1
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Welsh AM, Muljo SA. Post-transcriptional (re)programming of B lymphocyte development: From bench to bedside? Adv Immunol 2024; 161:85-108. [PMID: 38763703 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis, a process which generates blood and immune cells, changes significantly during mammalian development. Definitive hematopoiesis is marked by the emergence of long-term hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Here, we will focus on the post-transcriptional differences between fetal liver (FL) and adult bone marrow (ABM) HSCs. It remains unclear how or why exactly FL HSCs transition to ABM HSCs, but we aim to leverage their differences to revive an old idea: in utero HSC transplantation. Unexpectedly, the expression of certain RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play an important role in HSC specification, and can be employed to convert or reprogram adult HSCs back to a fetal-like state. Among other features, FL HSCs have a broad differentiation capacity that includes the ability to regenerate both conventional B and T cells, as well as innate-like or unconventional lymphocytes such as B-1a and marginal zone B (MzB) cells. This chapter will focus on RNA binding proteins, namely LIN28B and IGF2BP3, that are expressed during fetal life and how they promote B-1a cell development. Furthermore, this chapter considers a potential clinical application of synthetic co-expression of LIN28B and IGF2BP3 in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia M Welsh
- Integrative Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Stefan A Muljo
- Integrative Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States.
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2
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Kobayashi M, Yoshimoto M. Multiple waves of fetal-derived immune cells constitute adult immune system. Immunol Rev 2023; 315:11-30. [PMID: 36929134 PMCID: PMC10754384 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
It has been over three decades since Drs. Herzenberg and Herzenberg proposed the layered immune system hypothesis, suggesting that different types of stem cells with distinct hematopoietic potential produce specific immune cells. This layering of immune system development is now supported by recent studies showing the presence of fetal-derived immune cells that function in adults. It has been shown that various immune cells arise at different embryonic ages via multiple waves of hematopoiesis from special endothelial cells (ECs), referred to as hemogenic ECs. However, it remains unknown whether these fetal-derived immune cells are produced by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) during the fetal to neonatal period. To address this question, many advanced tools have been used, including lineage-tracing mouse models, cellular barcoding techniques, clonal assays, and transplantation assays at the single-cell level. In this review, we will review the history of the search for the origins of HSCs, B-1a progenitors, and mast cells in the mouse embryo. HSCs can produce both B-1a and mast cells within a very limited time window, and this ability declines after embryonic day (E) 14.5. Furthermore, the latest data have revealed that HSC-independent adaptive immune cells exist in adult mice, which implies more complicated developmental pathways of immune cells. We propose revised road maps of immune cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Kobayashi
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Momoko Yoshimoto
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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3
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Abstract
Traditional models of lymphopoiesis present B and T cell development as a linear process that initiates in the fetus and continues after birth in the bone marrow and thymus, respectively. However, this view of lymphocyte development is not in accord with reports, dating back several decades, indicating that the types of lymphocytes generated before and after birth differ. In this regard, selected γδ T cells, and those that utilize the Vγ3 receptor in particular, and innate-like B-1 B cells preferentially arise during fetal blood cell development. This review synthesizes data from multiple laboratories, with an emphasis on our own work using mouse models, demonstrating that innate and conventional B and T cells emerge in hematopoietic stem cell independent and dependent waves of development that are differentially regulated. This layering of lymphocyte development has implications for understanding the composition of the adult immune system and may provide insights into the origin of various lymphocytic leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encarnacion Montecino-Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kenneth Dorshkind
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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4
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Single-cell genomics identifies distinct B1 cell developmental pathways and reveals aging-related changes in the B-cell receptor repertoire. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:57. [PMID: 35526067 PMCID: PMC9080186 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00795-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background B1 cells are self-renewing innate-like B lymphocytes that provide the first line of defense against pathogens. B1 cells primarily reside in the peritoneal cavity and are known to originate from various fetal tissues, yet their developmental pathways and the mechanisms underlying maintenance of B1 cells throughout adulthood remain unclear. Results We performed high-throughput single-cell analysis of the transcriptomes and B-cell receptor repertoires of peritoneal B cells of neonates, young adults, and elderly mice. Gene expression analysis of 31,718 peritoneal B cells showed that the neonate peritoneal cavity contained many B1 progenitors, and neonate B cell specific clustering revealed two trajectories of peritoneal B1 cell development, including pre-BCR dependent and pre-BCR independent pathways. We also detected profound age-related changes in B1 cell transcriptomes: clear difference in senescence genetic program was evident in differentially aged B1 cells, and we found an example that a B1 subset only present in the oldest mice was marked by expression of the fatty-acid receptor CD36. We also performed antibody gene sequencing of 15,967 peritoneal B cells from the three age groups and discovered that B1 cell aging was associated with clonal expansion and two B1 cell clones expanded in the aged mice had the same CDR-H3 sequence (AGDYDGYWYFDV) as a pathogenically linked cell type from a recent study of an atherosclerosis mouse model. Conclusions Beyond offering an unprecedent data resource to explore the cell-to-cell variation in B cells, our study has revealed that B1 precursor subsets are present in the neonate peritoneal cavity and dissected the developmental pathway of the precursor cells. Besides, this study has found the expression of CD36 on the B1 cells in the aged mice. And the single-cell B-cell receptor sequencing reveals B1 cell aging is associated with clonal expansion. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00795-6.
