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Şansaçar M, Sağır H, Gencer Akçok EB. Inhibition of PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and modulation of histone deacetylase enzymes reduce the growth of acute myeloid leukemia cells. Med Oncol 2023; 41:31. [PMID: 38148433 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
One of the most widespread forms of blood cancer is known as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) which has an incidence of 80% with poor prognosis. Although there are different treatment methods for AML in clinic, the heterogeneity and complexity of the disease show that new treatments are needed. The aim of this study is to investigate the anticancer effects of inhibition of PI3K and HDAC enzymes on CMK and MOLM-13 AML cells lines. We demonstrated that the combination of LY294002 with SAHA and Tubastatin A significantly decreased the cell viability of both cell lines. In contrast, the LY294002 and PCI-34051 combination did not show a significant difference compared to the single LY294002 administration. The combination treatment of LY294002 and HDAC inhibitors did not induce apoptosis significantly. However, LY294002 + SAHA and LY294002 + PCI-34051 resulted in G0/G1 and G2/M cell cycle arrest in CMK cells, respectively. On the other hand, compared to control cells, LY294002 + SAHA and LY294002 + PCI-34051 led to G0/G1 phase arrest in MOLM-13. Furthermore, the LY294002 + PCI-34051 combination elevated the expression rate of LC3BII/I, an autophagy marker, in CMK cells by 2.5-fold. Our study revealed that the combinations of PI3K inhibitor and HDAC inhibitors showed a synergistic effect and caused a reduction in cell viability and increased cell cycle arrest on MOLM-13 and CMK cell lines. In addition, the expression of LC3BII was elevated in the CMK cell line. In conclusion, although more mechanistic studies are required, a combinational inhibition of PI3K and HDAC could be a promising approach for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Şansaçar
- Bioengineering Department, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Helin Sağır
- Bioengineering Department, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Emel Başak Gencer Akçok
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey.
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Van Outersterp I, Hormann FM, Hoogkamer AQ, Boeree A, Van den Broek SA, Den Boer ML, Boer JM. Characterization of a novel MEF2D-BCL9 fusion-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line. Haematologica 2023; 108:2859-2864. [PMID: 37051743 PMCID: PMC10542830 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2022.281712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Van Outersterp
- Princess Máxima Center for pediatric oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Femke M Hormann
- Princess Máxima Center for pediatric oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands; Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alex Q Hoogkamer
- Princess Máxima Center for pediatric oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aurélie Boeree
- Princess Máxima Center for pediatric oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stijn A Van den Broek
- Princess Máxima Center for pediatric oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Monique L Den Boer
- Princess Máxima Center for pediatric oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands; Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Judith M Boer
- Princess Máxima Center for pediatric oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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3
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RAS-protein activation but not mutation status is an outcome predictor and unifying therapeutic target for high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncogene 2020; 40:746-762. [PMID: 33247204 PMCID: PMC7843419 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01567-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leukemias are routinely sub-typed for risk/outcome prediction and therapy choice using acquired mutations and chromosomal rearrangements. Down syndrome acute lymphoblastic leukemia (DS-ALL) is characterized by high frequency of CRLF2-rearrangements, JAK2-mutations, or RAS-pathway mutations. Intriguingly, JAK2 and RAS-mutations are mutually exclusive in leukemic sub-clones, causing dichotomy in therapeutic target choices. We prove in a cell model that elevated CRLF2 in combination with constitutionally active JAK2 is sufficient to activate wtRAS. On primary clinical DS-ALL samples, we show that wtRAS-activation is an obligatory consequence of mutated/hyperphosphorylated JAK2. We further prove that CRLF2-ligand TSLP boosts the direct binding of active PTPN11 to wtRAS, providing the molecular mechanism for the wtRAS activation. Pre-inhibition of RAS or PTPN11, but not of PI3K or JAK-signaling, prevented TSLP-induced RAS-GTP boost. Cytotoxicity assays on primary clinical DS-ALL samples demonstrated that, regardless of mutation status, high-risk leukemic cells could only be killed using RAS-inhibitor or PTPN11-inhibitor, but not PI3K/JAK-inhibitors, suggesting a unified treatment target for up to 80% of DS-ALL. Importantly, protein activities-based principal-component-analysis multivariate clusters analyzed for independent outcome prediction using Cox proportional-hazards model showed that protein-activity (but not mutation-status) was independently predictive of outcome, demanding a paradigm-shift in patient-stratification strategy for precision therapy in high-risk ALL.
