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Cutts A, Chowdhury S, Ratkay LG, Eyers M, Young C, Namdari R, Cadieux JA, Chahal N, Grimwood M, Zhang Z, Lin S, Tietjen I, Xie Z, Robinette L, Sojo L, Waldbrook M, Hayden M, Mansour T, Pimstone S, Goldberg YP, Webb M, Cohen CJ. Potent, Gut-Restricted Inhibitors of Divalent Metal Transporter 1: Preclinical Efficacy against Iron Overload and Safety Evaluation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 386:4-14. [PMID: 36958846 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) cotransports ferrous iron and protons and is the primary mechanism for uptake of nonheme iron by enterocytes. Inhibitors are potentially useful as therapeutic agents to treat iron overload disorders such as hereditary hemochromatosis or β-thalassemia intermedia, provided that inhibition can be restricted to the duodenum. We used a calcein quench assay to identify human DMT1 inhibitors. Dimeric compounds were made to generate more potent compounds with low systemic exposure. Direct block of DMT1 was confirmed by voltage clamp measurements. The lead compound, XEN602, strongly inhibits dietary nonheme iron uptake in both rats and pigs yet has negligible systemic exposure. Efficacy is maintained for >2 weeks in a rat subchronic dosing assay. Doses that lowered iron content in the spleen and liver by >50% had no effect on the tissue content of other divalent cations except for cobalt. XEN602 represents a powerful pharmacological tool for understanding the physiologic function of DMT1 in the gut. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This report introduces methodology to develop potent, gut-restricted inhibitors of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and identifies XEN602 as a suitable compound for in vivo studies. We also report novel animal models to quantify the inhibition of dietary uptake of iron in both rodents and pigs. This research shows that inhibition of DMT1 is a promising means to treat iron overload disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Cutts
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada(A.C., S.C., L.G.R., M.E., C.Y., R.N., J.A.C., N.C., M.G., Z.Z., S.L., I.T., Z.X., L.R., L.S., M.W., M.H., T.M., S.P., Y.P.G., M.W., C.J.C.) and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.P.)
| | - Sultan Chowdhury
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada(A.C., S.C., L.G.R., M.E., C.Y., R.N., J.A.C., N.C., M.G., Z.Z., S.L., I.T., Z.X., L.R., L.S., M.W., M.H., T.M., S.P., Y.P.G., M.W., C.J.C.) and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.P.)
| | - Laszlo G Ratkay
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada(A.C., S.C., L.G.R., M.E., C.Y., R.N., J.A.C., N.C., M.G., Z.Z., S.L., I.T., Z.X., L.R., L.S., M.W., M.H., T.M., S.P., Y.P.G., M.W., C.J.C.) and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.P.)
| | - Maryanne Eyers
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada(A.C., S.C., L.G.R., M.E., C.Y., R.N., J.A.C., N.C., M.G., Z.Z., S.L., I.T., Z.X., L.R., L.S., M.W., M.H., T.M., S.P., Y.P.G., M.W., C.J.C.) and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.P.)
| | - Clint Young
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada(A.C., S.C., L.G.R., M.E., C.Y., R.N., J.A.C., N.C., M.G., Z.Z., S.L., I.T., Z.X., L.R., L.S., M.W., M.H., T.M., S.P., Y.P.G., M.W., C.J.C.) and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.P.)
| | - Rostam Namdari
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada(A.C., S.C., L.G.R., M.E., C.Y., R.N., J.A.C., N.C., M.G., Z.Z., S.L., I.T., Z.X., L.R., L.S., M.W., M.H., T.M., S.P., Y.P.G., M.W., C.J.C.) and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.P.)
| | - Jay A Cadieux
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada(A.C., S.C., L.G.R., M.E., C.Y., R.N., J.A.C., N.C., M.G., Z.Z., S.L., I.T., Z.X., L.R., L.S., M.W., M.H., T.M., S.P., Y.P.G., M.W., C.J.C.) and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.P.)
| | - Navjot Chahal
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada(A.C., S.C., L.G.R., M.E., C.Y., R.N., J.A.C., N.C., M.G., Z.Z., S.L., I.T., Z.X., L.R., L.S., M.W., M.H., T.M., S.P., Y.P.G., M.W., C.J.C.) and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.P.)