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5
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Huijbers EJM, Khan KA, Kerbel RS, Griffioen AW. Tumors resurrect an embryonic vascular program to escape immunity. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabm6388. [PMID: 35030032 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abm6388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth J M Huijbers
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kabir A Khan
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert S Kerbel
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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6
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Honjo K, Won WJ, King RG, Ianov L, Crossman DK, Easlick JL, Shakhmatov MA, Khass M, Vale AM, Stephan RP, Li R, Davis RS. Fc Receptor-Like 6 (FCRL6) Discloses Progenitor B Cell Heterogeneity That Correlates With Pre-BCR Dependent and Independent Pathways of Natural Antibody Selection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:82. [PMID: 32117244 PMCID: PMC7033751 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
B-1a cells produce "natural" antibodies (Abs) to neutralize pathogens and clear neo self-antigens, but the fundamental selection mechanisms that shape their polyreactive repertoires are poorly understood. Here, we identified a B cell progenitor subset defined by Fc receptor-like 6 (FCRL6) expression, harboring innate-like defense, migration, and differentiation properties conducive for natural Ab generation. Compared to FCRL6- pro B cells, the repressed mitotic, DNA damage repair, and signaling activity of FCRL6+ progenitors, yielded VH repertoires with biased distal Ighv segment accessibility, constrained diversity, and hydrophobic and charged CDR-H3 sequences. Beyond nascent autoreactivity, VH11 productivity, which predominates phosphatidylcholine-specific B-1a B cell receptors (BCRs), was higher for FCRL6+ cells as was pre-BCR formation, which was required for Myc induction and VH11, but not VH12, B-1a development. Thus, FCRL6 revealed unexpected heterogeneity in the developmental origins, regulation, and selection of natural Abs at the pre-BCR checkpoint with implications for autoimmunity and lymphoproliferative disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/immunology
- Antibodies/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Phosphatidylcholines/immunology
- Phosphatidylcholines/metabolism
- Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/immunology
- Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Fc/genetics
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Honjo
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Woong-Jai Won
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Rodney G. King
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Lara Ianov
- Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - David K. Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Juliet L. Easlick
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mikhail A. Shakhmatov
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mohamed Khass
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Andre M. Vale
- Program in Immunobiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robert P. Stephan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Randall S. Davis
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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7
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Wong JB, Hewitt SL, Heltemes-Harris LM, Mandal M, Johnson K, Rajewsky K, Koralov SB, Clark MR, Farrar MA, Skok JA. B-1a cells acquire their unique characteristics by bypassing the pre-BCR selection stage. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4768. [PMID: 31628339 PMCID: PMC6802180 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12824-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
B-1a cells are long-lived, self-renewing innate-like B cells that predominantly inhabit the peritoneal and pleural cavities. In contrast to conventional B-2 cells, B-1a cells have a receptor repertoire that is biased towards bacterial and self-antigens, promoting a rapid response to infection and clearing of apoptotic cells. Although B-1a cells are known to primarily originate from fetal tissues, the mechanisms by which they arise has been a topic of debate for many years. Here we show that in the fetal liver versus bone marrow environment, reduced IL-7R/STAT5 levels promote immunoglobulin kappa gene recombination at the early pro-B cell stage. As a result, differentiating B cells can directly generate a mature B cell receptor (BCR) and bypass the requirement for a pre-BCR and pairing with surrogate light chain. This 'alternate pathway' of development enables the production of B cells with self-reactive, skewed specificity receptors that are peculiar to the B-1a compartment. Together our findings connect seemingly opposing lineage and selection models of B-1a cell development and explain how these cells acquire their unique properties.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Bone Marrow/immunology
- Bone Marrow/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains, Surrogate/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains, Surrogate/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains, Surrogate/metabolism
- Liver/embryology
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Pre-B Cell Receptors/genetics
- Pre-B Cell Receptors/immunology
- Pre-B Cell Receptors/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/metabolism
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/immunology
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Wong
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susannah L Hewitt
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lynn M Heltemes-Harris
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Malay Mandal
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristen Johnson
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13092, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergei B Koralov
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marcus R Clark
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael A Farrar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jane A Skok
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Francis WR, Ireland RE, Spear AM, Jenner D, Watts SA, Kirkman E, Pallister I. Flow Cytometric Analysis of Hematopoietic Populations in Rat Bone Marrow. Impact of Trauma and Hemorrhagic Shock. Cytometry A 2019; 95:1167-1177. [PMID: 31595661 PMCID: PMC6900111 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe injury and hemorrhagic shock (HS) result in multiple changes to hematopoietic differentiation, which contribute to the development of immunosuppression and multiple organ failure (MOF). Understanding the changes that take place during the acute injury phase may help predict which patients will develop MOF and provide potential targets for therapy. Obtaining bone marrow from humans during the acute injury phase is difficult so published data are largely derived from peripheral blood samples, which infer bone marrow changes that reflect the sustained inflammatory response. This preliminary and opportunistic study investigated leucopoietic changes in rat bone marrow 6 h following traumatic injury and HS. Terminally anesthetized male Porton Wistar rats were allocated randomly to receive a sham operation (cannulation with no injury) or femoral fracture and HS. Bone marrow cells were flushed from rat femurs and immunophenotypically stained with specific antibody panels for lymphoid (CD45R, CD127, CD90, and IgM) or myeloid (CD11b, CD45, and RP-1) lineages. Subsequently, cell populations were fluorescence-activated cell sorted for morphological assessment. Stage-specific cell populations were identified using a limited number of antibodies, and leucopoietic changes were determined 6 h following trauma and HS. Myeloid subpopulations could be identified by varying levels CD11b expression, CD45, and RP-1. Trauma and HS resulted in a significant reduction in total CD11b + myeloid cells including both immature (RP-1(-)) and mature (RP-1+) granulocytes. Multiple B-cell lymphoid subsets were identified. The total percentage of CD90+ subsets remained unchanged following trauma and HS, but there was a reduction in the numbers of maturing CD90(-) cells suggesting movement into the periphery. © 2019 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel E Ireland
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, England, UK
| | - Abigail M Spear
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, England, UK
| | - Dominic Jenner
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, England, UK
| | - Sarah A Watts
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, England, UK
| | - Emrys Kirkman
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, England, UK
| | - Ian Pallister
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Wales, UK.,Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, Wales, UK
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9
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Ghosn E, Yoshimoto M, Nakauchi H, Weissman IL, Herzenberg LA. Hematopoietic stem cell-independent hematopoiesis and the origins of innate-like B lymphocytes. Development 2019; 146:146/15/dev170571. [PMID: 31371526 DOI: 10.1242/dev.170571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The current paradigm that a single long-term hematopoietic stem cell can regenerate all components of the mammalian immune system has been challenged by recent findings in mice. These findings show that adult tissue-resident macrophages and innate-like lymphocytes develop early in fetal hematopoiesis from progenitors that emerge prior to, and apparently independently of, conventional long-term hematopoietic stem cells. Here, we discuss these recent findings, which show that an early and distinct wave of hematopoiesis occurs for all major hematopoietic lineages. These data provide evidence that fetal hematopoietic progenitors not derived from the bona fide long-term hematopoietic stem cells give rise to tissue-resident immune cells that persist throughout adulthood. We also discuss recent insights into B lymphocyte development and attempt to synthesize seemingly contradictory recent findings on the origins of innate-like B-1a lymphocytes during fetal hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliver Ghosn
