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Alimohamadi H, Rangamani P. Effective cell membrane tension protects red blood cells against malaria invasion. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011694. [PMID: 38048346 PMCID: PMC10721198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A critical step in how malaria parasites invade red blood cells (RBCs) is the wrapping of the membrane around the egg-shaped merozoites. Recent experiments have revealed that RBCs can be protected from malaria invasion by high membrane tension. While cellular and biochemical aspects of parasite actomyosin motor forces during the malaria invasion have been well studied, the important role of the biophysical forces induced by the RBC membrane-cytoskeleton composite has not yet been fully understood. In this study, we use a theoretical model for lipid bilayer mechanics, cytoskeleton deformation, and membrane-merozoite interactions to systematically investigate the influence of effective RBC membrane tension, which includes contributions from the lipid bilayer tension, spontaneous tension, interfacial tension, and the resistance of cytoskeleton against shear deformation on the progression of membrane wrapping during the process of malaria invasion. Our model reveals that this effective membrane tension creates a wrapping energy barrier for a complete merozoite entry. We calculate the tension threshold required to impede the malaria invasion. We find that the tension threshold is a nonmonotonic function of spontaneous tension and undergoes a sharp transition from large to small values as the magnitude of interfacial tension increases. We also predict that the physical properties of the RBC cytoskeleton layer-particularly the resting length of the cytoskeleton-play key roles in specifying the degree of the membrane wrapping. We also found that the shear energy of cytoskeleton deformation diverges at the full wrapping state, suggesting the local disassembly of the cytoskeleton is required to complete the merozoite entry. Additionally, using our theoretical framework, we predict the landscape of myosin-mediated forces and the physical properties of the RBC membrane in regulating successful malaria invasion. Our findings on the crucial role of RBC membrane tension in inhibiting malaria invasion can have implications for developing novel antimalarial therapeutic or vaccine-based strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Alimohamadi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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2
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Sekar P, Rajagopalan S, Shabani E, Kanjee U, Schureck MA, Arora G, Peterson ME, Traore B, Crompton PD, Duraisingh MT, Desai SA, Long EO. NK cell-induced damage to P.falciparum-infected erythrocytes requires ligand-specific recognition and releases parasitophorous vacuoles that are phagocytosed by monocytes in the presence of immune IgG. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011585. [PMID: 37939134 PMCID: PMC10659167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells lyse virus-infected cells and transformed cells through polarized delivery of lytic effector molecules into target cells. We have shown that NK cells lyse Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (iRBC) via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). A high frequency of adaptive NK cells, with elevated intrinsic ADCC activity, in people chronically exposed to malaria transmission is associated with reduced parasitemia and resistance to disease. How NK cells bind to iRBC and the outcome of iRBC lysis by NK cells has not been investigated. We applied gene ablation in inducible erythrocyte precursors and antibody-blocking experiments with iRBC to demonstrate a central role of CD58 and ICAM-4 as ligands for adhesion by NK cells via CD2 and integrin αMβ2, respectively. Adhesion was dependent on opsonization of iRBC by IgG. Live imaging and quantitative flow cytometry of NK-mediated ADCC toward iRBC revealed that damage to the iRBC plasma membrane preceded damage to P. falciparum within parasitophorous vacuoles (PV). PV were identified and tracked with a P.falciparum strain that expresses the PV membrane-associated protein EXP2 tagged with GFP. After NK-mediated ADCC, PV were either found inside iRBC ghosts or released intact and devoid of RBC plasma membrane. Electron microscopy images of ADCC cultures revealed tight NK-iRBC synapses and free vesicles similar in size to GFP+ PV isolated from iRBC lysates by cell sorting. The titer of IgG in plasma of malaria-exposed individuals that bound PV was two orders of magnitude higher than IgG that bound iRBC. This immune IgG stimulated efficient phagocytosis of PV by primary monocytes. The selective NK-mediated damage to iRBC, resulting in release of PV, and subsequent phagocytosis of PV by monocytes may combine for efficient killing and removal of intra-erythrocytic P.falciparum parasite. This mechanism may mitigate the inflammation and malaria symptoms during blood-stage P. falciparum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmapriya Sekar
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sumati Rajagopalan
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Estela Shabani
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Usheer Kanjee
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marc A. Schureck
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gunjan Arora
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Peterson
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Boubacar Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Mali International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Peter D. Crompton
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Manoj T. Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sanjay A. Desai
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric O. Long
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
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3
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Pavan C, Sydor MJ, Bellomo C, Leinardi R, Cananà S, Kendall RL, Rebba E, Corno M, Ugliengo P, Mino L, Holian A, Turci F. Molecular recognition between membrane epitopes and nearly free surface silanols explains silica membranolytic activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 217:112625. [PMID: 35738078 PMCID: PMC10796170 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inhaled crystalline silica causes inflammatory lung diseases, but the mechanism for its unique activity compared to other oxides remains unclear, preventing the development of potential therapeutics. Here, the molecular recognition mechanism between membrane epitopes and "nearly free silanols" (NFS), a specific subgroup of surface silanols, is identified and proposed as a novel broad explanation for particle toxicity in general. Silica samples having different bulk and surface properties, specifically different amounts of NFS, are tested with a set of membrane systems of decreasing molecular complexity and different charge. The results demonstrate that NFS content is the primary determinant of membrane disruption causing red blood cell lysis and changes in lipid order in zwitterionic, but not in negatively charged liposomes. NFS-rich silica strongly and irreversibly adsorbs zwitterionic self-assembled phospholipid structures. This selective interaction is corroborated by density functional theory and supports the hypothesis that NFS recognize membrane epitopes that exhibit a positive quaternary amino and negative phosphate group. These new findings define a new paradigm for deciphering particle-biomembrane interactions that will support safer design of materials and what types of treatments might interrupt particle-biomembrane interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Italy; "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, Italy; Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
| | - Matthew J Sydor
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, United States.
| | - Chiara Bellomo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Italy; "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Leinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Italy; "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, Italy; Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
| | - Stefania Cananà
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Italy; "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, Italy.
| | - Rebekah L Kendall
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, United States.
| | - Erica Rebba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Italy; Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Italy.
| | - Marta Corno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Italy; Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Italy.
| | - Piero Ugliengo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Italy; Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Mino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Italy; Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Italy.
| | - Andrij Holian
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, United States.
| | - Francesco Turci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Italy; "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, Italy; Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Italy.
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Protein Profiling of Malaria-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reveals Distinct Subtypes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12040397. [PMID: 35448366 PMCID: PMC9033066 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12040397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is caused by obligate intracellular parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium. Red blood cells (RBCs) infected with different stages of Plasmodium spp. release extracellular vesicles (EVs). Extensive studies have recently shown that these EVs are involved in key aspects of the parasite’s biology and disease pathogenesis. However, they are yet to be fully characterized. The blood stages of Plasmodium spp., namely the rings, trophozoites and schizonts, are phenotypically distinct, hence, may induce the release of characteristically different EVs from infected RBCs. To gain insights into the biology and biogenesis of malaria EVs, it is important to characterize their biophysical and biochemical properties. By differential centrifugation, we isolated EVs from in vitro cultures of RBCs infected with different stages of Plasmodium falciparum. We performed a preliminary characterization of these EVs and observed that important EV markers were differentially expressed in EVs with different sedimentation properties as well as across EVs released from ring-, trophozoite- or schizont-infected RBCs. Our findings show that RBCs infected with different stages of malaria parasites release EVs with distinct protein expression profiles.