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Zarubina KI, Parovichnikova EN, Surin VL, Pshenichnikova OS, Gavrilina OA, Isinova GA, Troitskaia VV, Sokolov AN, Gal'tseva IV, Kapranov NM, Davydova IO, Obukhova TN, Sudarikov AB, Savchenko VG. [Detection of activating mutations in RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and JAK/STAT signaling pathways]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2020; 92:31-42. [PMID: 33346443 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2020.07.000772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ISSUE The study of activating mutations (NRAS,KRAS,FLT3,JAK2,CRLF2genes) of RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and JAK/STAT signaling pathways in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) in adult patients which are included in Russian multicenter clinical trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS Within the multicenter study there were 119 adult patients included withde novoB-ALL. The study was considered as prospective and retrospective. The group withBCR-ABL1-negative B-ALL consisted of up to 93 patients (45 male and 48 female, at the age of 17 to 59, the median age 31), they were treated according to the protocols ALL-2009, ALL-2016. The median follow-up lasted for 19 months (1119). The group withBCR-ABL1-positive B-ALL with up to 26 patients (10 male and 16 female, at the age of 23 to 78, the median age 34 years) was included in the study as well. The treatment was carried out according to the protocols ALL-2009 and ALL-2012 in combination with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The median follow-up lasted for 23 months (4120). The molecular analysis of activating mutations inNRAS,KRASgenes (RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway) andJAK2,CRLF2genes (JAK/STAT signaling cascade) was performed via Sanger sequencing. The internal tandem duplications (ITDs) inFLT3gene were studied by fragment analysis. The evaluation of CRLF2 expression was fulfilled via flow cytometry. RESULTS Activating mutations inNRAS,KRAS,FLT3genes were found in 22 (23.6%) patients withBCR-ABL1-negative B-ALL. In total, 23 mutations were revealed in theNRAS(n=9),KRAS(n=12), andFLT3(n=2) genes, according to statistics that was significantly more frequent than withBCR-ABL1-positive B-ALL, these genes mutations were not identified in patients (p=0.007). The frequency of mutations detection inKRASandNRASgenes in patients withBCR-ABL1-negative B-ALL was comparable as 12.9% (12 of 93) to 9.7% (9 of 93), respectively (p=0.488). One patient was simultaneously revealed 2 mutations in theKRASgene (in codons 13 and 61).FLT3-ITD mutations were detected in 3.5% (2 of 57) cases ofBCR-ABL1-negative B-ALL. In patients withBCR-ABL1-positive B-ALLFLT3-ITD mutations were not assessed. Violations in the JAK/STAT signaling cascade were detected in 4 (4.3%) patients withBCR-ABL1-negative B-ALL. They were represented by the missense mutations ofJAK2gene (n=3) and the overexpression of CRLF2 (n=2); in one patient were detected the overexpression of CRLF2 and a mutation inJAK2gene simultaneously. No mutations were found inCRLF2gene. In patients withBCR-ABL1-positive B-ALL noJAK2mutations were detected. As long as analyzing demographic and clinical laboratory parameters between groups of patients with and without mutations, there were no statistically significant differences obtained. In the analyzed groups of patients, long-term therapy results did not differentiate according to the mutations presence inNRAS,KRAS,FLT3,JAK2genes. Also, substantive differences were not shown in the rate of the negative status achievement of the minimum residual disease between patients with and without activating mutations in the control points of the protocol (on the 70th, 133rd and 190th days). CONCLUSION NRAS,KRAS,FLT3,JAK2activating mutations do not affect the long-term results of the therapy and the rate of the negative status achievement of the minimum residual disease in patients withBCR-ABL1-negative B-ALL treated by the Russian multicenter clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - V L Surin
- National Research Center for Hematology
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IKZF1 Deletions as a Prognostic Factor in Costa Rican Patients With Pediatric B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2020; 42:e401-e406. [PMID: 32324698 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000001807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The IKZF1 gene encodes for Ikaros, a transcriptional factor in B-cell development. Deletions in this gene have been associated with a worse prognosis in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). We evaluated the presence of these alterations in all Costa Rican pediatric patients diagnosed with B-ALL between 2011 and 2014, treated with a modified Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster therapeutic protocol. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction with 2 detection methods (agarose gel and gene scanning) was used to detect intragenic deletions and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification for whole-gene deletions. Differences between groups (normal vs. deleted IKZF1) were analyzed by the χ test, the Kaplan-Meier test was used to calculate relapse-free survival and overall survival, and Cox regression was performed for multivariant analysis. Minimum follow-up was 4.5 years. Incidence of IKZF1 deletions was 12.9% (n=20), with an equal amount of intragenic and complete gene deletions. Adverse karyotype (P=0.048), high-risk category (P=0.030), occurrence of relapse (P=0.021), and medullar relapse (P=0.011) were statistically associated with the presence of deletions in IKZF1. Relapse-free survival at 54 months was lower in patients harboring an IKZF1 deletion than that in patients with IKZF1-wt (40.0% vs. 66.7%; P=0.014). Patients with B-ALL and IKZF1 deletions, showed a poorer relapse-free survival, in comparison with patients with IKZF1-wt, suggesting that IKZF1 status is an independent prognostic factor for pediatric patients with B-ALL.
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Rawoof A, Swaminathan G, Tiwari S, Nair RA, Dinesh Kumar L. LeukmiR: a database for miRNAs and their targets in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Database (Oxford) 2020; 2020:baz151. [PMID: 32128558 PMCID: PMC7054207 DOI: 10.1093/database/baz151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is one of the most common hematological malignancies in children. Recent studies suggest the involvement of multiple microRNAs in the tumorigenesis of various leukemias. However, until now, no comprehensive database exists for miRNAs and their cognate target genes involved specifically in ALL. Therefore, we developed 'LeukmiR' a dynamic database comprising in silico predicted microRNAs, and experimentally validated miRNAs along with the target genes they regulate in mouse and human. LeukmiR is a user-friendly platform with search strings for ALL-associated microRNAs, their sequences, description of target genes, their location on the chromosomes and the corresponding deregulated signaling pathways. For the user query, different search modules exist where either quick search can be carried out using any fuzzy term or by providing exact terms in specific modules. All entries for both human and mouse genomes can be retrieved through multiple options such as miRNA ID, their accession number, sequence, target genes, Ensemble-ID or Entrez-ID. User can also access miRNA: mRNA interaction networks in different signaling pathways, the genomic location of the targeted regions such as 3'UTR, 5'UTR and exons with their gene ontology and disease ontology information in both human and mouse systems. Herein, we also report 51 novel microRNAs which are not described earlier for ALL. Thus, LeukmiR database will be a valuable source of information for researchers to understand and investigate miRNAs and their targets with diagnostic and therapeutic potential in ALL. Database URL: http://tdb.ccmb.res.in/LeukmiR/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rawoof
- Cancer Biology, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Guruprasadh Swaminathan
- Cancer Biology, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Shrish Tiwari
- Bioinformatics, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Rekha A Nair
- Department of Pathology, Regional Cancer Centre (RCC), Medical College Campus, Trivandrum, 695011, India
| | - Lekha Dinesh Kumar
- Cancer Biology, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India
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Takahashi T, Ichikawa S, Ichinohasama R, Harigae H. BCR-ABL1 positive lymphoblastic lymphoma – should it be treated like a B-lymphoblastic leukemia with t(9;22);BCR-ABL1? Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 61:1265-1267. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1706736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Takahashi
- Department of Hematology, Osaki Citizen Hospital, Osaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ichikawa
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryo Ichinohasama
- Department of Hematopathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideo Harigae
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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8
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Mansell E, Zareian N, Malouf C, Kapeni C, Brown N, Badie C, Baird D, Lane J, Ottersbach K, Blair A, Case CP. DNA damage signalling from the placenta to foetal blood as a potential mechanism for childhood leukaemia initiation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4370. [PMID: 30867444 PMCID: PMC6416312 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For many diseases with a foetal origin, the cause for the disease initiation remains unknown. Common childhood acute leukaemia is thought to be caused by two hits, the first in utero and the second in childhood in response to infection. The mechanism for the initial DNA damaging event are unknown. Here we have used in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models to show that a placental barrier will respond to agents that are suspected of initiating childhood leukaemia by releasing factors that cause DNA damage in cord blood and bone marrow cells, including stem cells. We show that DNA damage caused by in utero exposure can reappear postnatally after an immune challenge. Furthermore, both foetal and postnatal DNA damage are prevented by prenatal exposure of the placenta to a mitochondrially-targeted antioxidant. We conclude that the placenta might contribute to the first hit towards leukaemia initiation by bystander-like signalling to foetal haematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Mansell
- School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.
