1
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Narita T, Murakami Y, Ishii T, Muroi M, Yamashita N. Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family-related protein functions as a costimulatory molecule for murine eosinophils. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:771-779. [PMID: 38159043 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are typical effector cells associated with type 2 immune responses and play key roles in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. These cells are activated by various stimuli, such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, but the regulatory mechanisms of eosinophil effector functions remain unclear. Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein (GITR), a transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, is a well-known regulatory molecule for T cell activation. Here, we show that GITR is also constitutively expressed on eosinophils and functions as a costimulatory molecule for these cells. Although degranulation was unaffected by GITR engagement of murine bone marrow-derived eosinophils, secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and IL-13 from IL-33-activated bone marrow-derived eosinophils was augmented by anti-mouse GITR agonistic antibody (DTA-1). In conclusion, our results provide a new regulatory pathway of cytokine secretion from eosinophils in which GITR functions as a costimulatory molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Narita
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Shinmachi 1-1-20, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Shinmachi 1-1-20, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murakami
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Shinmachi 1-1-20, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Shinmachi 1-1-20, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishii
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Shinmachi 1-1-20, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Masashi Muroi
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Shinmachi 1-1-20, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Naomi Yamashita
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Shinmachi 1-1-20, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Shinmachi 1-1-20, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
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2
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High-Frequency Nanosecond Bleomycin Electrochemotherapy and its Effects on Changes in the Immune System and Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246254. [PMID: 36551739 PMCID: PMC9776811 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a time-dependent and time-independent study on bleomycin-based high-frequency nsECT (3.5 kV/cm × 200 pulses) for the elimination of LLC1 tumours in C57BL/6J mice is performed. We show the efficiency of nsECT (200 ns and 700 ns delivered at 1 kHz and 1 MHz) for the elimination of tumours in mice and increase of their survival. The dynamics of the immunomodulatory effects were observed after electrochemotherapy by investigating immune cell populations and antitumour antibodies at different timepoints after the treatment. ECT treatment resulted in an increased percentage of CD4+ T, splenic memory B and tumour-associated dendritic cell subsets. Moreover, increased levels of antitumour IgG antibodies after ECT treatment were detected. Based on the time-dependent study results, nsECT treatment upregulated PD 1 expression on splenic CD4+ Tr1 cells, increased the expansion of splenic CD8+ T, CD4+CD8+ T, plasma cells and the proportion of tumour-associated pro inflammatory macrophages. The Lin- population of immune cells that was increased in the spleens and tumour after nsECT was identified. It was shown that nsECT prolonged survival of the treated mice and induced significant changes in the immune system, which shows a promising alliance of nanosecond electrochemotherapy and immunotherapy.
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3
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Abdeladhim M, Karnell JL, Rieder SA. In or out of control: Modulating regulatory T cell homeostasis and function with immune checkpoint pathways. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1033705. [PMID: 36591244 PMCID: PMC9799097 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1033705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the master regulators of immunity and they have been implicated in different disease states such as infection, autoimmunity and cancer. Since their discovery, many studies have focused on understanding Treg development, differentiation, and function. While there are many players in the generation and function of truly suppressive Tregs, the role of checkpoint pathways in these processes have been studied extensively. In this paper, we systematically review the role of different checkpoint pathways in Treg homeostasis and function. We describe how co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways modulate Treg homeostasis and function and highlight data from mouse and human studies. Multiple checkpoint pathways are being targeted in cancer and autoimmunity; therefore, we share insights from the clinic and discuss the effect of experimental and approved therapeutics on Treg biology.
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4
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Yang K. Regulation of Treg Cell Metabolism and Function in Non-Lymphoid Tissues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:909705. [PMID: 35720275 PMCID: PMC9200993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.909705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulator T cells (Tregs) play pivotal roles in maintaining immune tolerance and regulating immune responses against pathogens and tumors. Reprogramming of cellular metabolism has been determined as a crucial process that connects microenvironmental cues and signaling networks to influence homeostasis and function of tissue Tregs. In adaptation to a variety of non-lymphoid tissues, Tregs coordinate local immune signals and signaling networks to rewire cellular metabolic programs to sustain their suppressive function. Altered Treg metabolism in turn shapes Treg activation and function. In light of the advanced understanding of immunometabolism, manipulation of systemic metabolites has been emerging as an attractive strategy aiming to modulate metabolism and function of tissue Tregs and improve the treatment of immune-related diseases. In this review, we summarize key immune signals and metabolic programs involved in the regulation of tissue Tregs, review the mechanisms underlying the differentiation and function of Tregs in various non-lymphoid tissues, and discuss therapeutic intervention of metabolic modulators of tissue Tregs for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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5
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Boldison J, Long AE, Aitken RJ, Wilson IV, Megson C, Hanna SJ, Wong FS, Gillespie KM. Activated but functionally impaired memory Tregs are expanded in slow progressors to type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2022; 65:343-355. [PMID: 34709423 PMCID: PMC8741669 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Slow progressors to type 1 diabetes are individuals positive for multiple pancreatic islet autoantibodies who have remained diabetes-free for at least 10 years; regulation of the autoimmune response is understudied in this group. Here, we profile CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in a small but well-characterised cohort of extreme slow progressors with a median age 43 (range 31-72 years), followed up for 18-32 years. METHODS Peripheral blood samples were obtained from slow progressors (n = 8), age- and sex-matched to healthy donors. One participant in this study was identified with a raised HbA1c at the time of assessment and subsequently diagnosed with diabetes; this donor was individually evaluated in the analysis of the data. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated, and to assess frequency, phenotype and function of Tregs in donors, multi-parameter flow cytometry and T cell suppression assays were performed. Unsupervised clustering analysis, using FlowSOM and CITRUS (cluster identification, characterization, and regression), was used to evaluate Treg phenotypes. RESULTS Unsupervised clustering on memory CD4+ T cells from slow progressors showed an increased frequency of activated memory CD4+ Tregs, associated with increased expression of glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR), compared with matched healthy donors. One participant with a raised HbA1c at the time of assessment had a different Treg profile compared with both slow progressors and matched controls. Functional assays demonstrated that Treg-mediated suppression of CD4+ effector T cells from slow progressors was significantly impaired, compared with healthy donors. However, effector CD4+ T cells from slow progressors were more responsive to Treg suppression compared with healthy donors, demonstrated by increased suppression of CD25 and CD134 expression on effector CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATIONS We conclude that activated memory CD4+ Tregs from slow progressors are expanded and enriched for GITR expression, highlighting the need for further study of Treg heterogeneity in individuals at risk of developing type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Boldison
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Anna E Long
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rachel J Aitken
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Isabel V Wilson
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Clare Megson
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stephanie J Hanna
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - F Susan Wong
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kathleen M Gillespie
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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6
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Corti C, Nicolò E, Curigliano G. Novel immune targets for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:815-834. [PMID: 34763593 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.2006187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To overcome mechanisms of primary and secondary resistance to the anti-tumor immune response, novel targets such as ICOS, LAG3, and TIM3 are currently being explored at preclinical and early-phase clinical levels. AREAS COVERED This article examines the landscape of the immune therapeutics investigated in early-phase clinical trials for TNBC. Preclinical rationale is provided for each immune target, predominant expression, and function. Clinical implications and preliminary available trial results are discussed and finally, we reflect on aspects of future expectations and challenges in this field. EXPERT OPINION Several immune strategies have been investigated in TNBC, including co-inhibitory molecules beyond PD1-PD-L1 axis, co-stimulatory checkpoints, cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfer, combination therapies, as well as different routes of administration. Most of approaches showed signs of anti-cancer activity and a good safety profile in early-phase clinical trials. Since IO provided benefit only to a small subgroup of TNBC patients so far, identifying predictive biomarkers is a priority to refine patient-selection. Data from ongoing clinical trials, with the gradually improving interpretation of the breast tumor immune environment, will hopefully refine the role of new immune targets for the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Corti
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, Irccs, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hematology (DIPO), University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Eleonora Nicolò
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, Irccs, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hematology (DIPO), University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, Irccs, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hematology (DIPO), University of Milano, Milano, Italy
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7
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Hirschhorn D, Betof Warner A, Maniyar R, Chow A, Mangarin LM, Cohen AD, Hamadene L, Rizzuto GA, Budhu S, Suek N, Liu C, Houghton AN, Merghoub T, Wolchok JD. Cyclophosphamide enhances the antitumor potency of GITR engagement by increasing oligoclonal cytotoxic T cell fitness. JCI Insight 2021; 6:151035. [PMID: 34676831 PMCID: PMC8564916 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.151035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Only a subset of cancer patients responds to checkpoint blockade inhibition in the clinic. Strategies to overcome resistance are promising areas of investigation. Targeting glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related protein (GITR) has shown efficacy in preclinical models, but GITR engagement is ineffective in controlling advanced, poorly immunogenic tumors, such as B16 melanoma, and has not yielded benefit in clinical trials. The alkylating agent cyclophosphamide (CTX) depletes regulatory T cells (Tregs), expands tumor-specific effector T cells (Teffs) via homeostatic proliferation, and induces immunogenic cell death. GITR agonism has an inhibitory effect on Tregs and activates Teffs. We therefore hypothesized that CTX and GITR agonism would promote effective antitumor immunity. Here we show that the combination of CTX and GITR agonism controlled tumor growth in clinically relevant mouse models. Mechanistically, we show that the combination therapy caused tumor cell death, clonal expansion of highly active CD8+ T cells, and depletion of Tregs by activation-induced cell death. Control of tumor growth was associated with the presence of an expanded population of highly activated, tumor-infiltrating, oligoclonal CD8+ T cells that led to a diminished TCR repertoire. Our studies show that the combination of CTX and GITR agonism is a rational chemoimmunotherapeutic approach that warrants further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hirschhorn
- Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, and.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Allison Betof Warner
- Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, and.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rachana Maniyar
- Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, and.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew Chow
- Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, and.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Levi Mb Mangarin
- Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, and.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam D Cohen
- Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, and
| | - Linda Hamadene
- Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, and.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Gabrielle A Rizzuto
- Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, and.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sadna Budhu
- Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, and.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Nathan Suek
- Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, and.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Cailian Liu
- Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, and.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Alan N Houghton
- Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, and.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, and.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, and.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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8
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Bosmans LA, Shami A, Atzler D, Weber C, Gonçalves I, Lutgens E. Glucocorticoid induced TNF receptor family-related protein (GITR) - A novel driver of atherosclerosis. Vascul Pharmacol 2021; 139:106884. [PMID: 34102305 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2021.106884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven, chronic inflammatory disease. In spite of efficient lipid lowering treatments, such as statins and PCSK9 inhibitors, patients, especially those with elevated inflammatory biomarkers, still have a significant residual cardiovascular disease risk. Novel drugs targeting inflammatory mediators are needed to further reduce this residual risk. Agonistic immune checkpoint proteins, including CD86, CD40L and CD40, have been shown to be drivers of atherosclerosis. Recently, glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor family-related protein (GITR), a co-stimulatory immune checkpoint protein, was identified to be pivotal in cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular patients have elevated soluble GITR plasma levels compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, in human carotid endarterectomy plaques, GITR expression was higher in plaques from symptomatic compared to asymptomatic patients and correlated with features of plaque vulnerability. Moreover, depleting GITR reduced atherosclerotic plaque development in mice. GITR-deficient monocytes and macrophages exhibited less inflammatory potential and reduced migratory capacity. In this review, we discuss GITR's effects on various immune cells, mechanisms, signalling pathways and finally GITR's potential as a novel drug target in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Bosmans
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annelie Shami
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Dorothee Atzler
- Institute of Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute of Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
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9
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Serr I, Kral M, Scherm MG, Daniel C. Advances in Human Immune System Mouse Models for Personalized Treg-Based Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643544. [PMID: 33679808 PMCID: PMC7930911 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice engrafted with a functional human immune system [Human immune system (HIS) mice] have paved the way to major advances for personalized medicine and translation of immune-based therapies. One prerequisite for advancing personalized medicine is modeling the immune system of individuals or disease groups in a preclinical setting. HIS mice engrafted with peripheral blood mononuclear cells have provided fundamental insights in underlying mechanisms guiding immune activation vs. regulation in several diseases including cancer. However, the development of Graft-vs.-host disease restrains relevant long-term studies in HIS mice. Alternatively, engraftment with hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) enables mimicking different disease stages, however, low frequencies of HSCs in peripheral blood of adults impede engraftment efficacy. One possibility to overcome those limitations is the use of patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) reprogrammed into HSCs, a challenging process which has recently seen major advances. Personalized HIS mice bridge research in mice and human diseases thereby facilitating the translation of immunomodulatory therapies. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important mediators of immune suppression and thereby contribute to tumor immune evasion, which has made them a central target for cancer immunotherapies. Importantly, studying Tregs in the human immune system in vivo in HIS mice will help to determine requirements for efficient Treg-targeting. In this review article, we discuss advances on personalized HIS models using reprogrammed iPSCs and review the use of HIS mice to study requirements for efficient targeting of human Tregs for personalized cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Serr
- Group Immune Tolerance in Type 1 Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Diabetes Research, Munich, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maria Kral
- Group Immune Tolerance in Type 1 Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Diabetes Research, Munich, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin G Scherm
- Group Immune Tolerance in Type 1 Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Diabetes Research, Munich, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Carolin Daniel
- Group Immune Tolerance in Type 1 Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Diabetes Research, Munich, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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10
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Wang Y, Liao K, Liu B, Niu C, Zou W, Yang L, Wang T, Tian D, Luo Z, Dai J, Li Q, Liu E, Gong C, Fu Z, Li Y, Ding F. GITRL on dendritic cells aggravates house dust mite-induced airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness by modulating CD4 + T cell differentiation. Respir Res 2021; 22:46. [PMID: 33557842 PMCID: PMC7869253 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein ligand (GITRL) plays an important role in tumors, autoimmunity and inflammation. However, GITRL is not known to modulate the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. In this study, we investigated whether regulating GITRL expressed on dendritic cells (DCs) can prevent asthma and to elucidate its mechanism of action. Methods In vivo, the role of GITRL in modulating house dust mite (HDM)-induced asthma was assessed in adeno-associated virus (AAV)-shGITRL mice. In vitro, the role of GITRL expression by DCs was evaluated in LV-shGITRL bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs) under HDM stimulation. And the direct effect of GITRL was observed by stimulating splenocytes with GITRL protein. The effect of regulating GITRL on CD4+ T cell differentiation was detected. Further, GITRL mRNA in the peripheral blood of asthmatic children was tested. Results GITRL was significantly increased in HDM-challenged mice. In GITRL knockdown mice, allergen-induced airway inflammation, serum total IgE levels and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) were reduced. In vitro, GITRL expression on BMDCs was increased after HDM stimulation. Further, knocking down GITRL on DCs partially restored the balance of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg cells. Moreover, GITRL stimulation in vitro inhibited Treg cell differentiation and promoted Th2 and Th17 cell differentiation. Similarly, GITRL mRNA expression was increased in the peripheral blood from asthmatic children. Conclusions This study identified a novel role for GITRL expressed by DCs as a positive regulator of CD4+ T cells responses in asthma, which implicates that GITRL inhibitors may be a potential immunotherapy for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Chongqing, 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kou Liao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Chongqing, 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Niu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Chongqing, 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Zou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Chongqing, 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Chongqing, 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Chongqing, 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Daiyin Tian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Chongqing, 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengxiu Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Chongqing, 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihong Dai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Chongqing, 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qubei Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Chongqing, 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Enmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Chongqing, 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Caihui Gong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Chongqing, 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Fu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Chongqing, 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fengxia Ding
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, No. 136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Tian J, Zhang B, Rui K, Wang S. The Role of GITR/GITRL Interaction in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:588682. [PMID: 33163004 PMCID: PMC7581784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.588682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) is a member of the TNFR superfamily which is expressed in various cells, including T cells, natural killer cells and some myeloid cells. GITR is activated by its ligand, GITRL, mainly expressed on antigen presenting cells and endothelial cells. It has been acknowledged that the engagement of GITR can modulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Accumulated evidence suggests GITR/GITRL interaction is involved in the pathogenesis of tumor, inflammation and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we describe the effects of GITR/GITRL activation on effector T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid cells; summarize its role and the underlying mechanisms in modulating autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ke Rui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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12