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Loh D, Reiter RJ. Melatonin: Regulation of Prion Protein Phase Separation in Cancer Multidrug Resistance. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030705. [PMID: 35163973 PMCID: PMC8839844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unique ability to adapt and thrive in inhospitable, stressful tumor microenvironments (TME) also renders cancer cells resistant to traditional chemotherapeutic treatments and/or novel pharmaceuticals. Cancer cells exhibit extensive metabolic alterations involving hypoxia, accelerated glycolysis, oxidative stress, and increased extracellular ATP that may activate ancient, conserved prion adaptive response strategies that exacerbate multidrug resistance (MDR) by exploiting cellular stress to increase cancer metastatic potential and stemness, balance proliferation and differentiation, and amplify resistance to apoptosis. The regulation of prions in MDR is further complicated by important, putative physiological functions of ligand-binding and signal transduction. Melatonin is capable of both enhancing physiological functions and inhibiting oncogenic properties of prion proteins. Through regulation of phase separation of the prion N-terminal domain which targets and interacts with lipid rafts, melatonin may prevent conformational changes that can result in aggregation and/or conversion to pathological, infectious isoforms. As a cancer therapy adjuvant, melatonin could modulate TME oxidative stress levels and hypoxia, reverse pH gradient changes, reduce lipid peroxidation, and protect lipid raft compositions to suppress prion-mediated, non-Mendelian, heritable, but often reversible epigenetic adaptations that facilitate cancer heterogeneity, stemness, metastasis, and drug resistance. This review examines some of the mechanisms that may balance physiological and pathological effects of prions and prion-like proteins achieved through the synergistic use of melatonin to ameliorate MDR, which remains a challenge in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Loh
- Independent Researcher, Marble Falls, TX 78654, USA
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (R.J.R.)
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (R.J.R.)
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Structural organization of erythrocyte membrane microdomains and their relation with malaria susceptibility. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1375. [PMID: 34880413 PMCID: PMC8655059 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02900-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-rich microdomains are membrane compartments characterized by specific lipid and protein composition. These dynamic assemblies are involved in several biological processes, including infection by intracellular pathogens. This work provides a comprehensive analysis of the composition of human erythrocyte membrane microdomains. Based on their floating properties, we also categorized the microdomain-associated proteins into clusters. Interestingly, erythrocyte microdomains include the vast majority of the proteins known to be involved in invasion by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. We show here that the Ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase 4 (ART4) and Aquaporin 1 (AQP1), found within one specific cluster, containing the essential host determinant CD55, are recruited to the site of parasite entry and then internalized to the newly formed parasitophorous vacuole membrane. By generating null erythroid cell lines, we showed that one of these proteins, ART4, plays a role in P. falciparum invasion. We also found that genetic variants in both ART4 and AQP1 are associated with susceptibility to the disease in a malaria-endemic population.
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7
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Koudatsu S, Masatani T, Konishi R, Asada M, Hakimi H, Kurokawa Y, Tomioku K, Kaneko O, Fujita A. Glycosphingolipid GM3 is localized in both exoplasmic and cytoplasmic leaflets of Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite plasma membrane. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14890. [PMID: 34290278 PMCID: PMC8295280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts, sterol-rich and sphingolipid-rich microdomains on the plasma membrane are important in processes like cell signaling, adhesion, and protein and lipid transport. The virulence of many eukaryotic parasites is related to raft microdomains on the cell membrane. In the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, which are important for invasion and are possible targets for vaccine development, are localized in the raft. However, rafts are poorly understood. We used quick-freezing and freeze-fracture immuno-electron microscopy to examine the localization of monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) and monosialodihexosylganglioside (GM3), putative raft microdomain components in P. falciparum and infected erythrocytes. This method immobilizes molecules in situ, minimizing artifacts. GM3 was localized in the exoplasmic (EF) and cytoplasmic leaflets (PF) of the parasite and the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) membranes, but solely in the EF of the infected erythrocyte membrane, as in the case for uninfected erythrocytes. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) was localized solely in the PF of erythrocyte, parasite, and PV membranes. This is the first time that GM3, the major component of raft microdomains, was found in the PF of a biological membrane. The unique localization of raft microdomains may be due to P. falciparum lipid metabolism and its unique biological processes, like protein transport from the parasite to infected erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiomi Koudatsu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Masatani
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.,Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Rikako Konishi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Masahito Asada
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hassan Hakimi
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yuna Kurokawa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kanna Tomioku
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Osamu Kaneko
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Akikazu Fujita
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
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4D analysis of malaria parasite invasion offers insights into erythrocyte membrane remodeling and parasitophorous vacuole formation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3620. [PMID: 34131147 PMCID: PMC8206130 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23626-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Host membrane remodeling is indispensable for viruses, bacteria, and parasites, to subvert the membrane barrier and obtain entry into cells. The malaria parasite Plasmodium spp. induces biophysical and molecular changes to the erythrocyte membrane through the ordered secretion of its apical organelles. To understand this process and address the debate regarding how the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) is formed, we developed an approach using lattice light-sheet microscopy, which enables the parasite interaction with the host cell membrane to be tracked and characterized during invasion. Our results show that the PVM is predominantly formed from the erythrocyte membrane, which undergoes biophysical changes as it is remodeled across all stages of invasion, from pre-invasion through to PVM sealing. This approach enables a functional interrogation of parasite-derived lipids and proteins in PVM biogenesis and echinocytosis during Plasmodium falciparum invasion and promises to yield mechanistic insights regarding how this is more generally orchestrated by other intracellular pathogens. Here, Geoghegan, Evelyn et al. provide a lattice light-sheet microscopy based 4D imaging pipeline to quantitatively investigate Plasmodium spp. invasion and show that the nascent parasitophorous vacuole is predominantly formed from host’s erythrocyte membrane and undergoes continuous remodeling throughout invasion.
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9
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Creative interior design by Plasmodium falciparum: Lipid metabolism and the parasite's secret chamber. Parasitol Int 2021; 83:102369. [PMID: 33905815 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Malaria parasites conceal themselves within host erythrocytes and establish a necessary logistics system through the three-membrane layered structures of these cells. To establish this system, lipid metabolism is needed for the de novo synthesis of lipids and the recycling of extracellular lipids and erythrocyte lipid components. Cholesterol supply depends on its uptake from the extracellular environment and erythrocyte cytoplasm, but phospholipids can be synthesized on their own. This differential production of lipid species creates unique modifications in the lipid profile of parasitized erythrocytes, which in turn may influence the biophysical and/or mechanical properties of organelles and vesicles and communication among them. Variations in local membrane properties possibly influence the transportation of various molecules such as parasite-derived proteins, because efficiencies in secretion, vesicle fusion and budding are partly determined by the lipid profiles. Comprehensive understanding of the parasite's lipid metabolism and the biophysics of lipid membranes provides fundamental knowledge about these pathogenic organisms and could lead to new anti-malarials.
