laboratory sessions in a randomized order. In condition 1, subjects consumed espresso; in condition 2, subjects consumed decaffeinated espresso; and in condition 3, subjects consumed warm water. HRV and blood pressure were assessed at rest before and after ingestion of the respective beverage. RESULTS HRV was significantly increased after consumption of caffeinated espresso, decaffeinated espresso, or water, indicating increased vagal activity in the course of the experiments. In the habitual coffee consumers, the increase in vagally mediated HRV was significantly lower after consumption of decaffeinated espresso compared to caffeinated espresso. Increases of systolic blood pressure were only found in the non-habitual consumers. CONCLUSION We found no evidence for specific short-term effects of caffeinated espresso on vagal activity in healthy subjects. Instead, consumption of decaffeinated espresso inhibited vagal activity in habitual consumers. This may be explained by an attempt of the organism to establish a sympathovagal equilibrium comparable to that after caffeine consumption. In the absence of caffeine-induced sympathetic activation, this may have been achieved by relative vagal withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Zimmermann-Viehoff
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Charité University Medical Center , Berlin , Germany.,b Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy , Charité University Medical Center , Berlin , Germany
| | - Julian Thayer
- c Department of Psychology , Ohio State University , Columbus , USA
| | - Julian Koenig
- c Department of Psychology , Ohio State University , Columbus , USA
| | - Christian Herrmann
- b Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy , Charité University Medical Center , Berlin , Germany
| | - Cora S Weber
- b Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy , Charité University Medical Center , Berlin , Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Deter
- b Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy , Charité University Medical Center , Berlin , Germany
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Messina G, Chieffi S, Viggiano A, Tafuri D, Cibelli G, Valenzano A, Triggiani AI, Messina A, De Luca V, Monda M. Parachute Jumping Induces More Sympathetic Activation Than Cortisol Secretion in First-Time Parachutists. Asian J Sports Med 2016; 7:e26841. [PMID: 27217924 PMCID: PMC4870822 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.26841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The word “stress” describes the status of the body affected by external or internal forces, or “stressors”, threatening to alter its dynamic balance or homeostasis. The adaptive changes which occur in reply to stressors are either behavioral or physical. Once a given threshold is surpassed, a systemic reaction takes place involving the “stress system” in the brain together with its peripheral components, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic sympathetic. Objectives: Stress induces an activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the SNS and the HPA axis would show parallel or divergent stress response patterns in a session of first parachute jump. Patients and Methods: Activation of the SNS was evaluated by dosage of salivary alpha-amylase, galvanic skin responses, and heart rate in seven male novice parachutists. Activation of HPA axis was tested by dosage of cortisol. These variables were measured before and 1 minute and 90 minute after the jump. Results: All variables reached a peak at 1 minute post-jump. Salivary alpha-amylase, galvanic skin responses and heart rate did not return to basal value at 90 minutes post-jump, while cortisol returned to basal value at 90 minutes post-jump. Conclusions: This evidence indicates that parachute jumping is accompanied by a dissociation of SNS and HPA response patterns in novice parachutists, showing a slower recovery in sympathetic activity than in cortisol secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Second University Of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Corresponding author: Giovanni Messina, Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. Tel: +39-815665804, E-mail:
| | - Sergio Chieffi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Second University Of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Viggiano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Domenico Tafuri
- Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Second University Of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Luca
- Department of Psychiatry, University Of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Second University Of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Zulli A, Smith RM, Kubatka P, Novak J, Uehara Y, Loftus H, Qaradakhi T, Pohanka M, Kobyliak N, Zagatina A, Klimas J, Hayes A, La Rocca G, Soucek M, Kruzliak P. Caffeine and cardiovascular diseases: critical review of current research. Eur J Nutr 2016; 55:1331-43. [PMID: 26932503 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is a most widely consumed physiological stimulant worldwide, which is consumed via natural sources, such as coffee and tea, and now marketed sources such as energy drinks and other dietary supplements. This wide use has led to concerns regarding the safety of caffeine and its proposed beneficial role in alertness, performance and energy expenditure and side effects in the cardiovascular system. The question remains "Which dose is safe?", as the population does not appear to adhere to the strict guidelines listed on caffeine consumption. Studies in humans and animal models yield controversial results, which can be explained by population, type and dose of caffeine and low statistical power. This review will focus on comprehensive and critical review of the current literature and provide an avenue for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Zulli
- Centre for Chronic Disease (CCD), College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Renee M Smith
- Centre for Chronic Disease (CCD), College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Jan Novak
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, St. Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yoshio Uehara
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Home Economics, Kyoritsu Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayley Loftus
- Centre for Chronic Disease (CCD), College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tawar Qaradakhi
- Centre for Chronic Disease (CCD), College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Jan Klimas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Odborarov 10, 832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Alan Hayes
- Centre for Chronic Disease (CCD), College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Giampiero La Rocca
- Human Anatomy Section, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Miroslav Soucek
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, St. Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Proteomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho tr 1/1946, Brno, 612 42, Czech Republic.
