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Brief Report: Diminished Coinhibitory Molecule 2B4 Expression Is Associated With Preserved iNKT Cell Phenotype in HIV Long-Term Nonprogressors. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 85:73-78. [PMID: 32796294 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown an association of elevated coinhibitory molecule 2B4 expression with iNKT cells alterations in HIV disease. Herein, we show a comparative analysis of 2B4 expression on iNKT cells of HIV long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) and progressors. METHODS Antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-seropositive individuals (progressors, n = 16) and LTNPs (n = 10) were recruited for this study. We used multicolor flow cytometry on frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells to determine iNKT subset frequencies, the levels of coinhibitory 2B4 expression, and intracellular interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production. CD1d tetramer was used to characterize iNKT cells. RESULTS We report significantly lower level of 2B4 expression on bulk LTNPs iNKT cells and on their CD4 subsets compared with HIV progressors. Furthermore, the iNKT cells from LTNPs produced higher amount of IFN-γ than HIV progressors as detected by intracellular cytokine staining. Interestingly, the frequency of 2B4iNKT cells of progressors but not LTNPs significantly correlates with CD4 T-cell count, HIV viral load, and IFN-γ production by iNKT cells. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that in addition to suppressed HIV replication, diminished 2B4 expression and associated coinhibitory signaling, and substantial production of IFN-γ could contribute to preserved iNKT cell phenotype in LTNPs.
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Gálvez NMS, Bohmwald K, Pacheco GA, Andrade CA, Carreño LJ, Kalergis AM. Type I Natural Killer T Cells as Key Regulators of the Immune Response to Infectious Diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e00232-20. [PMID: 33361143 PMCID: PMC7950362 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00232-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system must work in an orchestrated way to achieve an optimal response upon detection of antigens. The cells comprising the immune response are traditionally divided into two major subsets, innate and adaptive, with particular characteristics for each type. Type I natural killer T (iNKT) cells are defined as innate-like T cells sharing features with both traditional adaptive and innate cells, such as the expression of an invariant T cell receptor (TCR) and several NK receptors. The invariant TCR in iNKT cells interacts with CD1d, a major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-like molecule. CD1d can bind and present antigens of lipid nature and induce the activation of iNKT cells, leading to the secretion of various cytokines, such as gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin 4 (IL-4). These cytokines will aid in the activation of other immune cells following stimulation of iNKT cells. Several molecules with the capacity to bind to CD1d have been discovered, including α-galactosylceramide. Likewise, several molecules have been synthesized that are capable of polarizing iNKT cells into different profiles, either pro- or anti-inflammatory. This versatility allows NKT cells to either aid or impair the clearance of pathogens or to even control or increase the symptoms associated with pathogenic infections. Such diverse contributions of NKT cells to infectious diseases are supported by several publications showing either a beneficial or detrimental role of these cells during diseases. In this article, we discuss current data relative to iNKT cells and their features, with an emphasis on their driving role in diseases produced by pathogenic agents in an organ-oriented fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás M S Gálvez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gaspar A Pacheco
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina A Andrade
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leandro J Carreño
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Salwe S, Padwal V, Nagar V, Patil P, Patel V. T cell functionality in HIV-1, HIV-2 and dually infected individuals: correlates of disease progression and immune restoration. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 198:233-250. [PMID: 31216050 PMCID: PMC6797902 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of suppressive anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in eliciting restoration of dysregulated immune function remains unclear in HIV-1 infection. Also, due to tailoring of therapeutic regimens towards HIV-1, this possible impairment of therapy may be even more pronounced in HIV-2 and dual (HIV-D) infection. Thus, we evaluated the impact of ART on immune restoration by assessing T cell functions, including HIV specific responses in HIV-1-, HIV-2- and HIV-D-infected individuals. Both ART-treated and naive infected subjects showed persistently altered frequency of CD4+ T cell subsets [regulatory T cells (Treg ), naive/central memory, effector memory], increased immune activation, cytoxicity and decreased frequency of natural killer T (NKT)- like cells and T helper type 17 (Th17)/Treg ratio with elevated microbial translocation. Further, HIV-specific responses were dominated by gag-specific CD4+ T cells in virologically suppressed HIV-D individuals, suggesting retention of T cell memory for both viruses. Increased antigen-specific responses, including dual-functional interleukin (IL)-2/interferon (IFN)-γ CD4+ T cells, were detected in therapy receiving HIV-2-infected individuals indicative of a greater and more functionally diverse T cell memory repertoire. We delineated immune signatures specific to therapy-naive single HIV infection, as well as a unique signature associated with HIV-2 disease progression and immune restoration. Circulating Treg frequency, T cell activation and microbial translocation levels correlated with disease progression and immune restoration among all types of HIV infection. Also, memory responses negatively correlated, irrespective of type of infection, in ART receiving infected individuals, with CD4 rebound and decreased pan T cell activation. Our data highlight the need for adjunct immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies to achieve optimal immune restoration in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Salwe