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Sakurai T, Okuyama Y, Kobayashi S, Phung HT, Asao A, Kawabe T, Ndhlovu LC, Riccardi C, Kudo H, Wada M, Nio M, So T, Ishii N. GITR controls intestinal inflammation by suppressing IL-15-dependent NK cell activity. FASEB J 2020; 34:14820-14831. [PMID: 32910505 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001675r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family related gene (GITR) is a member of the TNFR superfamily that is expressed on cells of the immune system. Although the protective and pathogenic roles of GITR in T cell immunity are well characterized, the role of GITR in innate immunity in the intestinal tissues has not been well clarified. In this study, using a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model in mice, we found that GITR-deficiency rendered mice more susceptible to acute intestinal inflammation and that a significantly higher number of activated natural killer (NK) cells was accumulated in the colonic lamina propria of Gitr-/- mice as compared to wild-type mice. Additionally, Rag2-/- Gitr-/- mice, which lack T cells but have NK cells, also displayed more severe colonic inflammation than Rag2-/- mice. In contrast, an anti-GITR agonistic antibody significantly alleviated colitis in Rag2-/- mice. Engagement of GITR inhibited IL-15-mediated activating signaling events in NK cells, which include cell activation and proliferation, and production of cytokines and cytotoxic granules. Taken together, our results provide the first evidence that GITR negatively controls intestinal inflammation through NK cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Sakurai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuko Okuyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shuhei Kobayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hai The Phung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsuko Asao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawabe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Manoa, HI, USA
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, Perugia University Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - Hironori Kudo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Motoshi Wada
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaki Nio
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takanori So
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Naoto Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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13
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Cari L, Montanucci P, Basta G, Petrillo MG, Ricci E, Pescara T, Greco A, Cipriani S, Shimizu J, Migliorati G, Nocentini G, Calafiore R, Riccardi C. Microencapsulated G3C Hybridoma Cell Graft Delays the Onset of Spontaneous Diabetes in NOD Mice by an Expansion of Gitr + Treg Cells. Diabetes 2020; 69:965-980. [PMID: 32169893 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
As an alternative to lifelong insulin supplementation, potentiation of immune tolerance in patients with type 1 diabetes could prevent the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet β-cells. This study was aimed to assess whether the G3c monoclonal antibody (mAb), which triggers the glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related (Gitr) costimulatory receptor, promotes the expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in SV129 (wild-type) and diabetic-prone NOD mice. The delivery of the G3c mAb via G3C hybridoma cells enveloped in alginate-based microcapsules (G3C/cps) for 3 weeks induced Foxp3+ Treg-cell expansion in the spleen of wild-type mice but not in Gitr-/- mice. G3C/cps also induced the expansion of nonconventional Cd4+Cd25-/lowFoxp3lowGitrint/high (GITR single-positive [sp]) Tregs. Both Cd4+Cd25+GitrhighFoxp3+ and GITRsp Tregs (including also antigen-specific cells) were expanded in the spleen and pancreas of G3C/cps-treated NOD mice, and the number of intact islets was higher in G3C/cps-treated than in empty cps-treated and untreated animals. Consequently, all but two G3C/cps-treated mice did not develop diabetes and all but one survived until the end of the 24-week study. In conclusion, long-term Gitr triggering induces Treg expansion, thereby delaying/preventing diabetes development in NOD mice. This therapeutic approach may have promising clinical potential for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Cari
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pia Montanucci
- Section of Internal Medicine and Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Department of Medicine, and Laboratory for Endocrine Cell Transplants and Biohybrid Organs, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Basta
- Section of Internal Medicine and Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Department of Medicine, and Laboratory for Endocrine Cell Transplants and Biohybrid Organs, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria G Petrillo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Erika Ricci
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Teresa Pescara
- Section of Internal Medicine and Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Department of Medicine, and Laboratory for Endocrine Cell Transplants and Biohybrid Organs, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessia Greco
- Section of Internal Medicine and Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Department of Medicine, and Laboratory for Endocrine Cell Transplants and Biohybrid Organs, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Cipriani
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Jun Shimizu
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Graziella Migliorati
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nocentini
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Calafiore
- Section of Internal Medicine and Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Department of Medicine, and Laboratory for Endocrine Cell Transplants and Biohybrid Organs, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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14
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Hu Y, Zhang K, Zhang T, Wang J, Chen F, Qin W, Tong W, Guan Q, He Y, Gu C, Chen X, Kang UJ, Sun YE, Li S, Jin L. Exercise Reverses Dysregulation of T-Cell-Related Function in Blood Leukocytes of Patients With Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 10:1389. [PMID: 32047471 PMCID: PMC6997272 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease with movement and balance impairments. Although studies have reported improvement of motor symptoms with physical exercise, the mechanisms by which exercise is beneficial remains poorly understood. Our study addresses the exercise-induced changes to peripheral immune cells by interrogating the transcriptome of blood-derived leukocytes in PD patients before and after exercise. Patients attended 1 h exercise classes twice a week for 12 weeks. Leukocytes were collected at the beginning and end of the study for gene expression analysis by RNA-seq or quantitative real-time PCR. We correlated differentially expressed genes after exercise with clinical measures and analyzed the potential functions of gene changes with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway and Gene Ontology analysis. Exercise improved measures of movement and balance when compared with scores before the exercise program. Among the gene changes, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology analysis suggests that T-cell receptor signaling, T-cell activation, and T-cell migration pathways were downregulated, while the T-cell receptor signaling pathway was the most significantly correlated with clinical measures. To further investigate T-cell-related changes in PD leukocytes, we reanalyzed the differentially expressed genes from publicly available microarray data and found that genes in the T-cell activation, differentiation, and migration pathways were upregulated in PD samples compared to controls in a time-dependent manner. Together, our findings suggest that exercise rehabilitation may improve movement and balance in PD patients by reversing the upregulated T-cell activation pathways associated with PD. This study was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry under ChiCTR-TRC-14004707. Registered on May 27, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Langone Health, The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders, Neuroscience Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kunshan Zhang
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junbang Wang
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenting Qin
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifang Tong
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Guan
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijing He
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunya Gu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Un Jung Kang
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Langone Health, The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders, Neuroscience Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yi E. Sun
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siguang Li
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingjing Jin
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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15
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Yang R, Cheng S, Luo N, Gao R, Yu K, Kang B, Wang L, Zhang Q, Fang Q, Zhang L, Li C, He A, Hu X, Peng J, Ren X, Zhang Z. Distinct epigenetic features of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells in colorectal cancer patients revealed by genome-wide DNA methylation analysis. Genome Biol 2019; 21:2. [PMID: 31892342 PMCID: PMC6937914 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-019-1921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-reactive CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) represent a subtype of T cells that can recognize and destroy tumor specifically. Understanding the regulatory mechanism of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells has important therapeutic implications. Yet the DNA methylation status of this T cell subtype has not been elucidated. RESULTS In this study, we segregate tumor-reactive and bystander CD8+ TILs, as well as naïve and effector memory CD8+ T cell subtypes as controls from colorectal cancer patients, to compare their transcriptome and methylome characteristics. Transcriptome profiling confirms previous conclusions that tumor-reactive TILs have an exhausted tissue-resident memory signature. Whole-genome methylation profiling identifies a distinct methylome pattern of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells, with tumor-reactive markers CD39 and CD103 being specifically demethylated. In addition, dynamic changes are observed during the transition of naïve T cells into tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells. Transcription factor binding motif enrichment analysis identifies several immune-related transcription factors, including three exhaustion-related genes (NR4A1, BATF, and EGR2) and VDR, which potentially play an important regulatory role in tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSION Our study supports the involvement of DNA methylation in shaping tumor-reactive and bystander CD8+ TILs, and provides a valuable resource for the development of novel DNA methylation markers and future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sijin Cheng
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Luo
- Department of Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Surgery, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ranran Gao
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kezhuo Yu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Boxi Kang
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiming Zhang
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao Fang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Aibin He
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueda Hu
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jirun Peng
- Department of Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Surgery, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Xianwen Ren
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zemin Zhang
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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16
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Mazzarella L, Duso BA, Trapani D, Belli C, D'Amico P, Ferraro E, Viale G, Curigliano G. The evolving landscape of ‘next-generation’ immune checkpoint inhibitors: A review. Eur J Cancer 2019; 117:14-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Costimulation of type-2 innate lymphoid cells by GITR promotes effector function and ameliorates type 2 diabetes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:713. [PMID: 30755607 PMCID: PMC6372786 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by disturbances in glucose homeostasis and the development of low-grade systemic inflammation, which increase the risk to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are a recently discovered immune population secreting Th2 cytokines. While previous studies show how ILC2s can play a critical role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis in the adipose tissue, a therapeutic target capable of modulating ILC2 activation has yet to be identified. Here, we show that GITR, a member of the TNF superfamily, is expressed on both murine and human ILC2s. Strikingly, we demonstrate that GITR engagement of activated, but not naïve, ILC2s improves glucose homeostasis, resulting in both protection against insulin resistance onset and amelioration of established insulin- resistance. Together, these results highlight the critical role of GITR as a novel therapeutic molecule against T2DM and its fundamental role as an immune checkpoint for activated ILC2s. Type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are an immune population secreting Th2 cytokines playing a role in the regulation of adipose metabolic homeostasis. Here the authors show that engagement of GITR, a member of the TNF superfamily, in activated ILC2s is protective against insulin resistance in both a preventive and a therapeutic manner in the context of obesity.