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Syce DV. A Cup of Black Tea Does Not Modify Heart Rate Variability. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2014.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Vedanathan Syce
- Department of Physiology, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Pondicherry, India
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Chuang KJ, Chuang HC, Lin LY. Indoor air pollution, nighttime heart rate variability and coffee consumption among convenient store workers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63320. [PMID: 24312680 PMCID: PMC3744567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between ambient air pollution and heart rate variability (HRV) has been well-documented. Little is known about the association of HRV at night with indoor air pollution and coffee consumption. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of HRV indices with indoor air pollution, working time and coffee consumption. METHODS We recruited 60 young healthy convenient store workers to monitor indoor PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm) exposures, coffee consumption (yes vs. no) and HRV indices during daytime (0700-1500 hours) and nighttime (2300-0700 hours). We used linear mixed effects models to assess the associations of HRV indices with indoor PM2.5 exposures and coffee consumption. RESULTS We observed the inverse association between indoor PM2.5 exposures and HRV indices, with a decrease in all HRV indices with increased indoor PM2.5 exposures. However, the decrease was most pronounced during nighttime, where a 1 interquartile range (IQR) increase in indoor PM2.5 at 4-hr time-weighted moving average was associated with a change of -4.78% 5-min standard deviation (SD) of normal-to-normal intervals for 5-min segment (SDNN) and -3.23% 5-min square root of the mean squared differences of successive intervals for 5-min segment (r-MSSD). Effects of indoor PM2.5 were lowest for participants with coffee consumption during daytime. CONCLUSIONS Indoor PM2.5 exposures were associated with decreased 5-min SDNN and 5-min r-MSSD, especially during nighttime. The effect of indoor PM2.5 on HRV indices may be modified by coffee consumption in young healthy convenient store workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jen Chuang
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lian-Yu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kurtz AM, Leong J, Anand M, Dargush AE, Shah SA. Effects of caffeinated versus decaffeinated energy shots on blood pressure and heart rate in healthy young volunteers. Pharmacotherapy 2013; 33:779-86. [PMID: 23722481 DOI: 10.1002/phar.1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of a caffeinated 5-hour Energy shot compared with a decaffeinated 5-hour Energy shot as assessed by changes in blood pressure and heart rate in healthy, nonhypertensive volunteers. DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, controlled, crossover study. SETTING University campus. SUBJECTS Twenty healthy volunteers. INTERVENTION Subjects were randomized to receive either the caffeinated 5-hour Energy shot or the decaffeinated 5-hour Energy shot; after a washout period of at least 6 days, subjects were given the alternate energy shot. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were recorded for each subject at baseline and at 1, 3, and 5 hours after consumption of the energy shot. Heart rate, adverse effects, and energy levels were also assessed. Mean ± standard deviation (SD) baseline SBP for all study subjects was 114.06 ± 11.30 mm Hg and DBP was 69.53 ± 7.63 mm Hg. Mean changes in SBP between the caffeinated arm and the decaffeinated arm at the 1- and 3-hour time points were significantly increased compared with baseline (mean ± SD 6.08 ± 7.71 mm Hg at 1 hour [p=0.001] vs 3.33 ± 6.99 mm Hg at 3 hours [p=0.042]). Similarly, mean DBP changes between the caffeinated arm and the decaffeinated arm were significantly increased at the 1- and 3-hour time points compared with baseline (mean ± SD 5.18 ± 8.38 mm Hg at 1 hour [p=0.007] and 5.43 ± 7.21 mm Hg at 3 hours [p=0.005]). Heart rate, adverse effects, and energy levels were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION Caffeinated energy shots significantly increased SBP and DBP over a 3-hour period compared with decaffeinated energy shots in healthy, nonhypertensive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M Kurtz
- Doctor of Pharmacy Program, Thomas J Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, USA