- Department of Biochemistry and VirologyNational Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical ResearchParelMumbaiIndia
| | - V. Padwal
- Department of Biochemistry and VirologyNational Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical ResearchParelMumbaiIndia
| | - V. Nagar
- Department of MedicineGrant Medical College and Sir J. J. Group of HospitalsMumbaiIndia
| | - P. Patil
- Department of MedicineGrant Medical College and Sir J. J. Group of HospitalsMumbaiIndia
| | - V. Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and VirologyNational Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical ResearchParelMumbaiIndia
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Abstract
As our understanding of mucosal immunity increases, it is becoming clear that the host response to HIV-1 is more complex and nuanced than originally believed. The mucosal landscape is populated with a variety of specialized cell types whose functions include combating infectious agents while preserving commensal microbiota, maintaining barrier integrity, and ensuring immune homeostasis. Advances in multiparameter flow cytometry, gene expression analysis and bioinformatics have allowed more detailed characterization of these cell types and their roles in host defense than was previously possible. This review provides an overview of existing literature on immunity to HIV-1 and SIVmac in mucosal tissues of the female reproductive tract and the gastrointestinal tract, focusing on major effector cell populations and briefly summarizing new information on tissue resident memory T cells, Treg, Th17, Th22 and innate lymphocytes (ILC), subsets that have been studied primarily in the gastrointestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L Shacklett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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5
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Rao P, Wen X, Lo JH, Kim S, Li X, Chen S, Feng X, Akbari O, Yuan W. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Specifically Targets Human CD1d Antigen Presentation To Enhance Its Pathogenicity. J Virol 2018; 92:e01490-18. [PMID: 30185591 PMCID: PMC6206489 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01490-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is one of the most prevalent herpesviruses in humans and represents a constant health threat to aged and immunocompromised populations. How HSV-1 interacts with the host immune system to efficiently establish infection and latency is only partially known. CD1d-restricted NKT cells are a critical arm of the host innate immune system and play potent roles in anti-infection and antitumor immune responses. We discovered previously that upon infection, HSV-1 rapidly and efficiently downregulates CD1d expression on the cell surface and suppresses the function of NKT cells. Furthermore, we identified the viral serine/threonine protein kinase US3 as a major viral factor downregulating CD1d during infection. Interestingly, neither HSV-1 nor its US3 protein efficiently inhibits mouse CD1d expression, suggesting that HSV-1 has coevolved with the human immune system to specifically suppress human CD1d (hCD1d) and NKT cell function for its pathogenesis. This is consistent with the fact that wild-type mice are mostly resistant to HSV-1 infection. On the other hand, in vivo infection of CD1d-humanized mice (hCD1d knock-in mice) showed that HSV-1 can indeed evade hCD1d function and establish infection in these mice. We also report here that US3-deficient viruses cannot efficiently infect hCD1d knock-in mice but infect mice lacking all NKT cells at a higher efficiency. Together, these studies supported HSV-1 evasion of human CD1d and NKT cell function as an important pathogenic factor for the virus. Our results also validated the potent roles of NKT cells in antiherpesvirus immune responses and pointed to the potential of NKT cell ligands as adjuvants for future vaccine development.IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is among the most common human pathogens. Little is known regarding the exact mechanism by which this virus evades the human immune system, particularly the innate immune system. We reported previously that HSV-1 employs its protein kinase US3 to modulate the expression of the key antigen-presenting molecule, CD1d, so as to evade the antiviral function of NKT cells. Here we demonstrated that the virus has coevolved with the human CD1d and NKT cell system and that NKT cells indeed play potent roles in anti-HSV immune responses. These studies point to the great potential of exploring NKT cell ligands as adjuvants for HSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Rao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiangshu Wen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jae Ho Lo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Seil Kim
