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Tan J, Zhong M, Hu Y, Pan G, Yao J, Tang Y, Duan H, Jiang Y, Shan W, Lin J, Liu Y, Huang J, Zheng H, Zhou Y, Fu G, Li Z, Xu B, Zha J. Ritanserin suppresses acute myeloid leukemia by inhibiting DGKα to downregulate phospholipase D and the Jak-Stat/MAPK pathway. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:118. [PMID: 37392305 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00737-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Refractory or relapsed (R/R) AML is the most challenging form of AML to treat. Due to frequent genetic mutations, therapy alternatives are limited. Here, we identified the role of ritanserin and its target DGKα in AML. Several AML cell lines and primary patient cells were treated with ritanserin and subjected to cell proliferation, apoptosis and gene analyses with CCK-8 assay, Annexin V/PI assay and Western blotting, respectively. We also evaluated the function of the ritanserin target diacylglycerol kinase alpha (DGKα) in AML by bioinformatics. In vitro experiments have revealed that ritanserin inhibits AML progression in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and it shows an anti-AML effect in xenograft mouse models. We further demonstrated that the expression of DGKα was elevated in AML and correlated with poor survival. Mechanistically, ritanserin negatively regulates SphK1 expression through PLD signaling, also inhibiting the Jak-Stat and MAPK signaling pathways via DGKα. These findings suggest that DGKα may be an available therapeutic target and provide effective preclinical evidence of ritanserin as a promising treatment for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshui Tan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengya Zhong
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, Fujian, China
| | - Guangchao Pan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Yao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfang Tang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, Fujian, China
| | - Hongpeng Duan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuelong Jiang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihang Shan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Lin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, Fujian, China
| | - Yating Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiewen Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, Fujian, China
| | - Huijian Zheng
- The School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, Fujian, China
| | - Zhifeng Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Zha
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy, No. 55, Shizhen Hai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
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Gravina T, Boggio CMT, Gorla E, Racca L, Polidoro S, Centonze S, Ferrante D, Lunghi M, Graziani A, Corà D, Baldanzi G. Role of Diacylglycerol Kinases in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1877. [PMID: 37509516 PMCID: PMC10377028 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) play dual roles in cell transformation and immunosurveillance. According to cancer expression databases, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) exhibits significant overexpression of multiple DGK isoforms, including DGKA, DGKD and DGKG, without a precise correlation with specific AML subtypes. In the TGCA database, high DGKA expression negatively correlates with survival, while high DGKG expression is associated with a more favorable prognosis. DGKA and DGKG also feature different patterns of co-expressed genes. Conversely, the BeatAML and TARGET databases show that high DGKH expression is correlated with shorter survival. To assess the suitability of DGKs as therapeutic targets, we treated HL-60 and HEL cells with DGK inhibitors and compared cell growth and survival with those of untransformed lymphocytes. We observed a specific sensitivity to R59022 and R59949, two poorly selective inhibitors, which promoted cytotoxicity and cell accumulation in the S phase in both cell lines. Conversely, the DGKA-specific inhibitors CU-3 and AMB639752 showed poor efficacy. These findings underscore the pivotal and isoform-specific involvement of DGKs in AML, offering a promising pathway for the identification of potential therapeutic targets. Notably, the DGKA and DGKH isoforms emerge as relevant players in AML pathogenesis, albeit DGKA inhibition alone seems insufficient to impair AML cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gravina
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Maria Teresa Boggio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Elisa Gorla
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Luisa Racca
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Silvia Polidoro
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Sara Centonze
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Daniela Ferrante
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Monia Lunghi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28110 Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Graziani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Corà
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Garcia M, Kumanski S, Elías-Villalobos A, Cazevieille C, Soulet C, Moriel-Carretero M. Nuclear ingression of cytoplasmic bodies accompanies a boost in autophagy. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/9/e202101160. [PMID: 35568434 PMCID: PMC9107791 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a fully new remodeling event of the nuclear envelope surrounding the nucleolus: it partitions into its regular contact with the vacuole and a dramatic internalization of globular cytoplasmic portions within the nucleus. Membrane contact sites are functional nodes at which organelles reorganize metabolic pathways and adapt to changing cues. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the nuclear envelope subdomain surrounding the nucleolus, very plastic and prone to expansion, can establish contacts with the vacuole and be remodeled in response to various metabolic stresses. While using genotoxins with unrelated purposes, we serendipitously discovered a fully new remodeling event at this nuclear subdomain: the nuclear envelope partitions into its regular contact with the vacuole and a dramatic internalization within the nucleus. This leads to the nuclear engulfment of a globular, cytoplasmic portion. In spite of how we discovered it, the phenomenon is likely DNA damage-independent. We define lipids supporting negative curvature, such as phosphatidic acid and sterols, as bona fide drivers of this event. Mechanistically, we suggest that the engulfment of the cytoplasm triggers a suction phenomenon that enhances the docking of proton pump-containing vesicles with the vacuolar membrane, which we show matches a boost in autophagy. Thus, our findings unveil an unprecedented remodeling of the nucleolus-surrounding membranes with impact on metabolic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Garcia
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Kumanski
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Alberto Elías-Villalobos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío-CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Chantal Cazevieille
- Institut de Neurosciences de Montpellier (INM), Université de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Soulet
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - María Moriel-Carretero
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
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Purow B. Delivering Glioblastoma a Kick-DGKα Inhibition as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy for GBM. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051269. [PMID: 35267577 PMCID: PMC8909282 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase α (DGKα) inhibition may be particularly relevant for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM), a relatively common brain malignancy incurable with current therapies. Prior reports have shown that DGKα inhibition has multiple direct activities against GBM cells, including suppressing the oncogenic pathways mTOR and HIF-1α. It also inhibits pathways associated with the normally treatment-resistant mesenchymal phenotype, yielding preferential activity against mesenchymal GBM; this suggests possible utility in combining DGKα inhibition with radiation and other therapies for which the mesenchymal phenotype promotes resistance. The potential for DGKα inhibition to block or reverse T cell anergy also suggests the potential of DGKα inhibition to boost immunotherapy against GBM, which is generally considered an immunologically "cold" tumor. A recent report indicates that DGKα deficiency increases responsiveness of macrophages, indicating that DGKα inhibition could also have the potential to boost macrophage and microglia activity against GBM-which could be a particularly promising approach given the heavy infiltration of these cells in GBM. DGKα inhibition may therefore offer a promising multi-pronged attack on GBM, with multiple direct anti-GBM activities and also the ability to boost both adaptive and innate immune responses against GBM. However, both the direct and indirect benefits of DGKα inhibition for GBM will likely require combinations with other therapies to achieve meaningful efficacy. Furthermore, GBM offers other challenges for the application of DGKα inhibitors, including decreased accessibility from the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The ideal DGKα inhibitor for GBM will combine potency, specificity, and BBB penetrability. No existing inhibitor is known to meet all these criteria, but the strong potential of DGKα inhibition against this lethal brain cancer should help drive development and testing of agents to bring this promising strategy to the clinic for patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Purow
- Neurology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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Fu L, Deng R, Huang Y, Yang X, Jiang N, Zhou J, Lin C, Chen S, Wu L, Cui Q, Yun J. DGKA interacts with SRC/FAK to promote the metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 532:215585. [PMID: 35131384 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is responsible for the high mortality rate of lung cancer, but its underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that the expression of diacylglycerol kinase alpha (DGKA) was elevated in the metastatic lesions of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and correlated with poor survival. Mechanistic studies revealed a direct physical interaction as well as a mutual regulation among DGKA, proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (SRC), and focal adhesion kinase 1 (FAK) proteins. The C-terminal domain of DGKA was responsible for the SRC SH3 domain binding, while the catalytic domain of DGKA interacted with the FREM domain of FAK. DGKA phosphorylated the SRC protein at Tyr416 and the FAK protein at Tyr397 to form and activate the DGKA/SRC/FAK complex, thus initiating the downstream WNT/β-catenin and VEGF signaling pathways, promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis, and resulting in the metastasis of NSCLC. DGKA knockdown inhibited the invasive phenotype of NSCLC cells in vitro. Pharmacologic ablation of DGKA inhibited the metastasis of NSCLC cells in vivo, and this was reversed by the overexpression of DGKA. These results suggested that DGKA was a potential prognostic biomarker as well as a promising therapeutic target for NSCLC, especially when there was lymphatic or distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ru Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yuhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Neng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Censhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shilu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Liyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qian Cui
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jingping Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
