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Peris-Vicente J, Albiol-Chiva J, Bose D, Durgbanshi A, Carda-Broch S. A method to determine two antibiotics prescribed to treat nosocomial infections in plasma and urine by micellar liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1225:123777. [PMID: 37290211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Combined prescription of the antimicrobial drugs linezolid and meropenem is a common strategy to treat multidrug-resistant nosocomial infections. We propose an innovative method to determine these two drugs in plasma and urine, based on micellar liquid chromatography. Both biological fluids were diluted in mobile phase, filtered and directly injected, without any extraction step. Using a C18 column and a mobile phase of 0.1 M sodium dodecyl sulfate - 10 % methanol, phosphate buffered at pH 3, running under isocratic mode, both antibiotics were eluted without overlapping in<15 min. Detection was by absorbance: 255 nm for linezolid and 310 nm for meropenem. The influence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and methanol concentration on retention factor was established for both drugs using an interpretative approach assisted by chemometrics. The procedure was successfully validated following the guidelines of 2018 Bioanalytical Method Validation Guidance for Industry in terms of: linearity (determination coefficients over 0.99990), calibration range (1 - 50 mg/L), instrumental and method sensitivity, trueness (bias of -10.8 to + 2.4%), precision (relative standard deviation of < 10.2%), dilution integrity, carry-over effect, robustness and stability. It should be emphasized that the method uses low volumes of toxic and volatile solvents and can be achieved in a short period. The procedure was found useful for routine analysis, as it was cost-affordable, more eco-friendly and safer than hydroorganic HPLC, easy-to-handle and highly sample-throughput. Finally, it was applied to incurred samples of patients taking this medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Peris-Vicente
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Jaume Albiol-Chiva
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Devasish Bose
- Department of Criminology and Forensic Science, Doctor Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India
| | - Abhilasha Durgbanshi
- Department of Chemistry, Doctor Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India
| | - Samuel Carda-Broch
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
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Carvalhaes CG, Sader HS, Streit JM, Mendes RE. Five-year analysis of the in vitro activity of tedizolid against a worldwide collection of indicated species causing clinical infections: results from the Surveillance of Tedizolid Activity and Resistance (STAR) programme. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2022; 4:dlac088. [PMID: 36072303 PMCID: PMC9442614 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The Surveillance of Tedizolid Activity and Resistance (STAR) programme monitored the tedizolid activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus anginosus group. We evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility of 47 400 unique Gram-positive clinical isolates from the STAR programme collected from USA (21 243), Europe (17 674), Asia-Pacific (4954) and Latin America (3529) medical centres (2015–19). Methods All isolates were tested for susceptibility by reference broth microdilution method. WGS and in silico analysis were performed on linezolid-non-susceptible (NS) isolates. Results Tedizolid was active against ≥99.9% of S. aureus (100.0% of MSSA and >99.9% of MRSA), E. faecalis, S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae and S. anginosus group isolates, with MIC50 values ranging from 0.12 to 0.25 mg/L and MIC90 values of 0.25 mg/L. Linezolid, vancomycin and daptomycin were also active agents against these organisms. Tedizolid inhibited all VRE and 73.1% of linezolid-NS E. faecalis isolates. Ampicillin and daptomycin retained 100.0% activity against VRE and linezolid-NS E. faecalis isolates. Linezolid-NS E. faecalis isolates carried mostly the optrA gene. G2576T alterations in the 23S rRNA were observed in one linezolid-NS S. aureus isolate and one linezolid-NS E. faecalis isolate. Conclusions No resistance trends were observed for tedizolid during the study period.
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Schwarz S, Zhang W, Du XD, Krüger H, Feßler AT, Ma S, Zhu Y, Wu C, Shen J, Wang Y. Mobile Oxazolidinone Resistance Genes in Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0018820. [PMID: 34076490 PMCID: PMC8262807 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00188-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven mobile oxazolidinone resistance genes, including cfr, cfr(B), cfr(C), cfr(D), cfr(E), optrA, and poxtA, have been identified to date. The cfr genes code for 23S rRNA methylases, which confer a multiresistance phenotype that includes resistance to phenicols, lincosamides, oxazolidinones, pleuromutilins, and streptogramin A compounds. The optrA and poxtA genes code for ABC-F proteins that protect the bacterial ribosomes from the inhibitory effects of oxazolidinones. The optrA gene confers resistance to oxazolidinones and phenicols, while the poxtA gene confers elevated MICs or resistance to oxazolidinones, phenicols, and tetracycline. These oxazolidinone resistance genes are most frequently found on plasmids, but they are also located on transposons, integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), genomic islands, and prophages. In these mobile genetic elements (MGEs), insertion sequences (IS) most often flanked the cfr, optrA, and poxtA genes and were able to generate translocatable units (TUs) that comprise the oxazolidinone resistance genes and occasionally also other genes. MGEs and TUs play an important role in the dissemination of oxazolidinone resistance genes across strain, species, and genus boundaries. Most frequently, these MGEs also harbor genes that mediate resistance not only to antimicrobial agents of other classes, but also to metals and biocides. Direct selection pressure by the use of antimicrobial agents to which the oxazolidinone resistance genes confer resistance, but also indirect selection pressure by the use of antimicrobial agents, metals, or biocides (the respective resistance genes against which are colocated on cfr-, optrA-, or poxtA-carrying MGEs) may play a role in the coselection and persistence of oxazolidinone resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanjiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Dang Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Henrike Krüger
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea T. Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shizhen Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Congming Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
ABSTRACT In this case report, the treatment of a patient with a diabetic foot ulcer on his left foot was interrupted by the novel coronavirus 2019 pandemic lockdown in India. The author guided the patient via telephone and online services. Based on the history given by the patient, the lesion started as blistering from improperly fitted footwear that then evolved into multiple infected ulcerations on the dorsal surface of the great toe (osteomyelitis with septic arthritis of the joint). Based on a radiograph and other photographs of the foot lesions, the author prescribed amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in combination with linezolid for 2 weeks. Further, the author guided the patient to dress the wound at home using a medical-grade honey-based product. With no option for an outpatient visit, the author guided the patient to use a plastic ruler and place it below the toe during each dressing. Healing (complete epithelialization) was achieved within 4 weeks.