| | - Michael Grimwood
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada(A.C., S.C., L.G.R., M.E., C.Y., R.N., J.A.C., N.C., M.G., Z.Z., S.L., I.T., Z.X., L.R., L.S., M.W., M.H., T.M., S.P., Y.P.G., M.W., C.J.C.) and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.P.)
| | - Zaihui Zhang
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada(A.C., S.C., L.G.R., M.E., C.Y., R.N., J.A.C., N.C., M.G., Z.Z., S.L., I.T., Z.X., L.R., L.S., M.W., M.H., T.M., S.P., Y.P.G., M.W., C.J.C.) and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.P.)
| | - Sophia Lin
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada(A.C., S.C., L.G.R., M.E., C.Y., R.N., J.A.C., N.C., M.G., Z.Z., S.L., I.T., Z.X., L.R., L.S., M.W., M.H., T.M., S.P., Y.P.G., M.W., C.J.C.) and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.P.)
| | - Ian Tietjen
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada(A.C., S.C., L.G.R., M.E., C.Y., R.N., J.A.C., N.C., M.G., Z.Z., S.L., I.T., Z.X., L.R., L.S., M.W., M.H., T.M., S.P., Y.P.G., M.W., C.J.C.) and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.P.)
| | - Zhiwei Xie
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada(A.C., S.C., L.G.R., M.E., C.Y., R.N., J.A.C., N.C., M.G., Z.Z., S.L., I.T., Z.X., L.R., L.S., M.W., M.H., T.M., S.P., Y.P.G., M.W., C.J.C.) and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.P.)
| | - Lee Robinette
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada(A.C., S.C., L.G.R., M.E., C.Y., R.N., J.A.C., N.C., M.G., Z.Z., S.L., I.T., Z.X., L.R., L.S., M.W., M.H., T.M., S.P., Y.P.G., M.W., C.J.C.) and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.P.)
| | - Luis Sojo
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada(A.C., S.C., L.G.R., M.E., C.Y., R.N., J.A.C., N.C., M.G., Z.Z., S.L., I.T., Z.X., L.R., L.S., M.W., M.H., T.M., S.P., Y.P.G., M.W., C.J.C.) and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.P.)
| | - Matthew Waldbrook
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada(A.C., S.C., L.G.R., M.E., C.Y., R.N., J.A.C., N.C., M.G., Z.Z., S.L., I.T., Z.X., L.R., L.S., M.W., M.H., T.M., S.P., Y.P.G., M.W., C.J.C.) and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.P.)
| | - Michael Hayden
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada(A.C., S.C., L.G.R., M.E., C.Y., R.N., J.A.C., N.C., M.G., Z.Z., S.L., I.T., Z.X., L.R., L.S., M.W., M.H., T.M., S.P., Y.P.G., M.W., C.J.C.) and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.P.)
| | - Tarek Mansour
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada(A.C., S.C., L.G.R., M.E., C.Y., R.N., J.A.C., N.C., M.G., Z.Z., S.L., I.T., Z.X., L.R., L.S., M.W., M.H., T.M., S.P., Y.P.G., M.W., C.J.C.) and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.P.)
| | - Simon Pimstone
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada(A.C., S.C., L.G.R., M.E., C.Y., R.N., J.A.C., N.C., M.G., Z.Z., S.L., I.T., Z.X., L.R., L.S., M.W., M.H., T.M., S.P., Y.P.G., M.W., C.J.C.) and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.P.)
| | - Y Paul Goldberg
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada(A.C., S.C., L.G.R., M.E., C.Y., R.N., J.A.C., N.C., M.G., Z.Z., S.L., I.T., Z.X., L.R., L.S., M.W., M.H., T.M., S.P., Y.P.G., M.W., C.J.C.) and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.P.)
| | - Michael Webb
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada(A.C., S.C., L.G.R., M.E., C.Y., R.N., J.A.C., N.C., M.G., Z.Z., S.L., I.T., Z.X., L.R., L.S., M.W., M.H., T.M., S.P., Y.P.G., M.W., C.J.C.) and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.P.)
| | - Charles J Cohen
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada(A.C., S.C., L.G.R., M.E., C.Y., R.N., J.A.C., N.C., M.G., Z.Z., S.L., I.T., Z.X., L.R., L.S., M.W., M.H., T.M., S.P., Y.P.G., M.W., C.J.C.) and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.P.)
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