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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Gothwal KV, Mahajan B, Vasava K. Skeletal Muscle Cysticercosis of the Calf: A Rare Case. Cureus 2023; 15:e33290. [PMID: 36741636 PMCID: PMC9894641 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysticercosis in humans is caused by larval cysts of the tapeworm Taenia solium. Any tissue in the human body can become infected by these larval cysts, but the central nervous system, skeletal muscles, subcutaneous tissues, and eyes are the most frequently affected. Muscle cysts are uncommon and typically do not present with any symptoms. In this study, we present a rare case of skeletal cysticercosis as a calf swelling and its management.
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Pray IW, Pizzitutti F, Bonnet G, Gonzales-Gustavson E, Wakeland W, Pan WK, Lambert WE, Gonzalez AE, Garcia HH, O’Neal SE. Validation of a spatial agent-based model for Taenia solium transmission ("CystiAgent") against a large prospective trial of control strategies in northern Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009885. [PMID: 34705827 PMCID: PMC8575314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pork tapeworm (Taenia solium) is a parasitic helminth that imposes a major health and economic burden on poor rural populations around the world. As recognized by the World Health Organization, a key barrier for achieving control of T. solium is the lack of an accurate and validated simulation model with which to study transmission and evaluate available control and elimination strategies. CystiAgent is a spatially-explicit agent based model for T. solium that is unique among T. solium models in its ability to represent key spatial and environmental features of transmission and simulate spatially targeted interventions, such as ring strategy. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We validated CystiAgent against results from the Ring Strategy Trial (RST)-a large cluster-randomized trial conducted in northern Peru that evaluated six unique interventions for T. solium control in 23 villages. For the validation, each intervention strategy was replicated in CystiAgent, and the simulated prevalences of human taeniasis, porcine cysticercosis, and porcine seroincidence were compared against prevalence estimates from the trial. Results showed that CystiAgent produced declines in transmission in response to each of the six intervention strategies, but overestimated the effect of interventions in the majority of villages; simulated prevalences for human taenasis and porcine cysticercosis at the end of the trial were a median of 0.53 and 5.0 percentages points less than prevalence observed at the end of the trial, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The validation of CystiAgent represented an important step towards developing an accurate and reliable T. solium transmission model that can be deployed to fill critical gaps in our understanding of T. solium transmission and control. To improve model accuracy, future versions would benefit from improved data on pig immunity and resistance, field effectiveness of anti-helminthic treatment, and factors driving spatial clustering of T. solium infections including dispersion and contact with T. solium eggs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W. Pray
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Francesco Pizzitutti
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle Bonnet
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Eloy Gonzales-Gustavson
- Tropical and Highlands Veterinary Research Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, EL Mantaro, Peru
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Wayne Wakeland
- Systems Science Program, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - William K. Pan
- Duke Global Health Institute & Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William E. Lambert
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Armando E. Gonzalez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Hector H. Garcia
- School of Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes, Peru
| | - Seth E. O’Neal
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes, Peru
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Kaur R, Arora N, Rawat SS, Keshri AK, Sharma SR, Mishra A, Singh G, Prasad A. Vaccine for a neglected tropical disease Taenia solium cysticercosis: fight for eradication against all odds. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1447-1458. [PMID: 34379534 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1967750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Taenia solium infection is among the 17 most neglected tropical diseases identified by World Health Organization and to be eradicated by 2030. This parasite infects the central nervous system (Neurocysticercosis [NCC]) and intestine [Taeniasis]). NCC is the most frequent cause of acquired epilepsy in endemic regions and Taeniasis is responsible for the widespread malnutrition and abdominal discomfort among children. Epilepsy caused by T. solium is preventable and the total elimination of NCC can be achieved by good hygiene, mass therapy, and most importantly vaccination of pigs or humans. Vaccine for pig is available but not widely in use and for humans it's still elusive. AREA COVERED Several vaccine candidates for porcine cysticercosis have been tried like TSOL18, SP3Vac, KETc7, TSOL45, etc. with good success in the limited field trial. This review highlights some seminal contributions for the anti-cestode vaccine, the associated challenges, current status, suggestive future directions, and the need of vaccine for human use. EXPERT OPINION Though several vaccines are available, none is being widely used due to lack of awareness, economic constraints, accessibility, etc. Hence, there is a need for a newer, economic, and reliable vaccine for humans or pigs use to reduce the disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimanpreet Kaur
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Naina Arora
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Suraj S Rawat
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anand Kumar Keshri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shubha Rani Sharma
- Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi-Jharkhand, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Neurology, Dayanad Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Amit Prasad
