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Shi X. Research advances in cochlear pericytes and hearing loss. Hear Res 2023; 438:108877. [PMID: 37651921 PMCID: PMC10538405 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2023.108877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Pericytes are specialized mural cells surrounding endothelial cells in microvascular beds. They play a role in vascular development, blood flow regulation, maintenance of blood-tissue barrier integrity, and control of angiogenesis, tissue fibrosis, and wound healing. In recent decades, understanding of the critical role played by pericytes in retina, brain, lung, and kidney has seen significant progress. The cochlea contains a large population of pericytes. However, the role of cochlear pericytes in auditory pathophysiology is, by contrast, largely unknown. The present review discusses recent progress in identifying cochlear pericytes, mapping their distribution, and defining their role in regulating blood flow, controlling the blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) and angiogenesis, and involvement in different types of hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Hearing Research Center (NRC04), Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA.
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Kayode OT, Bello JA, Oguntola JA, Kayode AAA, Olukoya DK. The interplay between monosodium glutamate (MSG) consumption and metabolic disorders. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19675. [PMID: 37809920 PMCID: PMC10558944 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is one of the most popular food additives in the world and is often ingested with commercially processed foods. It can be described as a sodium salt of glutamic acid with the IUPAC name - Sodium 2-aminopentanedioate and is ionized by water to produce free sodium ions and glutamic acid. MSG use has significantly increased over the past 30 years, its global demand stands huge at over three million metric tons which is worth over $4.5 billion. Asia was responsible for more than three quarter of world MSG consumption with the country China also leading in global consumption as well as production and export to other countries. Prior to year 2020, global demand for MSG increased by almost four percent each year with the highest significant increase in demand for MSG predicted to rise in Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam and China, followed by Brazil and Nigeria. However, several researches featured in this review has identified MSG consumption as a major contributor to the development and progression of some metabolic disorders such as obesity, which is a risk factor for other metabolic syndromes like hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cancer initiation. The mechanism by which MSG induce obesity involves induction of hypothalamic lesion, hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, leptin resistance and increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) Gamma and Alpha. Similarly for induction of diabetes mellitus, MSG consumption resulted in decreased pancreatic beta cell mass, increased oxidative stress and metabolic rates, reduced glucose and insulin transport to adipose tissue and skeletal muscles, insulin insensitivity, reduced insulin receptors and induced severe hyperinsulinemia. Dietary salt, an active component of MSG is also found to be a major risk factor for high blood pressure (which may lead to hypertension). MSG is used to enhance the taste of tobacco, causing smokers to consume the product in excess and thereby increasing the risk of cancer development. Depending on the amount consumed, MSG has both positive and negative effects. Despite the controversy surrounding MSG's safety and its probable contribution to risk of development and progression of metabolic disorders, its global consumption is still very high. Therefore, this article will sensitize the public on the need for cautious use of MSG in foods and also aid regulatory agencies to further review the daily MSG consumption limit based on metabolic toxicities observed at the varied dosages reported in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omowumi T Kayode
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Mountain Top University, Prayer City, Nigeria
| | - Jemilat A Bello
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Mountain Top University, Prayer City, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Jamiu A Oguntola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Mountain Top University, Prayer City, Nigeria
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Abolanle A A Kayode
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
| | - Daniel K Olukoya
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Mountain Top University, Prayer City, Nigeria
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Valicente VM, Peng CH, Pacheco KN, Lin L, Kielb EI, Dawoodani E, Abdollahi A, Mattes RD. Ultraprocessed Foods and Obesity Risk: A Critical Review of Reported Mechanisms. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:718-738. [PMID: 37080461 PMCID: PMC10334162 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence supports a positive association between ultraprocessed food (UPF) consumption and body mass index. This has led to recommendations to avoid UPFs despite very limited evidence establishing causality. Many mechanisms have been proposed, and this review critically aimed to evaluate selected possibilities for specificity, clarity, and consistency related to food choice (i.e., low cost, shelf-life, food packaging, hyperpalatability, and stimulation of hunger/suppression of fullness); food composition (i.e., macronutrients, food texture, added sugar, fat and salt, energy density, low-calorie sweeteners, and additives); and digestive processes (i.e., oral processing/eating rate, gastric emptying time, gastrointestinal transit time, and microbiome). For some purported mechanisms (e.g., fiber content, texture, gastric emptying, and intestinal transit time), data directly contrasting the effects of UPF and non-UPF intake on the indices of appetite, food intake, and adiposity are available and do not support a unique contribution of UPFs. In other instances, data are not available (e.g., microbiome and food additives) or are insufficient (e.g., packaging, food cost, shelf-life, macronutrient intake, and appetite stimulation) to judge the benefits versus the risks of UPF avoidance. There are yet other evoked mechanisms in which the preponderance of evidence indicates ingredients in UPFs actually moderate body weight (e.g., low-calorie sweetener use for weight management; beverage consumption as it dilutes energy density; and higher fat content because it reduces glycemic responses). Because avoidance of UPFs holds potential adverse effects (e.g., reduced diet quality, increased risk of food poisoning, and food wastage), it is imprudent to make recommendations regarding their role in diets before causality and plausible mechanisms have been verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius M Valicente