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Siyang Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiaotian Feng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Paquin-Proulx D, Costa PR, Terrassani Silveira CG, Marmorato MP, Cerqueira NB, Sutton MS, O’Connor SL, Carvalho KI, Nixon DF, Kallas EG. Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Is Associated With a Higher Frequency of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T and Invariant Natural Killer T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1394. [PMID: 29971068 PMCID: PMC6018487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing drug resistance and the lack of an effective vaccine are the main factors contributing to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) being a major cause of death globally. Despite intensive research efforts, it is not well understood why some individuals control Mtb infection and some others develop active disease. HIV-1 infection is associated with an increased incidence of active tuberculosis, even in virally suppressed individuals. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate T cells that can recognize Mtb-infected cells. Contradicting results regarding the frequency of MAIT cells in latent Mtb infection have been reported. In this confirmatory study, we investigated the frequency, phenotype, and IFNγ production of MAIT and iNKT cells in subjects with latent or active Mtb infection. We found that the frequency of both cell types was increased in subjects with latent Mtb infection compared with uninfected individuals or subjects with active infection. We found no change in the expression of HLA-DR, PD-1, and CCR6, as well as the production of IFNγ by MAIT and iNKT cells, among subjects with latent Mtb infection or uninfected controls. The proportion of CD4- CD8+ MAIT cells in individuals with latent Mtb infection was, however, increased. HIV-1 infection was associated with a loss of MAIT and iNKT cells, and the residual cells had elevated expression of the exhaustion marker PD-1. Altogether, the results suggest a role for MAIT and iNKT cells in immunity against Mtb and show a deleterious impact of HIV-1 infection on those cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthew S. Sutton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Shelby L. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Karina I. Carvalho
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas F. Nixon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Esper G. Kallas
- School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Singh D, Ghate M, Godbole S, Kulkarni S, Thakar M. Functional Invariant Natural Killer T Cells Secreting Cytokines Are Associated With Non-Progressive Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection but Not With Suppressive Anti-Retroviral Treatment. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1152. [PMID: 29881390 PMCID: PMC5976739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD1d restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are important in the activation and regulation of immune responses. Limited information is available regarding the functional role of iNKT cells in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression. Methodology α-GalCer stimulated iNKT cells were characterized for their functionality in terms of cytokine production (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-21) and CD107a expression in HIV-1 infected [23 long-term non progressors (LTNPs), 28 progressors, 18 patients before and after suppressive anti-retroviral treatment (ART)] along with 25 HIV-1 negative subjects using multicolor flow cytometry. Results The functional profile of α-GalCer stimulated iNKT cells was similar in LTNPs and healthy controls. The number of LTNPs showing functional response in terms of secretion of cytokines (IFN-γ/IL2/TNF-α) and CD107a expression was significantly higher than seen in the progressors. The cytokine secretion by the stimulated iNKT cells was predominantly Th1 type. The frequencies of iNKT cells showing secretion of IFN-γ or IL2 or TNF-α or expression of CD107a were higher in LTNPs (p < 0.05 for all) and also significantly associated with lower plasma viral load (p value ranged from 0.04 to 0.003) and higher CD4 count (p value ranged from 0.02 to <0.0001). The functional profile of the iNKT cells before and after ART did not differ significantly indicating absence of restoration of iNKT cells functionality after suppressive ART. The IL-4 and IL-21 secreting iNKT cells were rare in all study populations. Conclusion The presence of functional iNKT cells secreting number of cytokines in non-progressive HIV infection could be one of the multiple factors required to achieve HIV control and hence have relevance in understanding the immunity in HIV infection. The failure of restoration of the iNKT functionality after ART should be potential area of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Singh
- Department of Immunology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Manisha Ghate
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Sheela Godbole
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Smita Kulkarni
- Department of Virology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Madhuri Thakar
- Department of Immunology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
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8
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Tan X, Ding Y, Zhu P, Dou R, Liang Z, Yang D, Huang Z, Wang W, Wu X, Weng X. Elevated Hepatic CD1d Levels Coincide with Invariant NKT Cell Defects in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3530-3538. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Schönrich G, Raftery MJ. CD1-Restricted T Cells During Persistent Virus Infections: "Sympathy for the Devil". Front Immunol 2018; 9:545. [PMID: 29616036 PMCID: PMC5868415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the clinically most important viruses persist in the human host after acute infection. In this situation, the host immune system and the viral pathogen attempt to establish an equilibrium. At best, overt disease is avoided. This attempt may fail, however, resulting in eventual loss of viral control or inadequate immune regulation. Consequently, direct virus-induced tissue damage or immunopathology may occur. The cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) family of non-classical major histocompatibility complex class I molecules are known to present hydrophobic, primarily lipid antigens. There is ample evidence that both CD1-dependent and CD1-independent mechanisms activate CD1-restricted T cells during persistent virus infections. Sophisticated viral mechanisms subvert these immune responses and help the pathogens to avoid clearance from the host organism. CD1-restricted T cells are not only crucial for the antiviral host defense but may also contribute to tissue damage. This review highlights the two edged role of CD1-restricted T cells in persistent virus infections and summarizes the viral immune evasion mechanisms that target these fascinating immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Schönrich
