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Barisic S, Childs RW. Graft-Versus-Solid-Tumor Effect: From Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation to Adoptive Cell Therapies. Stem Cells 2022; 40:556-563. [PMID: 35325242 PMCID: PMC9216497 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
After allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), donor lymphocytes may contribute to the regression of hematological malignancies and select solid tumors, a phenomenon referred to as the graft-versus-tumor effect (GVT). However, this immunologic reaction is frequently limited by either poor specificity resulting in graft-versus-host disease or the frequency of tumor-specific T cells being too low to induce a complete and sustained anti-tumor response. Over the past 2 decades, it has become clear that the driver of GVT following allogeneic HSCT is T-cell-mediated recognition of antigens presented on tumor cells. With that regard, even though the excitement for using HSCT in solid tumors has declined, clinical trials of HSCT in solid tumors provided proof of concept and valuable insights leading to the discovery of tumor antigens and the development of targeted adoptive cell therapies for cancer. In this article, we review the results of clinical trials of allogeneic HSCT in solid tumors. We focus on lessons learned from correlative studies of these trials that hold the potential for the creation of tumor-specific immunotherapies with greater efficacy and safety for the treatment of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Barisic
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunotherapy, Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard W Childs
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunotherapy, Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Corresponding author: Richard W. Childs, MD, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 3-5330, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Tel: +1 301 451 7128;
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Klobuch S, Hammon K, Vatter-Leising S, Neidlinger E, Zwerger M, Wandel A, Neuber LM, Heilmeier B, Fichtner R, Mirbeth C, Herr W, Thomas S. HLA-DPB1 Reactive T Cell Receptors for Adoptive Immunotherapy in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051264. [PMID: 32443793 PMCID: PMC7290340 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-DPB1 antigens are mismatched in about 80% of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantations from HLA 10/10 matched unrelated donors and were shown to be associated with a decreased risk of leukemia relapse. We recently developed a reliable in vitro method to generate HLA-DPB1 mismatch-reactive CD4 T-cell clones from allogeneic donors. Here, we isolated HLA-DPB1 specific T cell receptors (TCR DP) and used them either as wild-type or genetically optimized receptors to analyze in detail the reactivity of transduced CD4 and CD8 T cells toward primary AML blasts. While both CD4 and CD8 T cells showed strong AML reactivity in vitro, only CD4 T cells were able to effectively eliminate leukemia blasts in AML engrafted NOD/SCID/IL2Rγc−/− (NSG) mice. Further analysis showed that optimized TCR DP and under some conditions wild-type TCR DP also mediated reactivity to non-hematopoietic cells like fibroblasts or tumor cell lines after HLA-DP upregulation. In conclusion, T cells engineered with selected allo-HLA-DPB1 specific TCRs might be powerful off-the-shelf reagents in allogeneic T-cell therapy of leukemia. However, because of frequent (common) cross-reactivity to non-hematopoietic cells with optimized TCR DP T cells, safety mechanisms are mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Klobuch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany; (K.H.); (S.V.-L.); (E.N.); (M.Z.); (A.W.); (L.M.N.); (R.F.); (C.M.); (W.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (S.T.); Tel.: +49-941-944-5142 (S.T.)
| | - Kathrin Hammon
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany; (K.H.); (S.V.-L.); (E.N.); (M.Z.); (A.W.); (L.M.N.); (R.F.); (C.M.); (W.H.)
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, University of Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Vatter-Leising
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany; (K.H.); (S.V.-L.); (E.N.); (M.Z.); (A.W.); (L.M.N.); (R.F.); (C.M.); (W.H.)
| | - Elisabeth Neidlinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany; (K.H.); (S.V.-L.); (E.N.); (M.Z.); (A.W.); (L.M.N.); (R.F.); (C.M.); (W.H.)
| | - Michael Zwerger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany; (K.H.); (S.V.-L.); (E.N.); (M.Z.); (A.W.); (L.M.N.); (R.F.); (C.M.); (W.H.)
| | - Annika Wandel
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany; (K.H.); (S.V.-L.); (E.N.); (M.Z.); (A.W.); (L.M.N.); (R.F.); (C.M.); (W.H.)
| | - Laura Maria Neuber
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany; (K.H.); (S.V.-L.); (E.N.); (M.Z.); (A.W.); (L.M.N.); (R.F.); (C.M.); (W.H.)
| | - Bernhard Heilmeier
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hospital Barmherzige Brueder, 93049 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Regina Fichtner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany; (K.H.); (S.V.-L.); (E.N.); (M.Z.); (A.W.); (L.M.N.); (R.F.); (C.M.); (W.H.)
| | - Carina Mirbeth
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany; (K.H.); (S.V.-L.); (E.N.); (M.Z.); (A.W.); (L.M.N.); (R.F.); (C.M.); (W.H.)
| | - Wolfgang Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany; (K.H.); (S.V.-L.); (E.N.); (M.Z.); (A.W.); (L.M.N.); (R.F.); (C.M.); (W.H.)
| | - Simone Thomas
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany; (K.H.); (S.V.-L.); (E.N.); (M.Z.); (A.W.); (L.M.N.); (R.F.); (C.M.); (W.H.)
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, University of Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (S.T.); Tel.: +49-941-944-5142 (S.T.)