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10
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Cao H, Antonopoulos A, Henderson S, Wassall H, Brewin J, Masson A, Shepherd J, Konieczny G, Patel B, Williams ML, Davie A, Forrester MA, Hall L, Minter B, Tampakis D, Moss M, Lennon C, Pickford W, Erwig L, Robertson B, Dell A, Brown GD, Wilson HM, Rees DC, Haslam SM, Alexandra Rowe J, Barker RN, Vickers MA. Red blood cell mannoses as phagocytic ligands mediating both sickle cell anaemia and malaria resistance. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1792. [PMID: 33741926 PMCID: PMC7979802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In both sickle cell disease and malaria, red blood cells (RBCs) are phagocytosed in the spleen, but receptor-ligand pairs mediating uptake have not been identified. Here, we report that patches of high mannose N-glycans (Man5-9GlcNAc2), expressed on diseased or oxidized RBC surfaces, bind the mannose receptor (CD206) on phagocytes to mediate clearance. We find that extravascular hemolysis in sickle cell disease correlates with high mannose glycan levels on RBCs. Furthermore, Plasmodium falciparum-infected RBCs expose surface mannose N-glycans, which occur at significantly higher levels on infected RBCs from sickle cell trait subjects compared to those lacking hemoglobin S. The glycans are associated with high molecular weight complexes and protease-resistant, lower molecular weight fragments containing spectrin. Recognition of surface N-linked high mannose glycans as a response to cellular stress is a molecular mechanism common to both the pathogenesis of sickle cell disease and resistance to severe malaria in sickle cell trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Cao
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Sadie Henderson
- grid.476695.f0000 0004 0495 4557Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Heather Wassall
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - John Brewin
- grid.46699.340000 0004 0391 9020Department of Haematology, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alanna Masson
- grid.417581.e0000 0000 8678 4766Department of Haematology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jenna Shepherd
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Gabriela Konieczny
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Bhinal Patel
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria-Louise Williams
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Adam Davie
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Megan A. Forrester
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lindsay Hall
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Beverley Minter
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Dimitris Tampakis
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Centre for Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University and Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Moss
- grid.476695.f0000 0004 0495 4557Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Charlotte Lennon
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Wendy Pickford
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lars Erwig
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Beverley Robertson
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anne Dell
- grid.46699.340000 0004 0391 9020Department of Haematology, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK ,grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024Medical Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Heather M. Wilson
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - David C. Rees
- grid.46699.340000 0004 0391 9020Department of Haematology, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stuart M. Haslam
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J. Alexandra Rowe
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert N. Barker
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Mark A. Vickers
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK ,grid.476695.f0000 0004 0495 4557Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Aberdeen, UK ,grid.417581.e0000 0000 8678 4766Department of Haematology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
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11
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Brandel A, Aigal S, Lagies S, Schlimpert M, Meléndez AV, Xu M, Lehmann A, Hummel D, Fisch D, Madl J, Eierhoff T, Kammerer B, Römer W. The Gb3-enriched CD59/flotillin plasma membrane domain regulates host cell invasion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3637-3656. [PMID: 33555391 PMCID: PMC8038999 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03766-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa has gained precedence over the years due to its ability to develop resistance to existing antibiotics, thereby necessitating alternative strategies to understand and combat the bacterium. Our previous work identified the interaction between the bacterial lectin LecA and its host cell glycosphingolipid receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) as a crucial step for the engulfment of P. aeruginosa via the lipid zipper mechanism. In this study, we define the LecA-associated host cell membrane domain by pull-down and mass spectrometry analysis. We unraveled a predilection of LecA for binding to saturated, long fatty acyl chain-containing Gb3 species in the extracellular membrane leaflet and an induction of dynamic phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) clusters at the intracellular leaflet co-localizing with sites of LecA binding. We found flotillins and the GPI-anchored protein CD59 not only to be an integral part of the LecA-interacting membrane domain, but also majorly influencing bacterial invasion as depletion of either of these host cell proteins resulted in about 50% reduced invasiveness of the P. aeruginosa strain PAO1. In summary, we report that the LecA-Gb3 interaction at the extracellular leaflet induces the formation of a plasma membrane domain enriched in saturated Gb3 species, CD59, PIP3 and flotillin thereby facilitating efficient uptake of PAO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Brandel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS, Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sahaja Aigal
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Lagies
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstraße 49, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Schlimpert
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstraße 49, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ana Valeria Meléndez
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS, Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maokai Xu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS, Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anika Lehmann
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS, Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Hummel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Fisch
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Josef Madl
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Elsässer Straße 2q, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Eierhoff
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Albert Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bernd Kammerer
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstraße 49, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- CIBSS, Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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12
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Jin Y, Liang Q, Tieleman DP. Interactions between Band 3 Anion Exchanger and Lipid Nanodomains in Ternary Lipid Bilayers: Atomistic Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:3054-3064. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yapan Jin
- Center for Statistical and Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics and Department of Physics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Qing Liang
- Center for Statistical and Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics and Department of Physics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - D. Peter Tieleman
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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13
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The parasitophorous vacuole of the blood-stage malaria parasite. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 18:379-391. [PMID: 31980807 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0321-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The pathology of malaria is caused by infection of red blood cells with unicellular Plasmodium parasites. During blood-stage development, the parasite replicates within a membrane-bound parasitophorous vacuole. A central nexus for host-parasite interactions, this unique parasite shelter functions in nutrient acquisition, subcompartmentalization and the export of virulence factors, making its functional molecules attractive targets for the development of novel intervention strategies to combat the devastating impact of malaria. In this Review, we explore the origin, development, molecular composition and functions of the parasitophorous vacuole of Plasmodium blood stages. We also discuss the relevance of the malaria parasite's intravacuolar lifestyle for successful erythrocyte infection and provide perspectives for future research directions in parasitophorous vacuole biology.
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14
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Anand BG, Prajapati KP, Dubey K, Ahamad N, Shekhawat DS, Rath PC, Joseph GK, Kar K. Self-Assembly of Artificial Sweetener Aspartame Yields Amyloid-like Cytotoxic Nanostructures. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6033-6049. [PMID: 31021591 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports have revealed the intrinsic propensity of single aromatic metabolites to undergo self-assembly and form nanostructures of amyloid nature. Hence, identifying whether aspartame, a universally consumed artificial sweetener, is inherently aggregation prone becomes an important area of investigation. Although the reports on aspartame-linked side effects describe a multitude of metabolic disorders, the mechanistic understanding of such destructive effects is largely mysterious. Since aromaticity, an aggregation-promoting factor, is intrinsic to aspartame's chemistry, it is important to know whether aspartame can undergo self-association and if such a property can predispose any cytotoxicity to biological systems. Our study finds that aspartame molecules, under mimicked physiological conditions, undergo a spontaneous self-assembly process yielding regular β-sheet-like cytotoxic nanofibrils of amyloid nature. The resultant aspartame fibrils were found to trigger amyloid cross-seeding and become a toxic aggregation trap for globular proteins, Aβ peptides, and aromatic metabolites that convert native structures to β-sheet-like fibrils. Aspartame fibrils were also found to induce hemolysis, causing DNA damage resulting in both apoptosis and necrosis-mediated cell death. Specific spatial arrangement between aspartame molecules is predicted to form a regular amyloid-like architecture with a sticky exterior that is capable of promoting viable H-bonds, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic contacts with biomolecules, leading to the onset of protein aggregation and cell death. Results reveal that the aspartame molecule is inherently amyloidogenic, and the self-assembly of aspartame becomes a toxic trap for proteins and cells, exposing the bitter side of such a ubiquitously used artificial sweetener.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibin Gnanadhason Anand