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18
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Dostert C, Grusdat M, Letellier E, Brenner D. The TNF Family of Ligands and Receptors: Communication Modules in the Immune System and Beyond. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:115-160. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00045.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamilies (TNFSF/TNFRSF) include 19 ligands and 29 receptors that play important roles in the modulation of cellular functions. The communication pathways mediated by TNFSF/TNFRSF are essential for numerous developmental, homeostatic, and stimulus-responsive processes in vivo. TNFSF/TNFRSF members regulate cellular differentiation, survival, and programmed death, but their most critical functions pertain to the immune system. Both innate and adaptive immune cells are controlled by TNFSF/TNFRSF members in a manner that is crucial for the coordination of various mechanisms driving either co-stimulation or co-inhibition of the immune response. Dysregulation of these same signaling pathways has been implicated in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, highlighting the importance of their tight regulation. Investigation of the control of TNFSF/TNFRSF activities has led to the development of therapeutics with the potential to reduce chronic inflammation or promote anti-tumor immunity. The study of TNFSF/TNFRSF proteins has exploded over the last 30 yr, but there remains a need to better understand the fundamental mechanisms underlying the molecular pathways they mediate to design more effective anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Dostert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; and Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Melanie Grusdat
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; and Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Elisabeth Letellier
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; and Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Dirk Brenner
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; and Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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19
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Riccardi C, Ronchetti S, Nocentini G. Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related gene (GITR) as a therapeutic target for immunotherapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:783-797. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1512588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Riccardi
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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20
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Nagashima H, Okuyama Y, Fujita T, Takeda T, Motomura Y, Moro K, Hidaka T, Omori K, Sakurai T, Machiyama T, Ndhlovu LC, Riccardi C, So T, Ishii N. GITR cosignal in ILC2s controls allergic lung inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:1939-1943.e8. [PMID: 29427641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nagashima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuko Okuyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fujita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takeo Takeda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Motomura
- Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Moro
- Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takanori Hidaka
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Koki Omori
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sakurai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Machiyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Takanori So
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Naoto Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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21
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Foks AC, Kuiper J. Immune checkpoint proteins: exploring their therapeutic potential to regulate atherosclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3940-3955. [PMID: 28369782 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system provides a large variety of immune checkpoint proteins, which involve both costimulatory and inhibitory proteins. Costimulatory proteins can promote cell survival, cell cycle progression and differentiation to effector and memory cells, whereas inhibitory proteins terminate these processes to halt ongoing inflammation. Immune checkpoint proteins play a pivotal role in atherosclerosis by regulating the activation and proliferation of various immune and non-immune cells, such as T-cells, macrophages and platelets. Upon activation within the atherosclerotic lesions or in secondary lymphoid organs, these cells produce large amounts of pro-atherogenic cytokines that contribute to the growth and destabilization of lesions, which can result in rupture of the lesion causing acute coronary syndromes, such as a myocardial infarction. Given the presence and regulatory capacity of immune checkpoint proteins in the circulation and atherosclerotic lesions of cardiovascular patients, modulation of these proteins by, for example, the use of monoclonal antibodies, offers unique opportunities to regulate pro-inflammatory immune responses in atherosclerosis. In this review, we highlight the latest advances on the role of immune checkpoint proteins, such as OX40-OX40L, CTLA-4 and TIM proteins, in atherosclerosis and discuss their therapeutic potential as promising immunotherapies to treat or prevent cardiovascular disease. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Targeting Inflammation to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.22/issuetoc and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.v82.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Foks
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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22
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Belmar NA, Chan SW, Fox MI, Samayoa JA, Stickler MM, Tran NN, Akamatsu Y, Hollenbaugh D, Harding FA, Alvarez HM. Murinization and H Chain Isotype Matching of the Anti-GITR Antibody DTA-1 Reduces Immunogenicity-Mediated Anaphylaxis in C57BL/6 Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:4502-4512. [PMID: 28446565 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in immuno-oncology have shown that the immune system can be activated to induce long-term, durable antitumor responses. For immuno-oncology drug development, immune activation is often explored using rat Abs in immunocompetent mouse models. Although these models can be used to show efficacy, antidrug immune responses to experimental protein-based therapeutics can arise. Immunogenicity of surrogate Abs may therefore represent an important obstacle to the evaluation of the antitumor efficacy of immunomodulator Abs in syngeneic models. A recent publication has shown that anti-glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related protein agonistic Ab DTA-1 (rat or murinized IgG2a) can induce the development of anaphylaxis in C57BL/6 mice upon repeated i.p. dosing because of an anti-idiotypic anti-drug Ab immune response. This study was undertaken to address the impact of the immunogenicity derived from the Fc and variable domains. To this end, chimerized (rat V domains/mouse constant regions) and murinized (95% mouse sequence) DTA-1-based surrogate Abs with a murine IgG2c H chain isotype were created. Chimerization and murinization of DTA-1 did not affect receptor binding and glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related protein-induced T cell agonistic properties. Similar in vivo antitumor efficacy and intratumoral CD8+/regulatory T cells were also observed. Finally, treatment of C57BL/6 mice with the chimerized and murinized DTA-1 Abs on a C57BL/6-matched IgG2c isotype resulted in reduced development and severity of anaphylaxis as measured by decline of body temperature, behavioral effects, serum IL-4, IgE, and anti-drug Ab levels. These results suggest that careful murinization and selection of a strain-matched H chain isotype are critical to generate ideal surrogate Abs for testing immuno-oncology mechanisms in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Belmar
- Oncology Biologics Department, AbbVie Biotherapeutics Inc., Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Sarah W Chan
- Oncology Biologics Department, AbbVie Biotherapeutics Inc., Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Melvin I Fox
- Oncology Biologics Department, AbbVie Biotherapeutics Inc., Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Josue A Samayoa
- Oncology Biologics Department, AbbVie Biotherapeutics Inc., Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Marcia M Stickler
- Oncology Biologics Department, AbbVie Biotherapeutics Inc., Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Ninian N Tran
- Oncology Biologics Department, AbbVie Biotherapeutics Inc., Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Yoshiko Akamatsu
- Oncology Biologics Department, AbbVie Biotherapeutics Inc., Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Diane Hollenbaugh
- Oncology Biologics Department, AbbVie Biotherapeutics Inc., Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Fiona A Harding
- Oncology Biologics Department, AbbVie Biotherapeutics Inc., Redwood City, CA 94063
| | - Hamsell M Alvarez
- Oncology Biologics Department, AbbVie Biotherapeutics Inc., Redwood City, CA 94063
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23
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Tanaka S, Furuya K, Yamamoto K, Yamada K, Ichikawa M, Suda M, Makabe H. Procyanidin B2 gallates inhibit IFN-γ and IL-17 production in T cells by suppressing T-bet and RORγt expression. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 44:87-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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24
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Meiler S, Smeets E, Winkels H, Shami A, Pascutti MF, Nolte MA, Beckers L, Weber C, Gerdes N, Lutgens E. Constitutive GITR Activation Reduces Atherosclerosis by Promoting Regulatory CD4
+
T-Cell Responses—Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1748-52. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein (GITR) is expressed on CD4
+
effector memory T cells and regulatory T cells; however, its role on these functionally opposing cell types in atherosclerosis is not fully understood.
Approach and Results—
Low-density lipoprotein receptor–deficient mice (
Ldlr
−/−
) were lethally irradiated and reconstituted with either bone marrow from B-cell–restricted
Gitrl
transgenic mice or from wild-type controls and fed a high-cholesterol diet for 11 weeks. Chimeric
Ldlr
−/−
Gitrl
tg
mice showed a profound increase in both CD4
+
effector memory T cells and regulatory T cells in secondary lymphoid organs. Additionally, the number of regulatory T cells was significantly enhanced in the thymus and aorta of these mice along with increased
Gitrl
and
Il-2
transcript levels. Atherosclerotic lesions of
Ldlr
−/−
Gitrl
tg
chimeras contained more total CD3
+
T cells as well as Foxp3
+
regulatory T cells overall, leading to significantly less severe atherosclerosis.
Conclusions—
These data indicate that continuous GITR stimulation through B cell
Gitrl
acts protective in a mouse model of atherosclerosis by regulating the balance between regulatory and effector memory CD4
+
T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Meiler
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.M., E.S., H.W., A.S., L.B., E.L.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (S.M., H.W., C.W., N.G., E.L.); Sanquin Research, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.F.P., M.A.N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (C.W.)
| | - Esther Smeets
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.M., E.S., H.W., A.S., L.B., E.L.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (S.M., H.W., C.W., N.G., E.L.); Sanquin Research, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.F.P., M.A.N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (C.W.)
| | - Holger Winkels
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.M., E.S., H.W., A.S., L.B., E.L.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (S.M., H.W., C.W., N.G., E.L.); Sanquin Research, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.F.P., M.A.N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (C.W.)
| | - Annelie Shami
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.M., E.S., H.W., A.S., L.B., E.L.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (S.M., H.W., C.W., N.G., E.L.); Sanquin Research, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.F.P., M.A.N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (C.W.)
| | - Maria Fernanda Pascutti
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.M., E.S., H.W., A.S., L.B., E.L.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (S.M., H.W., C.W., N.G., E.L.); Sanquin Research, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.F.P., M.A.N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (C.W.)
| | - Martijn A. Nolte
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.M., E.S., H.W., A.S., L.B., E.L.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (S.M., H.W., C.W., N.G., E.L.); Sanquin Research, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.F.P., M.A.N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (C.W.)
| | - Linda Beckers
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.M., E.S., H.W., A.S., L.B., E.L.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (S.M., H.W., C.W., N.G., E.L.); Sanquin Research, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.F.P., M.A.N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (C.W.)
| | - Christian Weber
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.M., E.S., H.W., A.S., L.B., E.L.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (S.M., H.W., C.W., N.G., E.L.); Sanquin Research, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.F.P., M.A.N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (C.W.)