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Vatter S, Schmid M, Gebhard C, Mirbeth C, Klobuch S, Rehli M, Herr W, Thomas S. In-vitro blockade of the CD4 receptor co-signal in antigen-specific T-cell stimulation cultures induces the outgrowth of potent CD4 independent T-cell effectors. J Immunol Methods 2017; 454:80-85. [PMID: 29154771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) redirected T cells are promising tools for adoptive cancer immunotherapy. Since not only CD8 but also CD4 T cells are key players for efficient antitumor responses, the targeted redirection of both subsets with the same antigen-specific TCR comes more and more into focus. Although rapidly evolving technologies enable the reliable genetic re-programming of T cells, the limited availability of TCRs that induce T-cell activation in both T-cell subsets without CD4/CD8 co-receptor contribution hampers the broad application of this approach. We developed a novel stimulation approach, which drives the activation and proliferation of CD4 T-cell populations capable of inducing effector functions in a CD4-independent manner. Naive-enriched CD4 T cells were stimulated against dendritic cells (DC) expressing allogeneic HLA-DP antigens upon RNA transfection and CD4/HLA interactions were blocked by the addition of CD4 binding antibody. Evolving CD4 T-cell populations were specifically activated independent of the CD4 co-signal and induced strong TCR-mediated IFN-γ secretion as well as cytolysis upon recognition of leukemia cells expressing HLA-DP antigen. Our novel stimulation approach may facilitate the generation of CD4 T cells as source for co-receptor independent TCRs for future immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Vatter
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Gebhard
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany; Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Carina Mirbeth
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany; Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Klobuch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Rehli
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany; Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany; Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simone Thomas
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany; Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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miR-29b and miR-198 overexpression in CD8+ T cells of renal cell carcinoma patients down-modulates JAK3 and MCL-1 leading to immune dysfunction. J Transl Med 2016; 14:84. [PMID: 27063186 PMCID: PMC4827202 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mammalian microRNAs (miR) regulate the expression of genes relevant for the development of adaptive and innate immunity against cancer. Since T cell dysfunction has previously been reported in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC; clear cell type), we aimed to analyze these immune cells for genetic and protein differences when compared to normal donor T cells freshly after isolation and 35 days after in vitro stimulation (IVS) with HLA-matched RCC tumor cells. Methods We investigated gene expression profiles of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells obtained from RCC patient and compared with their HLA-matched healthy sibling donors using a microarray approach. In addition, miRNAs analysis was performed in a validation cohort of peripheral blood CD8+ T cells from 25 RCC patients compared to 15 healthy volunteers. Results We observed that CD8+ T cells from RCC patients expressed reduced levels of anti-apoptotic and proliferation-associated gene products when compared with normal donor T cells both pre- and post-IVS. In particular, JAK3 and MCL-1 were down-regulated in patient CD8+ T cells versus their normal counterparts, likely due to defective suppressor activity of miR-29b and miR-198 in RCC CD8+ T cells. Indeed, specific inhibition of miR-29b or miR-198 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from RCC patients, resulted in the up-regulation of JAK3 and MCL-1 proteins and significant improvement of cell survival in vitro. Conclusions Our results suggest that miR-29b and miR-198 dysregulation in RCC patient CD8+ T cells is associated with dysfunctional immunity and foreshadow the development of miR-targeted therapeutics to correct such T cell defects in vivo. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0841-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Zupke O, Distler E, Jürchott A, Paiphansiri U, Dass M, Thomas S, Hartwig UF, Theobald M, Landfester K, Mailänder V, Herr W. Nanoparticles and antigen-specific T-cell therapeutics: a comprehensive study on uptake and release. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 10:1063-76. [PMID: 25929565 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM T lymphocytes are used as cellular therapeutics in many disease entities including cancer. We investigated the uptake and retention of nanoparticles (NPs) by these nonphagocytic cells. MATERIALS & METHODS Uptake, release and toxicity of various polymeric NP preparations were analyzed by flow cytometry, confocal laser scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. T-cell effector functions were measured using IFN-γ-ELISPOT and (51)Chromium-release assays. RESULTS Amino-functionalized NPs were efficiently ingested by antigen-specific T cells without adversely influencing effector functions. NPs were stored in membrane-surrounded vesicles, with major proportions released extracellularly during 24 h. CONCLUSION Amino-functionalized polymeric NPs are efficiently taken up by human T cells and could be used to design nanocarriers for direct access and manipulation of antigen-specific T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Zupke
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology, Oncology & Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Thomas S, Klobuch S, Podlech J, Plachter B, Hoffmann P, Renzaho A, Theobald M, Reddehase MJ, Herr W, Lemmermann NAW. Evaluating Human T-Cell Therapy of Cytomegalovirus Organ Disease in HLA-Transgenic Mice. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005049. [PMID: 26181057 PMCID: PMC4504510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can cause severe disease in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Although preclinical research in murine models as well as clinical trials have provided 'proof of concept' for infection control by pre-emptive CD8 T-cell immunotherapy, there exists no predictive model to experimentally evaluate parameters that determine antiviral efficacy of human T cells in terms of virus control in functional organs, prevention of organ disease, and host survival benefit. We here introduce a novel mouse model for testing HCMV epitope-specific human T cells. The HCMV UL83/pp65-derived NLV-peptide was presented by transgenic HLA-A2.1 in the context of a lethal infection of NOD/SCID/IL-2rg-/- mice with a chimeric murine CMV, mCMV-NLV. Scenarios of HCMV-seropositive and -seronegative human T-cell donors were modeled by testing peptide-restimulated and T-cell receptor-transduced human T cells, respectively. Upon transfer, the T cells infiltrated host tissues in an epitope-specific manner, confining the infection to nodular inflammatory foci. This resulted in a significant reduction of viral load, diminished organ pathology, and prolonged survival. The model has thus proven its potential for a preclinical testing of the protective antiviral efficacy of HCMV epitope-specific human T cells in the evaluation of new approaches to an immunotherapy of CMV disease. Pre-emptive CD8 T-cell therapy of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) disease in immunocompromised recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation gave promising results in clinical trials, but limited efficacy and the need of HCMV-seropositive memory cell donors has so far prevented adoptive cell transfer