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Bozelli JC, Yune J, Takahashi D, Sakane F, Epand RM. Membrane morphology determines diacylglycerol kinase α substrate acyl chain specificity. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21602. [PMID: 33977628 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100264r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases catalyze the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of diacylglycerol (DAG) to produce phosphatidic acid (PA). In humans, the alpha isoform (DGKα) has emerged as a potential target in the treatment of cancer due to its anti-tumor and pro-immune responses. However, its mechanism of action at a molecular level is not fully understood. In this work, a systematic investigation of the role played by the membrane in the regulation of the enzymatic properties of human DGKα is presented. By using a cell-free system with purified DGKα and model membranes of variable physical and chemical properties, it is shown that membrane physical properties determine human DGKα substrate acyl chain specificity. In model membranes with a flat morphology; DGKα presents high enzymatic activity, but it is not able to differentiate DAG molecular species. Furthermore, DGKα enzymatic properties are insensitive to membrane intrinsic curvature. However, in the presence of model membranes with altered morphology, specifically the presence of physically curved membrane structures, DGKα bears substrate acyl chain specificity for palmitic acid-containing DAG. The present results identify changes in membrane morphology as one possible mechanism for the depletion of specific pools of DAG as well as the production of specific pools of PA by DGKα, adding an extra layer of regulation on the interconversion of these two potent lipid-signaling molecules. It is proposed that the interplay between membrane physical (shape) and chemical (lipid composition) properties guarantee a fine-tuned signal transduction system dependent on the levels and molecular species of DAG and PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Bozelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jenny Yune
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Richard M Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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New Era of Diacylglycerol Kinase, Phosphatidic Acid and Phosphatidic Acid-Binding Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186794. [PMID: 32947951 PMCID: PMC7555651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) phosphorylates diacylglycerol (DG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA). Mammalian DGK consists of ten isozymes (α–κ) and governs a wide range of physiological and pathological events, including immune responses, neuronal networking, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, fragile X syndrome, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. DG and PA comprise diverse molecular species that have different acyl chains at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. Because the DGK activity is essential for phosphatidylinositol turnover, which exclusively produces 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-DG, it has been generally thought that all DGK isozymes utilize the DG species derived from the turnover. However, it was recently revealed that DGK isozymes, except for DGKε, phosphorylate diverse DG species, which are not derived from phosphatidylinositol turnover. In addition, various PA-binding proteins (PABPs), which have different selectivities for PA species, were recently found. These results suggest that DGK–PA–PABP axes can potentially construct a large and complex signaling network and play physiologically and pathologically important roles in addition to DGK-dependent attenuation of DG–DG-binding protein axes. For example, 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-PA produced by DGKδ interacts with and activates Praja-1, the E3 ubiquitin ligase acting on the serotonin transporter, which is a target of drugs for obsessive-compulsive and major depressive disorders, in the brain. This article reviews recent research progress on PA species produced by DGK isozymes, the selective binding of PABPs to PA species and a phosphatidylinositol turnover-independent DG supply pathway.
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Subcellular Localization Relevance and Cancer-Associated Mechanisms of Diacylglycerol Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155297. [PMID: 32722576 PMCID: PMC7432101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of reports suggests a significant involvement of the phosphoinositide (PI) cycle in cancer development and progression. Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are very active in the PI cycle. They are a family of ten members that convert diacylglycerol (DAG) into phosphatidic acid (PA), two-second messengers with versatile cellular functions. Notably, some DGK isoforms, such as DGKα, have been reported to possess promising therapeutic potential in cancer therapy. However, further studies are needed in order to better comprehend their involvement in cancer. In this review, we highlight that DGKs are an essential component of the PI cycle that localize within several subcellular compartments, including the nucleus and plasma membrane, together with their PI substrates and that they are involved in mediating major cancer cell mechanisms such as growth and metastasis. DGKs control cancer cell survival, proliferation, and angiogenesis by regulating Akt/mTOR and MAPK/ERK pathways. In addition, some DGKs control cancer cell migration by regulating the activities of the Rho GTPases Rac1 and RhoA.
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Palmitic acid- and/or palmitoleic acid-containing phosphatidic acids are generated by diacylglycerol kinase α in starved Jurkat T cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:1054-1060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Li J, Pan C, Boese AC, Kang J, Umano AD, Magliocca KR, Yang W, Zhang Y, Lonial S, Jin L, Kang S. DGKA Provides Platinum Resistance in Ovarian Cancer Through Activation of c-JUN-WEE1 Signaling. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:3843-3855. [PMID: 32341033 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although platinum compounds are the first-line treatment for ovarian cancer, the majority of patients relapse and develop resistance to treatment. However, the mechanism underlying resistance is unclear. The goal of our study is to decipher the mechanism by which a metabolic kinase, diacylglycerol kinase alpha (DGKA), confers platinum resistance in ovarian cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Metabolic kinase RNAi synthetic lethal screening was used to identify a cisplatin resistance driver in ovarian cancer. DGKA variants were used to demonstrate the need for DGKA activity in cisplatin resistance. Phospho-proteomic and genomic screens were performed to identify downstream effectors of DGKA. Therapeutic efficacy of targeting DGKA was confirmed and clinical relevance of DGKA signaling was validated using ovarian cancer patient-derived tumors that had different responses to platinum-based therapy. RESULTS We found that platinum resistance was mediated by DGKA and its product, phosphatidic acid (PA), in ovarian cancer. Proteomic and genomic screens revealed that DGKA activates the transcription factor c-JUN and consequently enhances expression of a cell-cycle regulator, WEE1. Mechanistically, PA facilitates c-JUN N-terminal kinase recruitment to c-JUN and its nuclear localization, leading to c-JUN activation upon cisplatin exposure. Pharmacologic inhibition of DGKA sensitized ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin treatment and DGKA-c-JUN-WEE1 signaling positively correlated with platinum resistance in tumors derived from patients with ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates how the DGKA-derived lipid messenger, PA, contributes to cisplatin resistance by intertwining with kinase and transcription networks, and provides preclinical evidence for targeting DGKA as a new strategy in ovarian cancer treatment to battle cisplatin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chaoyun Pan
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Austin C Boese
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - JiHoon Kang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Anna D Umano
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kelly R Magliocca
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Wenqing Yang
- Department of Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Gynecological Oncology Research and Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Gynecological Oncology Research and Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sagar Lonial
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lingtao Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sumin Kang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
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11
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Velnati S, Massarotti A, Antona A, Talmon M, Fresu LG, Galetto AS, Capello D, Bertoni A, Mercalli V, Graziani A, Tron GC, Baldanzi G. Structure activity relationship studies on Amb639752: toward the identification of a common pharmacophoric structure for DGKα inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:96-108. [PMID: 31690133 PMCID: PMC6844378 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1684911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of analogues of Amb639752, a novel diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) inhibitor recently discovered by us via virtual screening, have been tested. The compounds were evaluated as DGK inhibitors on α, θ, and ζ isoforms, and as antagonists on serotonin receptors. From these assays emerged two novel compounds, namely 11 and 20, which with an IC50 respectively of 1.6 and 1.8 µM are the most potent inhibitors of DGKα discovered to date. Both compounds demonstrated the ability to restore apoptosis in a cellular model of X-linked lymphoproliferative disease as well as the capacity to reduce the migration of cancer cells, suggesting their potential utility in preventing metastasis. Finally, relying on experimental biological data, molecular modelling studies allow us to set a three-point pharmacophore model for DGK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Velnati
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Institute for Research and Cure of Autoimmune Diseases, CAAD, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Alberto Massarotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Annamaria Antona
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Maria Talmon
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Luigia Grazia Fresu
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Silvia Galetto
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Palliative Care Division, A.S.L., Vercelli, Italy
| | - Daniela Capello
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bertoni
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Valentina Mercalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Graziani
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Gian Cesare Tron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Institute for Research and Cure of Autoimmune Diseases, CAAD, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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12
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Takahashi D, Suzuki K, Sakamoto T, Iwamoto T, Murata T, Sakane F. Crystal structure and calcium-induced conformational changes of diacylglycerol kinase α EF-hand domains. Protein Sci 2019; 28:694-706. [PMID: 30653270 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are multi-domain lipid kinases that phosphorylate diacylglycerol into phosphatidic acid, modulating the levels of these key signaling lipids. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to DGKα isozyme as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. We have previously shown that DGKα is positively regulated by Ca2+ binding to its N-terminal EF-hand domains (DGKα-EF). However, little progress has been made for the structural biology of mammalian DGKs and the molecular mechanism underlying the Ca2+ -triggered activation remains unclear. Here we report the first crystal structure of Ca2+ -bound DGKα-EF and analyze the structural changes upon binding to Ca2+ . DGKα-EF adopts a canonical EF-hand fold, but unexpectedly, has an additional α-helix (often called a ligand mimic [LM] helix), which is packed into the hydrophobic core. Biophysical and biochemical analyses reveal that DGKα-EF adopts a protease-susceptible "open" conformation without Ca2+ that tends to form a dimer. Cooperative binding of two Ca2+ ions dissociates the dimer into a well-folded monomer, which resists to proteolysis. Taken together, our results provide experimental evidence that Ca2+ binding induces substantial conformational changes in DGKα-EF, which likely regulates intra-molecular interactions responsible for the activation of DGKα and suggest a possible role of the LM helix for the Ca2+ -induced conformational changes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs), which modulates the levels of two lipid second messengers, diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid, is still structurally enigmatic enzymes since its first identification in 1959. We here present the first crystal structure of EF-hand domains of diacylglycerol kinase α in its Ca2+ bound form and characterize Ca2+ -induced conformational changes, which likely regulates intra-molecular interactions. Our study paves the way for future studies to understand the structural basis of DGK isozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kano Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taiichi Sakamoto
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeo Iwamoto