| | - Nahid Zareian
- School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Camille Malouf
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, SCRM Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chrysa Kapeni
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, SCRM Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Natalie Brown
- Cancer Mecanisms and Biomarkers, Department of Radiation Effects, Public Health England's Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, UK
| | - Christophe Badie
- Cancer Mecanisms and Biomarkers, Department of Radiation Effects, Public Health England's Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, UK
| | - Duncan Baird
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jon Lane
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Katrin Ottersbach
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, SCRM Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Allison Blair
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, NHS Blood and Transplant, Filton, UK
| | - C Patrick Case
- School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
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Allahbakhshian Farsani M, Kamel M, Mehrpouri M, Heris RS, Hamidpour M, Salari S, Mohamadi MH. The Expression of Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ) and Interleukin 6 (IL6) in Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Pathol Oncol Res 2018; 26:461-466. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-0536-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Fry EA, Mallakin A, Inoue K. Translocations involving ETS family proteins in human cancer. INTEGRATIVE CANCER SCIENCE AND THERAPEUTICS 2018; 5:10.15761/ICST.1000281. [PMID: 30542624 PMCID: PMC6287620 DOI: 10.15761/icst.1000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ETS transcription factors regulate expression of genes involved in normal cell development, proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis, consisting of 28 family members in humans. Dysregulation of these transcription factors facilitates cell proliferation in cancers, and several members participate in invasion and metastasis by activating certain gene transcriptions. ETS1 and ETS2 are the founding members of the ETS family and regulate transcription by binding to ETS sequences. Three chimeric genes involving ETS genes have been identified in human cancers, which are EWS-FLI1 in Ewing's sarcoma, TMPRSS2-ERG in prostate cancer, and ETV6-RUNX1 in acute lymphocytic leukemia. Although these fusion transcripts definitely contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease, the impact of these fusion transcripts on patients' prognosis is highly controversial. In the present review, the roles of ETS protein translocations in human carcinogenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Fry
- Dept. of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | | | - Kazushi Inoue
- Dept. of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
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Weston VJ, Wei W, Stankovic T, Kearns P. Synergistic action of dual IGF1/R and MEK inhibition sensitizes childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells to cytotoxic agents and involves downregulation of STAT6 and PDAP1. Exp Hematol 2018; 63:52-63.e5. [PMID: 29656114 PMCID: PMC6371922 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dual insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1/R) + mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK) inhibition synergistically sensitize apoptosis-resistant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. Dual IGF1/R + MEK inhibition potentiates chemotherapy-induced killing of ALL cells. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) and platelet-derived growth factor-associated protein 1 (PDAP1) are downregulated differentially by this synergistic action. STAT6 and PDAP1 are predicted to act in a putative STAT6–ERK–nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) survival network. Targeting this network may be useful for sensitizing ALL to chemotherapy agents.
Heterogeneous upregulation of multiple prosurvival pathways underlies resistance to damage-induced apoptosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells despite normal p53 responses. Here, we show that the dual combination of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)/IGF1 receptor (IGF1/R) and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK) inhibition using AG1024 + U0126 can sensitize apoptosis-resistant ALL cells to ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage irrespective of effect of single pathway inhibition in vitro. This AG1024 + U0126 combination also significantly potentiates the ability of the core chemotherapy compounds vincristine, dexamethasone, and daunorubicin to kill ALL cells in vitro. Evidence of the synergistic action of AG1024 + U0126 in samples with variable basal levels of phosphorylated IGF1/Rβ and ERK1/2 suggested additional targets of this drug combination. Consistent with this, gene expression profiling identified 32 “synergy genes” differentially targeted by IGF1/R + MEK inhibition and, among these, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) and platelet-derived growth factor-associated protein 1 (PDAP1) were the most differentially downregulated cluster. Pearson correlation analysesrevealed that STAT6 and PDAP1 display significant expression codependency and a common expression pattern linked with other key “synergy” genes, supporting their predicted role in an STAT6–ERK–nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) network. Knockdown studies revealed that loss of STAT6, but not PDAP1, impinges on the cell cycle, causing reduced numbers of viable cells. In combination with daunorubicin, STAT6 loss has an additive effect on cell killing, whereas PDAP1 loss is synergistic, indicating an important role of PDAP1 in the cellular response to this anthracycline. Inhibition of STAT6 or PDAP1 may therefore represent a potential novel therapeutic strategy for resistant ALL by enhancing sensitivity to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Weston
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Wenbin Wei
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Sheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Tatjana Stankovic
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Pamela Kearns
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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12
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Montaño A, Forero-Castro M, Marchena-Mendoza D, Benito R, Hernández-Rivas JM. New Challenges in Targeting Signaling Pathways in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia by NGS Approaches: An Update. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10040110. [PMID: 29642462 PMCID: PMC5923365 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification and study of genetic alterations involved in various signaling pathways associated with the pathogenesis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and the application of recent next-generation sequencing (NGS) in the identification of these lesions not only broaden our understanding of the involvement of various genetic alterations in the pathogenesis of the disease but also identify new therapeutic targets for future clinical trials. The present review describes the main deletions, amplifications, sequence mutations, epigenetic lesions, and new structural DNA rearrangements detected by NGS in B-ALL and T-ALL and their clinical importance for therapeutic procedures. We reviewed the molecular basis of pathways including transcriptional regulation, lymphoid differentiation and development, TP53 and the cell cycle, RAS signaling, JAK/STAT, NOTCH, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, chromatin structure modifiers, and epigenetic regulators. The implementation of NGS strategies has enabled important mutated genes in each pathway, their associations with the genetic subtypes of ALL, and their outcomes, which will be described further. We also discuss classic and new cryptic DNA rearrangements in ALL identified by mRNA-seq strategies. Novel cooperative abnormalities in ALL could be key prognostic and/or predictive biomarkers for selecting the best frontline treatment and for developing therapies after the first relapse or refractory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Montaño
- IBSAL, IBMCC, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Cancer Research Center, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Maribel Forero-Castro
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Grupo de investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (GICBUPTC), Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150001, Colombia.