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Dixon MA, Winskill P, Harrison WE, Basáñez MG. Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis: From parasite biology and immunology to diagnosis and control. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2021; 112:133-217. [PMID: 34024358 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the pork tapeworm (Taenia solium) is responsible for a substantial global burden of disease, not only restricted to its impact on human health, but also resulting in a considerable economic burden to smallholder pig farmers due to pig cysticercosis infection. The life-cycle, parasitology and immunology of T. solium are complex, involving pigs (the intermediate host, harbouring the larval metacestode stage), humans (the definitive host, harbouring the adult tapeworm, in addition to acting as accidental intermediate hosts) and the environment (the source of infection with eggs/proglottids). We review the parasitology, immunology, and epidemiology of the infection associated with each of the T. solium life-cycle stages, including the pre-adult/adult tapeworm responsible for human taeniasis; post-oncosphere and cysticercus associated with porcine and human cysticercosis, and the biological characteristics of eggs in the environment. We discuss the burden associated, in endemic settings, with neurocysticercosis (NCC) in humans, and the broader cross-sectoral economic impact associated both with NCC and porcine cysticercosis, the latter impacting food-value chains. Existing tools for diagnostics and control interventions that target different stages of the T. solium transmission cycle are reviewed and their limitations discussed. Currently, no national T. solium control programmes have been established in endemic areas, with further work required to identify optimal strategies according to epidemiological setting. There is increasing evidence suggesting that cross-sectoral interventions which target the parasite in both the human and pig host provide the most effective approaches for achieving control and ultimately elimination. We discuss future avenues for research on T. solium to support the attainment of the goals proposed in the revised World Health Organisation neglected tropical diseases roadmap for 2021-2030 adopted at the 73rd World Health Assembly in November 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Dixon
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Schistosomiasis Control Initiative Foundation (SCI Foundation), London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Winskill
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy E Harrison
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative Foundation (SCI Foundation), London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria-Gloria Basáñez
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Arya A, Azad C, Mahajan V, Guglani V. Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Children: A Prospective Observational Study from India. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC EPILEPSY 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1712544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractConvulsive status epilepticus (CSE) is one of the commonest and life threatening pediatric neurological emergencies. Only few studies on pediatric status epilepticus (SE) are available from the Indian subcontinent. The aim was to study the etiology and immediate outcome of CSE in children getting admitted in pediatric emergency during the study period and to study association of various clinical presentations with immediate outcome. A prospective observational study was conducted in tertiary care institute of Northern India. Children aged between 1 month and 18 years with CSE were enrolled and followed up till discharge. Primary outcome was kept as hospital survival/mortality; those who survived were further graded on the basis of disability at discharge. A total of 81 patients with CSE were assessed for primary outcome. The mortality rate was found to be 15% (12/81); 83% deaths were due to acute central nervous system (CNS) infection. Ten percent of children (8/81) had disability at discharge, five had mild, and three had moderate disability. The neurocysticercosis was the most common etiology seen in 23% (19/81) of the children followed by febrile SE in 20% (13/81) of the study participants. CSE responded to first-line antiepileptic drugs (AED) in 15% children (12/81). Refractory status was seen in 13.5% (11/81) cases. Prehospital treatment was received only in 15% patients. Young age, low Glasgow coma scale score at admission, and requirement of critical care support were the factors found to be significantly associated with mortality. CSE has a high mortality especially in young children and acute CNS infections are the most common cause of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhi Arya
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Chandrika Azad
- Department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vidushi Mahajan
- Department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vishal Guglani
- Department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
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Zoonotic and vector-borne parasites and epilepsy in low-income and middle-income countries. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:333-345. [PMID: 32427939 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-0361-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic and vector-borne parasites are important preventable risk factors for epilepsy. Three parasitic infections - cerebral malaria, Taenia solium cysticercosis and onchocerciasis - have an established association with epilepsy. Parasitoses are widely prevalent in low-income and middle-income countries, which are home to 80% of the people with epilepsy in the world. Once a parasitic infection has taken hold in the brain, therapeutic measures do not seem to influence the development of epilepsy in the long term. Consequently, strategies to control, eliminate and eradicate parasites represent the most feasible way to reduce the epilepsy burden at present. The elucidation of immune mechanisms underpinning the parasitic infections, some of which are parasite-specific, opens up new therapeutic possibilities. In this Review, we explore the pathophysiological basis of the link between parasitic infections and epilepsy, and we consider preventive and therapeutic approaches to reduce the burden of epilepsy attributable to parasitic disorders. We conclude that a concerted approach involving medical, veterinary, parasitological and ecological experts, backed by robust political support and sustainable funding, is the key to reducing this burden.