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Core Research Facilities for Basic Science, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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13
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Merida I, Arranz-Nicolás J, Torres-Ayuso P, Ávila-Flores A. Diacylglycerol Kinase Malfunction in Human Disease and the Search for Specific Inhibitors. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 259:133-162. [PMID: 31227890 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are master regulator kinases that control the switch from diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid (PA), two lipids with important structural and signaling properties. Mammalian DGKs distribute into five subfamilies that regulate local availability of DAG and PA pools in a tissue- and subcellular-restricted manner. Pharmacological manipulation of DGK activity holds great promise, given the critical contribution of specific DGK subtypes to the control of membrane structure, signaling complexes, and cell-cell communication. The latest advances in the DGK field have unveiled the differential contribution of selected isoforms to human disease. Defects in the expression/activity of individual DGK isoforms contribute substantially to cognitive impairment, mental disorders, insulin resistance, and vascular pathologies. Abnormal DGK overexpression, on the other hand, confers the acquisition of malignant traits including invasion, chemotherapy resistance, and inhibition of immune attack on tumors. Translation of these findings into therapeutic approaches will require development of methods to pharmacologically modulate DGK functions. In particular, inhibitors that target the DGKα isoform hold particular promise in the fight against cancer, on their own or in combination with immune-targeting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Merida
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Arranz-Nicolás
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Torres-Ayuso
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute (NCI-NIH), Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Antonia Ávila-Flores
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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14
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Takahashi D, Sakane F. Expression and purification of human diacylglycerol kinase α from baculovirus-infected insect cells for structural studies. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5449. [PMID: 30128205 PMCID: PMC6089211 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are lipid kinases that modulate the levels of lipid second messengers, diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to its α isozyme (DGKα) as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. DGKα consists of the N-terminal regulatory domains including EF-hand motifs and C1 domains, and the C-terminal catalytic domain (DGKα-CD). To date, however, no structures of mammalian DGKs including their CDs have yet been reported, impeding our understanding on the catalytic mechanism of DGKs and the rational structure-based drug design. Here we attempted to produce DGKα-CD or a full-length DGKα using bacterial and baculovirus-insect cell expression system for structural studies. While several DGKα-CD constructs produced using both bacterial and insect cells formed insoluble or soluble aggregates, the full-length DGKα expressed in insect cells remained soluble and was purified to near homogeneity as a monomer with yields (1.3 mg/mL per one L cell culture) feasible for protein crystallization. Following enzymatic characterization showed that the purified DGKα is in fully functional state. We further demonstrated that the purified enzyme could be concentrated without any significant aggregation, and characterized its secondary structure by circular dichroism. Taken together, these results suggest that the presence of N-terminal regulatory domains suppress protein aggregation likely via their intramolecular interactions with DGKα-CD, and demonstrate that the baculovirus-insect cell expression of the full-length form of DGKα, not DGKα-CD alone, represents a promising approach to produce protein sample for structural studies of DGKα. Thus, our study will encourage future efforts to determine the crystal structure of DGK, which has not been determined since it was first identified in 1959.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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15
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Ratti S, Ramazzotti G, Faenza I, Fiume R, Mongiorgi S, Billi AM, McCubrey JA, Suh PG, Manzoli L, Cocco L, Follo MY. Nuclear inositide signaling and cell cycle. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 67:1-6. [PMID: 29102395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositols (PIs) are responsible for several signaling pathways related to many cellular functions, such as cell cycle regulation at different check-points, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, membrane trafficking and gene expression. PI metabolism is not only present at the cytoplasmic level, but also at the nuclear one, where different signaling pathways affect essential nuclear mechanisms in eukaryotic cells. In this review we focus on nuclear inositide signaling in relation to cell cycle regulation. Many evidences underline the pivotal role of nuclear inositide signaling in cell cycle regulation and cell proliferation associated to different strategic physiopathological mechanisms in several cell systems and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ratti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giulia Ramazzotti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Faenza
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Fiume
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Mongiorgi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Billi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, MS#629, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matilde Y Follo
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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16
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Poli A, Fiume R, Baldanzi G, Capello D, Ratti S, Gesi M, Manzoli L, Graziani A, Suh PG, Cocco L, Follo MY. Nuclear Localization of Diacylglycerol Kinase Alpha in K562 Cells Is Involved in Cell Cycle Progression. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2550-2557. [PMID: 27731506 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (PI) signaling is an essential regulator of cell motility and proliferation. A portion of PI metabolism and signaling takes place in the nuclear compartment of eukaryotic cells, where an array of kinases and phosphatases localize and modulate PI. Among these, Diacylglycerol Kinases (DGKs) are a class of phosphotransferases that phosphorylate diacylglycerol and induce the synthesis of phosphatidic acid. Nuclear DGKalpha modulates cell cycle progression, and its activity or expression can lead to changes in the phosphorylated status of the Retinoblastoma protein, thus, impairing G1/S transition and, subsequently, inducing cell cycle arrest, which is often uncoupled with apoptosis or autophagy induction. Here we report for the first time not only that the DGKalpha isoform is highly expressed in the nuclei of human erythroleukemia cell line K562, but also that its nuclear activity drives K562 cells through the G1/S transition during cell cycle progression. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2550-2557, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Poli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo e Enrica Invernizzi", Milano, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Fiume
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department of Translational Medicine and Institute for Research and Cure of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Daniela Capello
- Department of Translational Medicine and Institute for Research and Cure of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Gesi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Graziani
- Department of Translational Medicine and Institute for Research and Cure of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,University Vita e Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matilde Y Follo
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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17
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Mérida I, Torres-Ayuso P, Ávila-Flores A, Arranz-Nicolás J, Andrada E, Tello-Lafoz M, Liébana R, Arcos R. Diacylglycerol kinases in cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2017; 63:22-31. [PMID: 27697466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGK) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the transformation of diacylglycerol into phosphatidic acid. In T lymphocytes, DGKα and ζ limit the activation of the PLCγ/Ras/ERK axis, providing a critical checkpoint to inhibit T cell responses. Upregulation of these isoforms limits Ras activation, leading to hypo-responsive, anergic states similar to those caused by tumors. Recent studies have identified DGKα upregulation in tumor lymphocyte infiltrates, and cells from DGKα and ζ deficient mice show enhanced antitumor activity, suggesting that limitation of DAG based signals by DGK is used by tumors to evade immune attack. DGKα expression is low or even absent in other healthy cells like melanocytes, hepatocytes or neurons. Expression of this isoform, nevertheless is upregulated in melanoma, hepatocarcinoma and glioblastoma where DGKα contributes to the acquisition of tumor metastatic traits. A model thus emerges where tumor milieu fosters DGKα expression in tumors as well as in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes with opposite consequences. Here we review the mechanisms and targets that facilitate tumor "addiction" to DGKα, and discuss its relevance in the more advanced forms of cancer for tumor immune evasion. A better knowledge of this function offers a new perspective in the search of novel approaches to prevent inhibition of immune attack in cancer. Part of the failure in clinical progress may be attributed to the complexity of the tumor/T lymphocyte interaction. As they develop, tumors use a number of mechanisms to drive endogenous, tumor reactive T cells to a general state of hyporesponsiveness or anergy. A better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that tumors use to trigger T cell anergic states will greatly help in the advance of immunotherapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Mérida
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), E-28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pedro Torres-Ayuso
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia Ávila-Flores
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Arranz-Nicolás
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Andrada
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Tello-Lafoz
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Liébana
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Arcos
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), E-28049, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Chae HS, Kim YM, Chin YW. Atractylodin Inhibits Interleukin-6 by Blocking NPM-ALK Activation and MAPKs in HMC-1. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091169. [PMID: 27598116 PMCID: PMC6274166 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Atractylodin is one of the major constituents of the rhizome of Atractylodes lancea, which is widely used in Korean traditional medicine as a remedy for the treatment of gastritis and gastric ulcers. Despite of a major constituent of widely used botanical to treat inflammatory responses little is known about anti-inflammatory effect of atractylodin in the human mast cell (HMC-1). Hence, we evaluated the effect of atractylodin on the release of IL-6, the involvement of nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate and A23187-induced HMC-1. In addition, Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phospholipase C (PLC) gamma 1, and AKT phosphorylation relevant to NPM-ALK signal pathway were assessed. IL-6 levels in the HMC-1 stimulated by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate and A23187 were apparently decreased by the treatment of atractylodin. Concurrently, atractylodin not only inhibited the phosphorylation of NPM-ALK, but also suppressed the phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT3, PLC gamma 1, and AKT. Furthermore, the activated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate and A23187 were inhibited by atractylodin. These results suggested that atractylodin might have a potential regulatory effect on inflammatory mediator expression through blockade of both the phosphorylation of MAPKs and the NPM-ALK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sung Chae
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Korea.