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Jodhpur 342037 , India
| | | | - Kriti Dubey
- School of Life Sciences , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067 , India
| | - Naseem Ahamad
- School of Life Sciences , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067 , India
| | - Dolat Singh Shekhawat
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Jodhpur 342037 , India
| | - Pramod Chandra Rath
- School of Life Sciences , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067 , India
| | - George Kodimattam Joseph
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Jodhpur 342037 , India
| | - Karunakar Kar
- School of Life Sciences , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067 , India
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15
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Pollet H, Conrard L, Cloos AS, Tyteca D. Plasma Membrane Lipid Domains as Platforms for Vesicle Biogenesis and Shedding? Biomolecules 2018; 8:E94. [PMID: 30223513 PMCID: PMC6164003 DOI: 10.3390/biom8030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to several pathophysiological processes and appear as emerging targets for disease diagnosis and therapy. However, successful translation from bench to bedside requires deeper understanding of EVs, in particular their diversity, composition, biogenesis and shedding mechanisms. In this review, we focus on plasma membrane-derived microvesicles (MVs), far less appreciated than exosomes. We integrate documented mechanisms involved in MV biogenesis and shedding, focusing on the red blood cell as a model. We then provide a perspective for the relevance of plasma membrane lipid composition and biophysical properties in microvesiculation on red blood cells but also platelets, immune and nervous cells as well as tumor cells. Although only a few data are available in this respect, most of them appear to converge to the idea that modulation of plasma membrane lipid content, transversal asymmetry and lateral heterogeneity in lipid domains may play a significant role in the vesiculation process. We suggest that lipid domains may represent platforms for inclusion/exclusion of membrane lipids and proteins into MVs and that MVs could originate from distinct domains during physiological processes and disease evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Pollet
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute & Université Catholique de Louvain, UCL B1.75.05, Avenue Hippocrate, 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Louise Conrard
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute & Université Catholique de Louvain, UCL B1.75.05, Avenue Hippocrate, 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Anne-Sophie Cloos
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute & Université Catholique de Louvain, UCL B1.75.05, Avenue Hippocrate, 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Donatienne Tyteca
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute & Université Catholique de Louvain, UCL B1.75.05, Avenue Hippocrate, 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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16
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Alampalli SV, Grover M, Chandran S, Tatu U, Acharya P. Proteome and Structural Organization of the Knob Complex on the Surface of the Plasmodium
Infected Red Blood Cell. Proteomics Clin Appl 2017; 12:e1600177. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manish Grover
- Department of Biochemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
| | - Syama Chandran
- Department of Biochemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
| | - Utpal Tatu
- Department of Biochemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
| | - Pragyan Acharya
- Department of Biochemistry; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
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17
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Sherling ES, van Ooij C. Host cell remodeling by pathogens: the exomembrane system in Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 40:701-21. [PMID: 27587718 PMCID: PMC5007283 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is caused by infection of erythrocytes by parasites of the genus Plasmodium. To survive inside erythrocytes, these parasites induce sweeping changes within the host cell, one of the most dramatic of which is the formation of multiple membranous compartments, collectively referred to as the exomembrane system. As an uninfected mammalian erythrocyte is devoid of internal membranes, the parasite must be the force and the source behind the formation of these compartments. Even though the first evidence of the presence these of internal compartments was obtained over a century ago, their functions remain mostly unclear, and in some cases completely unknown, and the mechanisms underlying their formation are still mysterious. In this review, we provide an overview of the different parts of the exomembrane system, describing the parasitophorous vacuole, the tubovesicular network, Maurer's clefts, the caveola-vesicle complex, J dots and other mobile compartments, and the small vesicles that have been observed in Plasmodium-infected cells. Finally, we combine the data into a simplified view of the exomembrane system and its relation to the alterations of the host erythrocyte. Plasmodium parasites remodel the host erythrocyte in various ways, including the formation of several membranous compartments, together referred to as the exomembrane system, within the erythrocyte cytosol that together are key to the sweeping changes in the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Sherling
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Christiaan van Ooij
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
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18
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Phospholipases during membrane dynamics in malaria parasites. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:129-141. [PMID: 28988696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria, display a well-regulated lipid metabolism required to ensure their survival in the human host as well as in the mosquito vector. The fine-tuning of lipid metabolic pathways is particularly important for the parasites during the rapid erythrocytic infection cycles, and thus enzymes involved in lipid metabolic processes represent prime targets for malaria chemotherapeutics. While plasmodial enzymes involved in lipid synthesis and acquisition have been studied in the past, to date not much is known about the roles of phospholipases for proliferation and transmission of the malaria parasite. These phospholipid-hydrolyzing esterases are crucial for membrane dynamics during host cell infection and egress by the parasite as well as for replication and cell signaling, and thus they are considered important virulence factors. In this review, we provide a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of plasmodial phospholipases identified to date. We further summarize previous findings on the lipid metabolism of Plasmodium, highlight the roles of phospholipases during parasite life-cycle progression, and discuss the plasmodial phospholipases as potential targets for malaria therapy.
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19
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Intrinsic property of phenylalanine to trigger protein aggregation and hemolysis has a direct relevance to phenylketonuria. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11146. [PMID: 28894147 PMCID: PMC5593866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10911-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess accumulation of phenylalanine is the characteristic of untreated Phenylketonuria (PKU), a well-known genetic abnormality, which triggers several neurological, physical and developmental severities. However, the fundamental mechanism behind the origin of such diverse health problems, particularly the issue of how they are related to the build-up of phenylalanine molecules in the body, is largely unknown. Here, we show cross-seeding ability of phenylalanine fibrils that can effectively initiate an aggregation process in proteins under physiological conditions, converting native protein structures to β-sheet assembly. The resultant fibrils were found to cause severe hemolysis, yielding a plethora of deformed erythrocytes that is highly relevant to phenylketonuria. Unique arrangement of zwitterionic phenylalanine molecules in their amyloid-like higher order entities is predicted to promote both hydrophobic and electrostatic interaction, sufficient enough to trap proteins and to preferentially interact with the membrane components of RBCs. Since the prevalence of hemolysis and amyloid related psychoneurological severities are mostly observed in PKU patients, we propose that the inherent property of phenylalanine fibrils to trigger hemolysis and to induce protein aggregation may have direct relevance to the disease mechanism of PKU.
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20
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Abstract
Erythropoiesis is tightly regulated by the growth factor erythropoietin (Epo). Signal activation begins when Epo engages its cognate receptor, Epo-R, triggering receptor homodimerization, and recruitment of signaling intermediates including Jak2 that phosphorylates both the receptor cytoplasmic tail and downstream effectors including the transcription factor, STAT5. Transcription factors subsequently activate transcription of prosurvival and prodifferentiation genes responsible for red blood cell production. The fidelity of Epo-R signaling is dependent upon residence within detergent insoluble membrane lipid raft fractions. Lipid rafts are membrane microdomains that serve as signaling scaffolds composed of densely packed sphingolipids and cholesterol where receptors and intermediate signaling proteins are recruited and interact to execute stimuli. Disruption of lipid rafts is detrimental to Epo signaling, a phenomenon that may be utilized to design novel therapeutics for conditions in which Epo signaling is deficient. Here, we review the Epo signaling cascade, particularly, as it relates to localization and dependence on lipid rafts, and discuss considerations for novel therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy McGraw
- Division of Clinical Sciences, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States.
