1
|
Cornillie SP, Bruno BJ, Lim CS, Cheatham TE. Computational Modeling of Stapled Peptides toward a Treatment Strategy for CML and Broader Implications in the Design of Lengthy Peptide Therapeutics. J Phys Chem B 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
2
|
BCR-ABL1-induced downregulation of WASP in chronic myeloid leukemia involves epigenetic modification and contributes to malignancy. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3114. [PMID: 29022901 PMCID: PMC5680580 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disease caused by the BCR–ABL1 tyrosine kinase (TK). The development of TK inhibitors (TKIs) revolutionized the treatment of CML patients. However, TKIs are not effective to those at advanced phases when amplified BCR–ABL1 levels and increased genomic instability lead to secondary oncogenic modifications. Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) is an important regulator of signaling transduction in hematopoietic cells and was shown to be an endogenous inhibitor of the c-ABL TK. Here, we show that the expression of WASP decreases with the progression of CML, inversely correlates with the expression of BCR–ABL1 and is particularly low in blast crisis. Enforced expression of BCR–ABL1 negatively regulates the expression of WASP. Decreased expression of WASP is partially due to DNA methylation of the proximal WASP promoter. Importantly, lower levels of WASP in CML advanced phase patients correlate with poorer overall survival (OS) and is associated with TKI response. Interestingly, enforced expression of WASP in BCR–ABL1-positive K562 cells increases the susceptibility to apoptosis induced by TRAIL or chemotherapeutic drugs and negatively modulates BCR–ABL1-induced tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our data reveal a novel molecular mechanism that operates in BCR–ABL1-induced tumorigenesis that can be used to develop new strategies to help TKI-resistant, CML patients in blast crisis (BC).
Collapse
|
3
|
Arpon DR, Gandhi MK, Martin JH. A new frontier in haematology - combining pharmacokinetic with pharmacodynamic factors to improve choice and dose of drug. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 78:274-81. [PMID: 24433338 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The issue of tailored dosing adjusted according to a range of patient-specific factors other than bodyweight or body surface area is of large and increasing clinical and financial concern. Even if it is known that dosing alterations are likely to be required for parameters such as body composition, gender and pharmacogenetics, the amount of dosing change is unknown. Thus, pharmacokinetically guided dosing is making a resurgence, particularly in areas of medicine where there are cost constraints or safety issues, such as in haematology medications. However, the evidence to support the behaviour is minimal, particularly when long-term outcomes are considered. In haematology, there are particular issues around efficacy, toxicity and overall cost. Newer targeted agents, such as the monoclonal antibody rituximab and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib, whilst clearly being highly effective, are dosed on a milligram per square metre (rituximab) or fixed dose basis (imatinib), regardless of body composition, tumour aspects or comorbidity. This review questions this practice and raises important clinical issues; specifically, the clinical potential for combined pharmacokinetically and pharmacodynamically guided dosing of new targeted agents in haematological malignancies. This pharmacokinetically and pharmacodynamically guided dosing is an emerging area of clinical pharmacology, driven predominantly by toxicity, efficacy and cost issues, but also because reasonable outcomes are being noted with more appropriately dosed older medications adjusted for patient-specific factors. Clinical trials to investigate the optimization of rituximab dose scheduling are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Rey Arpon
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital Campus, Woolloongabba, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cost-Utility Analysis of Dasatinib and Nilotinib in Patients With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Refractory to First-Line Treatment With Imatinib in Thailand. Clin Ther 2014; 36:534-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
5
|
Jayakar V. Using 2(nd) generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors in frontline management of chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia. South Asian J Cancer 2014; 3:87-91. [PMID: 24665456 PMCID: PMC3961879 DOI: 10.4103/2278-330x.126566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Choices in medicine come with responsibility. With several TKI's (Tyrosine kinase inhibitors) available for front-line management of CML (Chronic Myeloid Leukemia), an astute clinician has to personalise, rationalise and take a pragmatic approach towards selection of the best drug for the ‘patient in question’. Though it is hotly debated as to which TKI will triumph, the truth of this debate lies in individualising treatment rather than a general ‘all size fits all’ approach with imatinib. I personally believe that the second generation TKI's will suit most patient clinical profiles rather than prescribing imatinib to all and I have strived to make a strong case for them in front line treatment of CML. Though Imatinib may remain the first line choice for some patients, my efforts in this debate are mainly geared towards breaking the myth that imatinib is the sole ‘block buster’ on the CML landscape
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Jayakar
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Kingston Hospital, London
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Burin SM, Ayres LR, Neves RP, Ambrósio L, de Morais FR, Dias-Baruffi M, Sampaio SV, Pereira-Crott LS, de Castro FA. L-Amino Acid Oxidase Isolated fromBothrops pirajaiInduces Apoptosis in BCR-ABL-Positive Cells and Potentiates Imatinib Mesylate Effect. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 113:103-12. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Burin
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo, USP; Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil
| | - Lorena R. Ayres
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo, USP; Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil