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Korea.
| | - Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Korea.
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19
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Basler G, Nikoloski Z, Larhlimi A, Barabási AL, Liu YY. Control of fluxes in metabolic networks. Genome Res 2016; 26:956-68. [PMID: 27197218 PMCID: PMC4937563 DOI: 10.1101/gr.202648.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the control of large-scale metabolic networks is central to biology and medicine. However, existing approaches either require specifying a cellular objective or can only be used for small networks. We introduce new coupling types describing the relations between reaction activities, and develop an efficient computational framework, which does not require any cellular objective for systematic studies of large-scale metabolism. We identify the driver reactions facilitating control of 23 metabolic networks from all kingdoms of life. We find that unicellular organisms require a smaller degree of control than multicellular organisms. Driver reactions are under complex cellular regulation in Escherichia coli, indicating their preeminent role in facilitating cellular control. In human cancer cells, driver reactions play pivotal roles in malignancy and represent potential therapeutic targets. The developed framework helps us gain insights into regulatory principles of diseases and facilitates design of engineering strategies at the interface of gene regulation, signaling, and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Basler
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; Department of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín CSIC, Granada, 18008 Spain
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, 14476 Germany
| | - Abdelhalim Larhlimi
- Laboratoire d'Informatique de Nantes Atlantique, Université de Nantes, Nantes, 44322 France
| | - Albert-László Barabási
- Center for Complex Network Research and Departments of Physics, Computer Science, and Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Yang-Yu Liu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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20
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Purow B. Molecular Pathways: Targeting Diacylglycerol Kinase Alpha in Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:5008-12. [PMID: 26420856 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lipid kinases have largely been neglected as targets in cancer, and an increasing number of reports suggest diacylglycerol kinase alpha (DGKα) may be one with promising therapeutic potential. DGKα is one of 10 DGK family members that convert diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid (PA), and both DAG and PA are critical lipid second messengers in the plasma membrane. A host of important oncogenic proteins and pathways affect cancer cells in part through DGKα, including the c-Met and VEGF receptors. Others partially mediate the effects of DGKα inhibition in cancer, such as mTOR and HIF-1α. DGKα inhibition can directly impair cancer cell viability, inhibits angiogenesis, and notably may also boost T-cell activation and enhance cancer immunotherapies. Although two structurally similar inhibitors of DGKα were established decades ago, they have seen minimal in vivo usage, and it is unlikely that either of these older DGKα inhibitors will have utility for cancer. An abandoned compound that also inhibits serotonin receptors may have more translational potential as a DGKα inhibitor, but more potent and specific DGKα inhibitors are sorely needed. Other DGK family members may also provide therapeutic targets in cancer, but require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Purow
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
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21
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Torres-Ayuso P, Daza-Martín M, Martín-Pérez J, Ávila-Flores A, Mérida I. Diacylglycerol kinase α promotes 3D cancer cell growth and limits drug sensitivity through functional interaction with Src. Oncotarget 2015; 5:9710-26. [PMID: 25339152 PMCID: PMC4259432 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK)α converts diacylglycerol to phosphatidic acid. This lipid kinase sustains survival, migration and invasion of tumor cells, with no effect over untransformed cells, suggesting its potential as a cancer-specific target. Nonetheless the mechanisms that underlie DGKα specific contribution to cancer survival have not been elucidated. Using three-dimensional (3D) colon and breast cancer cell cultures, we demonstrate that DGKα upregulation is part of the transcriptional program that results in Src activation in these culture conditions. Pharmacological or genetic DGKα silencing impaired tumor growth in vivo confirming its function in malignant transformation. DGKα-mediated Src regulation contributed to limit the effect of Src inhibitors, and its transcriptional upregulation in response to PI3K/Akt inhibitors resulted in reduced toxicity. Src oncogenic properties and contribution to pharmacological resistance have been linked to its overactivation in cancer. DGKα participation in this central node helps to explain why its pharmacological inhibition or siRNA-mediated targeting specifically alters tumor viability with no effect on untransformed cells. Our results identify DGKα-mediated stabilization of Src activation as an important mechanism in tumor growth, and suggest that targeting this enzyme, alone or in combination with other inhibitors in wide clinical use, could constitute a treatment strategy for aggressive forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Torres-Ayuso
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Daza-Martín
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Martín-Pérez
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols/CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia Ávila-Flores
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Mérida
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Rainero E, Cianflone C, Porporato PE, Chianale F, Malacarne V, Bettio V, Ruffo E, Ferrara M, Benecchia F, Capello D, Paster W, Locatelli I, Bertoni A, Filigheddu N, Sinigaglia F, Norman JC, Baldanzi G, Graziani A. The diacylglycerol kinase α/atypical PKC/β1 integrin pathway in SDF-1α mammary carcinoma invasiveness. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97144. [PMID: 24887021 PMCID: PMC4041662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase α (DGKα), by phosphorylating diacylglycerol into phosphatidic acid, provides a key signal driving cell migration and matrix invasion. We previously demonstrated that in epithelial cells activation of DGKα activity promotes cytoskeletal remodeling and matrix invasion by recruiting atypical PKC at ruffling sites and by promoting RCP-mediated recycling of α5β1 integrin to the tip of pseudopods. In here we investigate the signaling pathway by which DGKα mediates SDF-1α-induced matrix invasion of MDA-MB-231 invasive breast carcinoma cells. Indeed we showed that, following SDF-1α stimulation, DGKα is activated and localized at cell protrusion, thus promoting their elongation and mediating SDF-1α induced MMP-9 metalloproteinase secretion and matrix invasion. Phosphatidic acid generated by DGKα promotes localization at cell protrusions of atypical PKCs which play an essential role downstream of DGKα by promoting Rac-mediated protrusion elongation and localized recruitment of β1 integrin and MMP-9. We finally demonstrate that activation of DGKα, atypical PKCs signaling and β1 integrin are all essential for MDA-MB-231 invasiveness. These data indicates the existence of a SDF-1α induced DGKα - atypical PKC - β1 integrin signaling pathway, which is essential for matrix invasion of carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rainero
- Integrin Biology Laboratory, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Cianflone
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Federica Chianale
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Valeria Malacarne
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Valentina Bettio
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Elisa Ruffo
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Michele Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Fabio Benecchia
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Daniela Capello
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Paster
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Locatelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bertoni
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Filigheddu
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Fabiola Sinigaglia
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Jim C. Norman
- Integrin Biology Laboratory, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- Integrin Biology Laboratory, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Graziani
- Integrin Biology Laboratory, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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23
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Shirai Y, Ikeda M, Saito N. Regulation of diacylglycerol kinase by phosphorylation. Adv Biol Regul 2013; 52:239-47. [PMID: 22005481 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Shirai
- Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kobe 657 8501, Japan.