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Momoko Yoshimoto
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leonore A Herzenberg
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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10
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Brennecke AM, Düber S, Roy B, Thomsen I, Garbe AI, Klawonn F, Pabst O, Kretschmer K, Weiss S. Induced B Cell Development in Adult Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2483. [PMID: 30429851 PMCID: PMC6220648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We employed the B-Indu-Rag1 model in which the coding exon of recombination-activating gene 1 (Rag1) is inactivated by inversion. It is flanked by inverted loxP sites. Accordingly, B cell development is stopped at the pro/pre B-I cell precursor stage. A B cell-specific Cre recombinase fused to a mutated estrogen receptor allows the induction of RAG1 function and B cell development by application of Tamoxifen. Since Rag1 function is recovered in a non-self-renewing precursor cell, only single waves of development can be induced. Using this system, we could determine that B cells minimally require 5 days to undergo development from pro/preB-I cells to the large and 6 days to the small preB-II cell stage. First immature transitional (T) 1 and T2 B cells could be detected in the bone marrow at day 6 and day 7, respectively, while their appearance in the spleen took one additional day. We also tested a contribution of adult bone marrow to the pool of B-1 cells. Sublethally irradiated syngeneic WT mice were adoptively transferred with bone marrow of B-Indu-Rag1 mice and B cell development was induced after 6 weeks. A significant portion of donor derived B-1 cells could be detected in such adult mice. Finally, early VH gene usage was tested after induction of B cell development. During the earliest time points the VH genes proximal to D/J were found to be predominantly rearranged. At later time points, the large family of the most distal VH prevailed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Düber
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bishnudeo Roy
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Irene Thomsen
- Medical School Hannover, Institute of Immunology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Annette I Garbe
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Osteoimmunology, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Klawonn
- Biostatistics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Medical School Hannover, Institute of Immunology, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karsten Kretschmer
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Medical School Hannover, Institute of Immunology, Hannover, Germany
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11
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Spidale NA, Sylvia K, Narayan K, Miu B, Frascoli M, Melichar HJ, Zhihao W, Kisielow J, Palin A, Serwold T, Love P, Kobayashi M, Yoshimoto M, Jain N, Kang J. Interleukin-17-Producing γδ T Cells Originate from SOX13 + Progenitors that Are Independent of γδTCR Signaling. Immunity 2018; 49:857-872.e5. [PMID: 30413363 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Lineage-committed αβ and γδ T cells are thought to originate from common intrathymic multipotent progenitors following instructive T cell receptor (TCR) signals. A subset of lymph node and mucosal Vγ2+ γδ T cells is programmed intrathymically to produce IL-17 (Tγδ17 cells), however the role of the γδTCR in development of these cells remains controversial. Here we generated reporter mice for the Tγδ17 lineage-defining transcription factor SOX13 and identified fetal-origin, intrathymic Sox13+ progenitors. In organ culture developmental assays, Tγδ17 cells derived primarily from Sox13+ progenitors, and not from other known lymphoid progenitors. Single cell transcriptome assays of the progenitors found in TCR-deficient mice demonstrated that Tγδ17 lineage programming was independent of γδTCR. Instead, generation of the lineage committed progenitors and Tγδ17 cells was controlled by TCF1 and SOX13. Thus, T lymphocyte lineage fate can be prewired cell-intrinsically and is not necessarily specified by clonal antigen receptor signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Spidale
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 02135, USA
| | - Katelyn Sylvia
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 02135, USA
| | - Kavitha Narayan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 02135, USA
| | - Bing Miu
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 02135, USA
| | - Michela Frascoli
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 02135, USA
| | - Heather J Melichar
- Immuno-Oncology Research Axis, Centre de recherche de Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Wu Zhihao
- School of Biological Sciences, Division of Genomics and Genetics, Nanyang Technological University, SBS-04n-23, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Jan Kisielow
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Inst. f. Molecular Health Sciences, Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Amy Palin
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Thomas Serwold
- Section on Immunobiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Paul Love
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michihiro Kobayashi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine - Stem Cell Research, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Momoko Yoshimoto
- Institute for Molecular Medicine - Stem Cell Research, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nitya Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Joonsoo Kang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 02135, USA.
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12
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Montecino-Rodriguez E, Fice M, Casero D, Berent-Maoz B, Barber CL, Dorshkind K. Distinct Genetic Networks Orchestrate the Emergence of Specific Waves of Fetal and Adult B-1 and B-2 Development. Immunity 2016; 45:527-539. [PMID: 27566938 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
B cell development is often depicted as a linear process initiating in the fetus and continuing postnatally. Using a PU.1 hypomorphic mouse model, we found that B-1 and B-2 lymphopoiesis occurred in distinct fetal and adult waves differentially dependent on the Sfpi1 14 kB upstream regulatory element. The initial wave of fetal B-1 development was absent in PU.1 hypomorphic mice, while subsequent fetal and adult waves emerged. In contrast, B-2 lymphopoiesis occurred in distinct fetal and adult waves. Whole-transcriptome profiling of fetal and adult B cell progenitors supported the existence of three waves of B-1 and two waves of B-2 development and revealed that the network of transcription factors governing B lineage specification and commitment was highly divergent between B-1 and B-2 progenitors. These findings support the view that the B-1 and B-2 lineages are distinct and provide a genetic basis for layering of immune system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encarnacion Montecino-Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Fice
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David Casero
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Beata Berent-Maoz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chad L Barber
- Department of Biology, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360, USA
| | - Kenneth Dorshkind
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliver Eid Bou Ghosn
- Department of Genetics and Immunology Program; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford California
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Genetics and Immunology Program; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford California
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14
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Yoshimoto M. The first wave of B lymphopoiesis develops independently of stem cells in the murine embryo. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1362:16-22. [PMID: 25721392 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the developing mouse embryo, there are several waves of hematopoiesis. Primitive and definitive erythromyeloid lineages appear prior to hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) emergence, and these waves are considered to be transient and support embryonic homeostasis until HSC-derived hematopoiesis is established. However, recent evidence strongly suggests that HSC-independent immune cells, such as tissue macrophages and some innate lymphoid cells, develop in the mouse embryo and persist into postnatal life. Innate type B-1 cells have also been reported to emerge from hemogenic endothelial cells in the extraembryonic yolk sac and para-aortic splanchnopleura, and continue to develop in the fetal liver, even in HSC-deficient mouse embryos. Here, this review discusses B-1 cell development in the context of the layered immune system hypothesis of B lymphopoiesis and the emergence of B-1 cells independent of HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Yoshimoto