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Ching-Hsuan Peng
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kathryn N Pacheco
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Luotao Lin
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Elizabeth I Kielb
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Elina Dawoodani
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Afsoun Abdollahi
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Richard D Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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Schuh R, Veronez DADL, Ramos EJB, Cunha FDW, Pereira ML, Aranha JDJ, Aranha MA, Matias JEF. DO THE IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS AFFECT THE HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF FOOD INTAKE? AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY. ARQUIVOS BRASILEIROS DE CIRURGIA DIGESTIVA : ABCD = BRAZILIAN ARCHIVES OF DIGESTIVE SURGERY 2022; 34:e1636. [PMID: 35107498 PMCID: PMC8846474 DOI: 10.1590/0102-672020210002e1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunosuppressive drugs are essential for reducing the rejection risk in post-transplant patients, which is commonly associated with this procedure. However, side effects of those drugs on the hypothalamic nuclei involved in the food intake regulation, excessive weight gain, and also associated comorbidities are still unknown. The purpose of this study was to analyze possible changes in the neuronal morphology and cell density in the paraventricular nuclei, lateral hypothalamic area, dorsomedial nuclei, and ventromedial and arcuate nuclei in Wistar rats submitted to immunosuppressive treatment with tacrolimus (TAC) or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following groups according to the oral treatment administered for 14 weeks: control, sham (placebo), TAC (1 mg/kg of weight), and MMF (30 mg/kg of weight). After treatment, the animals were sacrificed and their brains fixed for later histological staining. Subsequently, the slides were photodocumented for stereological analysis of the hypothalamic nuclei. RESULTS All experimental groups showed a weight gain throughout the study. There was no significant difference in neuronal density/number of cells in the hypothalamic nuclei between groups. Morphological changes were not detected in the hypothalamic neurons. CONCLUSION Treatments with immunosuppressants could not modify the morphological and cell density aspects of the hypothalamic nuclei during this supplementation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Schuh
- Universidade Federal do Paraná - Departamento de Cirurgia - Curitiba - Paraná - Brasil
- Universidade Federal do Paraná - Departamento de Anatomia - Curitiba - Paraná - Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcelo Alves Aranha
- Universidade Federal do Paraná - Departamento de Cirurgia - Curitiba - Paraná - Brasil
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Amato AA, Wheeler HB, Blumberg B. Obesity and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:R87-R105. [PMID: 33449914 PMCID: PMC7983487 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is now a worldwide pandemic. The usual explanation given for the prevalence of obesity is that it results from consumption of a calorie dense diet coupled with physical inactivity. However, this model inadequately explains rising obesity in adults and in children over the past few decades, indicating that other factors must be important contributors. An endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) is an exogenous chemical, or mixture that interferes with any aspect of hormone action. EDCs have become pervasive in our environment, allowing humans to be exposed daily through ingestion, inhalation, and direct dermal contact. Exposure to EDCs has been causally linked with obesity in model organisms and associated with obesity occurrence in humans. Obesogens promote adipogenesis and obesity, in vivo, by a variety of mechanisms. The environmental obesogen model holds that exposure to obesogens elicits a predisposition to obesity and that such exposures may be an important yet overlooked factor in the obesity pandemic. Effects produced by EDCs and obesogen exposure may be passed to subsequent, unexposed generations. This "generational toxicology" is not currently factored into risk assessment by regulators but may be another important factor in the obesity pandemic as well as in the worldwide increases in the incidence of noncommunicable diseases that plague populations everywhere. This review addresses the current evidence on how obesogens affect body mass, discusses long-known chemicals that have been more recently identified as obesogens, and how the accumulated knowledge can help identify EDCs hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Amorim Amato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Hailey Brit Wheeler
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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Zhu W, Yang F, Cai X, Zhang W, Zhang J, Cai M, Li X, Xiang J, Cai D. Role of glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation-mediated synaptic plasticity in anxiogenic and depressive behaviors induced by monosodium glutamate. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 394:151-164. [PMID: 32444989 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01845-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric diseases and metabolic disorders frequently cooccur, yet the mechanisms underlying this interaction remain unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the role of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) phosphorylation in the comorbidity of metabolic and psychiatric disorders. Neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats were subcutaneously injected with monosodium glutamate (MSG) every 2 days for 10 days after birth. Metabolic and behavioral tests were performed 12 weeks later. Golgi staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed to evaluate synaptic structural plasticity. Changes in GR phosphorylation and the BDNF/TrkB pathway were evaluated by western blotting and immunofluorescence. We found that MSG-treated rats displayed significant metabolic abnormalities accompanied by anxiogenic and depressive behaviors, an altered synaptic ultrastructure and the loss of dendritic spines. The expression of phosphorylated GR was reduced in the brain. Furthermore, a specific agonist of BDNF/TrkB significantly reversed the reduction in GR phosphorylation, as well as the metabolic and behavioral outcomes. These findings indicate that a decrease in BDNF/TrkB pathway-dependent GR phosphorylation is a long-term effect of MSG treatment that may contribute to metabolic and behavioral disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Laboratory of Neurology, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Laboratory of Neurology, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaofang Cai