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24
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Dominguez CL, Floyd DH, Xiao A, Mullins GR, Kefas BA, Xin W, Yacur MN, Abounader R, Lee JK, Wilson GM, Harris TE, Purow BW. Diacylglycerol kinase α is a critical signaling node and novel therapeutic target in glioblastoma and other cancers. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:782-97. [PMID: 23558954 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although diacylglycerol kinase α (DGKα) has been linked to several signaling pathways related to cancer cell biology, it has been neglected as a target for cancer therapy. The attenuation of DGKα activity via DGKα-targeting siRNA and small-molecule inhibitors R59022 and R59949 induced caspase-mediated apoptosis in glioblastoma cells and in other cancers, but lacked toxicity in noncancerous cells. We determined that mTOR and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) are key targets of DGKα inhibition, in addition to its regulation of other oncogenes. DGKα regulates mTOR transcription via a unique pathway involving cyclic AMP. Finally, we showed the efficacy of DGKα inhibition with short hairpin RNA or a small-molecule agent in glioblastoma and melanoma xenograft treatment models, with growth delay and decreased vascularity. This study establishes DGKα as a central signaling hub and a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charli L Dominguez
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, College of Nursing and Health Professions, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, Indiana, USA
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25
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Crotty TM, Nakano T, Stafforini DM, Topham MK. Diacylglycerol kinase δ modulates Akt phosphorylation through pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2). J Biol Chem 2012. [PMID: 23184957 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.407379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovering proteins that modulate Akt signaling has become a critical task, given the oncogenic role of Akt in a wide variety of cancers. We have discovered a novel diacylglycerol signaling pathway that promotes dephosphorylation of Akt. This pathway is regulated by diacylglycerol kinase δ (DGKδ). In DGKδ-deficient cells, we found reduced Akt phosphorylation downstream of three receptor tyrosine kinases. Phosphorylation upstream of Akt was not affected. Our data indicate that PKCα, which is excessively active in DGKδ-deficient cells, promotes dephosphorylation of Akt through pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeats protein phosphatase (PHLPP) 2. Depletion of either PKCα or PHLPP2 rescued Akt phosphorylation in DGKδ-deficient cells. In contrast, depletion of PHLPP1, another Akt phosphatase, failed to rescue Akt phosphorylation. Other PHLPP substrates were not affected by DGKδ deficiency, suggesting mechanisms allowing specific modulation of Akt dephosphorylation. We found that β-arrestin 1 acted as a scaffold for PHLPP2 and Akt1, providing a mechanism for specificity. Because of its ability to reduce Akt phosphorylation, we tested whether depletion of DGKδ could attenuate tumorigenic properties of cultured cells and found that DGKδ deficiency reduced cell proliferation and migration and enhanced apoptosis. We have, thus, discovered a novel pathway in which diacylglycerol signaling negatively regulates Akt activity. Our collective data indicate that DGKδ is a pertinent cancer target, and our studies could lay the groundwork for development of novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy M Crotty
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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26
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Baldanzi G, Pighini A, Bettio V, Rainero E, Traini S, Chianale F, Porporato PE, Filigheddu N, Mesturini R, Song S, Schweighoffer T, Patrussi L, Baldari CT, Zhong XP, van Blitterswijk WJ, Sinigaglia F, Nichols KE, Rubio I, Parolini O, Graziani A. SAP-mediated inhibition of diacylglycerol kinase α regulates TCR-induced diacylglycerol signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5941-51. [PMID: 22048771 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) metabolize diacylglycerol to phosphatidic acid. In T lymphocytes, DGKα acts as a negative regulator of TCR signaling by decreasing diacylglycerol levels and inducing anergy. In this study, we show that upon costimulation of the TCR with CD28 or signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM), DGKα, but not DGKζ, exits from the nucleus and undergoes rapid negative regulation of its enzymatic activity. Inhibition of DGKα is dependent on the expression of SAP, an adaptor protein mutated in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease, which is essential for SLAM-mediated signaling and contributes to TCR/CD28-induced signaling and T cell activation. Accordingly, overexpression of SAP is sufficient to inhibit DGKα, whereas SAP mutants unable to bind either phospho-tyrosine residues or SH3 domain are ineffective. Moreover, phospholipase C activity and calcium, but not Src-family tyrosine kinases, are also required for negative regulation of DGKα. Finally, inhibition of DGKα in SAP-deficient cells partially rescues defective TCR/CD28 signaling, including Ras and ERK1/2 activation, protein kinase C membrane recruitment, induction of NF-AT transcriptional activity, and IL-2 production. Thus SAP-mediated inhibition of DGKα sustains diacylglycerol signaling, thereby regulating T cell activation, and it may represent a novel pharmacological strategy for X-linked lymphoproliferative disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University A. Avogadro of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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27
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Shulga YV, Topham MK, Epand RM. Regulation and functions of diacylglycerol kinases. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6186-208. [PMID: 21800853 DOI: 10.1021/cr1004106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia V Shulga
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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28
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Diacylglycerol kinase α mediates 17-β-estradiol-induced proliferation, motility, and anchorage-independent growth of Hec-1A endometrial cancer cell line through the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPR30. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1988-96. [PMID: 21802511 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of endogenous and/or exogenous estrogens are one of the well known risk factors of endometrial cancer. Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are a family of enzymes which phosphorylate diacylglycerol (DAG) to produce phosphatidic acid (PA), thus turning off and on DAG-mediated and PA-mediated signaling pathways, respectively. DGK α activity is stimulated by growth factors and oncogenes and is required for chemotactic, proliferative, and angiogenic signaling in vitro. Herein, using either specific siRNAs or the pharmacological inhibitor R59949, we demonstrate that DGK α activity is required for 17-β-estradiol (E2)-induced proliferation, motility, and anchorage-independent growth of Hec-1A endometrial cancer cell line. Impairment of DGK α activity also influences basal cell proliferation and growth in soft agar of Hec-1A, while it has no effects on basal cell motility. Moreover, we show that DGK α activity induced by E2, as well as its observed effects, are mediated by the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPR30 (GPER). These findings suggest that DGK α may be a potential target in endometrial cancer therapy.