| | - Darnel Marchena-Mendoza
- IBSAL, IBMCC, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Cancer Research Center, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Grupo de investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (GICBUPTC), Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150001, Colombia.
| | - Rocío Benito
- IBSAL, IBMCC, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Cancer Research Center, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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Richter L, Wang Y, Hyde RK. Targeting binding partners of the CBFβ-SMMHC fusion protein for the treatment of inversion 16 acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 7:66255-66266. [PMID: 27542261 PMCID: PMC5323231 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inversion of chromosome 16 (inv(16)) generates the CBFβ-SMMHC fusion protein and is found in nearly all patients with acute myeloid leukemia subtype M4 with Eosinophilia (M4Eo). Expression of CBFβ-SMMHC is causative for leukemia development, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its activity are unclear. Recently, there have been important advances in defining the role of CBFβ-SMMHC and its binding partners, the transcription factor RUNX1 and the histone deacetylase HDAC8. Importantly, initial trials demonstrate that small molecules targeting these binding partners are effective against CBFβ-SMMHC induced leukemia. This review will discuss recent advances in defining the mechanism of CBFβ-SMMHC activity, as well as efforts to develop new therapies for inv(16) AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Richter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yiqian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - R Katherine Hyde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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14
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Qing X, Panosyan E, Yue C, Ji P, Gotesman M, French S, Cai J. Therapy-related myeloid neoplasm in an 18-year-old boy with B-lymphoblastic leukemia. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 103:263-266. [PMID: 29155023 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric malignancy. Acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome during the course of ALL is a rare entity. Some of these cases are therapy-related while the others occur due to lineage switch. The correct diagnosis relies on comparing the immunophenotypes and cytogenetic/molecular alterations of the myeloid neoplasm and the ALL. We present the clinical, pathologic and cytogenetic features of a case of an 18-year-old male with prior treatment for B-lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) who developed therapy-related myeloid neoplasm (t-MN) 4-5years after his initial diagnosis of B-ALL. CASE PRESENTATION A 13-year-old boy with no significant past medical history presented to Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (HUMC) in November 2012 with night sweats, fevers and chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, weakness, and weight loss. Peripheral blood flow cytometric analysis disclosed B-ALL. The blasts expressed CD10, CD19, CD22 (dim), CD34, CD38, HLA-DR, and TdT, and were negative for CD20, CD13, CD33, CD117, and cytoplasmic MPO. Chromosomal analysis and a supplemental fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) study performed on the bone marrow aspirate showed an abnormal karyotype (47,XY,+X,del(9)(p21p21)[4]/46,XY[16]). He achieved remission after induction chemotherapy and remained in remission until March 2016 when bilateral testicular masses were noted. Biopsy of the left testicular mass showed relapsed B-ALL. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contained rare TdT-positive blasts, suggestive of minimal/early involvement by B-ALL. However, there was no evidence of acute leukemia in his bone marrow at this time. He was then treated with COG protocol AALL1331 randomized to blinatumomab arm and achieved second remission. In June 2017, the patient's peripheral blood smear showed 11% circulating monoblasts. By flow cytometry, the blasts expressed CD4, CD11b, CD13, CD15, CD33, CD38, CD56, and CD64. In addition, a few TdT-positive blasts were seen in his CSF cytospin smear. Bone marrow biopsy was subsequently performed which was consistent with evolving acute myeloid leukemia. A diagnosis of myeloid neoplasm, consistent with t-MN was made. Chromosomal analysis and FISH studies performed on his bone marrow aspirate showed normal karyotype (46,XY[20]), negative FISH result for deletion 9p21 locus, and positive KMT2A (MLL) rearrangement, respectively. Despite of chemotherapy, the patient died within one month after diagnosis. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Diagnosis of t-MN should be suspected in patients with a history of receiving cytotoxic agents and/or irradiation. In this case study, we diagnosed t-MN with KMT2A rearrangement in a patient with history of B-ALL with 9p deletion and gain of X chromosome. Unusual features associated with this case are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qing
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
| | - Eduard Panosyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Changjun Yue
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Ping Ji
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Moran Gotesman
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Samuel French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Junchao Cai
- Foresight MedTech Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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15
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Calling Chromosome Alterations, DNA Methylation Statuses, and Mutations in Tumors by Simple Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing. J Mol Diagn 2017; 19:776-787. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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16
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Zhang X, Rastogi P, Shah B, Zhang L. B lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma: new insights into genetics, molecular aberrations, subclassification and targeted therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:66728-66741. [PMID: 29029550 PMCID: PMC5630450 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (B-ALL) is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell neoplasm derived from B-cell progenitors, which mostly occurs in children and adolescents and is regarded as one of top leading causes of death related to malignancies in this population. Despite the majority of patients with B-ALL have fairly good response to conventional chemotherapeutic interventions followed by hematopoietic stem cell transplant for the last decades, a subpopulation of patients show chemo-resistance and a high relapse rate. Adult B-ALL exhibits similar clinical course but worse prognosis in comparison to younger individuals. Ample evidences have shown that the clinical behavior, response rate and clinical outcome of B-ALL rely largely on its genetic and molecular profiles, such as the presence of BCR-ABL1 fusion gene which is an independent negative prognostic predictor. New B-ALL subtypes have been recognized with recurrent genetic abnormalities, including B-ALL with intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21), B-ALL with translocations involving tyrosine kinases or cytokine receptors (“BCR-ABL1-like ALL”). Genome-wide genetic profiling studies on B-ALL have extended our understanding of genomic landscape of B-ALL, and genetic mutations involved in various key pathways have been illustrated. These include CRLF2 and PAX5 alterations, TP53, CREBBP and ERG mutations, characteristic genetic aberrations in BCR-ABL1-like B-ALL and others. The review further provides new insights into clinical implication of the genetic aberrations in regard to targeted therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Hematopathology and Laboratory Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Prerna Rastogi