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Laboratory of Neurology, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jingsi Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Laboratory of Neurology, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min Cai
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Laboratory of Neurology, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiangting Li
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Laboratory of Neurology, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun Xiang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Laboratory of Neurology, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Dingfang Cai
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Laboratory of Neurology, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Role of Adiponectin and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Metabolic Regulation Involved in Adiposity and Body Fat Browning. J Clin Med 2020; 10:jcm10010056. [PMID: 33375318 PMCID: PMC7794779 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, characterized by excessive fat mass, has been emerging as a major global epidemic and contributes to the increased risk of morbidity around the world. Thus, the necessity to find effective therapy and specific regulatory mechanisms is increasing for controlling obesity. Lately, many researchers have been interested in the linkage between obesity and adipokines/myokines, particularly adiponectin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). However, the role of adiponectin and BDNF in adiposity has not been clearly defined yet. We examined the association of adiposity with adiponectin and BDNF through human study (observational study) with Korean women and in vitro experiments. In the human study, we found a negative relationship between adiposity and circulating adiponectins but irregular patterns in the relationship between adiposity and circulating BDNFs. In the in vitro study using 3T3-L1 adipocytes, adiponectin treatment strongly promoted adipocyte differentiation and the fat browning process, whereas BDNF treatment attenuated adipocyte differentiation and the fat browning process in differentiated adipocytes. Our results demonstrate that adiponectin and BDNF play an important role in regulating fat mass and the expression of fat-browning markers in different ways, and also suggest that circulating adiponectin may be used as an important monitoring index for obesity status.
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Obesity: Pathophysiology, monosodium glutamate-induced model and anti-obesity medicinal plants. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:503-516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Bodur A, İnce İ, Kahraman C, Abidin İ, Aydin-Abidin S, Alver A. Effect of a high sucrose and high fat diet in BDNF (+/-) mice on oxidative stress markers in adipose tissues. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 665:46-56. [PMID: 30797748 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a high fat and a high sucrosediet in wild type and BDNF (+/-) mice on oxidative stress in epididymal and subcutaneousadipose tissues by measuring different markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes. Wild type (WT) and BDNF (+/-) male mice were divided into six groups receiving fed control diet (CD), high sucrose diet (HSD), or high fat diet (HFD) for four months. Levels of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) increased in the HFD-fed BDNF (+/-) mice, while 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) levels increased in the CD and HFD-fed BDNF (+/-) groups. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased in subcutaneous tissue compared to epididymal adipose tissue, independently of diet type. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was reduced by HFD (p < 0.05), butglutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was increased by HSD in epididymal adipose tissuein BDNF (+/-) mice (p < 0.05). GSH-Px activities was increased by CD and HFD in subcutaneous adipose tissue of BDNF (+/-) (p < 0.05). SOD2 and GSH-Px3 expressions were only decreased by HSD in epididymal and subcutaneous adipose tissues of BDNF (+/-) mice (p < 0.05). In conclusion, reduced BDNF may increase OS in epididymal adipose tissue, but not in subcutaneous adipose tissue following HSD and HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akın Bodur
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - İmran İnce
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Cemil Kahraman
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey
| | - İsmail Abidin
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Selcen Aydin-Abidin
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Alver
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
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Sandrini L, Di Minno A, Amadio P, Ieraci A, Tremoli E, Barbieri SS. Association between Obesity and Circulating Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Levels: Systematic Review of Literature and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082281. [PMID: 30081509 PMCID: PMC6121551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduction in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the brain as well as mutations in BDNF gene and/or of its receptor are associated to obesity in both human and animal models. However, the association between circulating levels of BDNF and obesity is still not defined. To answer this question, we performed a meta-analysis carrying out a systematic search in electronic databases. Ten studies (307 obese patients and 236 controls) were included in the analysis. Our data show that obese patients have levels of BDNF similar to those of controls (SMD: 0.01, 95% CI: −0.28, 0.30, p = 0.94). The lack of difference was further confirmed both in studies in which BDNF levels were assessed in serum (MD: −0.93 ng/mL, 95% CI: −3.34, 1.48, p = 0.45) and in plasma (MD: 0.15 ng/mL, 95% CI: −0.09, 0.39, p = 0.23). Data evaluation has shown that some bias might affect BDNF measurements (e.g., subject recruitment, procedures of sampling, handling, and storage), leading to a difficult interpretation of the results. Standardization of the procedures is still needed to reach strong, affordable, and reliable conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Sandrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | - Alessandro Ieraci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy.