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29
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Baldanzi G, Pietronave S, Locarno D, Merlin S, Porporato P, Chianale F, Filigheddu N, Cantelmo AR, Albini A, Graziani A, Prat M. Diacylglycerol kinases are essential for hepatocyte growth factor-dependent proliferation and motility of Kaposi's sarcoma cells. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:1329-36. [PMID: 21477072 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is involved in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), the most frequent neoplasia in patients with AIDS, characterized by proliferating spindle cells, infiltrating inflammatory cells, angiogenesis, edema, and invasiveness. In vitro, this factor sustains the biological behavior of KS derived cells, after activation of its receptor and the downstream MAPK and AKT signals. In other cell types, namely endothelial and epithelial cells, movement, proliferation, and survival stimulated by HGF and other growth factors and cytokines depend on diacylglycerol kinases (DGK). In an effort to identify new intracellular transducers operative in KS cells, which could represent therapeutic targets, we investigated the role of DGK in KS cell movement and proliferation by treating cells with the DGK pharmacological inhibitor R59949. We report that R59949 strongly inhibits HGF-induced KS motility, proliferation, and anchorage-independent growth with only a partial effect on cell adhesion and spreading. R59949 does not affect cell survival, HGF receptor activation, or the classical MAPK and AKT signalling pathways. Furthermore, we carried out an siRNA screen to characterize the DGK isoforms involved in KS motility and anchorage independent growth. Our data indicate a strong involvement of DGK-δ in KS motility and of DGK-ι in anchorage-independent growth. These results indicate that DGK inhibition is sufficient to impair in vitro KS cell proliferation and movement and suggest that selected DGK represent new pharmacological targets to interfere with the malignant properties of KS, independently from the well-known RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Novara IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
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30
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Chen C, Wei X, Rao X, Wu J, Yang S, Chen F, Ma D, Zhou J, Dackor RT, Zeldin DC, Wang DW. Cytochrome P450 2J2 is highly expressed in hematologic malignant diseases and promotes tumor cell growth. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 336:344-55. [PMID: 21030485 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.174805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2J2 (CYP2J2) epoxygenase converts arachidonic acid to four regioisomeric epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) that exert multiple biological effects in the cardiovascular system and in various human solid cancers. However, it is unknown whether this enzyme is expressed or plays any role in malignant hematological diseases. In this study, we found strong and highly selective CYP2J2 expression in five human-derived malignant hematological cell lines and in leukemia cells from peripheral blood and bone marrow in 36 of 42 patients (86%) with malignant hematologic diseases. Furthermore, increased levels of EETs were detected in urine and blood samples from these patients. Addition of exogenous EET or CYP2J2 overexpression in cultured human-derived malignant hematologic cell lines markedly accelerated proliferation and attenuated apoptosis. Addition of the selective CYP2J2 inhibitor compound 26 (C26; 1-[4-(vinyl) phenyl]-4-[4-(diphenyl-hydroxymethyl)-piperidinyl]-butanone hydrochloride) inhibited cell proliferation and increased apoptosis, an effect that was significantly reversed by EET. CYP2J2 overexpression and exogenous EET activated AMP-activated protein kinase, c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathways, and increased epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation levels. CYP2J2 overexpression also enhanced malignant xenograft growth, which was efficiently inhibited by oral administration of C26 in Tie2-CYP2J2 transgenic mice and in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) xenograft mice. Together, these results suggest that CYP2J2 plays a key role in the pathogenesis of human hematologic malignant diseases. Selective inhibition of CYP2J2 may be a promising therapeutic strategy for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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31
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Carter H, Samayoa J, Hruban RH, Karchin R. Prioritization of driver mutations in pancreatic cancer using cancer-specific high-throughput annotation of somatic mutations (CHASM). Cancer Biol Ther 2010; 10:582-7. [PMID: 20581473 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.10.6.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 20,000 genes were recently sequenced in a series of 24 pancreatic cancers. We applied CHASM (Cancer-specific High-throughput Annotation of Somatic Mutations) to 963 of the missense somatic missense mutations discovered in these 24 cancers. CHASM identified putative driver mutations (false discovery rate ≤0.3) in three known pancreatic cancer driver genes (P53, SMAD4, CDKN2A). An additional 15 genes with putative driver mutations include genes coding for kinases (PIK3CG, DGKA, STK33, TTK and PRKCG), for cell cycle related proteins (NEK8), and for proteins involved in cell adhesion (CMAS, PCDHB2). These and other mutations identified by CHASM point to potential "driver genes" in pancreatic cancer that should be prioritized for additional follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Carter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Computational Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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32
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Structural basis for the recognition of nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase oncoprotein by the phosphotyrosine binding domain of Suc1-associated neurotrophic factor-induced tyrosine-phosphorylated target-2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 11:125-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s10969-010-9091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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33
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Diacylglycerol kinase alpha mediates HGF-induced Rac activation and membrane ruffling by regulating atypical PKC and RhoGDI. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:4182-7. [PMID: 20160093 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908326107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) convert diacylglycerol (DAG) into phosphatidic acid (PA), acting as molecular switches between DAG- and PA-mediated signaling. We previously showed that Src-dependent activation and plasma membrane recruitment of DGKalpha are required for growth-factor-induced cell migration and ruffling, through the control of Rac small-GTPase activation and plasma membrane localization. Herein we unveil a signaling pathway through which DGKalpha coordinates the localization of Rac. We show that upon hepatocyte growth-factor stimulation, DGKalpha, by producing PA, provides a key signal to recruit atypical PKCzeta/iota (aPKCzeta/iota) in complex with RhoGDI and Rac at ruffling sites of colony-growing epithelial cells. Then, DGKalpha-dependent activation of aPKCzeta/iota mediates the release of Rac from the inhibitory complex with RhoGDI, allowing its activation and leading to formation of membrane ruffles, which constitute essential requirements for cell migration. These findings highlight DGKalpha as the central element of a lipid signaling pathway linking tyrosine kinase growth-factor receptors to regulation of aPKCs and RhoGDI, and providing a positional signal regulating Rac association to the plasma membrane.
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34
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Cai J, Crotty TM, Reichert E, Carraway KL, Stafforini DM, Topham MK. Diacylglycerol kinase delta and protein kinase C(alpha) modulate epidermal growth factor receptor abundance and degradation through ubiquitin-specific protease 8. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:6952-9. [PMID: 20064931 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.055731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many human epithelial cancers are characterized by abnormal activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is often caused by its excessive expression in tumor cells. The abundance of EGFR is modulated, in part, by its ubiquitination, which targets it for degradation. The components responsible for adding ubiquitin to EGFR are well characterized, but this is a reversible process, and the mechanisms that modulate the removal of ubiquitin from the EGFR are not well known. We found that de-ubiquitination of EGFR was regulated by diacylglycerol kinase delta (DGKdelta), a lipid kinase that terminates diacylglycerol signaling. In DGKdelta-deficient cells, ubiquitination of EGFR was enhanced, which attenuated the steady-state levels of EGFR and promoted its ligand-induced degradation. These effects were not caused by changes in the ubiquitinating apparatus, but instead were due to reduced expression of the de-ubiquitinase, ubiquitin-specific protease 8 (USP8). Depletion of protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha), a target of diacylglycerol, rescued the levels of USP8 and normalized EGFR degradation in DGKdelta-deficient cells. Moreover, the effects of PKCalpha were caused by its inhibition of Akt, which stabilizes USP8. Our data indicate a novel mechanism where DGKdelta and PKCalpha modulate the levels of ubiquitinated EGFR through Akt and USP8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Cai
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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35
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Mérida I, Avila-Flores A, García J, Merino E, Almena M, Torres-Ayuso P. Diacylglycerol kinase alpha, from negative modulation of T cell activation to control of cancer progression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 49:174-88. [PMID: 19534031 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Mérida
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
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36
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Zhong XP, Guo R, Zhou H, Liu C, Wan CK. Diacylglycerol kinases in immune cell function and self-tolerance. Immunol Rev 2008; 224:249-64. [PMID: 18759932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Both diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidic acid (PA) are important second messengers involved in signal transduction from many immune cell receptors and can be generated and metabolized through multiple mechanisms. Recent studies indicate that diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs), the enzymes that catalyze phosphorylation of DAG to produce PA, play critical roles in regulating the functions of multiple immune cell lineages. In T cells, two DGK isoforms, alpha and zeta, inhibit DAG-mediated signaling following T-cell receptor engagement and prevent T-cell hyperactivation. DGK alpha and zeta synergistically promote T-cell anergy and are critical for T-cell tolerance. In mast cells, DGKzeta plays differential roles in their activation by promoting degranulation but attenuating cytokine production following engagement of the high affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E. In dendritic cells and macrophages, DGKzeta positively regulates Toll-like receptor-induced proinflammatory cytokine production through its product PA and is critical for host defense against Toxoplasma gondii infection. These studies demonstrate pivotal roles of DGKs in regulating immune cell function by acting both as signal terminator and initiator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Li R, Morris SW. Development of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) small-molecule inhibitors for cancer therapy. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:372-412. [PMID: 17694547 DOI: 10.1002/med.20109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) involved in the genesis of several human cancers; indeed, ALK was initially identified in constitutively activated and oncogenic fusion forms--the most common being nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK--in a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) known as anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) and subsequent studies identified ALK fusions in the human sarcomas called inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs). In addition, two recent reports have suggested that the ALK fusion, TPM4-ALK, may be involved in the genesis of a subset of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. While the cause-effect relationship between ALK fusions and malignancies such as ALCL and IMT is very well established, more circumstantial links implicate the involvement of the full-length, normal ALK receptor in the genesis of additional malignancies including glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, breast cancer, and others; in these instances, ALK is believed to foster tumorigenesis following activation by autocrine and/or paracrine growth loops involving the reported ALK ligands, pleiotrophin (PTN) and midkine (MK). There are no currently available ALK small-molecule inhibitors approved for clinical cancer therapy; however, recognition of the variety of malignancies in which ALK may play a causative role has recently begun to prompt developmental efforts in this area. This review provides a succinct summary of normal ALK biology, the confirmed and putative roles of ALK fusions and the full-length ALK receptor in the development of human cancers, and efforts to target ALK using small-molecule kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongshi Li
- High-Throughput Medicinal Chemistry, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, 16981 Via Tazon, Suites K, San Diego, California 92127, USA.