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Zhang L, He J, Bai L, Ruan S, Yang T, Luo Y. Ribosome-targeting antibacterial agents: Advances, challenges, and opportunities. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:1855-1889. [PMID: 33501747 DOI: 10.1002/med.21780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomes, which synthesize proteins, are critical organelles for the survival and growth of bacteria. About 60% of approved antibiotics discovered so far combat pathogenic bacteria by targeting ribosomes. However, several issues, such as drug resistance and toxicity, have impeded the clinical use of ribosome-targeting antibiotics. Moreover, the complexity of the bacteria ribosome structure has retarded the discovery of new ribosome-targeting agents that are considered as the key to the drug-resistance and toxicity. To deal with these challenges, efforts such as medicinal chemistry optimization, combination treatment, and new drug delivery system have been developed. But not enough, the development of structural biology and new screening methods bring powerful tools, such as cryo-electron microscopy technology, advanced computer-aided drug design, and cell-free in vitro transcription/translation systems, for the discovery of novel ribosome-targeting antibiotics. Thus, in this paper, we overview the research on different aspects of bacterial ribosomes, especially focus on discussing the challenges in the discovery of ribosome-targeting antibacterial drugs and advances made to address issues such as drug-resistance and selectivity, which, we believe, provide perspectives for the discovery of novel antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lang Bai
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shihua Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Youfu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Kang HY, Moon DC, Mechesso AF, Choi JH, Kim SJ, Song HJ, Kim MH, Yoon SS, Lim SK. Emergence of cfr-Mediated Linezolid Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Pig Carcasses. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E769. [PMID: 33147717 PMCID: PMC7692708 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Altogether, 2547 Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cattle (n = 382), pig (n = 1077), and chicken carcasses (n = 1088) during 2010-2017 were investigated for linezolid resistance and were further characterized using molecular methods. We identified linezolid resistance in only 2.3% of pig carcass isolates. The linezolid-resistant (LR) isolates presented resistance to multiple antimicrobials, including chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and tiamulin. Molecular investigation exhibited no mutations in the 23S ribosomal RNA. Nevertheless, we found mutations in ribosomal proteins rplC (G121A) and rplD (C353T) in one and seven LR strains, respectively. All the LR isolates carried the multi-resistance gene cfr, and six of them co-carried the mecA gene. Additionally, all the LR isolates co-carried the phenicol exporter gene, fexA, and presented a high level of chloramphenicol resistance. LR S. aureus isolates represented 10 genotypes, including major genotypes ST433-t318, ST541-t034, ST5-t002, and ST9-t337. Staphylococcal enterotoxin and leukotoxin-encoding genes, alone or in combination, were detected in 68% of LR isolates. Isolates from different farms presented identical or different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Collectively, toxigenic and LR S. aureus strains pose a crisis for public health. This study is the first to describe the mechanism of linezolid resistance in S. aureus isolated from food animal products in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (H.Y.K.); (D.C.M.); (A.F.M.); (J.-H.C.); (S.-J.K.); (H.-J.S.); (M.H.K.); (S.-S.Y.)
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Hua R, Xia Y, Wu W, Yang M, Yan J. Molecular Epidemiology and Mechanisms of 43 Low-Level Linezolid-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Strains in Chongqing, China. Ann Lab Med 2018; 39:36-42. [PMID: 30215228 PMCID: PMC6143467 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2019.39.1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterococcus faecalis strains with low-level resistance to linezolid (an oxazolidinone antibiotic) have become common. No large-scale study has examined the underlying mechanisms in linezolid-resistant E. faecalis (LRE) strains. We investigated these mechanisms and molecular characteristics in Chongqing, China. Methods A total of 1,120 non-duplicated E. faecalis strains collected from August 2014 to June 2017 underwent drug susceptibility testing. LRE strains were screened for optrA, cfr, and mutations in the 23S rRNA and ribosomal proteins L3 and L4 by PCR amplification and sequencing. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were used for epidemiological analysis. Results All 43 low-level LRE strains (minimum inhibitory concentration: 8–16 mg/L) harbored optrA; cfr and 23S rRNA mutations were not detected. Novel mutations in the ribosomal proteins L3 and L4—one deletion (Q103del) and four substitutions (S113L, T35A, I98V, and N79D)—were identified. Novel amino acid substitutions at positions E60K, G197D, and T285P of the OptrA protein were observed. MLST revealed 20 types of LRE strains; the most common type was ST16 (32.6%). PFGE showed 14 strains of ST16 with unique banding patterns. Eight novel sequence types (ST823 to ST830) and one allele (gki95) were identified for the first time in China. Conclusions optrA plays an important role in linezolid resistance and may serve as a marker for resistance screening. Since the L3 and L4 mutations did not simultaneously occur in the same strain, they play a negligible role in linezolid resistance. Epidemiological investigation suggested that the LRE cases were sporadic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyi Hua
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Wenyao Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mi Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Seifert H, Blondeau J, Dowzicky MJ. In vitro activity of tigecycline and comparators (2014-2016) among key WHO 'priority pathogens' and longitudinal assessment (2004-2016) of antimicrobial resistance: a report from the T.E.S.T. study. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 52:474-484. [PMID: 30012439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We report contemporary (2014-2016) Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (T.E.S.T.) global data on activity of tigecycline and comparators against WHO 'priority pathogens', and global trends (2004-2016) in antimicrobial resistance. MICs were determined using CLSI broth microdilution methodology. Antimicrobial resistance was determined using CLSI breakpoints (FDA breakpoints for tigecycline). Data are reported for Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. From 2014-2016, Africa, Asia and South America reported highest resistance rates among Acinetobacter baumannii; North America lowest (all antimicrobials tested). The tigecycline MIC90 against A. baumannii was 2 mg/L in all regions except South America (1 mg/L). Among Enterobacteriaceae, meropenem resistance was low and tigecycline resistance was ≤1.3% in all regions (Escherichia coli, 0.0-0.3%; Klebsiella pneumoniae 0.0-1.3%; Enterobacter spp. 0.5-1.1%; Serratia marcescens 0.0-1.3%). Ceftriaxone resistance among E. coli ranged from 14.5% (North America) to 54.7% (Asia), and among K. pneumoniae from 9.1% (North America) to 54.0% (South America). North America reported highest rates of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (64.6%); Europe lowest (17.7%). The tigecycline MIC90 against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ranged from 0.12 mg/L (Africa and North America) to 0.5 mg/L (Asia). From 2004-2016, carbapenem resistance increased among A. baumannii (all regions), reaching 92.3% in Africa and 85.7% in South America (2016). Rates of ceftriaxone-resistant E. coli increased in all regions except Asia. Ceftriaxone resistance in K. pneumoniae increased in Europe. Rates of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium and MRSA were highest in North America and South America (and Asia for MRSA); lowest in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Seifert
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Goldenfelsstrasse 19-21, 50935 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Joseph Blondeau
- Clinical Microbiology, Royal University and the Saskatoon Health Region, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, and Ophthalmology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 0W8