from becoming clinical routine. Further development is currently hampered by the lack of experimental animal models that allow preclinical testing of the protective efficacy of human T cells in functional organs. While humanized mouse models with human tissue implants are technically and statistically demanding, and are limited to studying human T-cell activation and local virus control in the implants, a more feasible model for control of systemic infection and prevention of multiple-organ CMV disease is regrettably missing. Here we introduce such a model based on infection of genetically immunocompromised, HLA-A2.1-transgenic NOD/SCID/IL-2rg-/- mice with a chimeric murine CMV engineered to express the HCMV NLV-peptide epitope. Mimicking the scenario of HCMV-unexperienced donors, human T cells transduced with a human T-cell receptor specific for HLA-A.2.1-presented NLV peptide controlled systemic infection and moderated organ disease resulting in a survival benefit. The model promises to become instrumental in defining T-cell properties that determine their protective efficacy for a further development of adoptive immunotherapy of post-transplantation CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Thomas
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Regensburg Center of Interventional Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Sebastian Klobuch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Podlech
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bodo Plachter
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Regensburg Center of Interventional Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Angelique Renzaho
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Theobald
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias J. Reddehase
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Regensburg Center of Interventional Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Niels A. W. Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Nerreter T, Distler E, Köchel C, Einsele H, Herr W, Seggewiss-Bernhardt R. Combining dasatinib with dexamethasone long-term leads to maintenance of antiviral and antileukemia specific cytotoxic T cell responses in vitro. Exp Hematol 2013; 41:604-614.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bregni M, Herr W, Blaise D. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for renal cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2011; 11:901-11. [PMID: 21707287 DOI: 10.1586/era.11.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a compatible donor has been utilized as adoptive immunotherapy in metastatic, cytokine-refractory renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Since the year 2000, several investigators have established that RCC is susceptible to a graft-versus-tumor effect: they reported that patients with renal cancer may have partial or complete disease responses, in the 20-40% range, after allogeneic transplantation following a reduced-intensity regimen. However, transplant-related mortality is still high in the 10-20% range, and responses are rarely durable. Experimental evidence suggests that donor-derived T cells and natural killer cells are the main mediators of the graft-versus-RCC effect upon allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Isolation of CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones recognizing several target antigens of graft-versus-RCC effect (minor histocompatibility antigens on RCC cells; a peptide epitope derived from human endogenous retrovirus type E; the tumor-associated antigen encoded by the Wilms' tumor 1 gene) has increased our knowledge of the disease and has opened up the possibility of antigen-specific adoptive cell therapy. The introduction in the clinic of molecularly targeted agents that interfere with neoangiogenesis, both monoclonal antibodies and small tyrosine-kinase inhibitor molecules (e.g., sunitinib, sorafenib and bevacizumab), has decreased the use of allogeneic transplantation. Although not curative, novel targeted agents may be combined with allogeneic transplantation or with adoptive cell therapy in order to maximize the chances of cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bregni
- Department of Hematology, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy.
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Teschner D, Wenzel G, Distler E, Schnürer E, Theobald M, Neurauter AA, Schjetne K, Herr W. In vitro stimulation and expansion of human tumour-reactive CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes by anti-CD3/CD28/CD137 magnetic beads. Scand J Immunol 2011; 74:155-64. [PMID: 21517928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy with tumour-reactive CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) requires efficient in vitro approaches allowing the expansion of CTLs to large numbers prior infusion. Here, we investigated the antigen-independent activation and the expansion of human T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in tumour-reactive CTLs using Dynabeads coated with monoclonal antibodies to CD3 and to the costimulatory molecules CD28 and CD137 (4-1BB). T cells in PBMCs showed an increased expansion rate of 15- to 17-fold during a 2-week culture period using antibody-conjugated beads with interleukin-2 (IL-2) added versus IL-2 alone. No significant difference between CD3/CD28 beads and CD3/CD28/CD137 beads was observed (P = 0.4). In contrast, expansion of tumour-reactive CD8(+) CTLs over 2 weeks was more efficient using CD3/CD28/CD137 beads (14.4-fold ± 1.2) compared with CD3/CD28 beads (10.6-fold ± 0.7) (P = 0.03) and matched well to the control arm using weekly stimulation with tumour cells. Although all modes of in vitro stimulation decreased the expression of central memory markers CD62L and CCR7 on CTLs, bead-activated cultures expressed consistently higher levels than tumour-stimulated cultures. CTLs analysed after bead-induced expansion versus weekly tumour stimulation showed equal IFN-γ production in ELISPOT assay. Furthermore, cytotoxicity assays demonstrated an either unchanged or slightly reduced capability of tumour cell lysis for antigen-independent stimulated CTLs versus those that maintained on weekly tumour stimulation, regardless of which type of beads was used. Our data suggest that the conjugation of anti-CD137 antibodies to conventional CD3/CD28 beads results in a minor but significant increase in the expansion capacity for tumour-reactive CD8(+) CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Teschner
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Tykodi SS, Sandmaier BM, Warren EH, Thompson JA. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for renal cell carcinoma: ten years after. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:763-73. [PMID: 21417772 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.566855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The first series of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) treated by non-myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) was reported in 2000 and demonstrated an allogeneic graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect that encouraged further investigation of this approach. However, the past 10 years have also witnessed profound changes in the medical management of metastatic RCC with the introduction of targeted therapies directed against VEGF or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways creating uncertainty about a continued role for allogeneic HCT in the treatment of RCC. AREAS COVERED A total of 21 published reports describing clinical outcomes for 398 patients with metastatic RCC treated by allogeneic HCT compiled herein provide a composite overview of the world wide experience for key efficacy and toxicity outcomes. Review of correlative studies that identify donor-derived T cells as mediators of RCC-specific GVT effects offers insight into both the potential as well as the technical barriers to the delivery of antigen-specific post-transplant cellular therapy or vaccination designed to augment the allogeneic GVT effect. EXPERT OPINION The future development of non-myeloablative allogeneic HCT for metastatic RCC will require novel treatment protocols designed to augment and sustain post-transplant GVT effects against RCC to generate renewed enthusiasm for this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott S Tykodi