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38
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Merino E, Avila-Flores A, Shirai Y, Moraga I, Saito N, Mérida I. Lck-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of diacylglycerol kinase alpha regulates its membrane association in T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:5805-15. [PMID: 18424699 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.5805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TCR engagement triggers phospholipase Cgamma1 activation through the Lck-ZAP70-linker of activated T cell adaptor protein pathway. This leads to generation of diacylglycerol (DAG) and mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+), both essential for TCR-dependent transcriptional responses. TCR ligation also elicits transient recruitment of DAG kinase alpha (DGKalpha) to the lymphocyte plasma membrane to phosphorylate DAG, facilitating termination of DAG-regulated signals. The precise mechanisms governing dynamic recruitment of DGKalpha to the membrane have not been fully elucidated, although Ca(2+) influx and tyrosine kinase activation were proposed to be required. We show that DGKalpha is tyrosine phosphorylated, and identify tyrosine 335 (Y335), at the hinge between the atypical C1 domains and the catalytic region, as essential for membrane localization. Generation of an Ab that recognizes phosphorylated Y335 demonstrates Lck-dependent phosphorylation of endogenous DGKalpha during TCR activation and shows that pY335DGKalpha is a minor pool located exclusively at the plasma membrane. Our results identify Y335 as a residue critical for DGKalpha function and suggest a mechanism by which Lck-dependent phosphorylation and Ca(2+) elevation regulate DGKalpha membrane localization. The concerted action of these two signals results in transient, receptor-regulated DGKalpha relocalization to the site at which it exerts its function as a negative modulator of DAG-dependent signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Merino
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
DGKs (diacylglycerol kinases) are members of a unique and conserved family of intracellular lipid kinases that phosphorylate DAG (diacylglycerol), catalysing its conversion into PA (phosphatidic acid). This reaction leads to attenuation of DAG levels in the cell membrane, regulating a host of intracellular signalling proteins that have evolved the ability to bind this lipid. The product of the DGK reaction, PA, is also linked to the regulation of diverse functions, including cell growth, membrane trafficking, differentiation and migration. In multicellular eukaryotes, DGKs provide a link between lipid metabolism and signalling. Genetic experiments in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and mice have started to unveil the role of members of this protein family as modulators of receptor-dependent responses in processes such as synaptic transmission and photoreceptor transduction, as well as acquired and innate immune responses. Recent discoveries provide new insights into the complex mechanisms controlling DGK activation and their participation in receptor-regulated processes. After more than 50 years of intense research, the DGK pathway emerges as a key player in the regulation of cell responses, offering new possibilities of therapeutic intervention in human pathologies, including cancer, heart disease, diabetes, brain afflictions and immune dysfunctions.
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Chiarle R, Voena C, Ambrogio C, Piva R, Inghirami G. The anaplastic lymphoma kinase in the pathogenesis of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8:11-23. [PMID: 18097461 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases are involved in the pathogenesis of most cancers. However, few tyrosine kinases have been shown to have a well-defined pathogenetic role in lymphomas. The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is the oncogene of most anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL), driving transformation through many molecular mechanisms. In this Review, we will analyse how translocations or deregulated expression of ALK contribute to oncogenesis and how recent genetic or pharmacological tools, aimed at neutralizing its activity, can represent the basis for the design of powerful combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Chiarle
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), University of Torino, Via Santena 7, 10126, Italy.
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41
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Chianale F, Cutrupi S, Rainero E, Baldanzi G, Porporato PE, Traini S, Filigheddu N, Gnocchi VF, Santoro MM, Parolini O, van Blitterswijk WJ, Sinigaglia F, Graziani A. Diacylglycerol kinase-alpha mediates hepatocyte growth factor-induced epithelial cell scatter by regulating Rac activation and membrane ruffling. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:4859-71. [PMID: 17898083 PMCID: PMC2096597 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-02-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (Dgk) phosphorylate diacylglycerol (DG) to phosphatidic acid (PA), thus turning off and on, respectively, DG-mediated and PA-mediated signaling pathways. We previously showed that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase activate Dgkalpha in endothelial and leukemia cells through a Src-mediated mechanism and that activation of Dgkalpha is required for chemotactic, proliferative, and angiogenic signaling in vitro. Here, we investigate the downstream events and signaling pathways regulated by Dgkalpha, leading to cell scatter and migration upon HGF treatment and v-Src expression in epithelial cells. We report that specific inhibition of Dgkalpha, obtained either pharmacologically by R59949 treatment, or by expression of Dgkalpha dominant-negative mutant, or by small interfering RNA-mediated down-regulation of endogenous Dgkalpha, impairs 1) HGF- and v-Src-induced cell scatter and migration, without affecting the loss of intercellular adhesions; 2) HGF-induced cell spreading, lamellipodia formation, membrane ruffling, and focal adhesions remodeling; and 3) HGF-induced Rac activation and membrane targeting. In summary, we provide evidence that Dgkalpha, activated downstream of tyrosine kinase receptors and Src, regulates crucial steps directing Rac activation and Rac-dependent remodeling of actin cytoskeleton and focal contacts in migrating epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santina Cutrupi
- Departments of *Medical Sciences
- Department of Animal and Human Biology and
- Center for Complex System in Molecular Biology and Medicine – SysBioM, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- Departments of *Medical Sciences
- Centro Ricerche “E. Menni,” Ospedale Poliambulanza, 25124 Brescia, Italy; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Massimo M. Santoro
- Scienze dell'Ambiente e della Vita, University of Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro,” 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Centro Ricerche “E. Menni,” Ospedale Poliambulanza, 25124 Brescia, Italy; and
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Baldanzi G, Cutrupi S, Chianale F, Gnocchi V, Rainero E, Porporato P, Filigheddu N, van Blitterswijk WJ, Parolini O, Bussolino F, Sinigaglia F, Graziani A. Diacylglycerol kinase-alpha phosphorylation by Src on Y335 is required for activation, membrane recruitment and Hgf-induced cell motility. Oncogene 2007; 27:942-56. [PMID: 17700527 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol (DAG) kinases (Dgk), which phosphorylate DAG to generate phosphatidic acid, act as either positive or negative key regulators of cell signaling. We previously showed that Src mediates growth factors-induced activation of Dgk-alpha, whose activity is required for cell motility, proliferation and angiogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that both hepatocytes growth factor (HGF) stimulation and v-Src transformation induce tyrosine phosphorylation of Dgk-alpha on Y335, through a mechanism requiring its proline-rich C-terminal sequence. Moreover, we show that both proline-rich sequence and phosphorylation of Y335 of Dgk-alpha mediate: (i) its enzymatic activation, (ii) its ability to interact respectively with SH3 and SH2 domains of Src, (iii) its recruitment to the membrane. In addition, we show that phosphorylation of Dgk-alpha on Y335 is required for HGF-induced motility, while its constitutive recruitment at the membrane by myristylation is sufficient to trigger spontaneous motility in absence of HGF. Providing the first evidence that tyrosine phosphorylation of Dgk-alpha is required for growth-factors-induced activation and membrane recruitment, these findings underscore its relevance as a rheostat, whose activation is a threshold to elicit growth factors-induced migratory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Baldanzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University Amedeo Avogadro of Piemonte Oriental, Novara, Italy
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Sjostrom C, Seiler C, Crockett DK, Tripp SR, Elenitoba Johnson KSJ, Lim MS. Global proteome profiling of NPM/ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:1240-8. [PMID: 17560012 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Constitutive overexpression of nucleophosmin/anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM/ALK) is a key oncogenic event in anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) that carry the t(2;5)(p23;q35) translocation. Global proteomic analysis of NPM/ALK-positive ALCL would improve understanding of the disease pathogenesis and yield new candidate targets for novel treatment and diagnostic strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS To comprehensively determine the inventory of proteins from NPM/ALK-positive ALCL SUDHL-1 cells, the membrane, cytoplasm, and nuclear subcellular fractions were resolved by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The MS spectra were interpreted using SEQUEST to search the electronic UniProt protein database, and analyzed by ProteinProphet and INTERACT. RESULTS A total of 623 proteins consisting of 210 membrane, 229 cytoplasm, and 184 nuclear proteins were identified with a <or=5% error rate. Extensive annotation and systematic examination of the literature for information on 209 representative proteins indicated that 19.9% were reported to be expressed in T cells and 44.7% were reported to have important function in cancers, while only 4.3% were reported to be involved in ALCL pathogenesis. Categorization of proteins into functional groups was performed using GOMiner. A subset of the identified proteins was confirmed by Western blots and immunohistochemistry of tissue samples. CONCLUSION We present an extensive catalog of proteins expressed by NPM/ALK-positive ALCL. This study illustrates the potential for novel pathogenetic discovery in NPM/ALK-positive ALCL and the utility of combining cellular subfractionation, 1D SDS-PAGE, and LC-MS/MS for the comprehensive protein analysis of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Sjostrom