| | - Renata P. Neves
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo, USP; Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil
| | - Luciana Ambrósio
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo, USP; Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil
| | - Fabiana R. de Morais
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo, USP; Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo, USP; Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil
| | - Suely V. Sampaio
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo, USP; Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil
| | - Luciana S. Pereira-Crott
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo, USP; Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil
| | - Fabíola A. de Castro
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo, USP; Ribeirão Preto; SP; Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
McCann SR. Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia: A paradigm for malignancy or just a strange disease? Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2012; 12:422-8. [PMID: 23275837 PMCID: PMC3523990 DOI: 10.12816/0003166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), previously a fatal illness, is now readily manageable with oral medication. First described in the 1840s, there was no widely accepted cure until the advent of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in the late 1970s. This treatment was of limited value because of donor availability and toxicity problems. Discovering the Philadelphia chromosome and demonstrating that the BCR-ABL chimaeric gene was responsible for the malignant phenotype opened new avenues. The development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) changed the lives of patients with CML. The treatment has been so successful that compliance is now a problem. Currently under discussion is the possible use of more expensive second generation TKIs for newly diagnosed patients. In spite of the success with TKIs, treatment of common cancers has not been so successful. Is CML therefore a paradigm for malignancy or just a strange disease?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun R. McCann
- European Haematology Association, Training Online Unit, The Hague, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou J, Cheong LL, Liu SC, Chong PSY, Mahara S, Bi C, Ong KO, Zeng Q, Chng WJ. The pro-metastasis tyrosine phosphatase, PRL-3 (PTP4A3), is a novel mediator of oncogenic function of BCR-ABL in human chronic myeloid leukemia. Mol Cancer 2012; 11:72. [PMID: 22995644 PMCID: PMC3537646 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-11-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) remains a challenge in management of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). A better understanding of the BCR-ABL signalling network may lead to better therapy. Findings Here we report the discovery of a novel downstream target of BCR-ABL signalling, PRL-3 (PTP4A3), an oncogenic tyrosine phosphatase. Analysis of CML cancer cell lines and CML patient samples reveals the upregulation of PRL-3. Inhibition of BCR-ABL signalling either by Imatinib or by RNAi silencing BCR-ABL reduces PRL-3 and increases cleavage of PARP. In contrast, the amount of PRL-3 protein remains constant or even increased in response to Imatinib treatment in drug resistant cells expressing P210 T315I. Finally, analysis with specific shRNA shows PRL-3 involvement in the proliferation and self-renewal of CML cells. Conclusions These data support a role for PRL-3 in BCR-ABL signalling and CML biology and may be a potential therapeutic target downstream of BCR-ABL in TKI resistant mutant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbiao Zhou
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Maru Y. Molecular biology of chronic myeloid leukemia. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:1601-10. [PMID: 22632137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed information on the crystal structure of the pharmacologically targeted domains of the BCR-ABL molecule and on its intracellular signaling, which are potentially involved in growth, anti-apoptosis, metabolism and stemness, has made the study of chronic myeloid leukemia the most successful field in tumor biology. However, we now face the issue of drug resistance due to deregulation in the quality control of both DNA and protein. BCR-ABL is basically a misfolded protein with intrinsically disordered regions, which not only produces endoplasmic reticulum stress followed by unfolded protein response in some settings, but also conformational plasticity that may affect the structure of the whole molecule. The intercellular signaling derived from the leukemic cell microenvironment may influence the intracellular responses that take place in a manner both dependent on and independent of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Maru
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dixon AS, Miller GD, Bruno BJ, Constance JE, Woessner DW, Fidler TP, Robertson JC, Cheatham TE, Lim CS. Improved coiled-coil design enhances interaction with Bcr-Abl and induces apoptosis. Mol Pharm 2011; 9:187-95. [PMID: 22136227 DOI: 10.1021/mp200461s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The oncoprotein Bcr-Abl drives aberrant downstream activity through trans-autophosphorylation of homo-oligomers in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).(1, 2) The formation of Bcr-Abl oligomers is achieved through the coiled-coil domain at the N-terminus of Bcr.(3, 4) We have previously reported a modified version of this coiled-coil domain, CCmut2, which exhibits disruption of Bcr-Abl oligomeric complexes and results in decreased proliferation of CML cells and induction of apoptosis.(5) A major contributing factor to these enhanced capabilities is the destabilization of the CCmut2 homodimers, increasing the availability to interact with and inhibit Bcr-Abl. Here, we included an additional mutation (K39E) that could in turn further destabilize the mutant homodimer. Incorporation of this modification into CCmut2 (C38A, S41R, L45D, E48R, Q60E) generated what we termed CCmut3, and resulted in further improvements in the binding properties with the wild-type coiled-coil domain representative of Bcr-Abl [corrected]. A separate construct containing one revert mutation, CCmut4, did not demonstrate improved oligomeric properties and indicated the importance of the L45D mutation. CCmut3 demonstrated improved oligomerization via a two-hybrid assay as well as through colocalization studies, in addition to showing similar biologic activity as CCmut2. The improved binding between CCmut3 and the Bcr-Abl coiled-coil may be used to redirect Bcr-Abl to alternative subcellular locations with interesting therapeutic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Dixon