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Yan J, Xia Y, Yang M, Zou J, Chen Y, Zhang D, Ma L. Quantitative Proteomics Analysis of Membrane Proteins in Enterococcus faecalis With Low-Level Linezolid-Resistance. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1698. [PMID: 30100900 PMCID: PMC6072972 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing reports of low-level linezolid-resistant enterococci worldwide, the mechanism of this resistance remains poorly understood. Previous transcriptome studies of low-level linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis isolates have demonstrated a number of significantly up-regulated genes potentially involved in mediation of drug resistance. However, whether the transcriptome faithfully reflects the proteome remains unknown. In this study, we performed quantitative proteomics analysis of membrane proteins in an E. faecalis isolate (P10748) with low-level linezolid-resistance in comparison with two linezolid-susceptible strains 3138 and ATCC 29212, all of which have been previously investigated by whole transcriptome analysis. A total of 8,197 peptides associated with 1,170 proteins were identified in all three isolates with false discovery rate (FDR) at 1% and P < 0.05. There were 14 significantly up-regulated and 6 significantly down-regulated proteins in strain P10748 compared to strains 3138 and ATCC 29212, which were in general positively correlated with transcription levels revealed in previous transcriptome studies. Our analysis suggests that the low-level linezolid-resistance in E. faecalis is conferred primarily by the ATP-binding cassette protein OptrA through ribosomal protection and, possibly, also by the enterococcal surface protein (Esp) and other proteins through biofilm formation. The genetic transfer of optrA is potentially regulated by the surface exclusion protein Sea1, conjugal transfer protein TraB, replication protein RepA and XRE family transcription regulator protein. This report represents the first investigation of the mechanisms of linezolid-resistance in E. faecalis by a quantitative proteomics approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mi Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaqi Zou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingzhu Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Hua R, Xia Y, Wu W, Yan J, Yang M. Whole transcriptome analysis reveals potential novel mechanisms of low-level linezolid resistance in Enterococcus faecalis. Gene 2018; 647:143-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ferrone V, Cotellese R, Carlucci M, Di Marco L, Carlucci G. Air assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with solidification of the floating organic droplets (AA-DLLME-SFO) and UHPLC-PDA method: Application to antibiotics analysis in human plasma of hospital acquired pneumonia patients. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 151:266-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ferrone V, Cotellese R, Di Marco L, Bacchi S, Carlucci M, Cichella A, Raimondi P, Carlucci G. Meropenem, levofloxacin and linezolid in human plasma of critical care patients: A fast semi-automated micro-extraction by packed sorbent UHPLC-PDA method for their simultaneous determination. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 140:266-273. [PMID: 28371721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An ultra high-performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) method with PDA detection was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of meropenem, linezolid, and levofloxacin in human plasma and applied in human plasma of critical care patients. A semi-automated microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) for sample preparation was used. All parameters in the extraction step (pH, sample volume, sample dilution and number of aspiration - ejection cycles) and in the desorption step (percentage of acetonitrile in the solvent of elution and number of aspirations of elution solvent through the device) were statistically significant when the recovery was used as response. The method showed good linearity with correlation coefficients, r2>0.9991 for the three drugs, as well as high precision (RSD%<10.83% in each case). Accuracy ranged from -7.8% to +6.7%. The limit of quantification of the three drugs was established at 0.01μg/mL for linezolid and levofloxacin and 0.02μg/mL for meropenem. Linezolid, meropenem, levofloxacin and the internal standard were extracted from human plasma with a mean recovery ranged from 92.4% to 97.4%. During validation, the concentration of meropenem, linezolid and levofloxacin was found to be stable after 3 freeze-thaw cycles and for at least 24h after extraction. This method will be subsequently used to quantify the drugs in patients to establish if the dosage regimen given is sufficient to eradicate the infection at the target site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Ferrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Orali e Biotecnologiche - Università degli Studi "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Roberto Cotellese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche - Università degli Studi "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Marco
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Orali e Biotecnologiche - Università degli Studi "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Simona Bacchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, Sanità Pubblica, Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente - Università degli studi di L'Aquila - 671100, L'aquila, Italy
| | - Maura Carlucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche - Università degli Studi "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Annadomenica Cichella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche - Università degli Studi "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Paolo Raimondi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche - Università degli Studi "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carlucci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Orali e Biotecnologiche - Università degli Studi "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
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Paukner S, Riedl R. Pleuromutilins: Potent Drugs for Resistant Bugs-Mode of Action and Resistance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:a027110. [PMID: 27742734 PMCID: PMC5204327 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pleuromutilins are antibiotics that selectively inhibit bacterial translation and are semisynthetic derivatives of the naturally occurring tricyclic diterpenoid pleuromutilin, which received its name from the pleuromutilin-producing fungus Pleurotus mutilus Tiamulin and valnemulin are two established derivatives in veterinary medicine for oral and intramuscular administration. As these early pleuromutilin drugs were developed at a time when companies focused on major antibacterial classes, such as the β-lactams, and resistance was not regarded as an issue, interest in antibiotic research including pleuromutilins was limited. Over the last decade or so, there has been a resurgence in interest to develop this class for human use. This has resulted in a topical derivative, retapamulin, and additional derivatives in clinical development. The most advanced compound is lefamulin, which is in late-stage development for the intravenous and oral treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute bacterial skin infections. Overall, pleuromutilins and, in particular, lefamulin are characterized by potent activity against Gram-positive and fastidious Gram-negative pathogens as well as against mycoplasmas and intracellular organisms, such as Chlamydia spp. and Legionella pneumophila Pleuromutilins are unaffected by resistance to other major antibiotic classes, such as macrolides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, β-lactam antibiotics, and others. Furthermore, pleuromutilins display very low spontaneous mutation frequencies and slow, stepwise resistance development at sub-MIC in vitro. The potential for resistance development in clinic is predicted to be slow as confirmed by extremely low resistance rates to this class despite the use of pleuromutilins in veterinary medicine for >30 years. Although rare, resistant strains have been identified in human- and livestock-associated environments and as with any antibiotic class, require close monitoring as well as prudent use in veterinary medicine. This review focuses on the structural characteristics, mode of action, antibacterial activity, and resistance development of this potent and novel antibacterial class for systemic use in humans.