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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15
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Prado C, Rodríguez M, Cortegano I, Ruiz C, Alía M, de Andrés B, Gaspar ML. Postnatal and adult immunoglobulin repertoires of innate-like CD19(+)CD45R(lo) B Cells. J Innate Immun 2014; 6:499-514. [PMID: 24603602 DOI: 10.1159/000358237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversity in antibody repertoire relies on different B cell populations working efficiently to fulfil distinct specific functions. We recently described an innate-like CD19(+)CD45R(-/lo) (19(+)45R(lo)) cell population in postnatal unstimulated adult mice, a heterogeneous population containing cells expressing immunoglobulin M (IgM) and others behaving as differentiated mature B lymphocytes (intracytoplasmic IgG1, AID(+), Blimp-1(+)RAG2(-)). In the present study, we characterized the Ig repertoire expressed by splenic 19(+)45R(lo) cells, assuming that they would bear a restricted repertoire biased for germline rearrangements and low mutation rates similar to other innate-like cells. Sequences from 19(+)45R(lo) cells displayed a variety of V, D and J regions, and the analysis of the CDR-H3 region revealed an intermediate overall CDR-H3 length and moderate hydrophobicity. Both IgM and switched sequences of PD15 19(+)45R(lo) cells had shorter CDR-H3 region and fewer non-template N nucleotides than adult sequences, as expected for profiles that correspond to an immature phenotype. Regarding the mutation rate in the VH regions, IgG1 sequences already carried a high rate of replacement mutations at PD15, which increased further in the sequences obtained from adult mice. Moreover, statistical models suggest that a proportion of the switched sequences in adult 19(+)45R(lo) cells had experienced antigen selection, unlike other innate-like B cell compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Prado
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Tarafdar A, Dobbin E, Corrigan P, Freeburn R, Wheadon H. Canonical Wnt signaling promotes early hematopoietic progenitor formation and erythroid specification during embryonic stem cell differentiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81030. [PMID: 24324557 PMCID: PMC3850021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) during development is a complex process linked to morphogenic signals. Understanding this process is important for regenerative medicine applications that require in vitro production of HSC. In this study we investigated the effects of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling during early embryonic differentiation and hematopoietic specification using an embryonic stem cell system. Our data clearly demonstrates that following early differentiation induction, canonical Wnt signaling induces a strong mesodermal program whilst maintaining a degree of stemness potential. This involved a complex interplay between β-catenin/TCF/LEF/Brachyury/Nanog. β-catenin mediated up-regulation of TCF/LEF resulted in enhanced brachyury levels, which in-turn lead to Nanog up-regulation. During differentiation, active canonical Wnt signaling also up-regulated key transcription factors and cell specific markers essential for hematopoietic specification, in particular genes involved in establishing primitive erythropoiesis. This led to a significant increase in primitive erythroid colony formation. β-catenin signaling also augmented early hematopoietic and multipotent progenitor (MPP) formation. Following culture in a MPP specific cytokine cocktail, activation of β-catenin suppressed differentiation of the early hematopoietic progenitor population, with cells displaying a higher replating capacity and a propensity to form megakaryocytic erythroid progenitors. This bias towards erythroid lineage commitment was also observed when hematopoietic progenitors were directed to undergo myeloid colony formation. Overall this study underscores the importance of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mesodermal specification, primitive erythropoiesis and early hematopietic progenitor formation during hematopoietic induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Tarafdar
- Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, University of Glasgow, United
Kingdom
- Biomedical Science Institute, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland,
United Kingdom
| | - Edwina Dobbin
- Department of Haematology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United
Kingdom
| | - Pamela Corrigan
- Biomedical Science Institute, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland,
United Kingdom
| | - Robin Freeburn
- School of Science, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United
Kingdom
| | - Helen Wheadon
- Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, University of Glasgow, United
Kingdom
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17
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Croy BA, Chen Z, Hofmann AP, Lord EM, Sedlacek AL, Gerber SA. Imaging of vascular development in early mouse decidua and its association with leukocytes and trophoblasts. Biol Reprod 2012; 87:125. [PMID: 22954796 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.102830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In species with endometrial decidualization and hemochorial placentation (humans, mice, and others), leukocytes localize to early implant sites and contribute to decidual angiogenesis, spiral arterial remodeling, and trophoblast invasion. Relationships between leukocytes, trophoblasts, and the decidual vasculature are not fully defined. Early C57BL/6J implant sites were analyzed by flow cytometry to define leukocyte subsets and by whole-mount immunohistochemistry to visualize relationships between leukocytes, decidual vessels, and trophoblasts. Ptprc(+) (CD45(+)) cells increased in decidua between Gestational Day (GD) 5.5 and GD 9.5. Uterine natural killer (uNK) cells that showed dynamic expression of Cd (CD) 69, an activating receptor, and Klrg1 (KLRG1), an inhibitory receptor, localized mesometrially and were the dominant CD45(+) cells between GD 5.5 and GD 7.5. At GD 8.5, immature monocytes that occurred throughout decidua exceeded uNK cells numerically and many leukocytes acquired irregular shapes, and leukocyte-leukocyte conjugates became frequent. Vessels were morphologically heterogeneous and regionally unique. Migrating trophoblasts were first observed at GD 6.5 and, at GD 9.5, breached endothelium, entered vascular lumens, and appeared to occlude some vessels, as described for human spiral arteries. No leukocyte-trophoblast conjugates were detected. Whole-mount staining gave unparalleled decidual vascular detail and cell-specific positional information. Its application across murine models of pregnancy disturbances should significantly advance our understanding of the maternal-fetal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Anne Croy
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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18
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de Andrés B, Prado C, Palacios B, Alía M, Jagtap S, Serrano N, Cortegano I, Marcos MAR, Gaspar ML. Dynamics of the splenic innate-like CD19⁺CD45Rlo cell population from adult mice in homeostatic and activated conditions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2300-8. [PMID: 22837485 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the adult spleen, CD19⁺CD45R(-/lo) (19⁺45R(lo)) lymphocytes of embryonic origin exist as a distinct population to that of the conventional B cell lineage. These cells display a plasmablast phenotype, and they spontaneously secrete IgG1 and IgA, whereas the bone marrow population of 19⁺45R(lo) cells contains B1 progenitors. In this study, we show that 19⁺45R(lo) cells are also present in Peyer's patches and in the spleen throughout the life span of wild-type mice, beginning at postnatal day 7. Although this population is heterogeneous, the surface phenotype of most of these cells distinguishes them from follicular, transitional, marginal zone, and B1 cells. In CBA/CaHN mice, few 19⁺45R(lo) cells were detected at postnatal day 7, and none was observed in the adult spleen. Splenic 19⁺45R(lo) cells exhibited homeostatic BrdU uptake in vivo and actively transcribed cell cycle genes. When transferred to immunodeficient RAG2⁻/⁻γchain⁻/⁻ recipient mice, 19⁺45R(lo) cells survived and differentiated into IgG1- and IgA-plasma cells. Moreover, in vitro stimulation of splenic 19⁺45R(lo) cells with LPS, CpG, BAFF/IL4, and CD40/IL4 induced cell proliferation, IgG1/IgA secretion and the release of IL-10, suggesting a potential immunoregulatory role for this subset of innate-like B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén de Andrés
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Montecino-Rodriguez E, Dorshkind K. B-1 B cell development in the fetus and adult. Immunity 2012; 36:13-21. [PMID: 22284417 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Models of hematopoiesis often depict lymphocyte production as a uniform process in which a homogenous population of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) generates progenitors from which all types of lymphocytes are derived. However, it is increasingly evident that these schemes are too simplistic and that the lymphoid potential of HSCs and precursors arising in the embryo, fetus, neonate, and adult is remarkably distinct. We review recent findings regarding the development of B lymphocytes, and the B-1 B cell lineage in particular, as a case in point. These studies show that B-1 and B-2 B cells involved in innate and adaptive immune responses, respectively, arise in staggered waves of development from distinct progenitors. We discuss the implications of this layered model of B cell development for understanding normal and dysregulated B lymphopoiesis.