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin J Raftery
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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CD1d-Restricted Natural Killer T Cells Are Preserved in Indian Long-Term Nonprogressors. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017. [PMID: 28650939 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer T (NKT) cells act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses. Limited information is available regarding the role of NKT cells in the HIV disease progression especially HIV-1 C infection. METHODOLOGY NKT cells were characterized for their frequency and the activation, aging, exhaustion status, and their proliferation ability in 32 long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs), 40 progressors, 18 patients before and after suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) along with 35 HIV-1-negative subjects using multicolor flow cytometry. RESULTS The frequencies of total NKT cells and their subpopulation were significantly higher in LTNPs as compared with those obtained in progressors (P < 0.0001) and were significantly associated with higher CD4 counts and with lower plasma viral loads. The percentage of activated, aged, and exhausted NKT cells were significantly lower in LTNPs as compared with the progressors and inversely correlated with CD4 count and positively with plasma viral loads. The NKT cells from the LTNPs showed higher proliferation ability. The frequency and proliferation ability of the NKT cells were partially restored after 12 months of suppressive cART but still lower than the levels in LTNPs. The degree of restoration after cART was similar in both CD4 and CD4 NKT cells. CONCLUSION The findings demonstrate significant association of preserved NKT cells with the nonprogressive HIV infection and also showed that exhausted NKT cells are associated with disease progression. Further characterization of their functionality and assessment of sustenance in HIV infection will help to understand the HIV pathogenesis and to develop immune therapies.
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Ahmad F, Shankar EM, Yong YK, Tan HY, Ahrenstorf G, Jacobs R, Larsson M, Schmidt RE, Kamarulzaman A, Ansari AW. Negative Checkpoint Regulatory Molecule 2B4 (CD244) Upregulation Is Associated with Invariant Natural Killer T Cell Alterations and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease Progression. Front Immunol 2017; 8:338. [PMID: 28396665 PMCID: PMC5366318 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are implicated in innate immune responses against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, the determinants of cellular dysfunction across the iNKT cells subsets are seldom defined in HIV disease. Herein, we provide evidence for the involvement of the negative checkpoint regulator (NCR) 2B4 in iNKT cell alteration in a well-defined cohort of HIV-seropositive anti-retroviral therapy (ART) naïve, ART-treated, and elite controllers (ECs). We report on exaggerated 2B4 expression on iNKT cells of HIV-infected treatment-naïve individuals. In sharp contrast to CD4−iNKT cells, 2B4 expression was significantly higher on CD4+ iNKT cell subset. Notably, an increased level of 2B4 on iNKT cells was strongly correlated with parameters associated with HIV disease progression. Further, iNKT cells from ART-naïve individuals were defective in their ability to produce intracellular IFN-γ. Together, our results suggest that the levels of 2B4 expression and the downstream co-inhibitory signaling events may contribute to impaired iNKT cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareed Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Division of Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu (CUTN), Thiruvarur, India
| | - Yean K Yong
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Hong Y Tan
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Gerrit Ahrenstorf
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Roland Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University , Linkoping , Sweden
| | - Reinhold E Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abdul W Ansari
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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12
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Abstract
CD1- and MHC-related molecule-1 (MR1)-restricted T lymphocytes recognize nonpeptidic antigens, such as lipids and small metabolites, and account for a major fraction of circulating and tissue-resident T cells. They represent a readily activated, long-lasting population of effector cells and contribute to the early phases of immune response, orchestrating the function of other cells. This review addresses the main aspects of their immunological functions, including antigen and T cell receptor repertoires, mechanisms of nonpeptidic antigen presentation, and the current evidence for their participation in human and experimental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mori
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and Basel University, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; , , .,Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 138648 Singapore
| | - Marco Lepore
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and Basel University, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; , ,
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and Basel University, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; , , .,Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 138648 Singapore