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.M., E.S., H.W., A.S., L.B., E.L.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (S.M., H.W., C.W., N.G., E.L.); Sanquin Research, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.F.P., M.A.N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (C.W.)
| | - Esther Lutgens
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.M., E.S., H.W., A.S., L.B., E.L.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (S.M., H.W., C.W., N.G., E.L.); Sanquin Research, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.F.P., M.A.N.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (C.W.)
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25
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Knee DA, Hewes B, Brogdon JL. Rationale for anti-GITR cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Cancer 2016; 67:1-10. [PMID: 27591414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, our understanding of cancer immunotherapy has evolved from assessing peripheral responses in the blood to monitoring changes in the tumour microenvironment. Both preclinical and clinical experience has taught us that modulation of the tumour microenvironment has significant implications to generating robust antitumour immunity. Clinical benefit has been well documented to correlate with a tumour microenvironment that contains a dense infiltration of CD8+CD45RO+ T effectors and a high ratio of CD8+ T cells to FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). In preclinical tumour models, modulation of the Glucocorticoid induced TNF receptor (GITR)/GITR ligand (GITRL) axis suggests this pathway may provide the desired biological outcome of inhibiting Treg function while activating CD8+ T effector cells. This review will focus on the scientific rationale and considerations for the therapeutic targeting of GITR for cancer immunotherapy and will discuss possible combination strategies to enhance clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Knee
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Becker Hewes
- Department of Translational & Clinical Oncology, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 220 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Brogdon
- Department of Exploratory Immuno-Oncology, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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26
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Nowakowska DJ, Kissler S. Ptpn22 Modifies Regulatory T Cell Homeostasis via GITR Upregulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2145-52. [PMID: 26810223 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PTPN22 gene variation associates with multiple autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. Loss of function studies have demonstrated that PTPN22 impinges on the homeostatic behavior of regulatory T (Treg) cells, a lineage critical for immune tolerance. The frequency and absolute number of Treg cells is increased in Ptpn22-deficient mice, but the mechanism driving this increase is unknown. In this study, we show that Ptpn22 knockdown (KD) promoted the expansion of the Treg cell compartment by upregulating the glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related protein (GITR) and increasing GITR signaling. Ptpn22 KD did not accelerate cell division but instead prolonged Treg cell survival, as measured by a decrease in the frequency of apoptotic Treg cells. Loss of Ptpn22 caused a concomitant increase in the proportion of CD44(hi)CD62L(lo) effector Treg cells, at the expense of CD44(lo)CD62L(hi) central Treg cells. The increase in Treg cell numbers, but not their differentiation toward an effector phenotype, was dependent on GITR signaling, because blockade of GITR ligand prevented Treg cell expansion caused by Ptpn22 KD. These findings indicate that GITR plays a key role in regulating the overall size of the Treg cell pool. Our results suggest that the size and composition of the Treg cell compartment are independently controlled and have implications for the design of immunotherapies that seek to improve Treg cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan Kissler
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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27
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Codony-Servat J, Rosell R. Cancer stem cells and immunoresistance: clinical implications and solutions. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2016; 4:689-703. [PMID: 26798578 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2015.12.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells can be contained, but not eliminated, by traditional cancer therapies. A cell minor subpopulation is able to evade attack from therapies and may have cancer stem cell (CSC) characteristics, including self-renewal, multiple differentiation and tumor initiation (tumor initiating cells, or TICs). Thus, CSCs/TICs, aided by the microenvironment, produce more differentiated, metastatic cancer cells which the immune system detects and interacts with. There are three phases to this process: elimination, equilibrium and escape. In the elimination phase the immune system recognizes and destroys most of the tumor cells. Then the latency phase begins, consisting of equilibrium between immunological elimination and tumor cell growth. Finally, a minor attack-resistant subpopulation escapes and forms a clinically detectable tumor mass. Herein we review current knowledge of immunological characterization of CSCs/TICs. Due to the correlation between CTCs/TICs and drug resistance and metastasis, we also comment on the crucial role of key molecules involved in controlling CSCs/TICs properties; such molecules are essential to detect and destroy CSCs/TICs. Monoclonal antibodies, antibody constructs and vaccines have been designed to act against CSCs/TICs, with demonstrated efficacy in human cancer xenografts and some antitumor activity in human clinical studies. Therefore, therapeutic strategies that selectively target CSCs/TICs warrant further investigation. Better understanding of the interaction between CSCs and tumor immunology may help to identify strategies to eradicate the minor subpopulation that escapes conventional therapy attack, thus providing a solution to the problem of drug resistance and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Codony-Servat
- 1 Pangaea Biotech S.L., Quirón-Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Cancer Biology and Precision Medicine Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain ; 3 Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quirón-Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 4 Fundación Molecular Oncology Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Rosell
- 1 Pangaea Biotech S.L., Quirón-Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Cancer Biology and Precision Medicine Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain ; 3 Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quirón-Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 4 Fundación Molecular Oncology Research, Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Zhang NN, Chen JN, Xiao L, Tang F, Zhang ZG, Zhang YW, Feng ZY, Jiang Y, Shao CK. Accumulation Mechanisms of CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) Regulatory T Cells in EBV-associated Gastric Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18057. [PMID: 26673957 PMCID: PMC4682180 DOI: 10.1038/srep18057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 10% of gastric carcinomas are associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and are defined as EBV-associated gastric carcinomas (EBVaGCs). EBVaGCs are known to be accompanied by massive CD8+ cytotoxic T cell (CTL) infiltration; however, adoptive cellular immunotherapy based on EBV-specific CD8+ CTLs has been explored with limited success. Because regulatory T cells (Tregs) are regarded as a critical hurdle in anti-tumour immunity, we assessed the distribution of Tregs in 45 cases of EBVaGC and 45 cases of EBV-negative gastric carcinoma (EBVnGC) with matched clinicopathological parameters by immunohistochemistry. We showed that Tregs were significantly increased in EBVaGC compared to EBVnGC (15.92 ± 11.45/HPF vs. 8.45 ± 6.16/HPF, p = 0.001). In addition, we explored the accumulation mechanisms of Tregs in EBVaGC by using EBV (+) gastric carcinoma cell lines SNU719 and GT39 as ex vivo models. When peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were co-cultured with EBV (+) gastric carcinoma cell lines, the Treg frequency increased, and they underwent phenotypic and functional changes. The enhanced recruitment by CCL22 produced by EBVaGC cells, the decreased emigration due to CCR7 downregulation on the Treg surface, the higher proliferation rate, and the lower apoptosis rate of Tregs at tumour sites may promote the accumulation of Tregs in EBVaGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-na Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jian-ning Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Fang Tang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zhi-gang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yi-wang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zhi-ying Feng
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ye Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Chun-kui Shao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
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29
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Kim YH, Shin SM, Choi BK, Oh HS, Kim CH, Lee SJ, Kim KH, Lee DG, Park SH, Kwon BS. Authentic GITR Signaling Fails To Induce Tumor Regression unless Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells Are Depleted. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4721-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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Glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor-related protein: a key marker of functional regulatory T cells. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:171520. [PMID: 25961057 PMCID: PMC4413981 DOI: 10.1155/2015/171520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor-related protein (GITR, TNFRSF18, and CD357) is expressed at high levels in activated T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs). In this review, we present data from mouse and human studies suggesting that GITR is a crucial player in the differentiation of thymic Tregs (tTregs), and expansion of both tTregs and peripheral Tregs (pTregs). The role of GITR in Treg expansion is confirmed by the association of GITR expression with markers of memory T cells. In this context, it is not surprising that GITR appears to be a marker of active Tregs, as suggested by the association of GITR expression with other markers of Treg activation or cytokines with suppressive activity (e.g., IL-10 and TGF-β), the presence of GITR(+) cells in tissues where Tregs are active (e.g., solid tumours), or functional studies on Tregs. Furthermore, some Treg subsets including Tr1 cells express either low or no classical Treg markers (e.g., FoxP3 and CD25) and do express GITR. Therefore, when evaluating changes in the number of Tregs in human diseases, GITR expression must be evaluated. Moreover, GITR should be considered as a marker for isolating Tregs.