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20
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The vascular origin of hematopoietic cells. Dev Biol 2011; 362:1-10. [PMID: 21945862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
More than a century ago, several embryologists described sites of hematopoietic activity in the vascular wall of mid-gestation vertebrate embryos, and postulated the transient existence of a blood generating endothelium during ontogeny. This hypothesis gained significant attention in the 1970s when orthotopic transplantation experiments between quail and chick embryos revealed specific vascular areas as the site of the origin of definitive hematopoiesis. However, the vascular origin of hematopoietic precursors remained elusive and controversial for decades. Only recently, multiple experimental approaches have clearly documented that during vertebrate development definitive hematopoietic precursors arise from a subset of vascular endothelial cells. Interestingly, this differentiation is promoted by the intravascular fluid mechanical forces generated by the establishment of blood flow upon the initiation of heartbeat, and it is therefore connected with cardiovascular development in several critical aspects. In this review we present our current understanding of the relationship between vascular and definitive hematopoietic development through an historical analysis of the scientific evidence produced in this area of investigation.
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21
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Embryonic day 9 yolk sac and intra-embryonic hemogenic endothelium independently generate a B-1 and marginal zone progenitor lacking B-2 potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:1468-73. [PMID: 21209332 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015841108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of B lymphocytes in the adult mouse are generated in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that first appear in the aorta-gonado-mesonephros region of the fetus on embryonic day (E) 10.5-11. Comparatively less is known about B-cell development during embryogenesis. For example, which specific embryonic tissues participate in B lymphopoiesis and whether hematopoietic differentiation is skewed toward specific B-cell subsets in the embryo are unanswered questions, because the systemic circulation is initiated early during embryogenesis, resulting in an admixture of cells potentially originating from multiple sites. We demonstrate, using Ncx1(-/-) mice that lack systemic blood circulation, that the E9 yolk sac (YS) and the intra-embryonic para-aortic splanchnopleura (P-Sp) tissues independently give rise to AA4.1(+)CD19(+)B220(lo-neg) B progenitor cells that preferentially differentiate into innate type B-1 and marginal zone (MZ) B cells but not into B-2 cells upon transplantation. We have further demonstrated that these B-1 progenitor cells arise directly from YS and P-Sp hemogenic endothelium. These results document the initial wave of innate B lymphopoietic progenitor cells available for seeding the fetal liver at E11. The results of these studies expand our knowledge of hemogenic endothelial sites specifying distinct B-1 and MZ cell fates apart from B-2 cells and independent of an HSC origin during development.
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22
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Hillard RA, Lekakis LJ, Pulliam JF. Increased polyclonal CD5+ B1a lymphocytes in a haploidentical stem cell transplant recipient. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2010; 80:119-21. [PMID: 20890952 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical lymphocyte populations may be seen in the peritransplant setting. In this case report, we describe an unusually high number of CD5+ B-cells (B1a cells) following transplant. METHODS B1a cells identified during routine follow-up by immunophenotypic analysis in a middle-aged man who had a haploidentical stem cell transplant for acute myeloid leukemia were compared with a reference set of post-transplant samples. RESULTS Increased but polyclonal B1a cells were identified with 100% donor chimerism. CONCLUSIONS Our case demonstrates that a high absolute number of B1a cells may be seen post-transplant and should not be confused with an atypical CD5+ lymphoproliferative disorder. Furthermore, the population of polyclonal CD5+ B lymphocytes from the patient's donor is prominent 7 months post-transplant. This suggests that the maintenance of CD5+ B1 cells prior to conversion to adult-type CD5⁻ B2 cells is not hindered by the recipient adult stromal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hillard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA.
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23
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Ordering human CD34+CD10-CD19+ pre/pro-B-cell and CD19- common lymphoid progenitor stages in two pro-B-cell development pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:5925-30. [PMID: 20231472 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0907942107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies here respond to two long-standing questions: Are human "pre/pro-B" CD34(+)CD10(-)CD19(+) and "common lymphoid progenitor (CLP)/early-B" CD34(+)CD10(+)CD19(-) alternate precursors to "pro-B" CD34(+)CD19(+)CD10(+) cells, and do the pro-B cells that arise from these progenitors belong to the same or distinct B-cell development pathways? Using flow cytometry, gene expression profiling, and Ig V(H)-D-J(H) sequencing, we monitor the initial 10 generations of development of sorted cord blood CD34(high)Lineage(-) pluripotential progenitors growing in bone marrow S17 stroma cocultures. We show that (i) multipotent progenitors (CD34(+)CD45RA(+)CD10(-)CD19(-)) directly generate an initial wave of Pax5(+)TdT(-) "unilineage" pre/pro-B cells and a later wave of "multilineage" CLP/early-B cells and (ii) the cells generated in these successive stages act as precursors for distinct pro-B cells through two independent layered pathways. Studies by others have tracked the origin of B-lineage leukemias in elderly mice to the mouse B-1a pre/pro-B lineage, which lacks the TdT activity that diversifies the V(H)-D-J(H) Ig heavy chain joints found in the early-B or B-2 lineage. Here, we show a similar divergence in human B-cell development pathways between the Pax5(+)TdT(-) pre/pro-B differentiation pathway that gives rise to infant B-lineage leukemias and the early-B pathway.