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Charles TP, Shellito JE. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Host Defense in the Lungs. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37:147-56. [PMID: 26974294 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1572553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunosuppression associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection impacts all components of host defense against pulmonary infection. Cells within the lung have altered immune function and are important reservoirs for HIV infection. The host immune response to infected lung cells further compromises responses to a secondary pathogenic insult. In the upper respiratory tract, mucociliary function is impaired and there are decreased levels of salivary immunoglobulin A. Host defenses in the lower respiratory tract are controlled by alveolar macrophages, lymphocytes, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. As HIV infection progresses, lung CD4 T cells are reduced in number causing a lack of activation signals from CD4 T cells and impaired defense by macrophages. CD8 T cells, on the other hand, are increased in number and cause lymphocytic alveolitis. Specific antibody responses by B-lymphocytes are decreased and opsonization of microorganisms is impaired. These observed defects in host defense of the respiratory tract explain the susceptibility of HIV-infected persons for oropharyngeal candidiasis, bacterial pneumonia, Pneumocystis pneumonia, and other opportunistic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tysheena P Charles
- Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care & Allergy/Immunology, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Judd E Shellito
- Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care & Allergy/Immunology, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Slauenwhite D, Johnston B. Regulation of NKT Cell Localization in Homeostasis and Infection. Front Immunol 2015; 6:255. [PMID: 26074921 PMCID: PMC4445310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a specialized subset of T lymphocytes that regulate immune responses in the context of autoimmunity, cancer, and microbial infection. Lipid antigens derived from bacteria, parasites, and fungi can be presented by CD1d molecules and recognized by the canonical T cell receptors on NKT cells. Alternatively, NKT cells can be activated through recognition of self-lipids and/or pro-inflammatory cytokines generated during infection. Unlike conventional T cells, only a small subset of NKT cells traffic through the lymph nodes under homeostatic conditions, with the largest NKT cell populations localizing to the liver, lungs, spleen, and bone marrow. This is thought to be mediated by differences in chemokine receptor expression profiles. However, the impact of infection on the tissue localization and function of NKT remains largely unstudied. This review focuses on the mechanisms mediating the establishment of peripheral NKT cell populations during homeostasis and how tissue localization of NKT cells is affected during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Slauenwhite
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada
| | - Brent Johnston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada ; Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada ; Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada ; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute , Halifax, NS , Canada
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15
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Abstract
Over the last two decades, it has been established that peptides are not the only antigens recognized by T lymphocytes. Here, we review information on two T lymphocyte populations that recognize nonpeptide antigens: invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells), which respond to glycolipids, and mucosal associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells), which recognize microbial metabolites. These two populations have a number of striking properties that distinguish them from the majority of T cells. First, their cognate antigens are presented by nonclassical class I antigen-presenting molecules; CD1d for iNKT cells and MR1 for MAIT cells. Second, these T lymphocyte populations have a highly restricted diversity of their T cell antigen receptor α chains. Third, these cells respond rapidly to antigen or cytokine stimulation by producing copious amounts of cytokines, such as IFNγ, which normally are only made by highly differentiated effector T lymphocytes. Because of their response characteristics, iNKT and MAIT cells act at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity, participating in both types of responses. In this review, we will compare these two subsets of innate-like T cells, with an emphasis on the various ways that lead to their activation and their participation in antimicrobial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Chandra
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
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16
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Paquin-Proulx D, Sandberg JK. Persistent Immune Activation in CVID and the Role of IVIg in Its Suppression. Front Immunol 2014; 5:637. [PMID: 25566250 PMCID: PMC4267274 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is one of the most common and clinically important primary immune deficiencies. CVID patients have poor humoral immunity, resulting in recurrent infections of the gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tracts, as well as increased incidence of some forms of cancers and autoimmune diseases. The treatment for CVID is IgG replacement, often given as intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg). IVIg consists of monomeric IgG purified from pooled plasma from healthy donors and is used to treat an increasing number of conditions including autoimmune diseases. In the case of CVID, IVIg has mainly been seen as reconstitution therapy, providing patients with pathogen-specific antibodies. Recent evidence shows that IVIg has diverse effects on the immune system of CVID patients, and one important component is that IVIg alleviates the state of chronic immune activation. In this review, we will discuss causes and consequences of persistent immune activation in CVID, possible underlying mechanisms for how IVIg treatment reduces immune activation, and implications for our understanding of primary as well as acquired immune deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