| | - Alan List
- Division of Clinical Sciences, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
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21
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Ghosh S, Kennedy K, Sanders P, Matthews K, Ralph SA, Counihan NA, de Koning-Ward TF. ThePlasmodiumrhoptry associated protein complex is important for parasitophorous vacuole membrane structure and intraerythrocytic parasite growth. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sreejoyee Ghosh
- School of Medicine; Deakin University; Waurn Ponds Victoria Australia
| | - Kit Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Paul Sanders
- The Burnet Institute; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Kathryn Matthews
- School of Medicine; Deakin University; Waurn Ponds Victoria Australia
| | - Stuart A. Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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22
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Revin VV, Gromova NV, Revina ES, Martynova MI, Seikina AI, Revina NV, Imarova OG, Solomadin IN, Tychkov AY, Zhelev N. Role of Membrane Lipids in the Regulation of Erythrocytic Oxygen-Transport Function in Cardiovascular Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3429604. [PMID: 27872848 PMCID: PMC5107249 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3429604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The composition and condition of membrane lipids, the morphology of erythrocytes, and hemoglobin distribution were explored with the help of laser interference microscopy (LIM) and Raman spectroscopy. It is shown that patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have significant changes in the composition of their phospholipids and the fatty acids of membrane lipids. Furthermore, the microviscosity of the membranes and morphology of the erythrocytes are altered causing disordered oxygen transport by hemoglobin. Basic therapy carried out with the use of antiaggregants, statins, antianginals, beta-blockers, and calcium antagonists does not help to recover the morphofunctional properties of erythrocytes. Based on the results the authors assume that, for the relief of the ischemic crisis and further therapeutic treatment, it is necessary to include, in addition to cardiovascular disease medicines, medication that increases the ability of erythrocytes' hemoglobin to transport oxygen to the tissues. We assume that the use of LIM and Raman spectroscopy is advisable for early diagnosis of changes in the structure and functional state of erythrocytes when cardiovascular diseases develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor V. Revin
- Federal State-Financed Academic Institution of Higher Education “National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University”, Saransk 430005, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Gromova
- Federal State-Financed Academic Institution of Higher Education “National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University”, Saransk 430005, Russia
| | - Elvira S. Revina
- Federal State-Financed Academic Institution of Higher Education “National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University”, Saransk 430005, Russia
| | - Maria I. Martynova
- Federal State-Financed Academic Institution of Higher Education “National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University”, Saransk 430005, Russia
| | - Angelina I. Seikina
- Federal State-Financed Academic Institution of Higher Education “National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University”, Saransk 430005, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V. Revina
- Federal State-Financed Academic Institution of Higher Education “National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University”, Saransk 430005, Russia
| | - Oksana G. Imarova
- GBUZ RM “National Hospital for War Veterans”, Saransk 430005, Russia
| | - Ilia N. Solomadin
- Federal State-Financed Academic Institution of Higher Education “National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University”, Saransk 430005, Russia
| | - Alexander Yu. Tychkov
- Federal State-Financed Academic Institution of Higher Education “National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University”, Saransk 430005, Russia
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23
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Tahara M, Andrabi SBA, Matsubara R, Aonuma H, Nagamune K. A host cell membrane microdomain is a critical factor for organelle discharge by Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:378-88. [PMID: 27217289 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Host cell microdomains are involved in the attachment, entry, and replication of intracellular microbial pathogens. Entry into the host cell of Toxoplasma gondii and the subsequent survival of this protozoan parasite are tightly coupled with the proteins secreted from organelle called rhoptry. The rhoptry proteins are rapidly discharged into clusters of vesicles, called evacuoles, which are then delivered to parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs) or nucleus. In this study, we examined the roles of two host cell microdomain components, cholesterol and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), in evacuole formation. The acute depletion of cholesterol from the host cell plasma membrane blocked evacuole formation but not invasion. Whereas the lack of host cell GPI also altered evacuole formation but not invasion, instead inducing excess evacuole formation. The latter effect was not influenced by the evacuole-inhibiting effects of host cell cholesterol depletion, indicating the independent roles of host GPI and cholesterol in evacuole formation. In addition, the excess formation of evacuoles resulted in the enhanced recruitment of host mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum to PVs, which in turn stimulated the growth of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiru Tahara
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Syed Bilal Ahmad Andrabi
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuma Matsubara
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroka Aonuma
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kisaburo Nagamune
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Satchwell TJ. Erythrocyte invasion receptors for Plasmodium falciparum: new and old. Transfus Med 2016; 26:77-88. [PMID: 26862042 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the complex process by which the invasive form of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite, the merozoite, attaches to and invades erythrocytes as part of its blood stage life cycle represents a key area of research in the battle to combat malaria. Central to this are efforts to determine the identity of receptors on the host cell surface, their corresponding merozoite-binding proteins and the functional relevance of these binding events as part of the invasion process. This review will provide an updated summary of studies identifying receptor interactions essential for or implicated in P. falciparum merozoite invasion of human erythrocytes, highlighting the recent identification of new receptors using groundbreaking high throughput approaches and with particular focus on the properties and putative involvement of the erythrocyte proteins targeted by these invasion pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Satchwell
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK
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25
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O. Nwamba C, C. Chilaka F, Akbar Moosavi-Movahedi A. Cation modulation of hemoglobin interaction with sodium n-dodecyl sulphate (SDS) iv: magnesium modulation at pH 7.20. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2016.1.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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26
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Yasueda Y, Tamura T, Kuwara K, Takaoka Y, Hamachi I. Biomembrane-embedded Catalysts for Membrane-associated Protein Labeling on Red Blood Cells. CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.150797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yasueda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Tomonori Tamura
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Keiko Kuwara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University
| | | | - Itaru Hamachi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency
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27
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Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is the protozoan parasite that causes most malaria-associated morbidity and mortality in humans with over 500,000 deaths annually. The disease symptoms are associated with repeated cycles of invasion and asexual multiplication inside red blood cells of the parasite. Partial, non-sterile immunity to P. falciparum malaria develops only after repeated infections and continuous exposure. The successful evasion of the human immune system relies on the large repertoire of antigenically diverse parasite proteins displayed on the red blood cell surface and on the merozoite membrane where they are exposed to the human immune system. Expression switching of these polymorphic proteins between asexual parasite generations provides an efficient mechanism to adapt to the changing environment in the host and to maintain chronic infection. This chapter discusses antigenic diversity and variation in the malaria parasite and our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that direct the expression of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Petter
- Department of Medicine Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Michael F Duffy
- Department of Medicine Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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28
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Manni MM, Cano A, Alonso C, Goñi FM. Lipids that determine detergent resistance of MDCK cell membrane fractions. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 191:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Baumeister S, Gangopadhyay P, Repnik U, Lingelbach K. Novel insights into red blood cell physiology using parasites as tools. Eur J Cell Biol 2015; 94:332-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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30
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Gupta H, Jain A, Saadi AV, Vasudevan TG, Hande MH, D'Souza SC, Ghosh SK, Umakanth S, Satyamoorthy K. Categorical complexities of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in individuals is associated with genetic variations in ADORA2A and GRK5 genes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:188-99. [PMID: 26066465 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the erythrocytes, malaria parasite entry and infection is mediated through complex membrane sorting and signaling processes. We investigated the effects of single-locus and multilocus interactions to test the hypothesis that the members of the GPCR family genes, adenosine A2a receptor (ADORA2A) and G-protein coupled receptor kinase5 (GRK5), may contribute to the pathogenesis of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) independently or through complex interactions. In a case-control study of adults, individuals affected by Pf malaria (complicated n=168; uncomplicated n=282) and healthy controls (n=450) were tested for their association to four known SNPs in GRK5 (rs2230345, rs2275036, rs4752307 and rs11198918) and two in ADORA2A (rs9624472 and rs5751876) genes with malaria susceptibility, using techniques of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms and direct DNA sequencing. Single-locus analysis showed significant association of 2 SNPs; rs5751876 (OR=3.2(2.0-5.2); p=0.0006) of ADORA2A and rs2230345 (OR=0.3(0.2-0.5); p=0.0006) of GRK5 with malaria. The mean of the serum creatinine levels were significantly higher in patients with variant GG (p=0.006) of rs9624472 in ADORA2A gene compared to AA and AG genotypes in complicated Pf malaria cases, with the G allele also showing increased risk for malaria (OR=1.3(1.1-1.6); p=0.017). Analyses of predicted haplotypes of the two ADORA2A and the four GRK5 SNPs have identified the haplotypes that conferred risk as well as resistance to malaria with statistical significance. Molecular docking analysis of evolutionary rs2230345 SNP indicated a stable activity of GRK5 for the mutant allele compared to the wild type. Further, generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction to test the contribution of individual effects of the six polymorphisms and higher-order interactions to risk of symptoms/clinical complications of malaria suggested a best six-locus model showing statistical significance. The study provides evidence for the role of ADORA2A and GRK5 that might influence the etiology of malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Aditya Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Abdul Vahab Saadi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Thanvanthri G Vasudevan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Manjunath H Hande
- Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal University, Karnataka, India
| | - Sydney C D'Souza
- Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, Karnataka, India
| | - Susanta K Ghosh
- National Institute of Malaria Research (Field Unit), Bangalore, India
| | - Shashikiran Umakanth
- Department of Medicine, Dr. TMA Pai Hospital, Udupi, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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31
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Casadei BR, De Oliveira Carvalho P, Riske KA, Barbosa RDM, De Paula E, Domingues CC. Brij detergents reveal new aspects of membrane microdomain in erythrocytes. Mol Membr Biol 2015; 31:195-205. [PMID: 25222860 DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2014.949319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane microdomains enriched in cholesterol, sphingolipids (rafts), and specific proteins are involved in important physiological functions. However their structure, size and stability are still controversial. Given that detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) are in the liquid-ordered state and are rich in raft-like components, they might correspond to rafts at least to some extent. Here we monitor the lateral order of biological membranes by characterizing DRMs from erythrocytes obtained with Brij-98, Brij-58, and TX-100 at 4 °C and 37 °C. All DRMs were enriched in cholesterol and contained the raft markers flotillin-2 and stomatin. However, sphingomyelin (SM) was only found to be enriched in TX-100-DRMs - a detergent that preferentially solubilizes the membrane inner leaflet - while Band 3 was present solely in Brij-DRMs. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra showed that the acyl chain packing of Brij-DRMs was lower than TX-100-DRMs, providing evidence of their diverse lipid composition. Fatty acid analysis revealed that the SM fraction of the DRMs was enriched in lignoceric acid, which should specifically contribute to the resistance of SM to detergents. These results indicate that lipids from the outer leaflet, particularly SM, are essential for the formation of the liquid-ordered phase of DRMs. At last, the differential solubilization process induced by Brij-98 and TX-100 was monitored using giant unilamellar vesicles. This study suggests that Brij and TX-100-DRMs reflect different degrees of lateral order of the membrane microdomains. Additionally, Brij DRMs are composed by both inner and outer leaflet components, making them more physiologically relevant than TX-100-DRMs to the studies of membrane rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Renata Casadei
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) , Campinas , Brazil
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32
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Repnik U, Gangopadhyay P, Bietz S, Przyborski JM, Griffiths G, Lingelbach K. The apicomplexan parasite Babesia divergens internalizes band 3, glycophorin A and spectrin during invasion of human red blood cells. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1052-68. [PMID: 25628009 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum invades human red blood cells (RBC), while Babesia divergens infects bovine and, occasionally, human RBC. The mammalian RBC is normally unable to endocytose or phagocytose and the events leading to invasion are incompletely understood. Initially, both parasites are surrounded by the RBC plasma membrane-derived parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) that is formed during invasion. In P. falciparum-infected RBC, the PVM persists at least until parasite replication is completed whereas it has been proposed that the B. divergens PVM is disintegrated soon upon invasion. Here, we have used a B. divergens strain adapted to human RBC to investigate the formation and fate of the PVM. Using ultrastructural analysis and whole-mount or on-section immunofluorescence and immunogold labelling, we demonstrate that the initial vacuolar membrane is formed from protein and lipid components of the RBC plasma membrane. Integral membrane proteins band 3 and glycophorin A and the cytoskeletal protein spectrin are associated with the PVM of the B. divergens, but are absent from the PVM of P. falciparum at the ring or the trophozoite stage. Our results provide evidence that the biophysical properties of the RBC cytoskeleton per se do not preclude the internalization of cytoskeletal proteins by invading parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urska Repnik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | - Preetish Gangopadhyay
- Department of Parasitology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, Marburg, 35043, Germany
| | - Sven Bietz
- Department of Parasitology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, Marburg, 35043, Germany
| | - Jude M Przyborski
- Department of Parasitology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, Marburg, 35043, Germany
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | - Klaus Lingelbach
- Department of Parasitology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, Marburg, 35043, Germany
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33
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Membrane rafts in the erythrocyte membrane: a novel role of MPP1p55. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 842:61-78. [PMID: 25408337 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11280-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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34
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Tokumasu F, Crivat G, Ackerman H, Hwang J, Wellems TE. Inward cholesterol gradient of the membrane system in P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes involves a dilution effect from parasite-produced lipids. Biol Open 2014; 3:529-41. [PMID: 24876390 PMCID: PMC4058088 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20147732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) infection remodels the human erythrocyte with new membrane systems, including a modified host erythrocyte membrane (EM), a parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM), a tubulovesicular network (TVN), and Maurer's clefts (MC). Here we report on the relative cholesterol contents of these membranes in parasitized normal (HbAA) and hemoglobin S-containing (HbAS, HbAS) erythrocytes. Results from fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) experiments with a cholesterol-sensitive fluorophore show that membrane cholesterol levels in parasitized erythrocytes (pRBC) decrease inwardly from the EM, to the MC/TVN, to the PVM, and finally to the parasite membrane (PM). Cholesterol depletion of pRBC by methyl-β-cyclodextrin treatment caused a collapse of this gradient. Lipid and cholesterol exchange data suggest that the cholesterol gradient involves a dilution effect from non-sterol lipids produced by the parasite. FLIM signals from the PVM or PM showed little or no difference between parasitized HbAA vs HbS-containing erythrocytes that differed in lipid content, suggesting that malaria parasites may regulate the cholesterol contents of the PVM and PM independently of levels in the host cell membrane. Cholesterol levels may affect raft structures and the membrane trafficking and sorting functions that support Pf survival in HbAA, HbAS and HbSS erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuki Tokumasu
- Malaria Genetics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA Present address: Department of Lipidomics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Georgeta Crivat
- Malaria Genetics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA Quantum Electronics and Photonics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Hans Ackerman
- Malaria Genetics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA
| | - Jeeseong Hwang
- Quantum Electronics and Photonics Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Thomas E Wellems
- Malaria Genetics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA
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35
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Zhao W, Tian Y, Cai M, Wang F, Wu J, Gao J, Liu S, Jiang J, Jiang S, Wang H. Studying the nucleated mammalian cell membrane by single molecule approaches. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91595. [PMID: 24806512 PMCID: PMC4012985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane plays a key role in compartmentalization, nutrient transportation and signal transduction, while the pattern of protein distribution at both cytoplasmic and ectoplasmic sides of the cell membrane remains elusive. Using a combination of single-molecule techniques, including atomic force microscopy (AFM), single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), to study the structure of nucleated cell membranes, we found that (1) proteins at the ectoplasmic side of the cell membrane form a dense protein layer (4 nm) on top of a lipid bilayer; (2) proteins aggregate to form islands evenly dispersed at the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane with a height of about 10–12 nm; (3) cholesterol-enriched domains exist within the cell membrane; (4) carbohydrates stay in microdomains at the ectoplasmic side; and (5) exposed amino groups are asymmetrically distributed on both sides. Based on these observations, we proposed a Protein Layer-Lipid-Protein Island (PLLPI) model, to provide a better understanding of cell membrane structure, membrane trafficking and viral fusion mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiazhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Junguang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HW); (SJ)
| | - Hongda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (HW); (SJ)
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Abstract
The cell type of election for the study of cell membranes, the mammalian non-nucleated erythrocyte, has been scarcely considered in the research of membrane rafts of the plasma membrane. However, detergent-resistant-membranes (DRM) were actually first described in human erythrocytes, as a fraction resisting solubilization by the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. These DRMs were insoluble entities of high density, easily pelleted by centrifugation, as opposed to the now accepted concept of lipid raft-like membrane fractions as material floating in low-density regions of sucrose gradients. The present article reviews the available literature on membrane rafts/DRMs in human erythrocytes from an historical point of view, describing the experiments that provided the solution to the above described discrepancy and suggesting possible avenue of research in the field of membrane rafts that, moving from the most studied model of living cell membrane, the erythrocyte's, could be relevant also for other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Ciana
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
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37
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Gupta H, Sakharwade SC, Angural A, Kotambail A, Bhat GK, Hande MH, D'Souza SC, Rao P, Kumari V, Saadi AV, Satyamoorthy K. Evidence for genetic linkage between a polymorphism in the GNAS gene and malaria in South Indian population. Acta Trop 2013; 128:571-7. [PMID: 23962387 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The complex imprinted GNAS locus which encodes G-alpha subunit (Gαs) is involved in a number of G-protein coupled signaling pathways in eukaryotic cells. Erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium falciparum parasites is significantly regulated by protein of GNAS gene. This study was designed to evaluate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present in GNAS locus and susceptibility to malaria. In this case control study, individuals affected by P. falciparum malaria (n=230), Plasmodium vivax malaria (n=230) and normal controls (n=230) were tested for the association of eighteen (18) known SNPs to evaluate their role in the onset of the disease. There was no significant difference in genotype frequencies of all the SNPs tested between P. falciparum and P. vivax affected individuals. However, when Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons were performed as a control, our results demonstrated alleles and genotypes of rs7121: C>T (NC_000020.10:g.57478807C>T), a silent polymorphism situated in the exon 5, were significantly (p<0.05) associated with susceptibility to malaria in the South Indians participants. Our results demonstrate that population specific polymorphisms that exist in GNAS gene may alter the risk of occurrence of malaria.