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Albrecht J, Frey M, Teschner D, Carbol A, Theobald M, Herr W, Distler E. IL-21-treated naive CD45RA+ CD8+ T cells represent a reliable source for producing leukemia-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes with high proliferative potential and early differentiation phenotype. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:235-48. [PMID: 21046101 PMCID: PMC11029726 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Clinical tumor remissions after adoptive T-cell therapy are frequently not durable due to limited survival and homing of transfused tumor-reactive T cells, what can be mainly attributed to the long-term culture necessary for in vitro expansion. Here, we introduce an approach allowing the reliable in vitro generation of leukemia-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) from naive CD8+ T cells of healthy donors, leading to high cell numbers within a relatively short culture period. The protocol includes the stimulation of purified CD45RA+ CD8+ T cells with primary acute myeloid leukemia blasts of patient origin in HLA-class I-matched allogeneic mixed lymphocyte-leukemia cultures. The procedure allowed the isolation of a large diversity of HLA-A/-B/-C-restricted leukemia-reactive CTL clones and oligoclonal lines. CTLs showed reactivity to either leukemia blasts exclusively, or to leukemia blasts as well as patient-derived B lymphoblastoid-cell lines (LCLs). In contrast, LCLs of donor origin were not lysed. This reactivity pattern suggested that CTLs recognized leukemia-associated antigens or hematopoietic minor histocompatibility antigens. Consistent with this hypothesis, most CTLs did not react with patient-derived fibroblasts. The efficiency of the protocol could be further increased by addition of interleukin-21 during primary in vitro stimulation. Most importantly, leukemia-reactive CTLs retained the expression of early T-cell differentiation markers CD27, CD28, CD62L and CD127 for several weeks during culture. The effective in vitro expansion of leukemia-reactive CD8+ CTLs from naive CD45RA+ precursors of healthy donors can accelerate the molecular definition of candidate leukemia antigens and might be of potential use for the development of adoptive CTL therapy in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Albrecht
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michaela Frey
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Teschner
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Carbol
- Center for Blood Transfusion, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Augustusplatz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Theobald
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herr
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva Distler
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
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12
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Canderan G, Gruarin P, Montagna D, Fontana R, Melloni G, Traversari C, Dellabona P, Casorati G. An efficient strategy to induce and maintain in vitro human T cells specific for autologous non-small cell lung carcinoma. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12014. [PMID: 20711505 PMCID: PMC2918513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The efficient expansion in vitro of cytolytic CD8+ T cells (CTLs) specific for autologous tumors is crucial both for basic and translational aspects of tumor immunology. We investigated strategies to generate CTLs specific for autologous Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC), the most frequent tumor in mankind, using circulating lymphocytes. Principal Findings Classic Mixed Lymphocyte Tumor Cultures with NSCLC cells consistently failed to induce tumor-specific CTLs. Cross-presentation in vitro of irradiated NSCLC cells by autologous dendritic cells, by contrast, induced specific CTL lines from which we obtained a high number of tumor-specific T cell clones (TCCs). The TCCs displayed a limited TCR diversity, suggesting an origin from few tumor-specific T cell precursors, while their TCR molecular fingerprints were detected in the patient's tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, implying a role in the spontaneous anti-tumor response. Grafting NSCLC-specific TCR into primary allogeneic T cells by lentiviral vectors expressing human V-mouse C chimeric TCRα/β chains overcame the growth limits of these TCCs. The resulting, rapidly expanding CD4+ and CD8+ T cell lines stably expressed the grafted chimeric TCR and specifically recognized the original NSCLC. Conclusions This study defines a strategy to efficiently induce and propagate in vitro T cells specific for NSCLC starting from autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Canderan
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Gruarin
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Montagna
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fontana
- Cancer Gene Therapy Unit, Division of Molecular Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Melloni
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (PD); (GC)
| | - Giulia Casorati
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (PD); (GC)
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Leisegang M, Turqueti-Neves A, Engels B, Blankenstein T, Schendel DJ, Uckert W, Noessner E. T-cell receptor gene-modified T cells with shared renal cell carcinoma specificity for adoptive T-cell therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:2333-43. [PMID: 20371691 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adoptive therapy with genetically engineered T cells carrying redirected antigen specificity is a new option for the treatment of cancer. This approach is not yet available for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), due to the scarcity of therapeutically useful reagents. We analyzed tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from RCC to identify T-cell specificities with shared tumor-specific recognition to develop T-cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T lymphocytes for adoptive therapy of RCC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We established a T-cell clone from TIL that recognized a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted tumor antigen. The TCR alpha- and beta-chain genes were isolated, modified by codon optimization and murinization, and retrovirally transduced into peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). A TCR-expressing indicator line (B3Z-TCR53) was established to screen for antigen prevalence in RCC, other malignancies, and normal cell counterparts. RESULTS TCR53-engineered PBL recapitulated the specificity of the TIL and showed tumor-specific HLA-A2-restricted effector activities (IFN-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-2, macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta, cytotoxicity). PBL-TCR53 of healthy donors and RCC patients exhibited similar transduction efficiency, expansion, and polyfunctional profile. Using B3Z-TCR53 cells, 130 tumor and normal cells were screened and shared TCR53 peptide: MHC expression was found in >60% of RCC and 25% of tumor lines of other histology, whereas normal tissue cells were not recognized. CONCLUSIONS To date, TCR53 is the only TCR with shared HLA-A2-restricted recognition of RCC. It fulfills the criteria for utilization in TCR gene therapy and advances T cell-based immunotherapy to patients with RCC and other malignancies expressing the TCR ligand.