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Bijal Shah
- Department of Hematological Malignancies, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Hematopathology and Laboratory Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
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17
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Jacobson S, Tedder M, Eggert J. Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Genetic Overview and Application to Clinical Practice. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2016; 20:E147-E154. [DOI: 10.1188/16.cjon.e147-e154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Papadantonakis N, Advani AS. Recent advances and novel treatment paradigms in acute lymphocytic leukemia. Ther Adv Hematol 2016; 7:252-269. [PMID: 27695616 PMCID: PMC5026289 DOI: 10.1177/2040620716652289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This is an exciting time in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) given the advances in the relapsed/refractory setting. The development of antibody treatments (including antibody drug conjugates with toxins) offers a different treatment approach compared with conventional chemotherapy regimens. Moreover, the use of bispecific T-cell-engager antibodies (BiTEs) such as blinatumomab harness the cytotoxic activity of T cells against CD19-positive lymphoblasts. Another strategy involves the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. CAR T cells have demonstrated promising results in the relapsed/refractory setting. However, the use of BiTEs and CAR T cells is also associated with a distinct set of adverse reactions that must be taken into account by the treating physician. Apart from the above strategies, the use of other targeted therapies has attracted interest. Namely, the discovery of the Philadelphia (Ph)-like signature in children and young adults with ALL has led to the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in these patients. The different drugs and strategies that are being tested in the relapsed/refractory ALL setting pose a unique challenge in identifying the optimum sequence of treatment and determining which approaches should be considered for frontline treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anjali S. Advani
- Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44120, USA
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19
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Chen D, Zheng J, Gerasimcik N, Lagerstedt K, Sjögren H, Abrahamsson J, Fogelstrand L, Mårtensson IL. The Expression Pattern of the Pre-B Cell Receptor Components Correlates with Cellular Stage and Clinical Outcome in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162638. [PMID: 27611867 PMCID: PMC5017602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Precursor-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) signaling represents a crucial checkpoint at the pre-B cell stage. Aberrant pre-BCR signaling is considered as a key factor for B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) development. BCP-ALL are believed to be arrested at the pre-BCR checkpoint independent of pre-BCR expression. However, the cellular stage at which BCP-ALL are arrested and whether this relates to expression of the pre-BCR components (IGHM, IGLL1 and VPREB1) is still unclear. Here, we show differential protein expression and copy number variation (CNV) patterns of the pre-BCR components in pediatric BCP-ALL. Moreover, analyzing six BCP-ALL data sets (n = 733), we demonstrate that TCF3-PBX1 ALL express high levels of IGHM, IGLL1 and VPREB1, and are arrested at the pre-B stage. By contrast, ETV6-RUNX1 ALL express low levels of IGHM or VPREB1, and are arrested at the pro-B stage. Irrespective of subtype, ALL with high levels of IGHM, IGLL1 and VPREB1 are arrested at the pre-B stage and correlate with good prognosis in high-risk pediatric BCP-ALL (n = 207). Our findings suggest that BCP-ALL are arrested at different cellular stages, which relates to the expression pattern of the pre-BCR components that could serve as prognostic markers for high-risk pediatric BCP-ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Junxiong Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Natalija Gerasimcik
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Lagerstedt
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helene Sjögren
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Linda Fogelstrand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Inga-Lill Mårtensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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20
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Chromosomal aberrations in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: 15-year single center experience. Cancer Genet 2016; 209:340-7. [PMID: 27341996 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetic analysis of leukemic cells significantly impacts prognosis and treatment stratification in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Our retrospective single center study of 86 children with ALL enrolled into three consecutive treatment protocols (ALL-BFM 90, ALL-BFM 95 and ALL IC-BFM 2002) between 1991 and 2007 demonstrates the importance of conventional cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Cytogenetic and FISH examinations were performed successfully in 82/86 (95.3%) patients and chromosomal changes were detected in 78 of the 82 (95.1%) patients: in 69/73 patients with B-cell precursor (BCP)-ALL and in 9/9 patients with T-lineage ALL (T-ALL). The most frequent chromosomal changes in subgroups divided according to WHO classification independent of treatment protocol and leukemia subtype were hyperdiploidy in 36 patients (with ≥50 chromosomes in 23 patients, with 47-49 chromosomes 13 patients) followed by translocation t(12;21) with ETV6/RUNX1 fusion detected by FISH in 18 (22%) patients. Additional changes were detected in 16/18 (88.8%) ETV6/RUNX1-positive ALL patients with predominant deletion or rearrangement of untranslocated ETV6 allele. Unique aberrations were detected in 4 patients and dicentric chromosomes in 8 patients, one with T-ALL. These results demonstrate that cytogenetics and FISH successfully provided important prognostic information and revealed not only recurrent but also new and rare rearrangements requiring further investigation in terms of prognostic significance.