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Yam XY, Birago C, Fratini F, Di Girolamo F, Raggi C, Sargiacomo M, Bachi A, Berry L, Fall G, Currà C, Pizzi E, Breton CB, Ponzi M. Proteomic analysis of detergent-resistant membrane microdomains in trophozoite blood stage of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:3948-61. [PMID: 24045696 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.029272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens contribute to a significant proportion of infectious diseases worldwide. The successful strategy of evading the immune system by hiding inside host cells is common to all the microorganism classes, which exploit membrane microdomains, enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids, to invade and colonize the host cell. These assemblies, with distinct biochemical properties, can be isolated by means of flotation in sucrose density gradient centrifugation because they are insoluble in nonionic detergents at low temperature. We analyzed the protein and lipid contents of detergent-resistant membranes from erythrocytes infected by Plasmodium falciparum, the most deadly human malaria parasite. Proteins associated with membrane microdomains of trophic parasite blood stages (trophozoites) include an abundance of chaperones, molecules involved in vesicular trafficking, and enzymes implicated in host hemoglobin degradation. About 60% of the identified proteins contain a predicted localization signal suggesting a role of membrane microdomains in protein sorting/trafficking. To validate our proteomic data, we raised antibodies against six Plasmodium proteins not characterized previously. All the selected candidates were recovered in floating low-density fractions after density gradient centrifugation. The analyzed proteins localized either to internal organelles, such as the mitochondrion and the endoplasmic reticulum, or to exported membrane structures, the parasitophorous vacuole membrane and Maurer's clefts, implicated in targeting parasite proteins to the host erythrocyte cytosol or surface. The relative abundance of cholesterol and phospholipid species varies in gradient fractions containing detergent-resistant membranes, suggesting heterogeneity in the lipid composition of the isolated microdomain population. This study is the first report showing the presence of cholesterol-rich microdomains with distinct properties and subcellular localization in trophic stages of Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yan Yam
- University Montpellier II, CNRS UMR 5235, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
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McMorran BJ, Burgio G, Foote SJ. New insights into the protective power of platelets in malaria infection. Commun Integr Biol 2013; 6:e23653. [PMID: 23710276 PMCID: PMC3656011 DOI: 10.4161/cib.23653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets, as well as regulating blood hemostasis, are an important component of the body’s defense against invading microbial pathogens. We previously reported that platelets protect during malaria infection by binding Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes (IE) and killing the parasite within. More recent studies have now revealed the platelet plasmocidal factor, platelet factor 4 (PF4) and the red cell-expressed Duffy-antigen molecule as the central players in the parasite killing activity of platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J McMorran
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine; Macquarie University; Macquarie Park, NSW Australia
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Moreira RA, Mendanha SA, Hansen D, Alonso A. Interaction of Miltefosine with the Lipid and Protein Components of the Erythrocyte Membrane. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:1661-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Malaria and human red blood cells. Med Microbiol Immunol 2012; 201:593-8. [PMID: 22965173 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-012-0272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Invasion by the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, brings about extensive changes in the host red cells. These include loss of the normal discoid shape, increased rigidity of the membrane, elevated permeability to a wide variety of ionic and other species and increased adhesiveness, most notably to endothelial surfaces. These effects facilitate survival of the parasite within the host cell and tend to increase the virulence of disease that includes cerebral malaria and anemia. Numerous proteins secreted by the internalized parasite and interacting with red cell membrane proteins are responsible for the changes occurring to the host cell. Anemia, a serious clinical manifestation of malaria, is due to increased destruction of both infected and uninfected red cells due to membrane alterations, as well as ineffective erythropoiesis. There is very good evidence that various red cell disorders including hemoglobinopathies and hereditary ovalocytosis decrease the virulence of disease following parasite infection. A number of mechanism(s) are likely responsible for the protective effect of various red cell abnormalities including decreased invasion, impaired intraerythrocytic development of the parasites and altered interaction between exported parasite proteins and the red cell membrane skeleton.
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Gretes MC, Poole LB, Karplus PA. Peroxiredoxins in parasites. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:608-33. [PMID: 22098136 PMCID: PMC3373223 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Parasite survival and virulence relies on effective defenses against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species produced by the host immune system. Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are ubiquitous enzymes now thought to be central to such defenses and, as such, have potential value as drug targets and vaccine antigens. RECENT ADVANCES Plasmodial and kinetoplastid Prx systems are the most extensively studied, yet remain inadequately understood. For many other parasites our knowledge is even less well developed. Through parasite genome sequencing efforts, however, the key players are being discovered and characterized. Here we describe what is known about the biochemistry, regulation, and cell biology of Prxs in parasitic protozoa, helminths, and fungi. At least one Prx is found in each parasite with a sequenced genome, and a notable theme is the common patterns of expression, localization, and functionality among sequence-similar Prxs in related species. CRITICAL ISSUES The nomenclature of Prxs from parasites is in a state of disarray, causing confusion and making comparative inferences difficult. Here we introduce a systematic Prx naming convention that is consistent between organisms and informative about structural and evolutionary relationships. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The new nomenclature should stimulate the crossfertilization of ideas among parasitologists and with the broader redox research community. The diverse parasite developmental stages and host environments present complex systems in which to explore the variety of roles played by Prxs, with a view toward parlaying what is learned into novel therapies and vaccines that are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Gretes
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Leslie B. Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - P. Andrew Karplus
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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Spielmann T, Montagna GN, Hecht L, Matuschewski K. Molecular make-up of the Plasmodium parasitophorous vacuolar membrane. Int J Med Microbiol 2012; 302:179-86. [PMID: 22898489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, is an obligate, intracellular, eukaryotic cell that invades, replicates, and differentiates within hepatocytes and erythrocytes. Inside a host cell, a second membrane delineates the developing pathogen in addition to the parasite plasma membrane, resulting in a distinct cellular compartment, termed parasitophorous vacuole (PV). The PV membrane (PVM) constitutes the parasite-host cell interface and is likely central to nutrient acquisition, host cell remodeling, waste disposal, environmental sensing, and protection from innate defense. Over the past two decades, a number of parasite-encoded PVM proteins have been identified. They include multigene families and protein complexes, such as early-transcribed membrane proteins (ETRAMPs) and the Plasmodium translocon for exported proteins (PTEX). Nearly all Plasmodium PVM proteins are restricted to this genus and display transient and stage-specific expression. Here, we provide an overview of the PVM proteins of Plasmodium blood and liver stages. Biochemical and experimental genetics data suggest that some PVM proteins are ideal targets for novel anti-malarial intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Spielmann
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
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Tokumasu F, Ostera GR, Amaratunga C, Fairhurst RM. Modifications in erythrocyte membrane zeta potential by Plasmodium falciparum infection. Exp Parasitol 2012; 131:245-51. [PMID: 22459624 PMCID: PMC3361589 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The zeta potential (ZP) is an electrochemical property of cell surfaces that is determined by the net electrical charge of molecules exposed at the surface of cell membranes. Membrane proteins contribute to the total net electrical charge of cell surfaces and can alter ZP through variation in their copy number and changes in their intermolecular interactions. Plasmodium falciparum extensively remodels its host red blood cell (RBC) membrane by placing 'knob'-like structures at the cell surface. Using an electrophoretic mobility assay, we found that the mean ZP of human RBCs was -15.7 mV. In RBCs infected with P. falciparum trophozoites ('iRBCs'), the mean ZP was significantly lower (-14.6 mV, p<0.001). Removal of sialic acid from the cell surface by neuraminidase treatment significantly decreased the ZP of both RBCs (-6.06 mV) and iRBCs (-4.64 mV). Parasite-induced changes in ZP varied by P. falciparum clone and the presence of knobs on the iRBC surface. Variations in ZP values were accompanied by altered binding of iRBCs to human microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs). These data suggest that parasite-derived knob proteins contribute to the ZP of iRBCs, and that electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between iRBC and MVEC membranes are involved in cytoadherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuki Tokumasu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132, USA.