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14
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JAK3/STAT5/6 pathway alterations are associated with immune deviation in CD8 T cells in renal cell carcinoma patients. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:935764. [PMID: 20339477 PMCID: PMC2843943 DOI: 10.1155/2010/935764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying altered T cell response in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients, we compared autologous and allogeneic CD8(+) T cell responses against RCC line from RCC patients and their HLA-matched donors, using mixed lymphocyte/tumor cell cultures (MLTCs). In addition, we analyzed the expression of molecules associated with cell cycle regulation. Autologous MLTC responder CD8(+) T cells showed cytotoxic activity against RCC cell lines; however the analysis of the distribution of CD8(+) T-cell subsets revealed that allogenic counterparts mediate superior antitumor efficacy. In RCC patients, a decreased proliferative response to tumor, associated with defects in JAK3/STAT5/6 expression that led to increased p27KIP1 expression and alterations in the cell cycle, was observed. These data define a molecular pathway involved in cell cycle regulation that is associated with the dysfunction of tumor-specific CD8(+) effector cells. If validated, this may define a therapeutic target in the setting of patients with RCC.
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15
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Geiger C, Nößner E, Frankenberger B, Falk CS, Pohla H, Schendel DJ. Harnessing innate and adaptive immunity for adoptive cell therapy of renal cell carcinoma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87:595-612. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Overes IM, Henriëtte Levenga T, Vos JCM, van Horssen-Zoetbrood A, van der Voort R, De Mulder PH, de Witte TM, Dolstra H. Aberrant expression of the hematopoietic-restricted minor histocompatibility antigen LRH-1 on solid tumors results in efficient cytotoxic T cell-mediated lysis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:429-39. [PMID: 18719914 PMCID: PMC11030113 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0569-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells recognizing minor histocompatibility antigens (MiHA) on solid tumor cells may mediate effective graft-versus-tumor (GVT) reactivity after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Previously, we identified LRH-1 as a hematopoietic-restricted MiHA encoded by the P2X5 gene. Here, we report that LRH-1 is aberrantly expressed on solid tumor cells. P2X5 mRNA expression is demonstrated in a significant portion of solid tumor cell lines, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC), melanoma, colorectal carcinoma, brain cancer and breast cancer. Importantly, P2X5 gene expression was also detected in a subset of primary solid tumor specimens derived from RCC, brain cancer and breast cancer patients. Furthermore, P2X5 expressing solid tumor cells can be effectively targeted by LRH-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes under inflammatory conditions. The expression of HLA-B7 and CD54 on tumor cells increases upon cytokine stimulation resulting in improved T cell activation as observed by higher levels of degranulation and enhanced tumor cell lysis. Overall, hematopoietic-restricted MiHA LRH-1 is aberrantly expressed on solid tumor cells and may be used as target in GVT-specific immunotherapy after SCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid M. Overes
- Central Hematology Laboratory, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 8, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - T. Henriëtte Levenga
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna C. M. Vos
- Central Hematology Laboratory, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 8, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes van Horssen-Zoetbrood
- Central Hematology Laboratory, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 8, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert van der Voort
- Central Hematology Laboratory, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 8, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter H. De Mulder
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M. de Witte
- Central Hematology Laboratory, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 8, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Dolstra
- Central Hematology Laboratory, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 8, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Selective depletion of alloreactive T lymphocytes using patient-derived nonhematopoietic stimulator cells in allograft engineering. Transplantation 2008; 86:1427-35. [PMID: 19034014 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31818810d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective depletion of alloreactive T cells in vitro results in efficient graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, but it is accompanied by increased recurrence of leukemia. To spare donor T-cell-mediated graft-versus-leukemia immunity against hematopoiesis-restricted minor histocompatibility (minor-H) antigens, we explored the use of patient-derived nonhematopoietic antigen-presenting cells (APC) as allogeneic stimulators for selective allodepletion in leukemia-reactive donor T-cell lines. METHODS Primary keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and bone marrow fibroblasts were generated from skin biopsies and diagnostic bone marrow aspirates of acute myeloid leukemia patients in vitro. Cell cultures were analyzed for expansion, phenotype, and immunostimulatory capacity in comparison with CD40-activated B cells as professional APC. In addition, nonhematopoietic APCs were used for selective allodepletion in vitro. RESULTS Patient-derived fibroblasts could be reliably expanded to large cell numbers, whereas keratinocytes had limited growth potential. Interferon-gamma-pretreated fibroblasts showed increased expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-class I and II molecules, CD40, and CD54. Fibroblasts and CD40-activated B cells comparably stimulated HLA-A*0301-specific CD8 T cells after transient expression of HLA-A*0301 as a model alloantigen. Finally, fibroblasts could be effectively applied to selectively deplete alloreactivity within leukemia-reactive donor CD8 T-cell lines by targeting the activation-induced antigen CD137. CONCLUSIONS Primary fibroblasts can be efficiently used as allogeneic nonhematopoietic APC for selective depletion of donor T cells reactive to HLA and ubiquitously expressed minor-H antigen disparities in leukemia-stimulated CD8 T-cell lines. Therefore, harnessing alloreactivity to hematopoietic minor-H antigens in addition to leukemia-associated antigens might increase graft-versus-leukemia immunity of donor lymphocyte grafts in allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation.