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31
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Clouthier DL, Zhou AC, Wortzman ME, Luft O, Levy GA, Watts TH. GITR intrinsically sustains early type 1 and late follicular helper CD4 T cell accumulation to control a chronic viral infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004517. [PMID: 25590581 PMCID: PMC4295864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells are critical for control of persistent infections; however, the key signals that regulate CD4 T help during chronic infection remain incompletely defined. While several studies have addressed the role of inhibitory receptors and soluble factors such as PD-1 and IL-10, significantly less work has addressed the role of T cell co-stimulatory molecules during chronic viral infection. Here we show that during a persistent infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13, mice lacking the glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor related protein (GITR) exhibit defective CD8 T cell accumulation, increased T cell exhaustion and impaired viral control. Differences in CD8 T cells and viral control between GITR+/+ and GITR-/- mice were lost when CD4 T cells were depleted. Moreover, mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, as well as transfer of LCMV epitope-specific CD4 or CD8 T cells, demonstrated that these effects of GITR are largely CD4 T cell-intrinsic. GITR is dispensable for initial CD4 T cell proliferation and differentiation, but supports the post-priming accumulation of IFNγ+IL-2+ Th1 cells, facilitating CD8 T cell expansion and early viral control. GITR-dependent phosphorylation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB as well as phosphorylation of the downstream mTORC1 target, S6 ribosomal protein, were detected at day three post-infection (p.i.), and defects in CD4 T cell accumulation in GITR-deficient T cells were apparent starting at day five p.i. Consistently, we pinpoint IL-2-dependent CD4 T cell help for CD8 T cells to between days four and eight p.i. GITR also increases the ratio of T follicular helper to T follicular regulatory cells and thereby enhances LCMV-specific IgG production. Together, these findings identify a CD4 T cell-intrinsic role for GITR in sustaining early CD8 and late humoral responses to collectively promote control of chronic LCMV clone 13 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek L. Clouthier
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela C. Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Olga Luft
- University of Toronto Transplantation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary A. Levy
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto Transplantation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tania H. Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Petrillo MG, Ronchetti S, Ricci E, Alunno A, Gerli R, Nocentini G, Riccardi C. GITR+ regulatory T cells in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 14:117-26. [PMID: 25449679 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases decrease life expectancy and quality of life for millions of women and men. Although treatments can slow disease progression and improve quality of life, all currently available drugs have adverse effects and none of them are curative; therefore, requiring patients to take immunosuppressive drugs for the remainder of their lives. A curative therapy that is safe and effective is urgently needed. We believe that therapies promoting the in vivo expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) or injection of in vitro expanded autologous/heterologous Tregs (cellular therapy) can alter the natural history of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we present data from murine and human studies suggesting that 1) glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related protein (GITR) plays a crucial role in thymic Treg (tTreg) differentiation and expansion; 2) GITR plays a crucial role in peripheral Treg (pTreg) expansion; 3) in patients with Sjögren syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus, CD4(+)GITR(+) pTregs are expanded in patients with milder forms of the disease; and 4) GITR is superior to other cell surface markers to differentiate Tregs from other CD4(+) T cells. In this context, we consider two potential new approaches for treating autoimmune diseases consisting of the in vivo expansion of GITR(+) Tregs by GITR-triggering drugs and in vitro expansion of autologous or heterologous GITR(+) Tregs to be infused in patients. Advantages of such an approach, technical problems, and safety issues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona Ronchetti
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Erika Ricci
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessia Alunno
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Gerli
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nocentini
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Italy.
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Italy
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Sundar R, Soong R, Cho BC, Brahmer JR, Soo RA. Immunotherapy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2014; 85:101-9. [PMID: 24880938 PMCID: PMC4332778 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of the role of the immune system in tumor immunosurveillance have resulted in the recognition that tumors can evade immune destruction via the dysregulation of co-inhibitory or checkpoint signals. This has led to the development of a generation immunotherapeutic agents targeting the immune checkpoint pathway. Recent early phase studies of immune checkpoint modulators, such as CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors in NSCLC have reported promising results with prolonged clinical responses and tolerable toxicity. This article provides an overview of co-stimulatory and inhibitory molecules that regulate the immune response to tumors, recent therapies that have been developed to exploit these interactions and the role of predictive biomarkers in treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Sundar
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Richie Soong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Byoung-Chul Cho
- Division of Medical Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Julie R Brahmer
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ross A Soo
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Australia.
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Clouthier DL, Watts TH. Cell-specific and context-dependent effects of GITR in cancer, autoimmunity, and infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:91-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Immunotherapy for cancer using antibodies to enhance T-cell function has been successful in recent clinical trials. Many molecules that improve activation and effector function of T cells have been investigated as potential new targets for immunomodulatory antibodies, including the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily members GITR and OX40. Antibodies engaging GITR or OX40 result in significant tumor protection in preclinical models. In this study, we observed that the GITR agonist antibody DTA-1 causes anaphylaxis in mice upon repeated intraperitoneal dosing. DTA-1-induced anaphylaxis requires GITR, CD4(+) T cells, B cells, and interleukin-4. Transfer of serum antibodies from DTA-1-treated mice, which contain high levels of DTA-1-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), can induce anaphylaxis in naive mice upon administration of an additional dose of DTA-1, suggesting that anaphylaxis results from anti-DTA-1 antibodies. Depletion of basophils and blockade of platelet-activating factor, the key components of the IgG1 pathway of anaphylaxis, rescues the mice from DTA-1-induced anaphylaxis. These results demonstrate a previously undescribed lethal side effect of repetitive doses of an agonist immunomodulatory antibody as well as insight into the mechanism of toxicity, which may offer a means of preventing adverse effects in future clinical trials using anti-GITR or other agonist antibodies as immunotherapies.
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Heme oxygenase-1 protects regulatory T cells from hypoxia-induced cellular stress in an experimental mouse brain tumor model. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 266:33-42. [PMID: 24268287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two characteristic features of malignant gliomas (MG) are the presence of hypoxia and accumulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Heme-oxygenase-1 (HO1) is a cytoprotective enzyme expressed in high level by Tregs in glioma. In this study, we show that higher HO1 expression in Tregs is associated with increased survival under hypoxic conditions and that HO1 inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin (SnPP), abrogates the survival benefits. Moreover, SnPP preferentially eliminates Tregs and treatment with SnPP of tumor bearing mice significantly increases survival (23 to 31days (p<0.05)). Thus HO1 inhibition provides another alternative way of therapeutically targeting Tregs in MG.
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Śledzińska A, Hemmers S, Mair F, Gorka O, Ruland J, Fairbairn L, Nissler A, Müller W, Waisman A, Becher B, Buch T. TGF-β signalling is required for CD4⁺ T cell homeostasis but dispensable for regulatory T cell function. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001674. [PMID: 24115907 PMCID: PMC3792861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Signalling by the cytokine TGF-β regulates mature CD4+ T cell populations but is not involved in the survival and function of regulatory T cells. TGF-β is widely held to be critical for the maintenance and function of regulatory T (Treg) cells and thus peripheral tolerance. This is highlighted by constitutive ablation of TGF-β receptor (TR) during thymic development in mice, which leads to a lethal autoimmune syndrome. Here we describe that TGF-β–driven peripheral tolerance is not regulated by TGF-β signalling on mature CD4+ T cells. Inducible TR2 ablation specifically on CD4+ T cells did not result in a lethal autoinflammation. Transfer of these TR2-deficient CD4+ T cells to lymphopenic recipients resulted in colitis, but not overt autoimmunity. In contrast, thymic ablation of TR2 in combination with lymphopenia led to lethal multi-organ inflammation. Interestingly, deletion of TR2 on mature CD4+ T cells does not result in the collapse of the Treg cell population as observed in constitutive models. Instead, a pronounced enlargement of both regulatory and effector memory T cell pools was observed. This expansion is cell-intrinsic and seems to be caused by increased T cell receptor sensitivity independently of common gamma chain-dependent cytokine signals. The expression of Foxp3 and other regulatory T cells markers was not dependent on TGF-β signalling and the TR2–deficient Treg cells retained their suppressive function both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, absence of TGF-β signalling on mature CD4+ T cells is not responsible for breakdown of peripheral tolerance, but rather controls homeostasis of mature T cells in adult mice. TGF-β is a cytokine thought to be critical for the maintenance and function of tolerance in the immune system. In many studies the disruption of TGF-β signalling in CD4+ T cells (a type of white blood cell that coordinates immune responses) has resulted in autoimmune syndromes. We show here that the induced removal of this cytokine's receptor from these specialised blood cells results in an astonishingly mild outcome. Contrary to expectations, the number of regulatory T cells is actually increased, and we find that these cells are not dependent on TGF-β signalling. We also show that removal of the receptor from mature CD4+ T cells does not lead to lethal autoinflammation; only when we removed the receptor during development of the cells did we see the characteristic lethal multi-organ inflammation reported previously in constitutive models of TGF-β receptor ablation. In summary, our findings indicate that although TGF-β regulates maintenance of mature CD4+ T cells, its signals are dispensable for immune tolerance within this cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Śledzińska