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21
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Fang Q, Zhao X, Li Q, Li Y, Liu K, Tang K, Wang Y, Liu B, Wang M, Xing H, Rao Q, Tian Z, Wang J, Mi Y. IKZF1 alterations and expression of CRLF2 predict prognosis in adult Chinese patients with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 58:127-137. [PMID: 27157479 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1180682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is a common hematological malignancy in children, with a prognosis much worse in adults. The molecular characterization of ALL and its correlated prognostic significance are largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the frequency of IKZF1 deletions, IK6 isoform, and CRLF2 overexpression in 118 Chinese adult B-cell precursor ALL (B-ALL) patients to explore their associations with clinical prognosis. Our data showed that IKZF1 deletions and IK6 isoform were highly detected in adult patients, and both of them were related with worse prognosis in Ph- B-ALL, HR group of Ph- B-ALL, and/or B-ALL patients. Though the frequency of CRLF2 overexpression was similar to children, it had an independent prognostic significance for standard-risk and Ph- adult patients. Our study provided insights into the prognostic significance of certain genetic features in B-ALL patients. Further therapeutic strategies targeting these abnormalities potentially improving the prognosis of B-ALL are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Fang
- a State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology , Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Xingli Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology , Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Qinghua Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology , Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Yan Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology , Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Kaiqi Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology , Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Kejing Tang
- a State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology , Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology , Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Bingcheng Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology , Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Min Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology , Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Haiyan Xing
- a State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology , Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Qing Rao
- a State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology , Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Zheng Tian
- a State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology , Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology , Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Yingchang Mi
- a State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology , Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Tianjin , PR China
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22
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Olsson L, Zettermark S, Biloglav A, Castor A, Behrendtz M, Forestier E, Paulsson K, Johansson B. The genetic landscape of paediatric de novo acute myeloid leukaemia as defined by single nucleotide polymorphism array and exon sequencing of 100 candidate genes. Br J Haematol 2016; 174:292-301. [PMID: 27022003 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic analyses of a consecutive series of 67 paediatric (median age 8 years; range 0-17) de novo acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients revealed aberrations in 55 (82%) cases. The most common subgroups were KMT2A rearrangement (29%), normal karyotype (15%), RUNX1-RUNX1T1 (10%), deletions of 5q, 7q and/or 17p (9%), myeloid leukaemia associated with Down syndrome (7%), PML-RARA (7%) and CBFB-MYH11 (5%). Single nucleotide polymorphism array (SNP-A) analysis and exon sequencing of 100 genes, performed in 52 and 40 cases, respectively (39 overlapping), revealed ≥1 aberration in 89%; when adding cytogenetic data, this frequency increased to 98%. Uniparental isodisomies (UPIDs) were detected in 13% and copy number aberrations (CNAs) in 63% (median 2/case); three UPIDs and 22 CNAs were recurrent. Twenty-two genes were targeted by focal CNAs, including AEBP2 and PHF6 deletions and genes involved in AML-associated gene fusions. Deep sequencing identified mutations in 65% of cases (median 1/case). In total, 60 mutations were found in 30 genes, primarily those encoding signalling proteins (47%), transcription factors (25%), or epigenetic modifiers (13%). Twelve genes (BCOR, CEBPA, FLT3, GATA1, KIT, KRAS, NOTCH1, NPM1, NRAS, PTPN11, SMC3 and TP53) were recurrently mutated. We conclude that SNP-A and deep sequencing analyses complement the cytogenetic diagnosis of paediatric AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Olsson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Office for Medical Services, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sofia Zettermark
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andrea Biloglav
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Castor
- Department of Paediatrics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikael Behrendtz
- Department of Paediatrics, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Erik Forestier
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Paulsson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bertil Johansson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Office for Medical Services, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Sweden
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23
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Izraeli S. The acute lymphoblastic leukemia of Down Syndrome - Genetics and pathogenesis. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 59:158-61. [PMID: 26631987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Children with Down Syndrome (DS) are at markedly increased risk for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The ALL is of B cell precursor (BCP) phenotype. T-ALL is only rarely diagnosed as well as infant leukemia. Gene expression profiling and cytogenetics suggest that DS-ALL is an heterogeneous disease. More than half of the leukemias are characterized by aberrant expression of the thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) receptor CRLF2 caused by genomic rearrangements. These rearrangements are often associated with somatic activating mutations in the receptors or in the downstream components of the JAK-STAT pathway. The activation of JAK-STAT pathway suggests that targeted therapy with JAK or downstream inhibitors may be effective for children with DS-ALL. The basis of the increased risk of BCP-ALL and in particular of the CRLF2 aberrations is presently unknown. Neither is it known which genes on the trisomic chromosome 21 are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Izraeli
- Functional Genomics and Leukemia Research, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel; Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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24