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17
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Interleukins 15 and 12 in combination expand the selective loss of natural killer T cells in HIV infection in vitro. Clin Exp Med 2014; 15:205-13. [PMID: 24748538 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-014-0278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the frequency and receptor expression pattern of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. Further, the effect of IL-15 + IL-12 stimulation on iNKT cells was also assessed. The study included 15 individuals each from normal healthy subjects, pulmonary tuberculosis patients, HIV-infected individuals, and patients with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection (HIV-TB). The frequency of iNKT cells and the expression of phenotype, cytotoxic and chemokine receptors were studied by flow cytometry. The number of iNKT cells was significantly depleted in HIV and HIV-TB patients, which upon IL-15 + IL-12 stimulation expanded in HIV. The constitutively expressed natural cytotoxicity receptor, NKp46 was increased in HIV and HIV-TB, which might be the host's response to HIV replication. The distinct expression patterns of chemokine and adhesion receptors suggest that iNKT subsets might traffic to different microenvironment and tissues. High expression of chemokine receptor CCR5 by most iNKT cells suggests that these cells might be more favorable targets of HIV infection. Our results show that IL-15 and IL-12 combination has the ability to expand the selective depletion of iNKT cells in vitro in HIV-infected individuals, but of limited value when coinfected with TB.
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19
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Cossarizza A, De Biasi S, Gibellini L, Bianchini E, Bartolomeo R, Nasi M, Mussini C, Pinti M. Cytometry, immunology, and HIV infection: three decades of strong interactions. Cytometry A 2013; 83:680-91. [PMID: 23788450 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) has been extensively used to investigate immunological changes that occur from infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This review describes some of the most relevant cellular and molecular changes in the immune system that can be detected by FCM during HIV infection. Finally, it will be discussed how this technology has facilitated the understanding not only of the biology of the virus but also of the mechanisms that the immune system activates to fight HIV and is allowing to monitor the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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20
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Sandberg JK, Andersson SK, Bächle SM, Nixon DF, Moll M. HIV-1 Vpu interference with innate cell-mediated immune mechanisms. Curr HIV Res 2013; 10:327-33. [PMID: 22524181 PMCID: PMC3412205 DOI: 10.2174/157016212800792513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu is emerging as a viral factor with a range of activities devoted to counteracting host innate immunity. Here, we review recent findings concerning the role of Vpu in hampering activation of cellular immune responses mediated by CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and natural killer (NK) cells. The two key findings are that Vpu interferes with CD1d expression and antigen presentation, and also with expression of the NK cell activation ligand NK-T and B cell antigen (NTB-A). Both these activities are mechanistically distinct from CD4 and Tetherin (BST-2) down-modulation. We summarize the mechanistic insights gained into Vpu interference with CD1d and NTB-A, as well as important challenges going forward, and discuss these mechanisms in the context of the role that iNKT and NK cells play in HIV-1 immunity and immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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21
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Malaria and HIV-1 adversely interact, with HIV-positive individuals suffering higher parasite burdens and worse clinical outcomes. However, the mechanisms underlying these disease interactions are unclear. We hypothesized that HIV coinfection impairs the innate immune response to malaria, and that combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) may restore this response. Our aim was to examine the innate inflammatory response of natural killer (NK), natural killer T (NKT), and γδ T-cells isolated from the peripheral blood of HIV-infected therapy-naive donors to malaria parasites, and determine the effect of cART on these responses. METHODS Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 25 HIV-infected individuals pre-cART (month 0) and post-cART (months 3 and 6), and HIV-negative individuals at matched time-points, were cultured in the presence of Plasmodium falciparum parasitized erythrocytes. Supernatants and cells were collected to assess cytokine production and phenotypic changes. RESULTS Compared to HIV-negative participants, NKT, NK, and γδ T-cell subsets from participants with chronic HIV infection showed marked differences, including decreased production of interferon γ (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in response to malaria parasites. IFNγ production was linked to interleukin-18 receptor (IL-18R) expression in all three cell types studied. Six months of cART provided partial cellular reconstitution but had no effect on IL-18R expression, or IFNγ and TNF production. CONCLUSION These data suggest that HIV infection impairs the inflammatory response of innate effector cells to malaria, and that the response is not fully restored within 6 months of cART. This may contribute to higher parasite burdens and ineffective immune responses, and have implications for vaccination initiatives in coinfected individuals.