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Sarcopenic obesity or obese sarcopenia: A cross talk between age-associated adipose tissue and skeletal muscle inflammation as a main mechanism of the pathogenesis. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 35:200-221. [PMID: 27702700 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, an age-associated decline in skeletal muscle mass coupled with functional deterioration, may be exacerbated by obesity leading to higher disability, frailty, morbidity and mortality rates. In the combination of sarcopenia and obesity, the state called sarcopenic obesity (SOB), some key age- and obesity-mediated factors and pathways may aggravate sarcopenia. This review will analyze the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of SOB. In obese adipose tissue (AT), adipocytes undergo hypertrophy, hyperplasia and activation resulted in accumulation of pro-inflammatory macrophages and other immune cells as well as dysregulated production of various adipokines that together with senescent cells and the immune cell-released cytokines and chemokines create a local pro-inflammatory status. In addition, obese AT is characterized by excessive production and disturbed capacity to store lipids, which accumulate ectopically in skeletal muscle. These intramuscular lipids and their derivatives induce mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by impaired β-oxidation capacity and increased reactive oxygen species formation providing lipotoxic environment and insulin resistance as well as enhanced secretion of some pro-inflammatory myokines capable of inducing muscle dysfunction by auto/paracrine manner. In turn, by endocrine manner, these myokines may exacerbate AT inflammation and also support chronic low grade systemic inflammation (inflammaging), overall establishing a detrimental vicious circle maintaining AT and skeletal muscle inflammation, thus triggering and supporting SOB development. Under these circumstances, we believe that AT inflammation dominates over skeletal muscle inflammation. Thus, in essence, it redirects the vector of processes from "sarcopenia→obesity" to "obesity→sarcopenia". We therefore propose that this condition be defined as "obese sarcopenia", to reflect the direction of the pathological pathway.
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Camargos ACR, Mendonça VA, Andrade CAD, Oliveira KSC, Tossige-Gomes R, Rocha-Vieira E, Neves CDC, Vieira ÉLM, Leite HR, Oliveira MX, Júnior ALT, Coimbra CC, Lacerda ACR. Neuroendocrine Inflammatory Responses in Overweight/Obese Infants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167593. [PMID: 27907172 PMCID: PMC5132240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is related to a cascade of neuroendocrine inflammatory changes. However, there remains a gap in the current literature regarding the possible occurrence of these changes in overweight/obese infants. The objective of this study was to evaluate adipokines, cortisol, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and redox status in overweight/obese infants versus normal-weight peers. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 50 infants (25 in the overweight/obese group and 25 in the normal-weight group) between 6 and 24 months. Plasma levels of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors, chemokines, BDNF, serum cortisol and redox status were measured. Unpaired Student's t-test was used to analyze the results and a probability of p<0.05 was acceptable for rejection of the null hypothesis. The Pearson correlation was used to verify the association between the biomarkers analyzed in each group. Plasma levels of leptin (p = 0.0001), adiponectin (p = 0.0007) and BDNF (p = 0.003), and serum cortisol (p = 0.048) were significantly higher in overweight/obese infants than normal-weight infants. In contrast, the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (p = 0.004), and catalase (p = 0.045) and superoxide dismutase activity (p = 0.02) were lower in overweight/obese infants than normal-weight peers. All the results together indicate neuroendocrine inflammatory response changes in overweight/obese infants between 6 and 24 months. Although there is already an environment that predisposes for a subsequent pro-inflammatory response, neuroendocrine secretion changes that permit the control of the inflammatory process in this age interval can be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Resende Camargos
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Amaral Mendonça
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Camila Alves de Andrade
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Rosalina Tossige-Gomes
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Etel Rocha-Vieira
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Camila Danielle Cunha Neves
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Diamantina, Brazil
| | | | - Hércules Ribeiro Leite
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Murilo Xavier Oliveira
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Cândido Celso Coimbra
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Rodrigues Lacerda
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Diamantina, Brazil
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