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Chapela SP, Simancas-Racines A, Ceriani F, Martinuzzi ALN, Russo MP, Zambrano AK, Simancas-Racines D, Verde L, Muscogiuri G, Katsanos CS, Frias-Toral E, Barrea L. Obesity and Obesity-Related Thyroid Dysfunction: Any Potential Role for the Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet (VLCKD)? Curr Nutr Rep 2024; 13:194-213. [PMID: 38526760 PMCID: PMC11133069 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00528-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to explore in-depth the different aspects of the association between very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD), obesity and obesity-related thyroid dysfunction. RECENT FINDINGS The VLCKD, proposed as a non-pharmacological strategy for the management of certain chronic diseases, is becoming increasingly popular worldwide. Initially used to treat epilepsy, it has been shown to be effective in controlling body weight gain and addressing various pathophysiological conditions. Research has shown that a low-calorie, high-fat diet can affect thyroid hormone levels. Weight loss can also influence thyroid hormone levels. Studies have suggested that long-term use of VLCKD for refractory epilepsy may be related to the development of hypothyroidism, with an effect seen in various populations. In particular, women with obesity following VLCKD tend to have reduced T3 levels. We propose further research to unravel the underlying mechanisms linking VLCKD to obesity and obesity-related thyroid dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Pablo Chapela
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Equipo de Soporte Nutricional, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alison Simancas-Racines
- Facultad de, Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi, Latacunga, 050108, Ecuador
- Centro de Investigación de Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC), Facultad de Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad UTE, Santo Domingo, Ecuador
| | - Florencia Ceriani
- Escuela de Nutrición, Universidad de la República Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - María Paula Russo
- Servicio de Clínica Médica, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Karina Zambrano
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Universidad UTE, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Daniel Simancas-Racines
- Centro de Investigación de Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC), Universidad UTE, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Quito, 170129, Ecuador
| | - Ludovica Verde
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- Cattedra Unesco "Educazione Alla Salute E Allo Sviluppo Sostenibile", University Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Evelyn Frias-Toral
- School of Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo - Samborondón, 0901952, Samborondón, Ecuador
| | - Luigi Barrea
- Dipartimento di Benessere, Nutrizione e Sport, Università Telematica Pegaso, Centro Direzionale Isola F2, Via Porzio, 80143, Naples, Italy
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Corsello A, Trovato CM, Di Profio E, Cardile S, Campoy C, Zuccotti G, Verduci E, Diamanti A. Ketogenic Diet in Children and Adolescents: the Effects on Growth and Nutritional Status. Pharmacol Res 2023; 191:106780. [PMID: 37088260 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The ketogenic diet is known to be a possible adjuvant treatment in several medical conditions, such as in patients with severe or drug-resistant forms of epilepsy. Its use has recently been increasing among adolescents and young adults due to its supposed weight-loss effect, mediated by lipolysis and lowered insulin levels. However, there are still no precise indications on the possible use of ketogenic diets in pediatric age for weight loss. This approach has also recently been proposed for other types of disorder such as inherited metabolic disorders, Prader-Willi syndrome, and some specific types of cancers. Due to its unbalanced ratio of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, a clinical evaluation of possible side effects with a strict evaluation of growth and nutritional status is essential in all patients following a long-term restrictive diet such as the ketogenic one. The prophylactic use of micronutrients supplementation should be considered before starting any ketogenic diet. Lastly, while there is sufficient literature on possible short-term side effects of ketogenic diets, their possible long-term impact on growth and nutritional status is not yet fully understood, especially when started in pediatric age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Corsello
- Department of Paediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Chiara Maria Trovato
- Hepatology Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Di Profio
- Department of Paediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Cardile
- Hepatology Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | - Cristina Campoy
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Spanish Network of Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Granada's node, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Paediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Paediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonella Diamanti
- Hepatology Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy.