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Smallholder pig farming education improved community knowledge and pig management in Angónia district, Mozambique. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:1447-1457. [PMID: 31758385 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Education on pig farming has been recognized as an important method of transferring knowledge and improving production among smallholder pig producers in rural settings, but the effectiveness of this in different rural settings remains unknown. A community-based intervention trial on smallholder pig farmers was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of pig farming education. Baseline information was collected using interview-based questionnaires and observations regarding pig welfare and husbandry practices followed by participatory pig farming education and field demonstrations. The study was carried out between May 2014 and May 2016 and involved 90 smallholder pig farmers from six villages in Angónia district, of Tete province in Mozambique. The baseline questionnaire among several aspects regarding pig management highlighted that most farmers had an overall knowledge on aspects of transmission (55.1%) and prevention (48.9%) of African swine fever (ASF), porcine cysticercosis (PC) transmission (8.2%), and field diagnosis (36.7%), and they were not aware of the zoonotic potential of PC or the basic husbandry procedures of pigs kept under permanent confinement. Forty-nine of the 90 farmers enrolled, participated in the pig farming education, which provided the basis for making a comparison between trained (54%) and non-trained (46%) pig farmers. Since knowledge for ASF transmission (P < 0.036), pig pen design (P < 0.014), reasons for confine the pigs (P < 0.016), as well as the adoption of the new introduced pig pen model (P < 0.025), and the practices of acceptable, good hygiene of the pig pen (P < 0.009 and P < 0.014, respectively), improved significantly in both groups, a remarkable spill-over was observed, proving villagers capable of transferring knowledge within the villages. However, water provision and total confinement in both groups were still not practiced by the most farmers following the pig farming education (P > 0.174 and 0.254). It is concluded that despite improved knowledge, the farmers failed to follow several recommendations, most likely due to poverty such as lack of basic resources like food and water, which even the farmers themselves lacked for their day to day living.
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Gabriël S, Mwape K, Phiri I, Devleesschauwer B, Dorny P. Taenia solium control in Zambia: The potholed road to success. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2019; 4:e00082. [PMID: 30662967 PMCID: PMC6324015 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2018.e00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The taeniosis/cysticercosis neglected zoonotic disease complex is caused by Taenia solium, and is associated with significant economic and public health impacts. This paper reviews the current knowledge on T. solium in Zambia and the control strategies already studied, covering almost 20 years of research, and explores the way forward. Studies on occurrence of porcine cysticercosis indicated very high prevalences, ranging from 15 to 34% based on detection of circulating antigens, and of 46% to 68% based on full carcass dissection in slaughter age pigs. Taeniosis prevalences have been reported to range from 6.3% to 12% based on copro-Ag-ELISA. Human cysticercosis prevalence results ranged from 5.8% to 13% based on serum Ag-ELISA, and from 34% to 39% based on sero-antibody detection. Later on, a study in people with epilepsy suggested neurocysticercosis to be the single most important cause of epilepsy in this T. solium endemic area, with 57% of the people with active epilepsy diagnosed with probable or definite neurocysticercosis. While the need to reduce the disease burden of T. solium in Zambia is obvious, the exact short and long term goals, and the strategies to achieve these goals, are not clear. We have selected the most promising control/elimination strategies from reviews and assessed these for feasibility via discussions with local stakeholders from both medical and veterinary sectors. The proposed measures were evaluated using the newly developed agent-based disease transmission model, cystiSim and optimised using Zambian demographic and disease data. As a control option, yearly porcine treatments were selected as best option, while the preferred strategy for elimination was determined to be the combination of human and porcine mass drug administration combined with porcine vaccination of all eligible people and pigs, in a schedule of six iterations of four monthly interventions. These interventions are currently being field tested, combined with education. Several other hurdles to control, such as cost and socio-political factors and the need for an improved advocacy and awareness creation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - K.E. Mwape
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - I.K. Phiri
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - B. Devleesschauwer
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - P. Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Millogo A, Kongnyu Njamnshi A, Kabwa-PierreLuabeya M. Neurocysticercosis and epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa. Brain Res Bull 2019; 145:30-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Matilla F, Velleman Y, Harrison W, Nevel M. Animal influence on water, sanitation and hygiene measures for zoonosis control at the household level: A systematic literature review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006619. [PMID: 30001331 PMCID: PMC6057674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neglected zoonotic diseases (NZDs) have a significant impact on the livelihoods of the world's poorest populations, which often lack access to basic services. Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programmes are included among the key strategies for achieving the World Health Organization's 2020 Roadmap for Implementation for control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). There exists a lack of knowledge regarding the effect of animals on the effectiveness of WASH measures. OBJECTIVES This review looked to identify how animal presence in the household influences the effectiveness of water, hygiene and sanitation measures for zoonotic disease control in low and middle income countries; to identify gaps of knowledge regarding this topic based on the amount and type of studies looking at this particular interaction. METHODS Studies from three databases (Medline, Web of Science and Global Health) were screened through various stages. Selected articles were required to show burden of one or more zoonotic diseases, an animal component and a WASH component. Selected articles were analysed. A narrative synthesis was chosen for the review. RESULTS Only two studies out of 7588 met the inclusion criteria. The studies exemplified how direct or indirect contact between animals and humans within the household can influence the effectiveness of WASH interventions. The analysis also shows the challenges faced by the scientific community to isolate and depict this particular interaction. CONCLUSION The dearth of studies examining animal-WASH interactions is explained by the difficulties associated with studying environmental interventions and the lack of collaboration between the WASH and Veterinary Public Health research communities. Further tailored research under a holistic One Health approach will be required in order to meet the goals set in the NTDs Roadmap and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Matilla