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Koenig J, Jarczok MN, Kuhn W, Morsch K, Schäfer A, Hillecke TK, Thayer JF. Impact of Caffeine on Heart Rate Variability: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2013.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Koenig
- School of Therapeutic Sciences, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc N. Jarczok
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kuhn
- School of Therapeutic Sciences, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Morsch
- School of Therapeutic Sciences, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Julian F. Thayer
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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36
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Notarius CF, Floras JS. Caffeine Enhances Heart Rate Variability in Middle-Aged Healthy, But Not Heart Failure Subjects. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2012; 2:77-82. [PMID: 24761268 DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2012.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In chronic heart failure (CHF) due to left ventricular dysfunction, diminished heart rate variability (HRV) is an independent predictor of poor prognosis. Caffeine has been shown to increase HRV in young healthy subjects. Such an increase may be of potential benefit to patients with CHF. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that intravenous infusion of caffeine would increase HRV in CHF, and in age-matched healthy control subjects. METHODS On two separate days, 11 patients (1F) with CHF (age=51.3±4.6 years; left ventricular ejection fraction=18.6±2.7%; mean±standard error) and 10 healthy control subjects (age=48.0±4.0) according to a double-blind randomization design, received either saline or caffeine (4 mg/kg) infusion. We assessed HRV over 7 minutes of supine rest (fast Fourier Transform analysis) to determine total spectral power as well as its high-frequency (HF) (0.15-0.50 Hz) and low-frequency (LF) (0.05-0.15 Hz) components, and recorded muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) directly from the peroneal nerve (microneurography). RESULTS In healthy control subjects, compared with saline, caffeine reduced both heart rate and sympathetic nerve traffic (p≤0.003) and increased the ratio of HF/total power (p≤0.05). Baseline LF power and the ratio LF/HF were significantly lower in CHF compared with controls (p=0.02), but caffeine had no effect on any element of HRV. CONCLUSIONS Caffeine increases cardiac vagal heart rate modulation and reduces MSNA in middle-aged healthy subjects, but not in those with CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F Notarius
- Division of Cardiology, University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John S Floras
- Division of Cardiology, University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada
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37
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Kim GM, Woo JM. Determinants for heart rate variability in a normal Korean population. J Korean Med Sci 2011; 26:1293-8. [PMID: 22022180 PMCID: PMC3192339 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2011.26.10.1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the normal ranges and the determinants for various parameters of the short-term heart rate variability (HRV) measurements in a large Korean sample of healthy people. HRV measurements were obtained in 2,748 healthy men and 735 healthy women 18-65 yr of age. The mean total power (TP), low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), and LF/HF ratio were 1,358.9 ± 1,840.8 ms(2), 417.3 ± 807.6 ms(2), 254.1 ± 414.1 ms(2), and 2.4 ± 20.9 ms(2) in the frequency-domain spectral analysis. The mean standard deviation of the normal-to-normal (NN) interval (SDNN) and the square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals (RMSSD) were 39.6 ± 22.1 ms and 29.7 ± 18.1 ms in the time-domain analysis. The female subjects had significantly higher SDNN, RMSSD, and HF values than the male subjects. After controlling for age, there was no statistically significant difference in the SDNN. Quantile regression analysis showed that age and mean heart rate had a significant impact on short-term HRV measurement. Given that both clinicians and researchers are increasingly relying on short-term HRV assessment in measuring stress, our work suggests that age and gender should be considered as independent determinants for HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyung-Mee Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Woo
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Stress Research Institute, Inje University, Seoul, Korea
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