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Layton Tovar CF, Mendieta Zerón H. Intracellular Signaling Pathways Involved in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia; Molecular Targets. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2015; 32:141-53. [PMID: 27065575 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-015-0609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant disease characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphoid cells. ALL is the most common hematologic malignancy in early childhood, and it reaches peak incidence between the ages of 2 and 3 years. The prognosis of ALL is associated with aberrant gene expression, in addition to the presence of numerical or structural chromosomal alterations, age, race, and immunophenotype. The Relapse rate with regard to pharmacological treatment rises in childhood; thus, the expression of biomarkers associated with the activation of cell signaling pathways is crucial to establish the disease prognosis. Intracellular pathways involved in ALL are diverse, including Janus kinase/Signal transducers and transcription activators (JAK-STAT), Phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-AKT), Ras mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras-MAPK), Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), Nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κB), and Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1α (HIF-1α), among others. In this review, we present several therapeutic targets, intracellular pathways, and molecular markers that are being studied extensively at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Fabián Layton Tovar
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEMex), Paseo Tollocan esq. Jesús Carranza, Col. Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, Estado de Mexico Mexico
| | - Hugo Mendieta Zerón
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEMex), Paseo Tollocan esq. Jesús Carranza, Col. Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, Estado de Mexico Mexico ; Asociación Científica Latina A.C. (ASCILA) and Ciprés Grupo Médico (CGM), Felipe Villanueva sur 1209, Col. Rancho Dolores, 50170 Toluca, Estado de Mexico Mexico
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25
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Rational combination therapies targeting survival signaling in aggressive B-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Curr Opin Hematol 2015; 21:297-308. [PMID: 24811162 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The identification of oncogenic 'driver' mutations and activated survival pathways in selected aggressive B-cell malignancies directs the development of novel adjunctive therapies using targeted small molecule inhibitors. With a focus on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma 'not otherwise specified', Hodgkin lymphoma and childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia, this review will provide an up-to-date account of the current literature on the development of new molecularly targeted treatment modalities for aggressive B-cell malignancies. RECENT FINDINGS Subclassification of B-cell malignancies depending on their particular genetic 'driver' lesions and transcriptional and/or signaling signatures has led to the development of targeted therapeutic approaches using small molecule inhibitors to amend current combination chemotherapy. SUMMARY Treatment outcome with current combination chemotherapy is still poor for subsets of aggressive B-cell malignancies, and demands development of targeted therapeutic approaches. Advanced gene expression profiling and genomic sequencing have revealed a more detailed landscape of recurrent alterations, allowing a better subclassification of B-cell lymphomas and leukemias. Many alterations directly or indirectly lead to activation of survival signaling pathways and expression of key oncoproteins and prosurvival molecules, including Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT), phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR), avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (MYC) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCLl-2). Small molecule inhibitors targeting these proteins and pathways are currently being tested in clinical trials and preclinically to improve chemotherapeutic regimes and treatment outcomes.
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26
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Stasevich I, Inglott S, Austin N, Chatters S, Chalker J, Addy D, Dryden C, Ancliff P, Ford A, Williams O, Kempski H. PAX5 alterations in genetically unclassified childhood Precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2015; 171:263-272. [PMID: 26115422 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report a high incidence of PAX5 abnormalities observed in 32/68 (47%) of patients with genetically unclassified childhood precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (pre-B ALL). Various deletions, gains, mutations and rearrangements of PAX5 comprised 45%, 12%, 29% and 14%, respectively, of the abnormalities found. 28% of patients showed more than one abnormality of the gene, implying bi-allelic impairment of PAX5. Novel PAX5-RHOXF2, PAX5-ELK3 and PAX5-CBFA2T2 rearrangements, which lead to aberrant expression of PAX5, were also identified. PAX5 rearrangements demonstrated a complex mechanism of formation including concurrent duplications/deletions of PAX5 and its partner genes. Finally, the splice variant c.1013-2A>G, seen in two patients with loss of one PAX5 allele, was confirmed to be germ-line in one patient and somatic in the other. PAX5 alterations were also found to be clinically associated with a higher white blood cell count (P = 0·015). These findings contribute to the knowledge of PAX5 alterations and their role in the pathogenesis of pre-B ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Stasevich
- Haematology Cellular and Molecular Diagnostic Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.,Developmental Biology and Cancer (DBC), University College London-Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Sarah Inglott
- Haematology Cellular and Molecular Diagnostic Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nicola Austin
- Haematology Cellular and Molecular Diagnostic Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Steve Chatters
- Haematology Cellular and Molecular Diagnostic Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jane Chalker
- Haematology Cellular and Molecular Diagnostic Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Dilys Addy
- Haematology Cellular and Molecular Diagnostic Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Carryl Dryden
- Haematology Cellular and Molecular Diagnostic Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Philip Ancliff
- Department of Haematology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Anthony Ford
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Owen Williams
- Developmental Biology and Cancer (DBC), University College London-Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Helena Kempski
- Haematology Cellular and Molecular Diagnostic Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.,Developmental Biology and Cancer (DBC), University College London-Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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27
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Abstract
Adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients with cancer are a unique category of patients who, depending on age at time of diagnosis, might receive treatment from oncologists specializing either in the treatment of children or adults. In the USA, AYA oncology generally encompasses patients 15-39 years of age. AYA patients with cancer typically present with diseases that span the spectrum from 'paediatric' cancers (such as acute lymphoblastic leukaemia [ALL] and brain tumours) to 'adult' tumours (such as breast cancer and melanoma), as well as cancers that are largely unique to their age group (such as testicular cancer and bone tumours). Research indicates that outcomes of AYA patients with cancer are influenced not only by the treatment provided, but also by factors related to 'host' biology. In addition to the potential biological and cancer-specific differences between AYAs and other patients with cancer, AYA patients also often have disparate access to clinical trials and suffer from a lack of age-appropriate psychosocial support services and health services, which might influence survival as well as overall quality of life. In this Review, these issues are discussed, with a focus on two types of AYA cancer--ALL and melanoma--highlighting findings arising from the use of emerging technologies, such as whole-genome sequencing.