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Rout N, Greene J, Yue S, O'Connor D, Johnson RP, Else JG, Exley MA, Kaur A. Loss of effector and anti-inflammatory natural killer T lymphocyte function in pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002928. [PMID: 23028326 PMCID: PMC3447755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic immune activation is a key determinant of AIDS progression in HIV-infected humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques but is singularly absent in SIV-infected natural hosts. To investigate whether natural killer T (NKT) lymphocytes contribute to the differential modulation of immune activation in AIDS-susceptible and AIDS-resistant hosts, we compared NKT function in macaques and sooty mangabeys in the absence and presence of SIV infection. Cynomolgus macaques had significantly higher frequencies of circulating invariant NKT lymphocytes compared to both rhesus macaques and AIDS-resistant sooty mangabeys. Despite this difference, mangabey NKT lymphocytes were functionally distinct from both macaque species in their ability to secrete significantly more IFN-γ, IL-13, and IL-17 in response to CD1d/α-galactosylceramide stimulation. While NKT number and function remained intact in SIV-infected mangabeys, there was a profound reduction in NKT activation-induced, but not mitogen-induced, secretion of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-10, and TGF-β in SIV-infected macaques. SIV-infected macaques also showed a selective decline in CD4+ NKT lymphocytes which correlated significantly with an increase in circulating activated memory CD4+ T lymphocytes. Macaques with lower pre-infection NKT frequencies showed a significantly greater CD4+ T lymphocyte decline post SIV infection. The disparate effect of SIV infection on NKT function in mangabeys and macaques could be a manifestation of their differential susceptibility to AIDS. Alternately, these data also raise the possibility that loss of anti-inflammatory NKT function promotes chronic immune activation in pathogenic SIV infection, while intact NKT function helps to protect natural hosts from developing immunodeficiency and aberrant immune activation. Several African nonhuman primate species such as sooty mangabeys are naturally infected with SIV and maintain high levels of viral replication without developing AIDS. SIV-infected natural hosts do not show evidence of increased chronic immune activation, a feature that distinguishes them from AIDS-susceptible SIV-infected Asian macaques. In this study we compared natural killer T (NKT) lymphocytes, a unique subset of innate T lymphocytes with anti-inflammatory properties, in AIDS-resistant and AIDS-susceptible hosts. Sooty mangabey NKT cells retained normal functionality following SIV infection and were more potent than macaque NKT cells in their ability to produce interferon-γ and secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, NKT cells of SIV-infected macaques were markedly hypo-functional with regards to secretion of anti-inflammatory and effector cytokines and showed an association between loss of CD4+ NKT cells and increased immune activation. These findings suggest that dysfunctional NKT cells may promote increased immune activation in AIDS-susceptible hosts while intact effector and anti-inflammatory NKT cells could help to prevent immunodeficiency and increased immune activation in natural hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Rout
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts, USA
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23
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Abstract
Natural killer T cells (NKT cells) represent a subset of T lymphocytes that express natural killer (NK) cell surface markers. A subset of NKT cells, termed invariant NKT cells (iNKT), express a highly restricted T cell receptor (TCR) and respond to CD1d-restricted lipid ligands. iNKT cells are now appreciated to play an important role in linking innate and adaptive immune responses and have been implicated in infectious disease, allergy, asthma, autoimmunity, and tumor surveillance. Advances in iNKT identification and purification have allowed for the detailed study of iNKT activity in both humans and mice during a variety of chronic and acute infections. Comparison of iNKT function between non-pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection models and chronic HIV-infected patients implies a role for iNKT activity in controlling immune activation. In vitro studies of influenza infection have revealed novel effector functions of iNKT cells including IL-22 production and modulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, but ex vivo characterization of human iNKT cells during influenza infection are lacking. Similarly, as recent evidence suggests iNKT involvement in dengue virus pathogenesis, iNKT cells may modulate responses to a number of emerging pathogens. This Review will summarize current knowledge of iNKT involvement in responses to viral infections in both human and mouse models and will identify critical gaps in knowledge and opportunities for future study. We will also highlight recent efforts to harness iNKT ligands as vaccine adjuvants capable of improving vaccination-induced cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Juno