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24
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Cruickshank MN, Ulgiati D. The role of notch signaling in the development of a normal B‐cell repertoire. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 88:117-24. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Cruickshank
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
| | - Daniela Ulgiati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
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25
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Corrigan PM, Dobbin E, Freeburn RW, Wheadon H. Patterns of Wnt/Fzd/LRP gene expression during embryonic hematopoiesis. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:759-72. [PMID: 18800919 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays several roles in hematopoiesis, promoting hemopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal, providing proliferative signals for immature progenitors and regulating lineage commitment. To ascertain which Wnt proteins and receptors are important during hematopoietic development, we used two systems; in vitro hematopoietic differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells and tissues isolated from sites specific for hematopoiesis during mouse embryogenesis. Initially genes involved in hematopoiesis were profiled and indicate differentiating ES cells undergo a wave of primitive hematopoiesis (Day 3.75) similar to the mouse yolk sac, followed by a wave of more definitive hematopoiesis (Day 7.75) comparable to the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) and E15.5 liver with lineage commitment by Day 15. A similar biphasic expression pattern occurred for Wnt/Fzd/LRP genes with Wnt 3, 5a, 8a, Fzd4, and LRP5 becoming upregulated during primitive hematopoiesis, followed by Wnt3a, 6, 7b, 10b, and 16 during more definitive hematopoiesis. High expression of Wnt5a, Fzd4, and LRP5 during the first phase of hematopoiesis suggests these genes are involved in early hematopoietic regulation. Wnt3a and 16 were also expressed at specific stages, with Wnt16 detected when the earliest lymphoid progenitors are formed (AGM and 2 degrees BC of ES differentiation). Wnt3a expression corresponded with the induction of definitive hematopoiesis a period, which involves rapid expansion of HSC (Day 7.75 of ES differentiation, AGM and E15.5 liver). Supplementation with Wnt3a during ES hematopoietic differentiation increased proliferation and appeared to promote stem cell expansion. Overall this study provides valuable information on the Wnt/Fzd/LRP involved in supporting embryonic hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela M Corrigan
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
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26
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Abstract
The recent description of a Lin(-)AA4.1(+)CD19(+)B220(Lo/-) B1-specified progenitor (B1P) population in adult marrow adds support for the argument that these unique B cells arise from a distinct lineage. However, the origins of B1P were not investigated and their developmental relationships to conventional B2 cells remain unclear. We now report that B1P development is IL-7Ralpha-dependent, and negatively regulated by Bruton tyrosine kinase. Lymphoid characteristics of B1P were further studied with recombination activating gene (RAG)-1/GFP knock-in, RAG-1/Cre reporter, and VEX transgenic mice. Our results reveal that they are heterogeneous with respect to lymphocyte affiliation. RAG-1(+) early lymphoid progenitors and Lin(-)Sca-1(+)cKit(Lo)IL-7Ralpha(+) common lymphoid progenitors from adult marrow efficiently generated CD19(+)CD45R/B220(Lo/-) cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, early lymphoid progenitors and common lymphoid progenitors produced significant numbers of peritoneal CD11b(+)CD5(+) B1a and CD11b(+)CD5(-) B1b cells in vivo. Finally, 2-step transplantation experiments established a differentiation pathway between conventional lymphoid progenitors, B1P, and mature B1 lymphocytes. Thus, our findings indicate that at least some B1P can be produced in adult bone marrow from primitive B2 progenitors, and suggest a developmental relationship between the major categories of B lymphocytes.
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27
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A role for DNA polymerase mu in the emerging DJH rearrangements of the postgastrulation mouse embryo. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 29:1266-75. [PMID: 19103746 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01518-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular complexes involved in the nonhomologous end-joining process that resolves recombination-activating gene (RAG)-induced double-strand breaks and results in V(D)J gene rearrangements vary during mammalian ontogeny. In the mouse, the first immunoglobulin gene rearrangements emerge during midgestation periods, but their repertoires have not been analyzed in detail. We decided to study the postgastrulation DJ(H) joints and compare them with those present in later life. The embryo DJ(H) joints differed from those observed in perinatal life by the presence of short stretches of nontemplated (N) nucleotides. Whereas most adult N nucleotides are introduced by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), the embryo N nucleotides were due to the activity of the homologous DNA polymerase mu (Polmu), which was widely expressed in the early ontogeny, as shown by analysis of Polmu(-/-) embryos. Based on its DNA-dependent polymerization ability, which TdT lacks, Polmu also filled in small sequence gaps at the coding ends and contributed to the ligation of highly processed ends, frequently found in the embryo, by pairing to internal microhomology sites. These findings show that Polmu participates in the repair of early-embryo, RAG-induced double-strand breaks and subsequently may contribute to preserve the genomic stability and cellular homeostasis of lymphohematopoietic precursors during development.