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yael Velleman
- Policy and Campaigns Department, WaterAid, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Harrison
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy Nevel
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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Alroy KA, Arroyo G, Gilman RH, Gonzales-Gustavson E, Gallegos L, Gavidia CM, Verastegui M, Rodriguez S, Lopez T, Gomez-Puerta LA, Alroy J, Garcia HH, Gonzalez AE, For The Cysticercosis Working Group In Peru. Carotid Taenia solium Oncosphere Infection: A Novel Porcine Neurocysticercosis Model. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:380-387. [PMID: 29893202 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC), the infection of the human central nervous system (CNS) with larval cysts of Taenia solium causes widespread neurological morbidity. Animal models are crucial for studying the pathophysiology and treatment of NCC. Some drawbacks of current NCC models include differences in the pathogenesis of the model and wild-type parasite, low rates of infection efficiency and lack of reproducibility. We describe a novel porcine model that recreates infection in the CNS with high efficiency. Activated oncospheres, either in a high (45,000-50,000) or low (10,000) dose were inoculated in the common carotid artery of 12 pigs by ultrasound-guided catheterization. Following oncosphere injection, either a high (30 mL) or low (1-3 mL) volume of saline flush was also administered. Cyst burden in the CNS was evaluated independently according to oncosphere dose and flush volume. Neurocysticercosis was achieved in 8/12 (66.7%) pigs. Cyst burden in the CNS of pigs was higher in the high versus the low oncosphere dose category (median: 4.5; interquartile ranges [IQR]: 1-8 and median: 1; IQR: 0-4, respectively) and in the high versus the low flush volume category (median 5.5; IQR: 1-8 and median: 1; IQR: 0-2, respectively), although not statistically different. All cysts in the CNS were viable, whereas both viable and degenerated cysts were found in the musculature. Carotid injection of activated oncospheres in pigs is effective in reproducing NCC. Oncosphere entry into the CNS by way of vasculature mimics wild-type infection, and provides a useful alternative for future investigations on the pathogenesis and antiparasitic treatment of NCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Alroy
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gianfranco Arroyo
- School of Public Health and Management, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Linda Gallegos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Cesar M Gavidia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Manuela Verastegui
- Departments of Pathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Silvia Rodriguez
- Microbiology of the School of Science, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Teresa Lopez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Luis A Gomez-Puerta
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Joseph Alroy
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hector H Garcia
- Microbiology of the School of Science, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Armando E Gonzalez
- Microbiology of the School of Science, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Momčilović S, Cantacessi C, Arsić-Arsenijević V, Otranto D, Tasić-Otašević S. Rapid diagnosis of parasitic diseases: current scenario and future needs. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 25:290-309. [PMID: 29730224 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic diseases are one of the world's most devastating and prevalent infections, causing millions of morbidities and mortalities annually. In the past, many of these infections have been linked predominantly to tropical or subtropical areas. Nowadays, however, climatic and vector ecology changes, a significant increase in international travel, armed conflicts, and migration of humans and animals have influenced the transmission of some parasitic diseases from 'book pages' to reality in developed countries. It has also been noted that many patients who have never travelled to endemic areas suffer from blood-borne infections caused by protozoa. In the light of existing knowledge, this new trend can be explained by the fact that in the process of migration a large number of asymptomatic carriers become a part of the blood bank donor and transplant donor populations. Accurate and rapid diagnosis represents the crucial weapon in the fight against parasitic infections. AIMS To review old and new approaches for rapid diagnosis of parasitic infections. SOURCES Data for this review were obtained through searches of PubMed using combinations of the following terms: parasitological diagnostics, microscopy, lateral flow assays, immunochromatographic assays, multiplex-PCR, and transplantation. CONTENT In this review, we provide a brief account of the advantages and limitations of rapid methods for diagnosis of parasitic diseases and focus our attention on current and future research in this area. The approximate costs associated with the use of different techniques and their applicability in endemic and non-endemic areas are also discussed. IMPLICATIONS Microscopy remains the cornerstone of parasitological diagnostics, especially in the field and low-resource settings, and provides epidemiological assessment of parasite burden. However, increased use and availability of point-of-care tests and molecular assays in modern era allow more rapid and accurate diagnoses and increased sensitivity in the identification of parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Momčilović
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Serbia.