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Yılmaz Ü, Edizer S, Köse M, Akışin Z, Güzin Y, Pekuz S, Kırkgöz HH, Yavuz M, Ünalp A. The effect of ketogenic diet on serum lipid concentrations in children with medication resistant epilepsy. Seizure 2021; 91:99-107. [PMID: 34147890 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketogenic diet (KD) is a valuable treatment option for patients with medication-resistant epilepsy. It is associated with a number of side effects. However limited data are available for the long-term effects of KD on serum lipid levels. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of KD on serum lipid concentrations in children with medication-resistant epilepsy in daily clinical practice. METHOD A total of 73 children (40 girls) aged 3 to 193 months (median, 53 months) with medication-resistant epilepsy who received a KD treatment for at least 12 months between 2014 and 2019 years were enrolled in the study. All children were started on a KD with 3:1 ratio which was then adjusted between 2:1 to 4:1 after the onset of KD as clinically necessary. Serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride concentrations and body mass index-standard deviation scores (BMI-SDS) were measured at onset and at 1, 6 and 12 months of treatment, and also in 40 of these patients they were measured at 18 and 24 months of treatment. RESULTS Dyslipidemia was observed in 71.2, 63, 63, 50, and 52.5% of the patients, at 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months, respectively. Median total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations increased significantly at month-1, and although these high levels persisted for 24 months, the increase did not continue and showed a downward trend. However, this increase did not occur in the subset of patients with pre-existing dyslipidemia. Compared to baseline values, total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were higher at all time points, except 24-month cholesterol values. During the 24-month treatment period, BMI-SDS increased and the number of antiepileptic drugs decreased significantly. CONCLUSION Total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations appear to increase during the first month of KD treatment, and although these high values persist for 24 months, the increase does not continue, on the contrary, it approaches the normal values by drawing a downward trend. However, cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations do not increase in the subset of patients with pre-existing dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ünsal Yılmaz
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Izmir Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Izmir, Turkey; University of Health Sciences Turkey, Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Selvinaz Edizer
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Melis Köse
- Katip Çelebi University Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Akışin
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yiğithan Güzin
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Serdar Pekuz
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hatice Hilal Kırkgöz
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Merve Yavuz
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aycan Ünalp
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Izmir Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Izmir, Turkey; University of Health Sciences Turkey, Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Izmir, Turkey
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Laksana I, Rejeki PS, Herawati L, Al Arif MA, Wardhani IL. High-Fat Diet Increases Serum HDL, but Not for LDL and HDL/LDL Ratio in MICE. FOLIA MEDICA INDONESIANA 2021. [DOI: 10.20473/fmi.v57i2.16123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of a ketogenic diet with an increased proportion of fat is rampant lately, both as a therapy or even lifestyle. The use of a ketogenic diet is feared to cause dyslipidemia. It will also lead to atherosclerosis and thrombosis. This study aimed to determine the effect of a high-fat diet on HDL, LDL, and HDL/LDL ratio in mice. Thirty male Mus Musculus, 2-3 mo, 15-25 g divided into five groups diet. K1 (12% fat, 20% protein, 62% carb), K2 (30% fat, 60%protein), K3 (45% fat, 45% protein), K4 (60% fat, 30% protein) and K5 (75% fat, 15% protein) for 4 weeks. Feed and water by adlibitum. Blood for serum was taken from the ventricle, while in the measurement of HDL serum level, the LDL used ELISA. Normality of data analyzed by Shapiro Wilk, and homogeneity by Levene test. HDL serum was analyzed using equality test followed by Games Howell, LDL serum and ratio of HDL/LDL was tested by ANOVA followed by LSD with significance 0,05. HDL serum in K1 (62,50±9.94) mg/dL, K2 (78,40±18,76) mg/dL, K3 (79,00±3,81) mg/dL, K4 (80,00±2,16) mg/dL, and K5 (83,50±5,62) mg/dL with p<0,05 in K1, K2 to K3, K4 and K5. LDL serum in K1 (21,67± 4,80) mg/dL, K2 (23,00±12,70) mg/dL, K3 (18,40±4,34) mg/dL, K4 (24,00 ±1,83) mg/dL and K5 (22,00 ± 4,08) mg/dL with p>0,05. Ratio HDL/LDL K1 (3,01±0,91), K2 (4,10±1,86), K3 (4,53±1,5), K4 (3,35±0,34), and K5 (3,96 ± 1,25) with p>0,05.