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28
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de Andrés B, Cortegano I, Serrano N, del Rio B, Martín P, Gonzalo P, Marcos MAR, Gaspar ML. A population of CD19highCD45R-/lowCD21low B lymphocytes poised for spontaneous secretion of IgG and IgA antibodies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:5326-34. [PMID: 17911619 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.8.5326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ab responses to selected Ags are produced by discrete B cell populations whose presence and functional relevance vary along the ontogeny. The earliest B lineage-restricted precursors in gestational day 11 mouse embryos display the CD19(+)CD45R/B220(-) phenotype. Phenotypically identical cells persist throughout gestation and in postnatal life, in parallel to the later-arising, CD19(+)CD45R(+) B cells. Very early after birth, the CD19(+)CD45R(-) B cell subset included high frequencies of spontaneously Ig-secreting cells. In the adult spleen, a small subset of CD19(high)CD45R(-/low)IgM(+/-)IgD(-)CD21/Cr2(-/low) cells, which was detected in perifollicular areas, displayed genetic and phenotypical traits of highly differentiated B cells, and was enriched in IgG- and IgA-secreting plasma cells. In vitro differentiation and in vivo adoptive transfer experiments of multipotent hemopoietic progenitors revealed that these CD19(high)CD45R(-/low) B cells were preferentially regenerated by embryo-, but not by adult bone marrow-, derived progenitors, except when the latter were inoculated into newborn mice. Both the early ontogenical emergence and the natural production of serum Igs, are shared features of this CD19(high)CD45R(-/low) B cell population with innate-like B lymphocytes such as B1 and marginal zone B cells, and suggest that the new population might be related to that category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén de Andrés
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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29
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Xue HH, Bollenbacher-Reilley J, Wu Z, Spolski R, Jing X, Zhang YC, McCoy JP, Leonard WJ. The transcription factor GABP is a critical regulator of B lymphocyte development. Immunity 2007; 26:421-31. [PMID: 17442597 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
GA binding protein (GABP) is a ubiquitously expressed Ets-family transcription factor that critically regulates the expression of the interleukin-7 receptor alpha chain (IL-7Ralpha) in T cells, whereas it is dispensable for IL-7Ralpha expression in fetal liver B cells. Here we showed that deficiency of GABPalpha, the DNA-binding subunit of GABP, resulted in profoundly defective B cell development and a compromised humoral immune response, in addition to thymic developmental defects. Furthermore, the expression of Pax5 and Pax5 target genes such as Cd79a was greatly diminished in GABPalpha-deficient B cell progenitors, pro-B, and mature B cells. GABP could bind to the regulatory regions of Pax5 and Cd79a in vivo. Thus, GABP is a key regulator of B cell development, maturation, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Hui Xue
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674, USA
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Dorshkind K, Montecino-Rodriguez E. Fetal B-cell lymphopoiesis and the emergence of B-1-cell potential. Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 7:213-9. [PMID: 17318232 DOI: 10.1038/nri2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Most B cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues are produced in adult bone marrow and are referred to as B-2 cells. A minor B-cell population, known as the B-1-cell population, that is mainly involved in innate immune responses has been identified in mice. In contrast to B-2 cells, B-1-cell progenitors are produced most efficiently during fetal life. This Review focuses on the emergence of B-1-cell potential during embryogenesis, summarizes recent advances in the delineation of a fetal B-1-cell-specified progenitor, and discusses the possibility that distinct fetal and adult B-cell developmental programmes might be operative in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Dorshkind
- Hematopoietic Malignancies Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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Weisel KC, Gao Y, Shieh JH, Moore MAS. Stromal cell lines from the aorta-gonado-mesonephros region are potent supporters of murine and human hematopoiesis. Exp Hematol 2006; 34:1505-16. [PMID: 17046570 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hematopoietic system is nurtured by a supportive stroma environment allowing maintenance and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). However, only a limited number of these stromal cell clones support hematopoiesis in the absence of cytokine supplementation. So far, only two bone marrow-derived stromal cell lines (OP9 and S17) are capable of inducing hematopoietic differentiation of totipotent murine and human embryonic stem cells (ESC). Here, the potential of more than 100 stromal cell lines developed from the aorta-gonado-mesonephros (AGM) region was investigated in supporting adult and embryonic hematopoiesis. In addition, extensive phenotypic analysis should elucidate possible mechanisms involved in maintenance of hematopoietic stem cell function. METHODS More than 100 stromal cell clones derived from the AGM region of E10.5 mouse embryos were isolated. Hematopoietic stem cell support was tested for adult murine and human cord blood hematopoietic stem cells and hematopoietic cells derived from murine ESC. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization was performed including gene array analysis. RESULTS It was demonstrated that multiple clones showed high efficiency in supporting maintenance and expansion of primitive murine and human hematopoietic progenitors. In addition, we demonstrated for the first time that AGM stromal cell lines are also potent inducers of hematopoietic differentiation of murine ESC. Microarray analysis of AGM lines revealed a characteristic genotype with expression of genes involved in regulating hematopoiesis as well as mesodermal and early B cell development. CONCLUSION These AGM stromal cell lines may be of value in elucidating molecular mechanisms regulating early stem cell development and hematopoietic differentiation from ES-derived mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja C Weisel
- Laboratory of Developmental Hematopoiesis, Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Montecino-Rodriguez E, Dorshkind K. New perspectives in B-1 B cell development and function. Trends Immunol 2006; 27:428-33. [PMID: 16861037 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the predominant population of B-2 B cells produced in the bone marrow, B-1 B cells are a minor population of B lymphocytes that are found in multiple tissues, including the pleural and peritoneal cavities in mice. Although the role of B-1 B cells as effectors of innate-like immunity is widely accepted, their developmental origin has been controversial. This review highlights recent experimental data from murine studies supporting the hypothesis that B-1 B cells belong to a developmental lineage distinct from B-2 B cells, and draws attention to recent studies that have defined new roles for the B-1a and B-1b B-cell subsets in the response to bacteria and self-antigens.