| | - C Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - V Arsić-Arsenijević
- Department for Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Italy
| | - S Tasić-Otašević
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Serbia; Center of Microbiology and Parasitology, Public Health Institute Niš, Serbia
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Agustina KK, Swacita IBN, Oka IBM, Dwinata IM, Traub RJ, Cargill C, Damriyasa IM. Reducing zoonotic and internal parasite burdens in pigs using a pig confinement system. Vet World 2017; 10:1347-1352. [PMID: 29263598 PMCID: PMC5732342 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1347-1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study was designed to validate the effectiveness of the pig confinement system (PCS) in reducing the prevalence of zoonotic and internal parasite burdens in pigs. Materials and Methods Ten PCS households were selected together with 10 households practising traditional scavenging systems. Five pigs were monitored per household every 3 months for 15 months and blood and feces collected. Pigs received a single dose of oxfendazole at 30 mg/kg at baseline. Qualitative fecal examinations for intestinal parasite stages were performed, and serum was tested for antibodies to cysticercus of Taenia solium, Trichinella spp., and Toxoplasma gondii. Results Based on fecal examination, the prevalence of pigs positive for parasite eggs was reduced in PCS pigs over consecutive samplings (Ascaris suum [14.3% to 0%], Trichuris suis [46.9% to 8.3%], Strongyle-type eggs [81.6% to 8.3%], Physocephalus spp. [6.1% to 0%], and Metastrongylus apri [20.8% to 0%]) compared with increases in the number of pigs positive for parasite eggs in non-PCS pigs (T. suis [20-61.5%], Strongyle-type [60.4-80.8%], Physocephalus spp. [8.3-15.4%], and M. apri [20.8-34.6%]) and little change in pigs positive for A. suum (18.8-19.2%). While the prevalence of pigs with antibodies against to cysticerci of T. solium reduced in PCS pigs from 18% to 14%, the prevalence in non-PCS pigs increased from 42% to 52%. Antibodies to Trichinella were not detected, but the prevalence of T. gondii antibodies increased from 6% to 10% in PCS pigs and from 7% to 24% in non-PCS pigs. Conclusion These data demonstrate the potential of a PCS to reduce the prevalence of pigs infected with zoonotic and internal parasites and thus the risk to human and pig health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadek Karang Agustina
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, PB. Sudirman St. Campus, Denpasar, Bali 80223, Indonesia.,Department of Parasitology, Center Studies on Animal Diseases Udayana University, Markisa Alleyway of Sesetan St. No. 8 Denpasar, Bali 80223, Indonesia
| | - Ida Bagus Ngurah Swacita
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, PB. Sudirman St. Campus, Denpasar, Bali 80223, Indonesia
| | - Ida Bagus Made Oka
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, PB. Sudirman St. Campus, Denpasar, Bali 80223, Indonesia
| | - I Made Dwinata
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, PB. Sudirman St. Campus, Denpasar, Bali 80223, Indonesia
| | - Rebecca Justin Traub
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin Cargill
- Department of Livestock Production, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Hartley Grove, Urrbrae SA 5064, Australia
| | - I Made Damriyasa
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, PB. Sudirman St. Campus, Denpasar, Bali 80223, Indonesia.,Department of Parasitology, Center Studies on Animal Diseases Udayana University, Markisa Alleyway of Sesetan St. No. 8 Denpasar, Bali 80223, Indonesia
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14
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Zolfaghari Emameh R, Purmonen S, Sukura A, Parkkila S. Surveillance and diagnosis of zoonotic foodborne parasites. Food Sci Nutr 2017; 6:3-17. [PMID: 29387356 PMCID: PMC5778216 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne parasites are a source of human parasitic infection. Zoonotic infections of humans arise from a variety of domestic and wild animals, including sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses, pigs, boars, bears, felines, canids, amphibians, reptiles, poultry, and aquatic animals such as fishes and shrimp. Therefore, the implementation of efficient, accessible, and controllable inspection policies for livestock, fisheries, slaughterhouses, and meat processing and packaging companies is highly recommended. In addition, more attention should be paid to the education of auditors from the quality control (QC) and assurance sectors, livestock breeders, the fishery sector, and meat inspection veterinarians