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18
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Landriscina M, Altamura SA, Roca L, Gigante M, Piscazzi A, Cavalcanti E, Costantino E, Barone C, Cignarelli M, Gesualdo L, Ranieri E. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors induce cell differentiation and enhance the immunogenic phenotype in human renal clear-cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2842-50. [PMID: 18351578 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors are emerging as a novel class of anticancer differentiating agents, active in several human tumor cell models, such as melanoma and prostate, thyroid and colon carcinoma. Indeed, much evidence suggests that they may act by inhibiting endogenous RT, a gene highly expressed in undifferentiated and transformed cells. We therefore evaluated whether endogenous RT may represent a new molecular target in the treatment of human renal clear-cell carcinoma, a neoplasm with very low sensitivity to standard pharmacological therapies. Efavirenz and nevirapine, 2 non-nucleosidic RT inhibitors commonly used in HIV patients, either induced a reversible downregulation of cell proliferation or enhanced cell differentiation in primary cultures of human renal carcinoma cells characterized by high levels of endogenous RT activity. Both agents upregulated the expression of the vitamin D receptor and calbindin 28k genes, which are constitutively expressed in renal tubular cells, and induced vitamin D signaling by enhancing the ability of tumor cells to upregulate the vitamin D-dependent gene, CYP24. Furthermore, efavirenz- and nevirapine-differentiated tumor cells exhibited an immunogenic phenotype with an increased expression of HLA-I and CD40 antigens and an enhanced ability to elicit a specific T-cell response in mixed lymphocyte/tumor-cell cultures. Indeed, renal carcinoma cells exposed to efavirenz induced a CD8(+)CCR7-CD45RA(-) effector memory T-cell phenotype, whereas untreated RCC cells induced a CD8(+)CCR7(+)CD45RA(-) central memory T-cell phenotype. These data suggest that RT inhibitors may be a novel tool in the treatment of human renal clear-cell carcinoma, potentially able to enhance the immunogenic potential of tumor cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Landriscina
- Clinical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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19
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Distler E, Wölfel C, Köhler S, Nonn M, Kaus N, Schnürer E, Meyer RG, Wehler TC, Huber C, Wölfel T, Hartwig UF, Herr W. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones rapidly expanded from CD8+ CD62L(high)+ T cells of healthy donors prevent AML engraftment in NOD/SCID IL2Rγnull mice. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:451-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Frankenberger B, Noessner E, Schendel DJ. Immune suppression in renal cell carcinoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2007; 17:330-43. [PMID: 17656104 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The clear evidence that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with anti-tumor activity exist in situ raises the question why renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) progress in vivo. A complex array of factors and pathways has been identified that impinges on innate and adaptive effector cells thereby inhibiting their activity against RCCs. The current picture of suppressive mechanisms that contribute to the failure of the immune system to control RCCs is reviewed here. Understanding these complex host-tumor interactions has broad implications for successful application of cytokine therapy and other forms of immunotherapy for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Frankenberger
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Marchioninistrasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
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21
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Lionello I, Mangia P, Gattinoni L, Pende D, Cippone A, Sensi M, Rigatti P, Traversari C. CD8(+) T lymphocytes isolated from renal cancer patients recognize tumour cells through an HLA- and TCR/CD3-independent pathway. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1065-76. [PMID: 17195078 PMCID: PMC11030715 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 11/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to characterize the immune response of patients affected by renal cell carcinoma (RCC). METHODS Long-term RCC lines were established by retroviral-mediated transfer of the large T-antigen of SV40 into fresh carcinoma cells. Reactive T cell effectors were generated by iterative stimulations of patients' PBMC with autologous tumour cells. RESULTS This protocol led to the induction of CD8(+) T cell clones reactive against the autologous tumour, but not against NK-sensitive cell lines. However, some of these effectors recognize normal renal cells, allogeneic renal carcinoma cell lines and colon and non-small cell lung carcinomas but not melanomas and lymphoblastoid lines, without evidence of shared classical HLA class I (HLA-I) molecules. Further characterization performed on the CD8(+) TCR alpha/beta(+) clone, CTL30, demonstrated that neither expression of CD1, HLA-Ia nor HLA-Ib, correlated with the T cells' recognition. Moreover, beta2m expression by target cells was not required to achieve interaction of tumour-effector cells. In agreement with this observation, the lytic activity of CTL30 was not inhibited by anti-HLA-I Ab, and antigen expression was not affected by inhibitors of antigen processing. Lytic activity of CTL30, while partially inhibited by anti-NKG2D, could not be abolished by anti-CD3 Abs. Moreover, growth and expansion of CTL30 was sustained only by T cell interaction with antigen-expressing tumour cells; unspecific mitogenic stimuli, such as anti-CD3 and PHA, did not allow T cell expansion. These results demonstrated the existence of an alpha/beta T cell population, recognizing epithelial tumour cells through an HLA-unrestricted, CD3-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Lionello
- Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, Scientific Institute H. San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Luca Gattinoni
- Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, Scientific Institute H. San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Pende
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Arcadi Cippone
- Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, Scientific Institute H. San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Patrizio Rigatti
- Department of Urology, Scientific Institute H. San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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22
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Kausche S, Wehler T, Schnürer E, Lennerz V, Brenner W, Melchior S, Gröne M, Nonn M, Strand S, Meyer R, Ranieri E, Huber C, Falk CS, Herr W. Superior antitumor in vitro responses of allogeneic matched sibling compared with autologous patient CD8+ T cells. Cancer Res 2007; 66:11447-54. [PMID: 17145892 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic cell therapy as a means to break immunotolerance to solid tumors is increasingly used for cancer treatment. To investigate cellular alloimmune responses in a human tumor model, primary cultures were established from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues of 56 patients. In three patients with stable RCC line and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical sibling donor available, allogeneic and autologous RCC reactivities were compared using mixed lymphocyte/tumor cell cultures (MLTC). Responding lymphocytes were exclusively CD8(+) T cells, whereas CD4(+) T cells or natural killer cells were never observed. Sibling MLTC populations showed higher proliferative and cytolytic antitumor responses compared with their autologous counterparts. The allo-MLTC responders originated from the CD8(+) CD62L(high)(+) peripheral blood subpopulation containing naive precursor and central memory T cells. Limiting dilution cloning failed to establish CTL clones from autologous MLTCs or tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. In contrast, a broad panel of RCC-reactive CTL clones was expanded from each allogeneic MLTC. These sibling CTL clones either recognized exclusively the original RCC tumor line or cross-reacted with nonmalignant kidney cells of patient origin. A minority of CTL clones also recognized patient-derived hematopoietic cells or other allogeneic tumor targets. The MHC-restricting alleles for RCC-reactive sibling CTL clones included HLA-A2, HLA-A3, HLA-A11, HLA-A24, and HLA-B7. In one sibling donor-RCC pair, strongly proliferative CD3(+)CD16(+)CD57(+) CTL clones with non-HLA-restricted antitumor reactivity were established. Our results show superior tumor-reactive CD8 responses of matched allogeneic compared with autologous T cells. These data encourage the generation of antitumor T-cell products from HLA-identical siblings and their potential use in adoptive immunotherapy of metastatic RCC patients.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibody Specificity/immunology