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Yokota T, Huang J, Tavian M, Nagai Y, Hirose J, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Péault B, Kincade PW. Tracing the first waves of lymphopoiesis in mice. Development 2006; 133:2041-51. [PMID: 16611687 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
RAG1/GFP knock-in mice were used to precisely chart the emergence and expansion of cells that give rise to the immune system. Lymphopoietic cells detectable in stromal co-cultures arose as early as E8.5, i.e. prior to establishment of the circulation within the paraaortic splanchnopleura (P-Sp). These cells were Tie2+ RAG1- CD34Lo/-Kit+ CD41-. While yolk sac (YS) also contained lymphopoietic cells after E9.5, CD41+ YS cells from ⩽25-somite embryos produced myelo-erythroid cells but no lymphocytes. Notch receptor signaling directed P-Sp cells to T lymphocytes but did not confer lymphopoietic potential on YS cells. Thus, definitive hematopoiesis arises in at least two independent sites that differ in lymphopoietic potential. Expression of RAG1, the earliest known lymphoid event, first occurred around E10.5 within the embryos. RAG1/GFP+ cells appeared in the liver at E11.0 and progenitors with B and/or T lineage potential were enumerated at subsequent developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Yokota
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Montecino-Rodriguez E, Leathers H, Dorshkind K. Identification of a B-1 B cell-specified progenitor. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:293-301. [PMID: 16429139 DOI: 10.1038/ni1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The B-1 subpopulation of B lymphocytes differs phenotypically and functionally from conventional B-2 B cells. B-1 B cells are proposed to derive from a distinct progenitor, but such a population has not been isolated. Here we identify and characterize a B-1 B cell progenitor whose numbers peaked in fetal bone marrow but were less abundant in postnatal bone marrow. These Lin(-)CD45R(lo-neg)CD19(+) cells responded to thymic stromal lymphopoietin and 'preferentially' reconstituted functional sIgM(hi)CD11b(+)CD5(lo-neg) B-1 B cells, but not sIgM(+)CD11b(-) B-2 B cells, in vivo. These data indicate that the CD45R(lo-neg)CD19(+) population includes B-1 B cell-specified progenitors and support models proposing distinct developmental pathways for B-1 B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encarnacion Montecino-Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Hematopoietic Malignancies Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Weisel KC, Moore MAS. Genetic and Functional Characterization of Isolated Stromal Cell Lines from the Aorta-Gonado-Mesonephros Region. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1044:51-9. [PMID: 15958697 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1349.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The hematopoietic system interacts with a supportive stromal environment allowing maintenance and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The aorta-gonado-mesonephros (AGM) region serves as a unique embryonic microenvironment, generating the first adult repopulating HSCs in the mouse embryo. To eludicate factors involved in hematopoietic support and induction of hematopoietic differentiation, we isolated more than 100 stromal cell clones derived from the AGM region of embryonic day (E) 10.5 mouse embryos for functional and genetic analysis. Selected isolated AGM stromal cell lines are highly efficient in supporting maintenance and expansion of mouse and human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. In addition, we can demonstrate for the first time that AGM stromal cell lines are also potent inducers of hematopoietic differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells. Stromal gene array analysis has identified genes that could play a role in hematopoietic support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja C Weisel
- University of Tübingen, Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Chang KT, Sefc L, Psenák O, Vokurka M, Necas E. Early Fetal Liver Readily Repopulates B Lymphopoiesis in Adult Bone Marrow. Stem Cells 2005; 23:230-9. [PMID: 15671146 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fetal liver (FL) becomes a major organ of hematopoiesis at mouse embryonic day (E) 11 and E12, when definitive hematopoietic stem cells, originating from the aorta-gonads-mesonephros region, colonize the hepatic tissue. Unipotent B-cell progenitors are very rare in FL by day 12, whereas erythropoiesis prevails. We have studied hematopoiesis in FL from different gestational ages, with special emphasis on B lymphopoiesis. The mRNA levels of selected liver-specific genes, hematopoietic lineage-specific genes, and genes for selected cytokines/hormones as well as for their receptors were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction in FL from E12.5, E14.5, and E17.5, adult liver and adult bone marrow (BM). The level of B lineage-related gene expression in FL was very low at E12.5. There was also a significantly lower fraction of B220+ and CD19+ B cells in E12.5 FL compared with E17.5 FL. To analyze whether these differences reflect different stem cell potentials occurring during FL development, 10(6) or 5 x 10(6) of FL cells collected from embryos at E12.5 or E17.5 and those from adult BM were transplanted into sublethally irradiated (3- or 6-Gy) congenic mice. Short-term and long-term repopulation of B and T cells and granulocyte/macrophage lineages from donor FL or adult BM cells were evaluated in competition to adult hematopoiesis of sublethally irradiated recipients. In short-term repopulation, the transplantation of E12.5 FL cells resulted in a lower blood chimerism compared with that of E17.5 FL cells. However, the proportion of B lymphopoiesis exerted by E12.5 FL cells was not different from that of E17.5 FL or adult BM. This study demonstrates that E12.5 FL contains hematopoietic stem cells with fully developed B-cell repopulating capacity and that the developmental period of fetal hematopoiesis between E12.5 and E17.5 is not an obligatory phase for the adult B lymphopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Tung Chang
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Pinho MDFB, Hurtado SP, El-Cheikh MC, Borojevic R. Haemopoietic progenitors in the adult mouse omentum: permanent production of B lymphocytes and monocytes. Cell Tissue Res 2004; 319:91-102. [PMID: 15517397 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-004-0998-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Accepted: 09/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The coelome-associated lympho-myeloid tissues, including the omentum, are derived from early embryo haemopoietic tissue of the splanchnopleura, and produce B lymphocytes and macrophages. They are reactive in pathologies involving coelomic cavities, in which they can expand in situ the cells of inflammatory infiltrates. We have addressed the question of the role of the adult omentum in permanent basal production of early lymphopoietic progenitors (pro-B/pre-B cells), through characterisation of omentum cells ex vivo, and study of their in vitro differentiation. We have shown that the murine omentum produces early haemopoietic progenitors throughout life, including B-cell progenitors prior to the Ig gene recombination expressing RAG-1 and lambda5, as well as macrophages. Their production is stroma-dependent. The omentum stroma can supply in vitro the cytokines (SDF-1alpha, Flt3 ligand and IL-7) and the molecular environment required for generation of these two cell lineages. Omentum haemopoietic progenitors are similar to those observed in foetal blood cell production, rather than to progenitors found in the adult haemopoietic tissue in the bone marrow--in terms of phenotype expression and differentiation capacity. We conclude that a primitive pattern of haemopoiesis observed in the early embryo is permanently preserved and functional in the adult omentum, providing production of cells engaged in nonspecific protection of abdominal intestinal tissue and of the coelomic cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria de Fátima B Pinho
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, and Programa Avançado de Biologia Celular Aplicada à Medicina-Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Abstract
The foundations of experimental hematology were laid by histologists, and while their contributions were enormous, they were limited in their interpretation of very dynamic processes by the static nature of the methodology. The middle of the twentieth century saw the introduction of techniques for hematopoietic cell marking and development of in vitro and in vivo assays for primitive hematopoietic cells, allowing dynamic studies of hematopoiesis. Paralleling this was an understanding of cellular immunology with the discovery of the role of the thymus and the identification of T and B lymphocyte lineages. In the 1960s a series of ontogenetic studies in birds and subsequently in mice revealed that hematopoietic and lymphoid development involved migration streams of primitive cells that colonized developing primary lymphoid organs as well as spleen, marrow, and liver. The yolk sac was proposed as the ultimate origin of these lympho-hematopoietic precursors. Subsequent studies identified a region associated with the dorsal aorta as the primary site of "definitive" stem cells. These opposing views are currently achieving a compromise that recognizes that both sites contribute stem cells involved in seeding the developing tissues. The clear distinction between the local origin of the inducing microenvironment provided by the endoderm or by stroma derived from mesenchymal stem cells of mesodermal origin, and the immigrant origin of the hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors, raises intriguing questions in the current climate of stem cell plasticity, cell fusion, and discovery of stem cells in adult marrow with the capacity to generate hematopoiesis as well as other mesodermal, ectodermal, and endodermal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm A S Moore
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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