in developing countries with high incidence of zoonotic parasitic infections. Furthermore, both the diagnosis of zoonotic parasitic infections by inexpensive, accessible, and reliable identification methods and the organization of effective control systems with sufficient supervision of product quality are other areas to which more attention should be paid. In this review, we present some examples of successful inspection policies and recent updates on present conventional, serologic, and molecular diagnostic methods for zoonotic foodborne parasites from both human infection and animal‐derived foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology Division of Industrial & Environmental Biotechnology National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB) Tehran Iran
| | - Sami Purmonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences University of Tampere Tampere Finland
| | - Antti Sukura
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences University of Tampere Tampere Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories Ltd and Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland
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15
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Gripper LB, Welburn SC. Neurocysticercosis infection and disease-A review. Acta Trop 2017; 166:218-224. [PMID: 27880878 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most common parasitic disease of the human central nervous system (CNS), a pleomorphic disease with a diverse array of clinical manifestations. The infection is pleomorphic and dependent on a complex range of interconnecting factors, including number and size of the cysticerci, their stage of development and localisation within the brain with resulting difficulties in accurate diagnosis and staging of the disease. This review examines the factors that contribute to the accurate assessment of NCC distribution and transmission that are critical to achieving robust disease burden calculations. Control and prevention of T. solium transmission should be a key priority in global health as intervention can reduce the substantial healthcare and economic burdens inflicted by both NCC and taeniasis. Surveillance systems need to be better established, including implementing obligatory notification of cases. In the absence of reliable estimates of its global burden, NCC will remain-along with other endemic zoonoses, of low priority in the eyes of funding agencies-a truly neglected disease.
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16
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Stein R, Chirilã M. Routes of Transmission in the Food Chain. FOODBORNE DISEASES 2017. [PMCID: PMC7148622 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385007-2.00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
More than 250 different foodborne diseases have been described to date, annually affecting about one-third of the world's population. The incidence of foodborne diseases has been underreported and underestimated, and the asymptomatic presentation of some of the illnesses, worldwide heterogeneities in reporting, and the alternative transmission routes of certain pathogens are among the factors that contribute to this. Globalization, centralization of the food supply, transportation of food products progressively farther from their places of origin, and the multitude of steps where contamination may occur have made it increasingly challenging to investigate foodborne and waterborne outbreaks. Certain foodborne pathogens may be transmitted directly from animals to humans, while others are transmitted through vectors, such as insects, or through food handlers, contaminated food products or food-processing surfaces, or transfer from sponges, cloths, or utensils. Additionally, the airborne route may contribute to the transmission of certain foodborne pathogens. Complicating epidemiological investigations, multiple transmission routes have been described for some foodborne pathogens. Two types of transmission barriers, primary and secondary, have been described for foodborne pathogens, each of them providing opportunities for preventing and controlling outbreaks. Primary barriers, the most effective sites of prophylactic intervention, prevent pathogen entry into the environment, while secondary barriers prevent the multiplication and dissemination of pathogens that have already entered the environment. Understanding pathogen dynamics, monitoring transmission, and implementing preventive measures are complicated by the phenomenon of superspreading, which refers to the concept that, at the level of populations, a minority of hosts is responsible for the majority of transmission events.