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD8 Antigens/genetics
- CD8 Antigens/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
- Flow Cytometry
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- Humans
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/immunology
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- L-Selectin/genetics
- L-Selectin/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Siblings
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kausche
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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23
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Meyer RG, Britten CM, Wehler D, Bender K, Hess G, Konur A, Hartwig UF, Wehler TC, Ullmann AJ, Gentilini C, Uharek L, Huber C, Kolbe K, Herr W. Prophylactic transfer of CD8-depleted donor lymphocytes after T-cell-depleted reduced-intensity transplantation. Blood 2006; 109:374-82. [PMID: 16940425 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-03-005769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) regimens incorporating the lymphocytotoxic CD52 antibody alemtuzumab demonstrate efficient engraftment and reduced graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). However, these protocols substantially impair posttransplantation antiviral and antitumor immunity. To accelerate immune reconstitution after alemtuzumab-based reduced-intensity SCT, we administered prophylactic CD8-depleted donor lymphocyte infusions (DLIs) starting on days 60 and 120 after transplantation. DLIs were processed in an immunomagnetic good manufacturing practice depletion procedure resulting in a 2.5- to 6-log reduction in CD8 T cells. Of 23 high-risk patients with hematologic malignancies, 11 received a total of 21 CD8-depleted DLIs. Five patients developed transient grade I acute GVHD following transfer. Only 2 patients with HLA-C-mismatched donors showed grade II and III acute GVHD and subsequently progressed to limited chronic GVHD. Following DLIs, 4 patients with declining hematopoietic donor chimerism converted to full chimeras. A 2.1-fold median increase of circulating CD4 T cells was observed within 2 weeks after infusion. Non-DLI patients did not show a comparable rise in CD4 counts. Four patients demonstrated enhanced frequencies of cytomegalovirus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells following transfer. Our results suggest that prophylactic CD8-depleted DLIs accelerate immune reconstitution after lymphodepleted HLA-matched SCT and carry a low risk of inducing severe GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf G Meyer
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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24
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Wehler TC, Nonn M, Brandt B, Britten CM, Gröne M, Todorova M, Link I, Khan SA, Meyer RG, Huber C, Hartwig UF, Herr W. Targeting the activation-induced antigen CD137 can selectively deplete alloreactive T cells from antileukemic and antitumor donor T-cell lines. Blood 2006; 109:365-73. [PMID: 16931626 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-014100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In HLA-incompatible hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, alloreactive donor T cells recognizing recipient mismatch HLA cause severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Strategies allowing the selective depletion of alloreactive T cells as well as the enhancement of graft-versus-malignancy immunity would be beneficial. We generated donor CD8 T-cell lines in vitro using allogeneic recipient cells mismatched at a single HLA class I allele or haplotype as stimulators. Recipient cells were obtained from acute myeloid leukemias, renal-cell carcinomas, and CD40L-induced B lymphoblasts. Resulting alloreactive T cells were activated by incubating day 21 T-cell cultures with HLA-mismatch transfected K562 cells or recipient-derived fibroblasts. Selective allodepletion (SAD) was subsequently performed by a newly developed immunomagnetic depletion approach targeting the tumor necrosis factor receptor molecule CD137 (4-1BB). Compared with other activation-induced antigens, CD137 showed a superior performance based on a consistently low baseline expression and a rapid up-regulation following alloantigen stimulation. In 15 different SAD experiments, the frequency of alloreactive CD8 T cells was reduced to a median of 9.5% compared with undepleted control populations. The allodepleted T-cell subsets maintained significant antitumor and antiviral CD8 responses. In vitro expansion of tumor-reactive T cells followed by CD137-mediated SAD might enhance the antitumor efficacy of T-cell allografts with lower risk of inducing GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Wehler
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology, and Oncology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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25
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Gottlieb DJ, Li YC, Lionello I, Tanzarella S, Marangolo M, Bradstock KF, Russo V, Traversari C. Generation of tumour-specific cytotoxic T-cell clones from histocompatibility leucocyte antigen-identical siblings of patients with melanoma. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:181-8. [PMID: 16819544 PMCID: PMC2360612 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphodepletion and infusion of autologous expanded tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes is effective therapy for patients with malignant melanoma. Antitumour responses are likely to be mediated by HLA class I- and II-restricted immune responses directed at tumour antigens. We assessed whether the peripheral blood of normal HLA-matched siblings of patients with melanoma could be used to generate lymphocytes with antimelanoma activity for adoptive immunotherapy after allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation. Melanoma cell lines were derived from two donors and were used to stimulate the mononuclear cells of three HLA-identical siblings. CD4(+) clones dominated cultures. Of these, approximately half were directly cytotoxic towards recipient melanoma cells and secreted interferon-gamma in response to tumour stimulation. More than half of the noncytotoxic clones also secreted interferon-gamma after melanoma stimulation. No CD4(+) clones responded to stimulation with recipient haemopoietic cells. The majority of CD8(+) clones directly lysed recipient melanoma, but did not persist in long-term culture in vitro. No crossreactivity with recipient haemopoietic cells was observed. The antigenic target of one CD4(+) clone was determined to be an HLA-DR11-restricted MAGE-3 epitope. Antigenic targets of the remaining clones were not elucidated, but appeared to be restricted through a non-HLA-DR class II molecule. We conclude that the blood of allogeneic HLA-matched sibling donors contains melanoma-reactive lymphocyte precursors directed at tumour-associated antigens. Adoptive immunotherapy with unselected or ex vivo-stimulated donor lymphocytes after allogeneic stem cell transplantation has a rational basis for the treatment of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Gottlieb
- Leukaemia Research Laboratory, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia.