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Garnock-Jones KP. Nilotinib: in the first-line treatment of newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukaemia in chronic phase. Drugs 2011; 71:1579-90. [PMID: 21861543 DOI: 10.2165/11207770-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nilotinib is an effective first-line treatment for newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) in chronic phase. It is an aminopyrimidine-based, high-affinity inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of BCR-ABL. It thus decreases ABL-associated cell proliferation and kinase autophosphorylation. At 12 months, a significantly greater proportion of nilotinib 300 mg twice daily recipients experienced a major molecular response (primary endpoint) than those receiving imatinib 400 mg once daily, in the randomized, open-label, multicentre ENESTnd study in adults with newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome-positive CML in chronic phase. Moreover, a significantly greater proportion of nilotinib 300 mg twice daily than imatinib recipients had a complete molecular response at 12 months. Complete cytogenetic response rates were also significantly higher in the nilotinib 300 mg twice daily group than in the imatinib group at 12 months. Treatment differences in molecular response rates remained significant in an updated analysis, with data from a minimum follow-up of 24 months. Nilotinib 300 mg twice daily was generally well tolerated in the ENESTnd study. While nilotinib is associated with an increase in corrected QT interval (QTc), the incidence of cardiac-related adverse events in nilotinib recipients in the ENESTnd study was low.
Collapse
|
12
|
Borriello A, Caldarelli I, Basile MA, Bencivenga D, Tramontano A, Perrotta S, Ragione FD, Oliva A. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib induces a marked adipogenic differentiation of human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28555. [PMID: 22164306 PMCID: PMC3229607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The introduction of specific BCR-ABL inhibitors in chronic myelogenous leukemia therapy has entirely mutated the prognosis of this hematologic cancer from being a fatal disorder to becoming a chronic disease. Due to the probable long lasting treatment with tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs), the knowledge of their effects on normal cells is of pivotal importance. Design and Methods We investigated the effects of dasatinib treatment on human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Results Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that dasatinib induces MSCs adipocytic differentiation. Particularly, when the TKI is added to the medium inducing osteogenic differentiation, a high MSCs percentage acquires adipocytic morphology and overexpresses adipocytic specific genes, including PPARγ, CEBPα, LPL and SREBP1c. Dasatinib also inhibits the activity of alkaline phosphatase, an osteogenic marker, and remarkably reduces matrix mineralization. The increase of PPARγ is also confirmed at protein level. The component of osteogenic medium required for dasatinib-induced adipogenesis is dexamethasone. Intriguingly, the increase of adipocytic markers is also observed in MSCs treated with dasatinib alone. The TKI effect is phenotype-specific, since fibroblasts do not undergo adipocytic differentiation or PPARγ increase. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that dasatinib treatment affects bone marrow MSCs commitment and suggest that TKIs therapy might modify normal phenotypes with potential significant negative consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Borriello
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Caldarelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Basile
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Debora Bencivenga
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Annunziata Tramontano
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Silverio Perrotta
- Department of Pediatrics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Fulvio Della Ragione
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Adriana Oliva
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jin M, Zhao W, Zhang Y, Kobayashi M, Duan H, Kong D. Antiproliferative effect of aaptamine on human chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:7352-9. [PMID: 22174603 PMCID: PMC3233409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12117352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously isolated aaptamine, a benzonaphthyridine alkaloid, from marine sponge Aaptos suberitoids. In this study, we investigated the anti-proliferative effect of aaptamine on chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) K562 cells. Aaptamine inhibited growth of K562 with a GI50 as 10 μM, and arrested cell cycle at G2/M phase. Western blot analysis indicated that aaptamine induced p21 expression in K562 cells. Moreover, p21 promoter was activated by aaptamine treatment in p21 transfected K562 cells. Since K562 is p53 negative, aaptamine was demonstrated to be a p53-independent p21 inducer in CML cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Jin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; E-Mails: (M.J.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Wennan Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; E-Mails: (M.J.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yanwen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; E-Mails: (M.J.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Motomasa Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Hongquan Duan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; E-Mails: (M.J.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (D.K.); (H.D.)
| | - Dexin Kong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; E-Mails: (M.J.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (D.K.); (H.D.)
| |
Collapse
|