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Neves GS, Lunardi MS, Lin K, Rieger DK, Ribeiro LC, Moreira JD. Ketogenic diet, seizure control, and cardiometabolic risk in adult patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy: a review. Nutr Rev 2020; 79:931-944. [PMID: 33230563 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacoresistant epilepsy causes serious deleterious effects on the patient's health and quality of life. For this condition, a ketogenic diet (KD) is a treatment option. The KD is a general term for a set of diets that contain high amounts of fat and low content of carbohydrates. The most prominent KD treatments are classical KD (4:1 ratio of fat to carbohydrate), modified Atkins diet (2:1 to 1:1 ratio), medium-chain triglycerides KD (with medium-chain triglyceride as a part of the fat content), and low glycemic index KD (using low glycemic carbohydrates). KD has been widely prescribed for children with epilepsy but not for adult patients. One of the main concerns about adult use of KD is its cardiovascular risk associated with high-fat and cholesterol intake. Therefore, this narrative review provides comprehensive information of the current literature on the effects of KD on lipid profile, glycemic-control biomarkers, and other cardiometabolic risk factors in adult patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela S Neves
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.,Translational Nutrition Neuroscience Working Group, CNPq Directory of Research Groups, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Lunardi
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.,Translational Nutrition Neuroscience Working Group, CNPq Directory of Research Groups, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Katia Lin
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Débora Kurrle Rieger
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.,Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.,Translational Nutrition Neuroscience Working Group, CNPq Directory of Research Groups, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Letícia C Ribeiro
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.,Translational Nutrition Neuroscience Working Group, CNPq Directory of Research Groups, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Júlia D Moreira
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.,Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.,Translational Nutrition Neuroscience Working Group, CNPq Directory of Research Groups, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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6
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El-Rashidy OF, Youssef MM, Elgendy YG, Mohsen MA, Morsy SM, Dawh SA, Saad K. Selenium and antioxidant levels in children with intractable epilepsy receiving ketogenic diet. Acta Neurol Belg 2020; 120:375-380. [PMID: 32107714 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-020-01310-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ketogenic diet is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate, and adequate-protein diet. It is well-established as a treatment option for drug-resistant childhood epilepsies. Our study aimed to evaluate Selenium levels and oxidative stress in children receiving ketogenic diet for intractable seizures for 6 months. This is a comparative case-control study included 90 children under 6 years age. They were subdivided into three groups. Group I: Thirty patients with drug-resistant epilepsy under antiepileptic drugs only. Group II: Thirty patients with drug-resistant epilepsy under treatment with ketogenic diet for 6 months and antiepileptic drugs. Group III: Thirty age and sex-matched healthy children as controls. Full history taking with special emphasis on severity and frequency of seizures, neurological examination, anthropometric measurements and laboratory analysis for serum Malonaldehyde, and total antioxidant capacity and Selenium were done for all participants. The frequency and severity of seizures were significantly lower in group II receiving ketogenic diet than group I on antiepileptic drugs only. Selenium levels were significantly lower in epileptic patients in comparison to controls. However, it was markedly lower in the ketogenic diet group. Malonaldehyde levels were significantly higher in epileptic children in comparison to controls, with lower values among ketogenic diet group when compared to patients on antiepileptic drugs only. Total antioxidant capacity levels were significantly lower in epileptic patients in comparison to controls, with higher values among ketogenic diet group as compared to epileptic patients on pharmacological treatment. Ketogenic diet is an effective treatment for refractory epilepsy for its anti-epileptic mechanism. It also may exert antioxidant effects. The nutrient content of the ketogenic diet may not meet the recommended daily allowance for selenium. So, this should be taken into consideration for supplementation of minerals in adequate amounts for patients receiving this diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia F El-Rashidy
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai M Youssef
- Child Health Department, National Research Centre, Doki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yasmin G Elgendy
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Manal A Mohsen
- Child Health Department, National Research Centre, Doki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Safaa M Morsy
- Medical Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Doki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sarah A Dawh
- Child Health Department, National Research Centre, Doki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Khaled Saad
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
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7
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Chen H, Chen YH, Liu L, Wang Y. [Effects of ketogenic diet on lipid metabolism in children with intractable epilepsy]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2019; 21:450-453. [PMID: 31104661 PMCID: PMC7389428 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of ketogenic diet (KD) on lipid metabolism in children with intractable epilepsy and the risk of atherosclerosis in children treated with KD assessed by changes in lipid profile. METHODS The clinical data of 47 children with intractable epilepsy from 2013 to 2017 were collected. Blood lipid levels including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), were detected before and 3 months after KD treatment. LDL/HDL ratio, arterial stiffness index (AI), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and lipid comprehensive index (LCI) were calculated to assess the risk of atherosclerosis. RESULTS After 3 months of KD treatment, the TG and TC levels were slightly higher than those before treatment, and the HDL levels were slightly lower than those before treatment, but the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The LDL levels of the children after 3 months of KD treatment were significantly higher than those before treatment (P<0.05). After 3 months of KD treatment, the LDL/HDL ratio and AI, AIP and LCI levels of the children were increased compared with those before treatment, but only the increase of the LDL/HDL ratio was statistically significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS KD treatment may lead to increase in LDL level and LDL/HDL ratio, suggesting that KD treatment may increase the risk of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China.