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Abstract
Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) was initially recognized on the basis of morphologic features and the consistent expression of CD30. It then became evident that the majority of these tumors are derived from lymphoid cells of T or null immunophenotype. The subsequent finding that t(2;5)(p23;q35) occurs in 40% to 60% of ALCL patients established a distinct clinicopathologic entity. This chromosomal translocation induces the formation of the chimeric protein nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK), which possesses significant oncogenic potential resulting from the constitutive activation of the tyrosine kinase ALK. In addition to its specific pathophysiologic events, NPM-ALK-expressing lymphoma presents with consistent clinical manifestations. Only 13 years after the identification of NPM-ALK, tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of this molecule because of the relentless efforts of multiple investigators who have dissected its biologic roles using in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Several upstream modulators, cross-reacting oncogenes, and downstream effectors of NPM-ALK have been identified and characterized. Understanding these interacting oncogenic systems is expected to facilitate the design of new therapeutic strategies and agents. In this review, we briefly discuss ALCL and focus on NPM-ALK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham M Amin
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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45
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Turner SD, Yeung D, Hadfield K, Cook SJ, Alexander DR. The NPM-ALK tyrosine kinase mimics TCR signalling pathways, inducing NFAT and AP-1 by RAS-dependent mechanisms. Cell Signal 2007; 19:740-7. [PMID: 17110082 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 09/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK) expression is associated with the lymphoid malignancy anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) and results from a t(2;5) chromosomal translocation. We show that NPM-ALK induces Ras activation and phosphorylation of the ERK MAP Kinase consistent with activation of the Ras-MAP Kinase pathway. Furthermore, we demonstrate that activation of Ras is necessary for inducing transcription via NFAT/AP-1 composite transcriptional binding sites. This activity is dependent on NPM-ALK forming complexes with proteins that bind to autophosphorylated tyrosine residues at positions 156, 567 and 664, associated with binding to IRS-1, Shc and PLCgamma, respectively. Specifically, NPM-ALK activates transcription from the TRE promoter element, an AP-1 binding region, an activity dependent on both Ras and Shc activity. Our results show that NPM-ALK mimics activated T-cell receptor signalling by inducing pathways associated with the activation of NFAT/AP-1 transcription factors that bind to promoter elements found in a broad array of cytokine genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne D Turner
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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46
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Yanagisawa K, Yasuda S, Kai M, Imai SI, Yamada K, Yamashita T, Jimbow K, Kanoh H, Sakane F. Diacylglycerol kinase α suppresses tumor necrosis factor-α-induced apoptosis of human melanoma cells through NF-κB activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:462-74. [PMID: 17276726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the implication of diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) alpha (type I isoform) in melanoma cells because we found that this DGK isoform was expressed in several human melanoma cell lines but not in noncancerous melanocytes. Intriguingly, the overexpression of wild-type (WT) DGKalpha, but not of its kinase-dead (KD) mutant, markedly suppressed tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced apoptosis of AKI human melanoma cells. In the reverse experiment, siRNA-mediated knockdown of DGKalpha significantly enhanced the apoptosis. The overexpression of other type I isoforms (DGKbeta and DGKgamma) had, on the other hand, no detectable effects on the apoptosis. These results indicate that DGKalpha specifically suppresses the TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis through its catalytic action. We found that the overexpression of DGKalpha-WT, but not of DGKalpha-KD, further enhanced the TNF-alpha-stimulated transcriptional activity of an anti-apoptotic factor, NF-kappaB. Conversely, DGKalpha-knockdown considerably inhibited the NF-kappaB activity. Moreover, an NF-kappaB inhibitor blunted the anti-apoptotic effect of DGKalpha overexpression. Together, these results strongly suggest that DGKalpha is a novel positive regulator of NF-kappaB, which suppresses TNF-alpha-induced melanoma cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yanagisawa
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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47
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Abstract
Almost three decades after the discovery of protein kinase C (PKC), we still have only a partial understanding of how this family of serine/threonine kinases is involved in tumour promotion. PKC isozymes - effectors of diacylglycerol (DAG) and the main targets of phorbol-ester tumour promoters - have important roles in cell-cycle regulation, cellular survival, malignant transformation and apoptosis. How do PKC isozymes regulate these diverse cellular processes and what are their contributions to carcinogenesis? Moreover, what is the contribution of all phorbol-ester effectors, which include PKCs and small G-protein regulators? We now face the challenge of dissecting the relative contribution of each DAG signal to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Griner
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics (ITMAT), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, USA
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48
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Williams JM, Pettitt TR, Powell W, Grove J, Savage COS, Wakelam MJO. Antineutrophil Cytoplasm Antibody–Stimulated Neutrophil Adhesion Depends on Diacylglycerol Kinase–Catalyzed Phosphatidic Acid Formation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:1112-20. [PMID: 17360949 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006090973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with certain forms of systematic vasculitis, such as Wegener's granulomatosis, have circulating antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). These inappropriately stimulate circulating neutrophils adhere to and thereby obstruct small vessels. This, together with ANCA-induced degranulation and an oxidative burst, leads to local tissue damage. The signaling pathways that are activated by ANCA IgG are distinct from those that are involved in normal neutrophil activation. This study shows that diacylglycerol kinase is selectively activated by ANCA and that the generated phosphatidic acid is responsible for promoting neutrophil adhesion, in part through integrin activation. The data presented point to diacylglycerol kinase alpha as a novel but selective target for the development of drugs to treat this potentially fatal disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Williams
- CR-UK Institute for Cancer Studies, Birmingham University, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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49
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Kasprzycka M, Marzec M, Liu X, Zhang Q, Wasik MA. Nucleophosmin/anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM/ALK) oncoprotein induces the T regulatory cell phenotype by activating STAT3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:9964-9. [PMID: 16766651 PMCID: PMC1502562 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603507103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of malignant cell transformation mediated by the oncogenic, chimeric nucleophosmin/anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM/ALK) tyrosine kinase remain only partially understood. Here we report that the NPM/ALK-carrying T cell lymphoma (ALK+TCL) cells secrete IL-10 and TGF-beta and express FoxP3, indicating their T regulatory (Treg) cell phenotype. The secreted IL-10 suppresses proliferation of normal immune, CD3/CD28-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and enhances viability of the ALK+TCL cells. The Treg phenotype of the affected cells is strictly dependent on NPM/ALK expression and function as demonstrated by transfection of the kinase into BaF3 cells and inhibition of its enzymatic activity and expression in ALK+TCL cells. NPM/ALK, in turn, induces the phenotype through activation of its key signal transmitter, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). These findings identify a mechanism of NPM/ALK-mediated oncogenesis based on induction of the Treg phenotype of the transformed CD4(+) T cells. These results also provide an additional rationale to therapeutically target the chimeric kinase and/or STAT3 in ALK+TCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kasprzycka
- *Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283; and
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Marzec
- *Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283; and
| | - Xiaobin Liu
- *Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283; and
| | - Qian Zhang
- *Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283; and
| | - Mariusz A. Wasik
- *Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, 7.106 Founders Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283. E-mail:
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50
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Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) attenuate diacylglycerol signaling by converting this lipid to phosphatidic acid (PA). The nine mammalian DGKs that have been identified are widely expressed, but each isoform has a unique tissue and subcellular distribution. Their kinase activity is regulated by mechanisms that modify their access to diacylglycerol, directly affect their kinase activity, or alter their ability to bind to other proteins. In many cases, these enzymes regulate the activity of proteins that are modulated by either diacylglycerol or PA. Experiments using cultured cells and model organisms have demonstrated that DGKs have prominent roles in neuronal transmission, lymphocyte signaling, and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Topham
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA.
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