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28
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Nordlund J, Bäcklin CL, Zachariadis V, Cavelier L, Dahlberg J, Öfverholm I, Barbany G, Nordgren A, Övernäs E, Abrahamsson J, Flaegstad T, Heyman MM, Jónsson ÓG, Kanerva J, Larsson R, Palle J, Schmiegelow K, Gustafsson MG, Lönnerholm G, Forestier E, Syvänen AC. DNA methylation-based subtype prediction for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:11. [PMID: 25729447 PMCID: PMC4343276 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-014-0039-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We present a method that utilizes DNA methylation profiling for prediction of the cytogenetic subtypes of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells from pediatric ALL patients. The primary aim of our study was to improve risk stratification of ALL patients into treatment groups using DNA methylation as a complement to current diagnostic methods. A secondary aim was to gain insight into the functional role of DNA methylation in ALL. RESULTS We used the methylation status of ~450,000 CpG sites in 546 well-characterized patients with T-ALL or seven recurrent B-cell precursor ALL subtypes to design and validate sensitive and accurate DNA methylation classifiers. After repeated cross-validation, a final classifier was derived that consisted of only 246 CpG sites. The mean sensitivity and specificity of the classifier across the known subtypes was 0.90 and 0.99, respectively. We then used DNA methylation classification to screen for subtype membership of 210 patients with undefined karyotype (normal or no result) or non-recurrent cytogenetic aberrations ('other' subtype). Nearly half (n = 106) of the patients lacking cytogenetic subgrouping displayed highly similar methylation profiles as the patients in the known recurrent groups. We verified the subtype of 20% of the newly classified patients by examination of diagnostic karyotypes, array-based copy number analysis, and detection of fusion genes by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). Using RNA-seq data from ALL patients where cytogenetic subtype and DNA methylation classification did not agree, we discovered several novel fusion genes involving ETV6, RUNX1, and PAX5. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that DNA methylation profiling contributes to the clarification of the heterogeneity in cytogenetically undefined ALL patient groups and could be implemented as a complementary method for diagnosis of ALL. The results of our study provide clues to the origin and development of leukemic transformation. The methylation status of the CpG sites constituting the classifiers also highlight relevant biological characteristics in otherwise unclassified ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Nordlund
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 1432, BMC, SE-751 44 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christofer L Bäcklin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Entrance 40, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vasilios Zachariadis
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucia Cavelier
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbecklaboratoriet, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Dahlberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 1432, BMC, SE-751 44 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingegerd Öfverholm
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gisela Barbany
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann Nordgren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Övernäs
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 1432, BMC, SE-751 44 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Abrahamsson
- Department of Pediatrics, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Rondvägen 10, SE-416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Trond Flaegstad
- Department of Pediatrics, Tromsø University and University Hospital, Sykehusveien 38, N-9038 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mats M Heyman
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Q6:05, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ólafur G Jónsson
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital, Barnaspitali Hringsins, Landspitali University Hospital, Norðurmýri, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jukka Kanerva
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Box 281, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rolf Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Entrance 40, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josefine Palle
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 1432, BMC, SE-751 44 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Entrance 95, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, and the Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mats G Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Entrance 40, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gudmar Lönnerholm
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Entrance 95, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Forestier
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of Umeå, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 1432, BMC, SE-751 44 Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Chen R, Campbell JL, Chen B. Prophylaxis and treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:405-12. [PMID: 25709473 PMCID: PMC4334331 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s78567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia remains a major cause of death in patients following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Several factors may affect the concurrence and outcome of relapse, which include graft-versus-host disease, minimal residual disease or intrinsic factors of the disease, and transplantation characteristics. The mainstay of relapse prevention and treatment is donor leukocyte infusions, targeted therapies, second transplantation, and other novel therapies. In this review, we mainly focus on addressing the impact of graft-versus-host disease on relapse and the prophylaxis and treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapse following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We also make recommendations for critical strategies to prevent relapse after transplantation and challenges that must be addressed to ensure success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhe Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jos L Campbell
- Stanford University Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Palo Alto, CA, USA ; Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, School of Applied Science, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Baoan Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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30
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Woo JS, Alberti MO, Tirado CA. Childhood B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a genetic update. Exp Hematol Oncol 2014; 3:16. [PMID: 24949228 PMCID: PMC4063430 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-3-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the pediatric population, B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is the most prevalent childhood hematological malignancy, as well as the leading cause of childhood cancer-related mortality. Advances in cytogenetics utilizing array-based technologies and next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques have revealed exciting insights into the genetic basis of this disease, with the hopes of developing individualized treatment plans for affected children. In this comprehensive review, we discuss our current understanding of childhood (pediatric) B-ALL and highlight the most recent genetic advances and their therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Woo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 1010 Veteran Ave, 2nd Floor, room 2212 F, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Michael O Alberti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 1010 Veteran Ave, 2nd Floor, room 2212 F, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Carlos A Tirado
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 1010 Veteran Ave, 2nd Floor, room 2212 F, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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31
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Byrne M, Wray J, Reinert B, Wu Y, Nickoloff J, Lee SH, Hromas R, Williamson E. Mechanisms of oncogenic chromosomal translocations. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1310:89-97. [PMID: 24528169 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome translocations are caused by inappropriate religation of two DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in heterologous chromosomes. These DSBs can be generated by endogenous or exogenous sources. Endogenous sources of DSBs leading to translocations include inappropriate recombination activating gene (RAG) or activation-induced deaminase (AID) activity during immune receptor maturation. Endogenous DSBs can also occur at noncanonical DNA structures or at collapsed replication forks. Exogenous sources of DSBs leading to translocations include ionizing radiation (IR) and cancer chemotherapy. Spatial proximity of the heterologous chromosomes is also important for translocations. While three distinct pathways for DNA DSB repair exist, mounting evidence supports alternative nonhomologous end joining (aNHEJ) as the predominant pathway through which the majority of translocations occur. Initiated by poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), aNHEJ is utilized less frequently in DNA DSB repair than other forms of DSB repair. We recently found that PARP1 is essential for chromosomal translocations to occur and that small molecule PARP1 inhibitors, already in clinical use, can inhibit translocations generated by IR or topoisomerase II inhibition. These data confirm the central role of PARP1 in aNHEJ-mediated chromosomal translocations and raise the possibility of using clinically available PARP1 inhibitors in patients who are at high risk for secondary oncogenic chromosomal translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Byrne
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
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