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Saskia Hemmers
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Mair
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Gorka
- Clinical Chemistry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Clinical Chemistry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Lynsey Fairbairn
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Anja Nissler
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Werner Müller
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (TB); (BB)
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Germany
- * E-mail: (TB); (BB)
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Liu Y, Quang P, Braggio E, Ngo H, Badalian-Very G, Flores L, Zhang Y, Sacco A, Maiso P, Azab AK, Azab F, Carrasco R, Rollins BJ, Roccaro AM, Ghobrial IM. Novel tumor suppressor function of glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor GITR in multiple myeloma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66982. [PMID: 23785514 PMCID: PMC3681775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor (GITR) plays a crucial role in modulating immune response and inflammation, however the role of GITR in human cancers is poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that GITR is inactivated during tumor progression in Multiple Myeloma (MM) through promoter CpG island methylation, mediating gene silencing in primary MM plasma cells and MM cell lines. Restoration of GITR expression in GITR deficient MM cells led to inhibition of MM proliferation in vitro and in vivo and induction of apoptosis. These findings were supported by the presence of induction of p21 and PUMA, two direct downstream targets of p53, together with modulation of NF-κB in GITR-overexpressing MM cells. Moreover, the unbalanced expression of GITR in clonal plasma cells correlated with MM disease progression, poor prognosis and survival. These findings provide novel insights into the pivotal role of GITR in MM pathogenesis and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Phong Quang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Esteban Braggio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Haematology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Hai Ngo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gayane Badalian-Very
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ludmila Flores
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Antonio Sacco
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patricia Maiso
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Abdel Kareem Azab
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Feda Azab
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ruben Carrasco
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barrett J. Rollins
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aldo M. Roccaro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Irene M. Ghobrial
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Padovani CTJ, Bonin CM, Tozetti IA, Ferreira AMT, Fernandes CEDS, Costa IPD. Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor expression in patients with cervical human papillomavirus infection. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2013; 46:288-92. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0029-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Lin GHY, Snell LM, Wortzman ME, Clouthier DL, Watts TH. GITR-Dependent Regulation of 4-1BB Expression: Implications for T Cell Memory and Anti–4-1BB–Induced Pathology. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4627-39. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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41
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Fayad L, Offner F, Smith MR, Verhoef G, Johnson P, Kaufman JL, Rohatiner A, Advani A, Foran J, Hess G, Coiffier B, Czuczman M, Giné E, Durrant S, Kneissl M, Luu KT, Hua SY, Boni J, Vandendries E, Dang NH. Safety and clinical activity of a combination therapy comprising two antibody-based targeting agents for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: results of a phase I/II study evaluating the immunoconjugate inotuzumab ozogamicin with rituximab. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:573-83. [PMID: 23295790 PMCID: PMC4878046 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.42.7211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Inotuzumab ozogamicin (INO) is an antibody-targeted chemotherapy agent composed of a humanized anti-CD22 antibody conjugated to calicheamicin, a potent cytotoxic agent. We performed a phase I/II study to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of INO plus rituximab (R-INO) for treatment of relapsed/refractory CD20(+)/CD22(+) B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). PATIENTS AND METHODS A dose-escalation phase to determine the MTD of R-INO was followed by an expanded cohort to further evaluate the efficacy and safety at the MTD. Patients with relapsed follicular lymphoma (FL), relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), or refractory aggressive NHL received R-INO every 4 weeks for up to eight cycles. RESULTS In all, 118 patients received one or more cycles of R-INO (median, four cycles). Most common grade 3 to 4 adverse events were thrombocytopenia (31%) and neutropenia (22%). Common low-grade toxicities included hyperbilirubinemia (25%) and increased AST (36%). The MTD of INO in combination with rituximab (375 mg/m(2)) was confirmed to be the same as that for single-agent INO (1.8 mg/m(2)). Treatment at the MTD yielded objective response rates of 87%, 74%, and 20% for relapsed FL (n = 39), relapsed DLBCL (n = 42), and refractory aggressive NHL (n = 30), respectively. The 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate was 68% (median, not reached) for FL and 42% (median, 17.1 months) for relapsed DLBCL. CONCLUSION R-INO demonstrated high response rates and long PFS in patients with relapsed FL or DLBCL. This and the manageable toxicity profile suggest that R-INO may be a promising option for CD20(+)/CD22(+) B-cell NHL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Female
- Humans
- Hyperbilirubinemia/chemically induced
- Inotuzumab Ozogamicin
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver Cirrhosis/chemically induced
- Liver Failure/chemically induced
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/drug therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Neutropenia/chemically induced
- Prognosis
- Recurrence
- Risk Factors
- Rituximab
- Thrombocytopenia/chemically induced
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fayad
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Box 429, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Zhang Y, Zhao H, Bo L, Yang Y, Lu X, Sun J, Wen J, He X, Yin G. Total body irradiation of donors can alter the course of tolerance and induce acute rejection in a spontaneous tolerance rat liver transplantation model. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2012; 55:774-81. [PMID: 23015125 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-012-4370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation is an established therapy for end-stage liver diseases. Graft rejection occurs unless the recipient receives immunosuppression after transplantation. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of acute rejection of liver allografts in rats pre-treated with total body irradiation to eliminate passenger lymphocytes and to define the role of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in the induction of immunotolerance in the recipient. Male Lewis rats were used as donors and male DA rats were recipients. Rats were randomly assigned to the following four groups: control group, homogeneity liver transplantation group, idio-immunotolerance group and acute rejection group. After transplantation, the survival time of each group, serum alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin levels, number of Foxp3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells, expression of glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor on T cell subgroups, histopathology of the hepatic graft and spleen cytotoxic T lymphocyte lytic activity were measured. In the acute rejection group, where donors were preconditioned with total body irradiation before liver transplantation, all recipients died between day 17 and day 21. On day 14, serum alanine aminotransferase increased significantly to (459.2±76.9) U L(-1), total bilirubin increased to (124.1±33.7) μmol L(-1) (P<0.05) and the ratio of Foxp3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells decreased significantly to 1.50%±0.50% (P<0.05) compared with the other groups. Analysis of the T cell subpopulations in the acute rejection group varied from the other groups. Histological analysis showed typical changes of acute rejection in the acute rejection group only. Preconditioning of the donors with total body irradiation eliminated passenger lymphocytes of the liver graft, and thus affected the course of tolerance and induced acute rejection after liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- YeWei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Jiangsu Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Nocentini G, Ronchetti S, Petrillo MG, Riccardi C. Pharmacological modulation of GITRL/GITR system: therapeutic perspectives. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:2089-99. [PMID: 22029729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related (gitr) is a gene coding for a member of the TNF receptor superfamily. GITR activation by its ligand (GITRL) influences the activity of effector and regulatory T cells, thus participating in the development of immune response against tumours and infectious agents, as well as in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Notably, treating animals with GITR-Fc fusion protein ameliorates autoimmune/inflammatory diseases while GITR triggering, by treatment with anti-GITR mAb, is effective in treating viral, bacterial and parasitic infections, as well in boosting immune response against tumours. GITR modulation has been indicated as one of the top 25 most promising research areas by the American National Cancer Institute, and a clinical trial testing the efficacy of an anti-GITR mAb in melanoma patients has been started. In this review, we summarize results regarding: (i) the mechanisms by which GITRL/GITR system modulates immune response; (ii) the structural and functional studies clearly demonstrating differences between GITRL/GITR systems of mice and humans; (iii) the molecules with pharmacological activities including anti-GITR mAbs, GITR-Fc and GITRL-Fc fusion proteins, GITRL in monomer or multimer conformation; and (iv) the possible risks deriving from GITRL/GITR system pharmacological modulation. In conclusion, GITR triggering and inhibition could be useful in treating tumours, infectious diseases, as well as autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. However, differences between mouse and human GITRL/GITR systems suggest that further preclinical studies are needed to better understand how safe therapeutic results can be obtained and to design appropriate clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Nocentini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Snell LM, Lin GHY, Watts TH. IL-15–Dependent Upregulation of GITR on CD8 Memory Phenotype T Cells in the Bone Marrow Relative to Spleen and Lymph Node Suggests the Bone Marrow as a Site of Superior Bioavailability of IL-15. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5915-23. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Liao G, Detre C, Berger SB, Engel P, de Waal Malefyt R, Herzog RW, Bhan AK, Terhorst C. Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein regulates CD4(+)T cell-mediated colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:582-591.e8. [PMID: 22155173 PMCID: PMC3428052 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein (GITR; also called TNFRSF18 or CD357) regulates the T cell-mediated immune response and is present on surfaces of regulatory T (Treg) cells and activated CD4(+) T cells. We investigated the roles of GITR in the development of colitis in mice. METHODS Chronic enterocolitis was induced by the transfer of wild-type or GITR(-/-) CD4(+) T cells to GITR(-/-) × Rag(-/-) or Rag(-/-) mice. We determined the severity of colitis by using the disease activity index; measured levels of inflammatory cytokines, T cells, and dendritic cells; and performed histologic analysis of colon samples. RESULTS Transfer of nonfractionated CD4(+) cells from wild-type or GITR(-/-) donors induced colitis in GITR(-/-) × Rag(-/-) but not in Rag(-/-) mice. Among mice with transfer-induced colitis, the percentage of Treg and T-helper (Th) 17 cells was reduced but that of Th1 cells increased. Treg cells failed to prevent colitis in GITR(-/-) × Rag(-/-) recipients; this was not the result of aberrant function of GITR(-/-) Treg or T effector cells but resulted from an imbalance between the numbers of tolerogenic CD103(+) and PDCA1(+) plasmacytoid dendritic cells in GITR(-/-) mice. This imbalance impaired Treg cell development and expanded the Th1 population in GITR(-/-) × Rag(-/-) mice following transfer of nonfractionated CD4(+) cells. CONCLUSIONS GITR is not required on the surface of Treg and T effector cells to induce colitis in mice; interactions between GITR and its ligand are not required for induction of colitis. GITR instead appears to control dendritic cell and monocyte development; in its absence, mice develop aggravated chronic enterocolitis via an imbalance of colitogenic Th1 cells and Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongxian Liao