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Stefani S, Dowzicky MJ. Assessment of the Activity of Tigecycline against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Organisms Collected from Italy between 2012 and 2014, as Part of the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (T.E.S.T.). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:ph9040074. [PMID: 27898030 PMCID: PMC5198049 DOI: 10.3390/ph9040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (T.E.S.T) we report the in vitro activity of tigecycline and its comparators against Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms collected from Italian centers between 2012 and 2014. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined according to the broth microdilution methodology of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, and antimicrobial resistance was determined using the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing interpretive criteria. Among the Enterobacteriaceae, 31% of Escherichia coli isolates, 22% of Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 1% of Klebsiella oxytoca were extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers (ESBLs). Resistance rates among ESBL-K. pneumoniae and ESBL-E. coli to meropenem were 24% and <1%, respectively. Thirty-seven percent of K. pneumoniae were multidrug resistant (MDR) strains. Resistance rates among isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii to amikacin, levofloxacin and meropenem were between 84% and 94%. Eighty percent of A. baumannii isolates were MDR strains. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) accounted for 38% of S. aureus isolates. No isolates of MRSA were resistant to linezolid, tigecycline or vancomycin. Antimicrobial resistance remains a problem in Italy with increasing numbers of MDR organisms. Despite high levels, MRSA rates appear to be stabilising. Tigecycline retains its in vitro activity against the majority of organisms, including those with multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Stefani
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, Catania 95124, Italy.
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Ferrone V, Carlucci M, Cotellese R, Raimondi P, Cichella A, Marco LD, Carlucci G. Development and validation of a fast micro-extraction by packed sorbent UHPLC-PDA method for the simultaneous determination of linezolid and ciprofloxacin in human plasma from patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia. Talanta 2016; 164:64-68. [PMID: 28107984 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
An ultra high-performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) method with PDA detection was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of linezolid and ciprofloxacin in human plasma and applied in hospital acquired pneumonia patients (HAP). The method uses a semi-automated microextraction by packed sorbent for sample preparation. All parameters in the extraction step (pH, sample volume, sample dilution and number of aspiration - ejection cycles) and in the desorption step (percentage of acetonitrile in the solvent of elution and number of aspirations of elution solvent through the device) were statistically significant when the recovery was used as response. The method showed good linearity with correlation coefficients, r2>0.9995 for the two drugs, as well as high precision (RSD%<9.77% in each case), accuracy ranged from -6.2% to +8.2. The limit of quantification of the two drugs was established at 0.01 and 0.02μg/mL for ciprofloxacin and linezolid, respectively. Linezolid, ciprofloxacin and internal standard were extracted from human plasma with a mean recovery ranging from 92.4% to 97.4%. During validation, the concentrations of linezolid and ciprofloxacin were found to be stable after 3 freeze-thaw cycles and for at least 24h after extraction. This method will subsequently be used to quantify the drugs dosage in patients with HAP to establish if the dosage regimen given is sufficient to eradicate the infection at the target site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Ferrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Maura Carlucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Orali e Biotecnologiche, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Roberto Cotellese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Orali e Biotecnologiche, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Paolo Raimondi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Orali e Biotecnologiche, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Annadomenica Cichella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Orali e Biotecnologiche, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Marco
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carlucci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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Tärnberg M, Nilsson LE, Dowzicky MJ. Antimicrobial activity against a global collection of skin and skin structure pathogens: results from the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (T.E.S.T.), 2010-2014. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 49:141-8. [PMID: 27343986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As part of the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (T.E.S.T.) we report antimicrobial resistance among Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates collected globally from integumentary sources between 2010 and 2014. METHODS Minimum inhibitory concentrations and antimicrobial resistance were determined according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (US Food and Drug Administration breakpoints against tigecycline). The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to identify statistically significant changes in resistance. RESULTS Global rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii were 38% and 43%, respectively. No S. aureus isolates were resistant to linezolid or vancomycin; all isolates were susceptible to tigecycline. Two percent of Enterococcus faecalis and 28% of Enterococcus faecium were vancomycin-resistant. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers accounted for 22% of Klebsiella pneumoniae and 16% of Escherichia coli. Resistance to minocycline among E. faecalis, E. faecium, K. pneumoniae, and E. coli decreased significantly (p<0.0001). There were significant increases (p<0.0001) in A. baumannii resistance to cefepime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, levofloxacin, meropenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam. CONCLUSIONS Among isolates from integumentary sources, rates of MRSA and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae are stabilizing. Carbapenems and tigecycline have retained their in vitro activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Few agents were active against A. baumannii; its increasing resistance is cause for concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tärnberg