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45
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Cai M, Zhao W, Shang X, Jiang J, Ji H, Tang Z, Wang H. Direct evidence of lipid rafts by in situ atomic force microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:1243-50. [PMID: 22351491 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201102183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Lipid rafts are membrane microdomains enriched with cholesterol, glycosphingolipids, and proteins. Although they are broadly presumed to play a pivotal role in various cellular functions, there are still fierce debates about the composition, functions, and even existence of lipid rafts. Here high-resolution and time-lapse in situ atomic force microscopy is used to directly confirm the existence of lipid rafts in native erythrocyte membranes. The results indicate some important aspects of lipid rafts: most of the lipid rafts are in the size range of 100-300 nm and have irregular shape; the detergent-resistant membranes consist of cholesterol microdomains and are not likely the same as the lipid rafts; cholesterol contributes significantly to the formation and stability of the protein domains; and Band III is an important protein of lipid rafts in the inner leaflet of erythrocyte membranes, indicating that lipid rafts are exactly the functional domains in plasma membrane. This work provides direct evidence of the presence, size, and main constitutive protein of lipid rafts at a resolution of a few nanometers, which will pave the way for studying their structure and functions in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China
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46
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Shen B, Sibley LD. The moving junction, a key portal to host cell invasion by apicomplexan parasites. Curr Opin Microbiol 2012; 15:449-55. [PMID: 22445360 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
One defining feature of apicomplexan parasites is their special ability to actively invade host cells. Although rapid, invasion is a complicated process that requires coordinated activities of host cell attachment, protein secretion, and motility by the parasite. Central to this process is the establishment of a structure called moving junction (MJ), which forms a tight connection between invading parasite and host cell membranes through which the parasite passes to enter into the host. Although recognized microscopically for decades, molecular characterization of the MJ was only enabled by the recent discovery of components that make up this multi-protein complex. Exciting progress made during the past few years on both the structure and function of the components of the MJ is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang Shen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
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Digestive vacuole of Plasmodium falciparum released during erythrocyte rupture dually activates complement and coagulation. Blood 2012; 119:4301-10. [PMID: 22403252 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-11-392134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria evolves through the interplay among capillary sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes, deregulated inflammatory responses, and hemostasis dysfunction. After rupture, each parasitized erythrocyte releases not only infective merozoites, but also the digestive vacuole (DV), a membrane-bounded organelle containing the malaria pigment hemozoin. In the present study, we report that the intact organelle, but not isolated hemozoin, dually activates the alternative complement and the intrinsic clotting pathway. Procoagulant activity is destroyed by phospholipase C treatment, indicating a critical role of phospholipid head groups exposed at the DV surface. Intravenous injection of DVs caused alternative pathway complement consumption and provoked apathy and reduced nociceptive responses in rats. Ultrasonication destroyed complement-activating and procoagulant properties in vitro and rendered the DVs biologically inactive in vivo. Low-molecular-weight dextran sulfate blocked activation of both complement and coagulation and protected animals from the harmful effects of DV infusion. We surmise that in chronic malaria, complement activation by and opsonization of the DV may serve a useful function in directing hemozoin to phagocytic cells for safe disposal. However, when the waste disposal system of the host is overburdened, DVs may transform into a trigger of pathology and therefore represent a potential therapeutic target in severe malaria.
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Ishii T, Warabi E, Yanagawa T. Novel roles of peroxiredoxins in inflammation, cancer and innate immunity. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2012; 50:91-105. [PMID: 22448089 PMCID: PMC3303482 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.11-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins possess thioredoxin or glutathione peroxidase and chaperone-like activities and thereby protect cells from oxidative insults. Recent studies, however, reveal additional functions of peroxiredoxins in gene expression and inflammation-related biological reactions such as tissue repair, parasite infection and tumor progression. Notably, peroxiredoxin 1, the major mammalian peroxiredoxin family protein, directly interacts with transcription factors such as c-Myc and NF-κB in the nucleus. Additionally, peroxiredoxin 1 is secreted from some cells following stimulation with TGF-β and other cytokines and is thus present in plasma and body fluids. Peroxiredoxin 1 is now recognized as one of the pro-inflammatory factors interacting with toll-like receptor 4, which triggers NF-κB activation and other signaling pathways to evoke inflammatory reactions. Some cancer cells release peroxiredoxin 1 to stimulate toll-like receptor 4-mediated signaling for their progression. Interestingly, peroxiredoxins expressed in protozoa and helminth may modulate host immune responses partly through toll-like receptor 4 for their survival and progression in host. Extracellular peroxiredoxin 1 and peroxiredoxin 2 are known to enhance natural killer cell activity and suppress virus-replication in cells. Peroxiredoxin 1-deficient mice show reduced antioxidant activities but also exhibit restrained tissue inflammatory reactions under some patho-physiological conditions. Novel functions of peroxiredoxins in inflammation, cancer and innate immunity are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Ishii
- Majors of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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49
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Curvature factor and membrane solubilization, with particular reference to membrane rafts. Cell Biol Int 2012; 35:991-5. [PMID: 21438858 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The composition of membrane rafts (cholesterol/sphingolipid-rich domains) cannot be fully deduced from the analysis of a detergent-resistant membrane fraction after solubilization in Triton X-100 at 4°C. It is hypothesized that the membrane curvature-dependent lateral distribution of membrane components affects their solubilization. The stomatocytogenic, Triton X-100, cannot effectively solubilize membrane components, especially with regard to the outward membrane curvature.
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50
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Flotillin-1 (Reggie-2) contributes to Chlamydia pneumoniae growth and is associated with bacterial inclusion. Infect Immun 2012; 80:1072-8. [PMID: 22215737 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05528-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular pathogens replicating only inside the eukaryotic host. Here, we studied the effect of human flotillin-1 protein on Chlamydia pneumoniae growth in human line (HL) and A549 epithelial cell lines. RNA interference was applied to disrupt flotillin-1-mediated endocytosis. Host-associated bacteria were detected by quantitative PCR, and C. pneumoniae growth was evaluated by inclusion counts. C. pneumoniae attachment to host cells was unaffected, but bacterial intracellular growth was attenuated in the flotillin-1-silenced cells. By using confocal microscopy, we detected flotillin-1 colocalized with the inclusion membrane protein A (IncA) in the C. pneumoniae inclusion membranes. In addition, flotillin-1 was associated with IncA in detergent-resistant membrane microdomains (DRMs) in biochemical fractioning. These results suggest that flotillin-1 localizes to the C. pneumoniae inclusion membrane and plays an important role for intracellular growth of C. pneumoniae.
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