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Abstract
During the past 20 years, there has been considerable interest in lymphocyte therapy as a treatment for renal cell carcinoma. There is no therapeutic role for B-lymphocyte therapy, but their products, monoclonal antibodies, now have widespread clinical applications. The major types of autologous lymphocyte therapy that have been explored in clinical trials are cytotoxic lymphokine-activated killer cells, which are natural killer cells and T-cells that have been stimulated in vitro by interleukin-2 or other similar cytokines; cytotoxic and noncytotoxic tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, which are T-cells derived from tumor tissue; other tumor antigen-stimulated T-lymphocytes derived from regional lymph nodes or peripheral blood; and noncytotoxic lymphocytes of the memory/helper phenotype. More recently, allogeneic immune therapy using nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplant and/or donor lymphocyte therapy has also shown promise.
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Chromik J, Schnürer E, Georg Meyer R, Wehler T, Tüting T, Wölfel T, Huber C, Herr W. Proteasome-inhibited dendritic cells demonstrate improved presentation of exogenous synthetic and natural HLA-class I peptide epitopes. J Immunol Methods 2006; 308:77-89. [PMID: 16336973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2004] [Revised: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The design and successful clinical implementation of cancer vaccines targeting the induction of T-cell mediated immunity is a rapidly evolving field that is hampered by an empirical selection of antigen and adjuvant. In particular, vaccines using defined tumor-associated peptide epitopes elicit only a restricted T-cell repertoire in a minority of patients. In this regard, vaccines comprising the whole spectrum of antigens presented by individual autologous tumors would be advantageous. In an in vitro model, we evaluated the capacity of naturally processed Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-lymphoblastoid-cell line (LCL)-derived peptides to activate virus-specific CD8+ T cells of seropositive healthy individuals. While bulk peptides obtained by mild acid elution from LCL contained multiple T-cell epitopes, this complex mixture of peptides was poorly immunogenic, even when presented by mature dendritic cells (DC). Pretreatment of DC with proteasome inhibitors strongly enhanced the immunogenicity of single viral synthetic as well as bulk LCL peptides. This was most likely achieved by facilitating the loading of exogenous epitopes onto DC-associated HLA-class I complexes in the face of significant inter-peptide competition for such loading. Our results suggest that proteasome inhibitors may be used to increase the antigenicity of mature DC pulsed with exogenous synthetic or naturally processed peptide epitopes in vaccination trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Chromik
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, D-55101 Mainz, Germany
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Hofmann S, Glückmann M, Kausche S, Schmidt A, Corvey C, Lichtenfels R, Huber C, Albrecht C, Karas M, Herr W. Rapid and sensitive identification of major histocompatibility complex class I-associated tumor peptides by Nano-LC MALDI MS/MS. Mol Cell Proteomics 2005; 4:1888-97. [PMID: 16112985 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m500076-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-associated peptides recognized by T-lymphocytes is a crucial prerequisite for the detection and manipulation of specific immune responses in cancer, viral infections, and autoimmune diseases. Unfortunately immunogenic peptides are less abundant species present in highly complex mixtures of MHC-extracted material. Most peptide identification strategies use microcapillary LC coupled to nano-ESI MS/MS in a challenging on-line approach. Alternatively MALDI PSD analysis has been applied for this purpose. We report here on the first off-line combination of nanoscale (nano) LC and MALDI TOF/TOF MS/MS for the identification of naturally processed MHC peptide ligands. These peptides were acid-eluted from human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2, HLA-A3, and HLA-B/-C complexes separately isolated from a renal cell carcinoma cell lysate using HLA allele-specific antibodies. After reversed-phase HPLC, peptides were further fractionated via nano-LC. This additional separation step provided a substantial increase in the number of detectable candidate species within the complex peptide pools. MALDI MS/MS analysis on nano-LC-separated material was then sufficiently sensitive to rapidly identify more than 30 novel HLA-presented peptide ligands. Peptide sequences contained perfect anchor amino acid residues described previously for HLA-A2, HLA-A3, and HLA-B7. The most promising candidate for a T-cell epitope is an HLA-B7-binding nonamer peptide derived from the tumor-associated gene NY-BR-16. To demonstrate the sensitivity of our approach we characterized peptides binding to HLA-C molecules that are usually expressed at the cell surface at approximately only 10% the levels of HLA-A or HLA-B. In fact, multiple renal cell carcinoma peptides were identified that contained anchor amino acid residues of HLA-Cw5 and HLA-Cw7. We conclude that the nano-LC MALDI MS/MS approach is a sensitive tool for the rapid and automated identification of MHC-associated tumor peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hofmann
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry/Center for Drug Research, Development and Safety (ZAFES), Biocenter, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Marie-Curie-Str. 9, 60439 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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