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17
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Tinoco YO, Montgomery JM, Kasper MR, Nelson MI, Razuri H, Guezala MC, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Widdowson MA, Barnes J, Gilman RH, Bausch DG, Gonzalez AE. Transmission dynamics of pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in humans and swine in backyard farms in Tumbes, Peru. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:47-56. [PMID: 26011186 PMCID: PMC4687498 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to determine the frequency of pH1N1 transmission between humans and swine on backyard farms in Tumbes, Peru. Design Two‐year serial cross‐sectional study comprising four sampling periods: March 2009 (pre‐pandemic), October 2009 (peak of the pandemic in Peru), April 2010 (1st post‐pandemic period), and October 2011 (2nd post‐pandemic period). Sample Backyard swine serum, tracheal swabs, and lung sample were collected during each sampling period. Main outcome measures We assessed current and past pH1N1 infection in swine through serological testing, virus culture, and RT‐PCR and compared the results with human incidence data from a population‐based active surveillance cohort study in Peru. Results Among 1303 swine sampled, the antibody prevalence to pH1N1 was 0% pre‐pandemic, 8% at the peak of the human pandemic (October 2009), and 24% in April 2010 and 1% in October 2011 (post‐pandemic sampling periods). Trends in swine seropositivity paralleled those seen in humans in Tumbes. The pH1N1 virus was isolated from three pigs during the peak of the pandemic. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these viruses likely represent two separate human‐to‐swine transmission events in backyard farm settings. Conclusions Our findings suggest that human‐to‐swine pH1N1 transmission occurred during the pandemic among backyard farms in Peru, emphasizing the importance of interspecies transmission in backyard pig populations. Continued surveillance for influenza viruses in backyard farms is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeny O Tinoco
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru.,Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru.,U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Health Protection, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Martha I Nelson
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hugo Razuri
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | - John Barnes
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Daniel G Bausch
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru.,Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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18
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Abstract
"Infectious diseases of poverty" (IDoP) describes infectious diseases that are more prevalent among poor and vulnerable populations, namely human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, tuberculosis (TB), malaria, and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). In 2013, 190,000 children died of HIV-related causes and there were 550,000 cases and 80,000 TB deaths in children. Children under age 5 account for 78% of malaria deaths annually. NTDs remain a public health challenge in low- and middle-income countries. This article provides an overview of the major IDoP that affect children. Clinicians must be familiar with the epidemiology and clinical manifestations to ensure prompt diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Hansen
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elijah Paintsil
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 464 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 464 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, 464 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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19
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Pawlowski Z. Taeniosis/Neurocysticercosis Control as a Medical Problem—A Discussion Paper. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/wjns.2016.62020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Vargas-Calla A, Gomez-Puerta LA, Calcina J, Gonzales-Viera O, Gavidia C, Lopez-Urbina MT, Garcia HH, Gonzalez AE. Evaluation of activity of triclabendazole against Taenia solium metacestode in naturally infected pigs. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 9:23-6. [PMID: 26851781 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of triclabendazole (TCBZ) in porcine cysticercosis. METHODS Eighteen naturally infected cysticercosis pigs were divided into 3 groups of 6 individuals each. The first group was treated orally with TCBZ at a single dose of 30 mg/kg of body weight, the second group was treated orally with oxfendazole at a single dose of 30 mg/kg of body weight and the third group received a placebo (control group). All animals were kept under the same management conditions. The pigs were euthanized 17 wk post-treatment and the number of surviving cysts in muscles was assessed and compared between groups. RESULTS All pigs treated with oxfendazole had only degenerated cysts in their carcasses. In contrast, TCBZ had very little effect against the parasitic cysts. Cysts from pigs in the TCBZ group looked apparently normal after treatment. However, histological evaluation showed a mild to moderate degree of inflammation. CONCLUSIONS TCBZ is not an efficacious drug against Taenia solium cysticercosis in swine using a single dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vargas-Calla
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 41, Peru
| | - Luis A Gomez-Puerta
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 41, Peru.
| | - Juan Calcina
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 41, Peru
| | - Omar Gonzales-Viera
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 41, Peru
| | - Cesar Gavidia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 41, Peru
| | - Maria T Lopez-Urbina
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 41, Peru
| | - Hector H Garcia
- Cysticercosis Elimination Program and Center for Global Heath Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes, Peru; Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Peru
| | - Armando E Gonzalez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 41, Peru
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21
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Wandra T, Swastika K, Dharmawan NS, Purba IE, Sudarmaja IM, Yoshida T, Sako Y, Okamoto M, Eka Diarthini NLP, Sri Laksemi DAA, Yanagida T, Nakao M, Ito A. The present situation and towards the prevention and control of neurocysticercosis on the tropical island, Bali, Indonesia. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:148. [PMID: 25881045 PMCID: PMC4356148 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0755-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC), which is caused by accidental ingestion of eggs of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, was common in Bali, Indonesia until the early 1990s. However, improved education on hygiene and sanitation, a move to keeping pigs indoors, and improvement of economic and living conditions have substantially reduced the occurrence of NCC in Bali. Since 2011, T. solium tapeworm carriers (T. solium taeniasis) and heavily infected pigs and dogs have exclusively been detected from villages in mountainous regions of northeastern Bali where NCC and ocular cysticercosis (OCC) cases have also been identified. In response to this continued area of high infection, a one-day workshop was convened to discuss how to prevent and control this potentially lethal zoonotic parasitic infection in Bali. This review presents an overview of the current status of T. solium taeniasis and cysticercosis in Indonesia and proposes a strategy for the prevention and control of this zoonosis in Bali.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Wandra
- Sari Mutiara Indonesia University, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia.
| | - Kadek Swastika
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Udayana, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan.
- Section of Wildlife Diversity, Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Nyoman S Dharmawan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Udayana, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.
| | | | - I Made Sudarmaja
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Udayana, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.
| | - Takahiko Yoshida
- Department of Health Science, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Yasuhito Sako
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Munehiro Okamoto
- Section of Wildlife Diversity, Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan.
| | | | | | - Tetsuya Yanagida
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan.