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Lennart E Nilsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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O'Connor C, Powell J, Finnegan C, O'Gorman A, Barrett S, Hopkins K, Pichon B, Hill R, Power L, Woodford N, Coffey J, Kearns A, O'Connell N, Dunne C. Incidence, management and outcomes of the first cfr-mediated linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis outbreak in a tertiary referral centre in the Republic of Ireland. J Hosp Infect 2015; 90:316-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Hara S, Uchiyama M, Yoshinari M, Matsumoto T, Jimi S, Togawa A, Takata T, Takamatsu Y. A simple high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of linezolid in human plasma and saliva. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1428-31. [PMID: 25678451 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Linezolid is an antimicrobial agent for the treatment of multiresistant Gram-positive infections. A practical high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the determination of linezolid in human plasma and saliva. Linezolid and an internal standard (o-ethoxybenzamide) were extracted from plasma and saliva with ethyl acetate and analyzed on a Capcell Pak C18 MG column with UV detection at 254 nm. The calibration curve was linear through the range 0.5-50 µg/mL using a 200 μL sample volume. The intra- and interday precisions were all <6.44% for plasma and 5.60% for saliva. The accuracies ranged from 98.8 to 110% for both matrices. The mean recoveries of linezolid were 80.8% for plasma and 79.0% for saliva. This method was used to determine the plasma and saliva concentrations of linezolid in healthy volunteers who were orally administered a 600 mg dose of linezolid. Our liquid-liquid extraction procedure is easy and requires a small volume of plasma or saliva (200 μL). This small volume can be advantageous in clinical pharmacokinetic studies, especially if children participate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuuji Hara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Masami Yoshinari
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taichi Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shiro Jimi
- Central Laboratory for Pathology and Morphology, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Togawa
- Division of Medical Oncology, Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tohru Takata
- Division of Medical Oncology, Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takamatsu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Tekin A, Dal T, Deveci Ö, Tekin R, Özcan N, Atmaca S, Dayan S. In vitro susceptibility to methicillin, vancomycin and linezolid of staphylococci isolated from bloodstream infections in eastern Turkey. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:829-33. [PMID: 25477914 PMCID: PMC4204965 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus species are one of the major causes of bacterial bloodstream infections. Multi-resistant staphylococci infections are major therapeutic problems. This study was aimed to detect methicillin, linezolid and vancomycin susceptibilities of Staphylococcus isolates. A total of 870 Staphylococcus strains isolated from blood cultures of hospitalized patients with BSI. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of methicillin, linezolid and vancomycin were detected according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). A total of 771 (88.6%) isolates were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). 700 (80.5%) isolates were methicillin-resistant (MR) and 170 (19.5%) were methicillin-susceptible (MS). All the MS isolates were also susceptible to linezolid. However 15 (1.7%) of MR strains were resistant to linezolid. The minimum inhibitory concentration range for the linezolid-resistant isolates by Etest was 6–32 μg/mL. The difference between linezolid susceptibilities for MS and MR staphylococci was not quite statistically significant (p = 0.052). There was no statistically significant difference between S. aureus and CoNS isolates for linezolid susceptibility. All of the isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. In conclusion, linezolid is currently an efficient option for the treatment of methicillin-resistant staphylococci infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicem Tekin
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Medical Faculty Dicle University Diyarbakir Turkey Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Tuba Dal
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Medical Faculty Dicle University Diyarbakir Turkey Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Özcan Deveci
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Medical Faculty Dicle University Diyarbakir Turkey Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Recep Tekin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Medical Faculty Dicle University Diyarbakir Turkey Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Nida Özcan
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Medical Faculty Dicle University Diyarbakir Turkey Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Selahattin Atmaca
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Medical Faculty Dicle University Diyarbakir Turkey Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Saim Dayan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Medical Faculty Dicle University Diyarbakir Turkey Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
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20
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Chastre J, Blasi F, Masterton RG, Rello J, Torres A, Welte T. European perspective and update on the management of nosocomial pneumonia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after more than 10 years of experience with linezolid. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20 Suppl 4:19-36. [PMID: 24580739 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important cause of antimicrobial-resistant hospital-acquired infections worldwide and remains a public health priority in Europe. Nosocomial pneumonia (NP) involving MRSA often affects patients in intensive care units with substantial morbidity, mortality and associated costs. A guideline-based approach to empirical treatment with an antibacterial agent active against MRSA can improve the outcome of patients with MRSA NP, including those with ventilator-associated pneumonia. New methods may allow more rapid or sensitive diagnosis of NP or microbiological confirmation in patients with MRSA NP, allowing early de-escalation of treatment once the pathogen is known. In Europe, available antibacterial agents for the treatment of MRSA NP include the glycopeptides (vancomycin and teicoplanin) and linezolid (available as an intravenous or oral treatment). Vancomycin has remained a standard of care in many European hospitals; however, there is evidence that it may be a suboptimal therapeutic option in critically ill patients with NP because of concerns about its limited intrapulmonary penetration, increased nephrotoxicity with higher doses, as well as the emergence of resistant strains that may result in increased clinical failure. Linezolid has demonstrated high penetration into the epithelial lining fluid of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and shown statistically superior clinical efficacy versus vancomycin in the treatment of MRSA NP in a phase IV, randomized, controlled study. This review focuses on the disease burden and clinical management of MRSA NP, and the use of linezolid after more than 10 years of clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chastre
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Institut de Cardiologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Hegstad K, Longva JÅ, Hide R, Aasnæs B, Lunde TM, Simonsen GS. Cluster of linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecium ST117 in Norwegian hospitals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 46:712-5. [DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2014.923107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Joel J, Graham SM, Peckham-Cooper A, Korres N, Tsouchnica H, Tsiridis E. Clinical results of linezolid in arthroplasty and trauma MRSA related infections. World J Orthop 2014; 5:151-157. [PMID: 24829878 PMCID: PMC4017308 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v5.i2.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyse the management of patients treated with linezolid for orthopaedic infections.