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
| | - Cynthia Detre
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115. USA
| | - Scott B. Berger
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115. USA
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, C/Casanova 143, Barcelona E-08036, Spain
| | - Rene de Waal Malefyt
- Biologics Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104, USA
| | - Roland W. Herzog
- University of Florida, Cancer and Genetics Research Center, 1376 Mowry Road, Room 203, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Atul K. Bhan
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115. USA. Phone: (617) 735-4131; Fax: (617) 735-4135
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Li S, Zhang D, Sun J, Li Z, Deng L, Zou B, Zhan J, Jiang W. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of human mouse chimeric anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody in Chinese patients with CD22-positive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. MAbs 2012; 4:256-66. [PMID: 22453099 PMCID: PMC3361661 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.4.2.19136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety and pharmacokinetics assessment of antibodies targeting CD22 (e.g., epratuzumab) have been established in western Caucasian populations, but there are no reports of the effects in Chinese populations. This dose-escalation study examines the safety, pharmacokinetics and biologic effects of multiple doses of anti-CD22 human-murine chimeric monoclonal antibody SM03 in 21 Chinese patients with CD22-positive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Most of drug-related adverse events (AEs) were mild and reversible. Two patients experienced serious AEs (hemorrhage); one patient had grade 4 neutropenia; one patient had asymptomatic grade III prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Major AEs included fever (71%), prolongation of APTT (42.8%), leukocytopenia (44.4%), alanine transaminase elevation (28.6%), elevated serum creatinine (23.8%) and injection site skin redness (14.3%). Circulating B cells transiently decreased without significant effects on T cells or immunoglobulin levels. Pharmacokinetic data revealed that mean maximum observed SM03 concentration and mean AUC from time zero to infinity increased in a dose-dependent manner up to 360 mg/m (2) SM03. Mean clearance was similar at doses ≤ 360 mg/m (2) and decreased significantly at dose 480 mg/m (2), supporting saturation of B-cell binding at 360 mg/m (2). Across all dose levels and histologies, one patient achieved partial response at 480 mg/m (2) dose; 14 patients had stable disease as best response and four patients progressed. Overall, SM03 was tolerated at doses ranging from 60-480 mg/m (2) and had potential efficacy in Chinese patients with follicular lymphoma.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- China
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Humans
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Follicular/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Follicular/immunology
- Lymphoma, Follicular/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Middle Aged
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou, Guangdong China
- Department of Clinical Trial Center; Cancer Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou, Guangdong China
- Department of Medical Oncology; Cancer Center; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou, Guangdong China
- Department of Clinical Trial Center; Cancer Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Zhinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou, Guangdong China
- Department of Medical Oncology; Cancer Center; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Liting Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou, Guangdong China
- Department of Clinical Trial Center; Cancer Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Benyan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou, Guangdong China
- Department of Medical Oncology; Cancer Center; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Jing Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou, Guangdong China
- Department of Clinical Trial Center; Cancer Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Wenqi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou, Guangdong China
- Department of Medical Oncology; Cancer Center; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou, Guangdong China
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Snell LM, Lin GHY, McPherson AJ, Moraes TJ, Watts TH. T-cell intrinsic effects of GITR and 4-1BB during viral infection and cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2012; 244:197-217. [PMID: 22017440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
GITR [glucocorticoid inducible tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-related protein] and 4-1BB are costimulatory TNFR family members that are expressed on regulatory and effector T cells as well as on other cells of the immune system. Here we discuss the role of GITR and 4-1BB on T cells during viral infections and in cancer immunotherapy. Systemic treatment with agonistic anti-4-1BB antibody leads to a number of immune system abnormalities, and clinical trials of anti-4-1BB have been terminated. However, other modes of 4-1BB ligation may be less toxic. To date, similar toxicities have not been reported for anti-GITR treatment of mice, although anti-GITR antibodies can exacerbate mouse autoimmune models. Intrinsic effects of GITR and 4-1BB on effector T cells appear to predominate over their effects on other cell types in some models. Despite their similarities in enhancing T-cell survival, 4-1BB and GITR are clearly not redundant, and both pathways are required for maximal CD8(+) T-cell responses and mouse survival following severe respiratory influenza infection. GITR uses TNFR-associated factor (TRAF) 2 and TRAF5, whereas 4-1BB recruits TRAF1 and TRAF2 to mediate survival signaling in T cells. The differential use of signaling adapters combined with their differential expression may explain the non-redundant roles of GITR and 4-1BB in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Snell
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Murine B cell development and antibody responses to model antigens are not impaired in the absence of the TNF receptor GITR. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31632. [PMID: 22328941 PMCID: PMC3273462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Glucocorticoid-Induced Tumor necrosis factor Receptor GITR, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, has been shown to be important in modulating immune responses in the context of T cell immunity. B lymphocytes also express GITR, but a role of GITR in humoral immunity has not been fully explored. To address this question, we performed studies to determine the kinetics of GITR expression on naïve and stimulated B cells and the capacity of B cells to develop and mount antibody responses in GITR−/− mice. Results of our studies indicate that all mature B cells express GITR on the cell surface, albeit at different levels. Expression of GITR on naïve mature B cells is upregulated by BCR signaling, but is counteracted by helper T cell-related factors and other inflammatory signals in vitro. In line with these findings, expression of GITR on germinal center and memory B cells is lower than that on naïve B cells. However, the expression of GITR is strongly upregulated in plasma cells. Despite these differences in GITR expression, the absence of GITR has no effect on T cell-dependent and T cell-independent antibody responses to model antigens in GITR−/− mice, or on B cell activation and proliferation in vitro. GITR deficiency manifests only with a slight reduction of mature B cell numbers and increased turnover of naïve B cells, suggesting that GITR slightly contributes to mature B cell homeostasis. Overall, our data indicate that GITR does not play a significant role in B cell development and antibody responses to T-dependent and independent model antigens within the context of a GITR-deficient genetic background.
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GITR gene deletion and GITR-FC soluble protein administration inhibit multiple organ failure induced by zymosan. Shock 2012; 36:263-71. [PMID: 21654556 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3182262c48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is a systemic inflammatory event that can result in organ damage, failure, and high risk of mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible role of glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related (GITR) on zymosan-induced MODS. Mice were allocated into one GITR knockout (GITR-KO) and two GITR wild-type (GITR-WT) experimental groups. All the animals were treated with zymosan (500 mg/kg, suspended in saline solution, i.p.), and animals of one GITR-WT group received GITR-Fc (6.25 μg/mouse; 3 h after zymosan injection) by mini-osmotic pump. Moreover, three control groups were performed (one GITR-KO and two GITR-WT experimental groups), administering saline instead of zymosan and treating one of the GITR-WT group with GITR-Fc (6.25 μg/mouse; 3 h after saline injection) by mini-osmotic pump. A number of inflammatory parameters such as edema formation, histological damage, adhesion molecules expression, neutrophil infiltration, proinflammatory cytokines, nitrotyrosine, and iNOS production are significantly reduced in GITR-KO as compared with GITR-WT mice as well as in GITR-WT mice treated with GITR-Fc. We here show that GITR plays a role in the modulation of experimental MODS. In particular, we show that genetic inhibition of GITR expression, in GITR-KO mice, or administration of soluble GITR-Fc receptor in GITR-WT mice, reduces inflammation, organ tissue damage, and mortality. Results, while confirming the proinflammatory role of GITR, extend our observations indicating that GITR plays a role in zymosan-induced inflammation and MODS.
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Modulation of GITR for cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:217-24. [PMID: 22245556 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory receptors of the immune system has become a promising new approach for immunotherapy of cancer. With the recent FDA approval of CTLA-4 blockade serving as an important proof of principal, many new targets are now being translated into the clinic. Preclinical research has demonstrated that targeting glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor related gene (GITR), a member of TNF receptor superfamily, by agonist antibodies or natural ligand, can serve as an effective anti-tumor therapy. In this review, we will cover this research and the rationale that has led to initiation of two phase 1 clinical trials targeting GITR as a new immunotherapeutic approach for cancer.
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