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Minoru Nakao
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Little
- Barrow Neurological Institute, LTD, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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23
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Nash TE, Mahanty S, Loeb JA, Theodore WH, Friedman A, Sander JW, Singh G, Cavalheiro E, Del Brutto OH, Takayanagui OM, Fleury A, Verastegui M, Preux PM, Montano S, Pretell EJ, White AC, Gonzales AE, Gilman RH, Garcia HH. Neurocysticercosis: A natural human model of epileptogenesis. Epilepsia 2014; 56:177-83. [PMID: 25534640 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a better understanding of mechanisms of seizures and long-term epileptogenesis using neurocysticercosis. METHODS A workshop was held bringing together experts in epilepsy and epileptogenesis and neurocysticercosis. RESULTS Human neurocysticercosis and parallel animal models offer a unique opportunity to understand basic mechanisms of seizures. Inflammatory responses to degenerating forms and later-stage calcified parasite granulomas are associated with seizures and epilepsy. Other mechanisms may also be involved in epileptogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE Naturally occurring brain infections with neurocysticercosis offer a unique opportunity to develop treatments for one of the world's most common causes of epilepsy and for the development of more general antiepileptogenic treatments. Key advantages stem from the time course in which an acute seizure heralds a start of the epileptogenic process, and radiographic changes of calcification and perilesional edema provide biomarkers of a chronic epileptic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore E Nash
- Laboratory of Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
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Evolution, molecular epidemiology and perspectives on the research of taeniid parasites with special emphasis on Taenia solium. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 23:150-60. [PMID: 24560729 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human cysticercosis is known since old historical times in Greece and China; however, human infections by tapeworms have accompanied human beings for more that hundred thousand years. The disease is tightly bound to poverty and lack of hygiene, and has been eradicated in developed countries, but continues being a public health problem in developing countries of Latin-American, Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, and is also remerging in a number of non endemic countries. It is considered a neglected disease. Here we revise a number of key scientific contributions on taeniid biology that open new avenues for more effective approaches to the control of cysticercosis. The evolution of flatworms and class Cestoda is analyzed, with special emphasis on the emergence of taeniid parasites and the colonization of the human species by tapeworms. The complex molecular host-parasite interplay in this relationship as result of co-evolution between two distantly related organisms. The relevant host and parasite's factors, in the prospect of identifying species-specific molecular markers useful in epidemiological studies carried out in endemic countries. The new possibilities arising with the characterization of the genomes for several species of tapeworms, including a deeper understanding of these organisms, as well as improved tools for diagnosis, vaccination and drug treatment. The need to revise the current control and management strategies for this tropical neglected disease.
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Rasamoelina-Andriamanivo H, Porphyre V, Jambou R. Control of cysticercosis in Madagascar: beware of the pitfalls. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:538-47. [PMID: 24145061 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Taenia solium cysticercosis is a zoonosis of public health importance in areas where the disease is endemic, with significant economic impacts on human health and the swine industry. Several gaps remain in the epidemiology of the parasite and the strategies of control in developing countries. We detail the key factors to consider in Madagascar in terms of the porcine husbandry system, Taenia transmission cycle, and diagnosis of cysticercosis in pigs, in order to better estimate the sanitary and economic impacts of this parasitic disease as well as to define an integrated control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harentsoaniaina Rasamoelina-Andriamanivo
- FOFIFA, Département de Recherches Zootechniques et Vétérinaires, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Département Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine, Antananarivo, Madagascar
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27
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Control of Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis: past practices and new possibilities. Parasitology 2013; 140:1566-77. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013001005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYNeurocysticercosis continues to be a major health burden on humans living in many regions of the world, despite the availability of highly effective taeniacides and identification of the cause, Taenia solium, as being potentially eradicable. Several T. solium control trials have been undertaken, generally achieving limited success and none that has been fully documented has achieved what was demonstrated to be a sustainable level of disease control. Pigs act as intermediate hosts for T. solium and two new control tools have become available for application in pigs – single-dose oxfendazole treatment of porcine cysticercosis and the TSOL18 vaccine. Three potential intervention scenarios for pigs are compared for control of cysticercosis, using either oxfendazole or vaccination. A control scenario involving vaccination plus oxfendazole treatment delivered at 4 monthly intervals was predicted to achieve the best outcome, with no pigs slaughtered at 12 months of age having viable T. solium cysticerci. Now that new control tools are available, there are opportunities to concentrate research attention on evaluation of novel control scenarios leading to the implementation of effective and sustainable control programmes and a reduction in the global burden of neurocysticercosis.
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