METHODS: Twenty-two patients with orthopaedic related infections receiving a course of linezolid were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were classified into either post trauma, post arthroplasty and non trauma related infections. A diagnosis of infection was based on clinical findings, positive microbiological specimens, and positive signs of infection on radiological imaging and raised inflammatory markers. Pathogens isolated, inflammatory markers both at presentation and at final follow up, length of linezolid treatment, adverse drug reactions, concomitant anti-microbial therapy, length of hospital stay and any surgical interventions were recorded.
RESULTS: Infections were classified as post arthroplasty (n = 10), post trauma surgery (n = 8) or non-trauma related infections (n = 4). Twenty patients (91%) underwent surgical intervention as part of their treatment. The number of required surgical procedures ranged from 1 to 6 (mean = 2.56). Mean total length of stay per admission was 28.5 d (range 1-160 d). Furthermore, the mean duration of treatment with linezolid of patients who had resolution of symptoms was 31 d (range 10-84 d). All patients within this group were discharged on oral linezolid. Pathogens isolated included methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci, coliforms, enterococcus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, streptococcus viridans, Escherichia coli, group B streptococcus and pseudomonas. An overall 77% of patients demonstrated resolution of infections at follow-up, with mean C-reactive protein reducing from 123 mg/L to 13.2 mg/L.
CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the use of linezolid offers excellent efficacy in orthopaedic related infections when used alongside appropriate surgical management.
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Bassetti M, Baguneid M, Bouza E, Dryden M, Nathwani D, Wilcox M. European perspective and update on the management of complicated skin and soft tissue infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after more than 10 years of experience with linezolid. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20 Suppl 4:3-18. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sánchez-Díaz AM, Cuartero C, Lozano S, Rodríguez JD, Alonso JM, Quiles-Melero I, López J, Cantón R, Ruiz-Garbajosa P. Emergence and Long-Lasting Persistence of Linezolid-ResistantEnterococcus faecium-ST117 in an Oncohematologic Patient After a Nine-Day Course of Linezolid. Microb Drug Resist 2014; 20:17-21. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2013.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Sánchez-Díaz
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudio Cuartero
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Lozano
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Manuel Alonso
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Quiles-Melero
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario La Paz and Instituto de Investigación La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier López
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Cantón
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Resistencia a Antibióticos y Virulencia Bacteriana Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Ruiz-Garbajosa
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
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25
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Fortuna S, De Pascale G, Ragazzoni E, Antonelli M, Navarra P. Validation of a new HPLC-UV method for determination of the antibiotic linezolid in human plasma and in bronchoalveolar lavage. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1489-96. [PMID: 23813438 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and selective HPLC-UV method was developed for the quantification of linezolid (LNZ) in human plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at the concentrations associated with therapy. Plasma samples were extracted by solid-phase extraction followed by evaporation to dryness and reconstitution in mobile phase solution. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a C18 column with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of dihydrogen phosphate buffer 50 mm (pH 3.5) and acetonitrile (60:40 v/v). The detection was performed using a photodiode array. Under these conditions, a single chromatographic run could be completed within 12 min. The method was validated by estimating the precision and the accuracy for inter- and intra-day analysis in the concentration range of 25-25600 ng/mL. The method was linear over the investigated range with all the correlation coefficients R > 0.999. The intra- and inter-day precision was within 8.90% and the accuracy ranged from -4.76 to +5.20%. This rapid and sensitive method was fully validated and could be applied to pharmacokinetic study for the determination of LNZ levels in human plasma and BAL samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Fortuna
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, 'Agostino Gemelli' Academic Hospital, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy
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26
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Thilesen CM, Bjørang O, Skrede T, Aronsen T, Aasnaes B, Sundsfjord A, Hegstad K. Emergence of mutation-based linezolid-resistant invasiveEnterococcus faecalisin a haemodialysis patient in Norway. APMIS 2013; 122:83-4. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ola Bjørang
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Drammen Hospital; Drammen Norway
| | - Thomas Skrede
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Drammen Hospital; Drammen Norway
| | - Tommy Aronsen
- Department of Medicine; Drammen Hospital; Drammen Norway
| | - Bettina Aasnaes
- Reference Centre for Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance; Department of Microbiology and Infection Control; University Hospital of North Norway; Tromsø Norway
| | - Arnfinn Sundsfjord
- Reference Centre for Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance; Department of Microbiology and Infection Control; University Hospital of North Norway; Tromsø Norway
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions; Department of Medical Biology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Tromsø; Tromsø Norway
| | - Kristin Hegstad
- Reference Centre for Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance; Department of Microbiology and Infection Control; University Hospital of North Norway; Tromsø Norway
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions; Department of Medical Biology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Tromsø; Tromsø Norway
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27
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Zhanel GG, Adam HJ, Baxter MR, Fuller J, Nichol KA, Denisuik AJ, Lagace-Wiens PRS, Walkty A, Karlowsky JA, Schweizer F, Hoban DJ, Zhanel GG, Hoban DJ, Adam HJ, Karlowsky JA, Baxter MR, Nichol KA, Lagace-Wiens PRS, Walkty A. Antimicrobial susceptibility of 22746 pathogens from Canadian hospitals: results of the CANWARD 2007-11 study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68 Suppl 1:i7-22. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Zhang H, Fouts DE, DePew J, Stevens RH. Genetic modifications to temperate Enterococcus faecalis phage Ef11 that abolish the establishment of lysogeny and sensitivity to repressor, and increase host range and productivity of lytic infection. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 159:1023-1035. [PMID: 23579685 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.067116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ef11 is a temperate bacteriophage originally isolated by induction from a lysogenic Enterococcus faecalis strain recovered from an infected root canal, and the Ef11 prophage is widely disseminated among strains of E. faecalis. Because E. faecalis has emerged as a significant opportunistic human pathogen, we were interested in examining the genes and regulatory sequences predicted to be critical in the establishment/maintenance of lysogeny by Ef11 as a first step in the construction of the genome of a virulent, highly lytic phage that could be used in treating serious E. faecalis infections. Passage of Ef11 in E. faecalis JH2-2 yielded a variant that produced large, extensively spreading plaques in lawns of indicator cells, and elevated phage titres in broth cultures. Genetic analysis of the cloned virus producing the large plaques revealed that the variant was a recombinant between Ef11 and a defective FL1C-like prophage located in the E. faecalis JH2-2 chromosome. The recombinant possessed five ORFs of the defective FL1C-like prophage in place of six ORFs of the Ef11 genome. Deletion of the putative lysogeny gene module (ORFs 31-36) and replacement of the putative cro promoter from the recombinant phage genome with a nisin-inducible promoter resulted in no loss of virus infectivity. The genetic construct incorporating all the aforementioned Ef11 genomic modifications resulted in the generation of a variant that was incapable of lysogeny and insensitive to repressor, rendering it virulent and highly lytic, with a notably extended host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Laboratory of Oral Infectious Diseases, Temple University Kornberg School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Endodontology, Temple University Kornberg School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - D E Fouts
- Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - J DePew
- Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - R H Stevens
- Laboratory of Oral Infectious Diseases, Temple University Kornberg School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Endodontology, Temple University Kornberg School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Dissemination of a pSCFS3-like cfr-carrying plasmid in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolates recovered from hospitals in Ohio. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:2923-8. [PMID: 23571552 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00071-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nineteen linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and two Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from two medical institutions in northeast Ohio and an S. aureus cfr index strain previously collected in the same facilities during the 2007 SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program were investigated for the genetic basis of oxazolidinone resistance and the location of cfr. S. aureus isolates were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), spa typing, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The location of cfr was determined by Southern blotting and hybridization. Plasmid sequencing was performed using the 454 Life Sciences (Roche) GS-FLX DNA platform. The two S. aureus isolates showed unique PFGE patterns but were multilocus sequence type 5 (ST5) and spa type t002, whereas the S. aureus index strain was ST239 and t037. Southern blot and hybridization experiments showed that cfr was plasmid located and that the S. epidermidis isolates, one of the S. aureus isolates, and the S. aureus index strain shared an identical cfr-carrying plasmid (39.3 kb). Sequencing results confirmed these findings. A 10-kb fragment containing cfr showed the highest identity (99.9%) to a 9.5-kb fragment of plasmid pSCFS3 from a bovine Staphylococcus lentus isolate from Germany. In addition, these 39.3-kb plasmids from human S. epidermidis and S. aureus exhibited BglII restriction profiles very similar to that observed for plasmid pSCFS3. The cfr-carrying plasmid detected in the remaining S. aureus isolate (7.9 kb) was distinct and showed the highest identity to the chromosomal cfr integrate found in the chromosomal DNA of a Proteus vulgaris isolate from a pig in China.
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Kojiro M, Tsuchihashi Y, Ishida M, Furumoto A, Matsuda J, Yanagihara K, Morimoto K, Ariyoshi K. [A case of pacemaker-lead infection by linezolid-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a hemodialysis patient]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 86:778-83. [PMID: 23367855 DOI: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi.86.778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A 76-year-old woman undergoing hemodialysis and having a permanent pacemaker during care elsewhere developed a shunt infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia. Vancomycin (VCM) and other antimicrobial agents were not effective even after her artificial shunt vessel was removed. Linezolid (LZD) was administered for 56 days to resolve fever. MRSA was detected repeatedly in blood culture for 7 months except while LZD was being administered, so she was referred to our hospital for further investigation and treatment. Blood culture isolated 3 MRSA strains, all having a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of LZD above 16 microg/mL while that of VCM varied at 24 microg/mL. Based on these findings, combined VCM, rifampicin, and arbekacin therapy was started but did not resolve the MRSA bacteremia problem. Transesophageal echocardiography showed flat vegetation around the pacemaker lead passing through the tricuspid valve. Based on strongly suspected pacemaker-lead infection, the pacemaker system was removed by heart surgeons using radiographic imaging on day 16 after admission. Her blood culture then became negative. She was returned to the previous hospital on day 66 after admission, where combination antibiotic therapy was continued for about one month. MRSA was not detected again after pacemaker system removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Kojiro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Hospital
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31
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Gu B, Kelesidis T, Tsiodras S, Hindler J, Humphries RM. The emerging problem of linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:4-11. [PMID: 22949625 PMCID: PMC8445637 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxazolidinone antibiotic linezolid has demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacterial pathogens, including methicillin-resistant staphylococci. This article systematically reviews the published literature for reports of linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus (LRS) infections to identify epidemiological, microbiological and clinical features for these infections. Linezolid remains active against >98% of Staphylococcus, with resistance identified in 0.05% of Staphylococcus aureus and 1.4% of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS). In all reported cases, patients were treated with linezolid prior to isolation of LRS, with mean times of 20.0 ± 47.0 months for S. aureus and 11.0 ± 8.0 days for CoNS. The most common mechanisms for linezolid resistance were mutation (G2576T) to the 23S rRNA (63.5% of LRSA and 60.2% of LRCoNS) or the presence of a transmissible cfr ribosomal methyltransferase (54.5% of LRSA and 15.9% of LRCoNS). The emergence of linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus poses significant challenges to the clinical treatment of infections caused by these organisms, and in particular CoNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Theodoros Kelesidis
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sotirios Tsiodras
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Janet Hindler
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Romney M. Humphries