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D'Cunha NM, McKune AJ, Panagiotakos DB, Georgousopoulou EN, Thomas J, Mellor DD, Naumovski N. Evaluation of dietary and lifestyle changes as modifiers of S100β levels in Alzheimer's disease. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:1-18. [PMID: 28696163 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1349032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a significant body of research undertaken in order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as to discover early detection biomarkers and potential therapeutic strategies. One such proposed biomarker is the calcium binding protein S100β, which, depending on its local concentration, is known to exhibit both neurotrophic and neuroinflammatory properties in the central nervous system. At present, relatively little is known regarding the effect of chronic S100β disruption in AD. Dietary intake has been identified as a modifiable risk factor for AD. Preliminary in vitro and animal studies have demonstrated an association between S100β expression and dietary intake which links to AD pathophysiology. This review describes the association of S100β to fatty acids, ketone bodies, insulin, and botanicals as well as the potential impact of physical activity as a lifestyle factor. We also discuss the prospective implications of these findings, including support of the use of a Mediterranean dietary pattern and/or the ketogenic diet as an approach to modify AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M D'Cunha
- a University of Canberra Health Research Institute (UCHRI) , University of Canberra , Locked Bag 1, Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Andrew J McKune
- b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,c University of Canberra, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,d Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban 4041 , South Africa
| | - Demosthenes B Panagiotakos
- e Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, School of Health and Education , Harokopio University , Athens 176 71 , Greece
| | - Ekavi N Georgousopoulou
- b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,e Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, School of Health and Education , Harokopio University , Athens 176 71 , Greece
| | - Jackson Thomas
- a University of Canberra Health Research Institute (UCHRI) , University of Canberra , Locked Bag 1, Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Duane D Mellor
- a University of Canberra Health Research Institute (UCHRI) , University of Canberra , Locked Bag 1, Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Nenad Naumovski
- a University of Canberra Health Research Institute (UCHRI) , University of Canberra , Locked Bag 1, Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia
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9
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Kosinski C, Jornayvaz FR. Effects of Ketogenic Diets on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Evidence from Animal and Human Studies. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9050517. [PMID: 28534852 PMCID: PMC5452247 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of obesity and cardiovascular diseases is one of the most difficult and important challenges nowadays. Weight loss is frequently offered as a therapy and is aimed at improving some of the components of the metabolic syndrome. Among various diets, ketogenic diets, which are very low in carbohydrates and usually high in fats and/or proteins, have gained in popularity. Results regarding the impact of such diets on cardiovascular risk factors are controversial, both in animals and humans, but some improvements notably in obesity and type 2 diabetes have been described. Unfortunately, these effects seem to be limited in time. Moreover, these diets are not totally safe and can be associated with some adverse events. Notably, in rodents, development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and insulin resistance have been described. The aim of this review is to discuss the role of ketogenic diets on different cardiovascular risk factors in both animals and humans based on available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Kosinski
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Avenue de la Sallaz 8, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Clasadonte J, Morel L, Barrios-Camacho CM, Chiang MSR, Zhang J, Iyer L, Haydon PG, Yang Y. Molecular analysis of acute and chronic reactive astrocytes in the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 91:315-25. [PMID: 27060558 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroglia, the most abundant glial cells in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), are considered an emerging key player in seizure induction and progression. Although astrocytes undergo reactive gliosis in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with dramatic morphological and molecular changes, specific astrocyte targets/molecular pathways that contribute to the induction and progression of seizure remain largely unknown. By combining translating ribosomal affinity purification (TRAP) with the pilocarpine model of TLE in BAC aldh1l1 TRAP mice, we profiled translating mRNAs from hippocampal or cortical astrocytes at different phases (3days, 30days, and 60days post-pilocarpine injections) of pilocarpine-induced epilepsy models. Our results found that hippocampal (but not cortical) astrocytes undergo early and unique molecular changes at 3days post-pilocarpine injections. These changes indicate a potentially primary pathogenic role of hippocampal astrocytes in seizure induction and progression and provide new insights about the involvement of specific astrocytic pathways/targets in epilepsy. In particular, we validated expression changes of ocrl and aeg1 in pilocarpine models. Follow-up studies on these genes may reveal new roles of hippocampal astrocytes in TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Clasadonte
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Lydie Morel
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Camila M Barrios-Camacho
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, United States; Tufts University, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Ming Sum R Chiang
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- Dongfang Hospital of University of Chinese Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, No. 6, District 1, Fangxingyuan, Fangzhuang, Fengtai Distict, Beijing 100078, PR China
| | - Lakshmanan Iyer
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Philip G Haydon
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, United States; Tufts University, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Yongjie Yang
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, United States; Tufts University, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, United States.
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