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Linezolid-induced angioedema and urticaria in a patient with renal failure. Braz J Infect Dis 2012; 16:606-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Mihaila L, Defrance G, Levesque E, Ichai P, Garnier F, Derouin V, Decousser J, Doucet-Populaire F, Bourgeois-Nicolaos N. A dual outbreak of bloodstream infections with linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus pettenkoferi in a liver Intensive Care Unit. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012; 40:472-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Diaz L, Kiratisin P, Mendes RE, Panesso D, Singh KV, Arias CA. Transferable plasmid-mediated resistance to linezolid due to cfr in a human clinical isolate of Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:3917-22. [PMID: 22491691 PMCID: PMC3393385 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00419-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonmutational resistance to linezolid is due to the presence of cfr, which encodes a methyltransferase responsible for methylation of A2503 in the 23S rRNA. The cfr gene was first described in animal isolates of staphylococci, and more recently, it has been identified in Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical infections, including in an outbreak of methicillin-resistant S. aureus. In enterococci, cfr has been described in an animal isolate of Enterococcus faecalis from China. Here, we report an isolate of linezolid-resistant E. faecalis (603-50427X) recovered from a patient in Thailand who received prolonged therapy with the antibiotic for the treatment of atypical mycobacterial disease. The isolate lacked mutations in the genes coding for 23S rRNA and L3 and L4 ribosomal proteins and belonged to the multilocus sequence type (MLST) 16 (ST16), which is commonly found in enterococcal isolates from animal sources. Resistance to linezolid was associated with the presence of cfr on an ~97-kb transferable plasmid. The cfr gene environment exhibited DNA sequences similar to those of other cfr-carrying plasmids previously identified in staphylococci (nucleotide identity, 99 to 100%). The cfr-carrying plasmid was transferable by conjugation to a laboratory strain of E. faecalis (OG1RF) but not to Enterococcus faecium or S. aureus. The cfr gene was flanked by IS256-like sequences both upstream and downstream. This is the first characterization of the potential horizontal transferability of the cfr gene from a human linezolid-resistant isolate of E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Diaz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Pattarachai Kiratisin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Diana Panesso
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Kavindra V. Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Cesar A. Arias
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
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Ager S, Gould K. Clinical update on linezolid in the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections. Infect Drug Resist 2012; 5:87-102. [PMID: 22787406 PMCID: PMC3392139 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s25890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-positive pathogens are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both community and health care settings. Glycopeptides have traditionally been the antibiotics of choice for multiresistant Gram-positive pathogens but there are problems with their use, including the emergence of glycopeptide-resistant strains, tissue penetration, and achieving and monitoring adequate serum levels. Newer antibiotics such as linezolid, a synthetic oxazolidinone, are available for the treatment of resistant Gram-positive bacteria. Linezolid is active against a wide range of Gram-positive bacteria and has been generally available for the treatment of Gram-positive infections since 2000. There are potential problems with linezolid use, including its bacteriostatic action and the relatively high incidence of reported adverse effects, particularly with long-term use. Long-term use may also be complicated by the development of resistance. However, linezolid has been shown to be clinically useful in the treatment of several serious infections where traditionally bacteriocidal agents have been required and many of its adverse effects are reversible on cessation. It has also been shown to be a cost-effective treatment option in several studies, with its high oral bioavailability allowing an early change from intravenous to oral formulations with consequent earlier patient discharge and lower inpatient costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Ager
- Department of Microbiology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals Trust, Freeman Hospital, High Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Traitement des infections sévères à staphylocoques dorés résistants à la méticilline : vancomycine ou nouvelles molécules ? Données récentes. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-012-0471-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Theuretzbacher U. Accelerating resistance, inadequate antibacterial drug pipelines and international responses. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012; 39:295-9. [PMID: 22341298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
In 1951, the first reference to the antibacterial substance pleuromutilin was made in a paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Researchers had identified several species of the mold genus Pleurotus that inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The elucidation of the structure in 1962 led to the initiation of a development program at Sandoz, which was followed by the approval of tiamulin in 1979 for use in veterinary medicine. Although in 2007 retapamulin became the first pleuromutilin approved for topical use in humans, it was not until 2011, exactly 60 years after the first mention of the class, that a pleuromutilin antibiotic, BC-3781, could be tested successfully in a clinical phase II trial for systemic use in patients. This review will discuss key aspects of this antibacterial class and provide some insight into the question of why it took half a century to develop a systemic pleuromutilin for human use.
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Farrell DJ, Liverman LC, Biedenbach DJ, Flamm RK, Jones RN. Surveillance of JNJ-Q2 activity tested against Staphylococcus aureus and beta-hemolytic streptococci as a component of the 2010 sentry antimicrobial surveillance program. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 71:415-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Aubin G, Lebland C, Corvec S, Thomaré P, Potel G, Caillon J, Navas D. Good practice in antibiotic use: what about linezolid in a French university hospital? Int J Clin Pharm 2011; 33:925-8. [PMID: 22052360 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-011-9576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Linezolid represents an important advance in the treatment of methicillinresistant staphylococci. Its effectiveness should be preserved by appropriate uses. The aims of this survey were to describe the use of linezolid in clinical practice and to assess its overall safety. METHODS This retrospective observational study included patients treated with linezolid in 2008 in all departments at the CHU Nantes. A data-collection card was completed using the patients' medical files. RESULTS A total of 179 patients from 23 different departments were included. Fifty-four per cent of indications were outside the Marketing Authorization criteria, and were mainly osteoarticular infections and septicaemia (22% and 8% of total prescriptions, respectively). Inefficacy of first-line antibiotic treatment (23%) and alterations in renal function (23%) were the main reasons for using linezolid, which was prescribed as a first-line therapy in 28% of patients. Fifty-three per cent of infections were documented microbiologically, of which 58% were due to a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus. CONCLUSIONS Linezolid seems to be a possible therapeutic strategy in case of multiresistant bacteria and/or complex clinical situations. Because many prescriptions fall outside the Marketing Authorization criteria, this study highlights the need to have clinical data available for such situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Aubin
- Service de Bactériologie-Hygiène, CHU de NANTES, 9 Quai Moncousu, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France.
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