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yoav Keynan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Keith R. Fowke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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24
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Jukes JP, Wood KJ, Jones ND. Bystander activation of iNKT cells occurs during conventional T-cell alloresponses. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:590-9. [PMID: 22070799 PMCID: PMC3326729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that iNKT cells can be activated by both exogenous and a limited number of endogenous glycolipids. However, although iNKT cells have been implicated in the immune response to transplanted organs, the mechanisms by which iNKT cells are activated in this context remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that iNKT cells are not activated by allogeneic cells per se, but expand, both in vitro and in vivo, in the presence of a concomitant conventional T-cell response to alloantigen. This form of iNKT activation was found to occur independently of TCR-glycolipid/CD1d interactions but rather was a result of sequestration of IL-2 produced by conventional alloreactive T cells. These results show for the first time that IL-2, produced by activated conventional T cells, can activate iNKT cells independently of glycolipid/CD1d recognition. Therefore, we propose that the well-documented involvement of iNKT cells in autoimmunity, the control of cancer as well as following transplantation need not involve recognition of endogenous or exogenous glycolipids but alternatively may be a consequence of specific adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Jukes
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK. Tel: ++44 1865 221305 Fax: ++44 1865 788876
| | - K J Wood
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK. Tel: ++44 1865 221305 Fax: ++44 1865 788876
| | - ND Jones
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK. Tel: ++44 1865 221305 Fax: ++44 1865 788876
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25
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V. Nuvor S, Whittle H, Rowland-Jones S, Jaye A. Greater Expansion of IFN-<i>γ</i><sup>﹣</sup> CD4<sup>+</sup> NKT Cells in HIV-1 Compared with HIV-2-Infected Subjects with Preserved CD4<sup>+</sup> T Cell Counts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/wja.2012.22014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Herpes simplex virus 1 glycoprotein B and US3 collaborate to inhibit CD1d antigen presentation and NKT cell function. J Virol 2011; 85:8093-104. [PMID: 21653669 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02689-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are prevalent human pathogens that establish latency in human neuronal cells and efficiently evade the immune system. It has been a major medical challenge to eradicate them and, despite intensive efforts, an effective vaccine is not available. We previously showed that upon infection of antigen-presenting cells, HSV type 1 (HSV-1) rapidly and efficiently downregulates the major histocompatibility complex class I-like antigen-presenting molecule, CD1d, and potently inhibits its recognition by CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells. It suppresses CD1d expression primarily by inhibiting its recycling to the cell surface after endocytosis. We identify here the viral glycoprotein B (gB) as the predominant CD1d-interacting protein. gB initiates the interaction with CD1d in the endoplasmic reticulum and stably associates with it throughout CD1d trafficking. However, an additional HSV-1 component, the serine-threonine kinase US3, is required for optimal CD1d downregulation. US3 expression in infected cells leads to gB enrichment in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and enhances the relocalization of both gB and CD1d to this compartment, suggesting that following internalization CD1d is translocated from the endocytic pathway to the TGN by its association with gB. Importantly, both US3 and gB are required for efficient inhibition of CD1d antigen presentation and NKT cell activation. In summary, our results suggest that HSV-1 uses gB and US3 to rapidly inhibit NKT cell function in the initial antiviral response.
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27
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Mureithi MW, Cohen K, Moodley R, Poole D, Mncube Z, Kasmar A, Moody DB, Goulder PJ, Walker BD, Altfeld M, Ndung'u T. Impairment of CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells in chronic HIV type 1 clade C infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:501-9. [PMID: 20942750 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that natural killer T (NKT) cells play a role in early antiviral pathogenesis and are rapidly depleted in chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clade B infection. We aimed to characterize the phenotypic and functional characteristics of NKT cells in HIV-1 clade C-infected Africans at different stages of HIV-1 disease. NKT cell frequencies, subsets, and ex vivo effector functions were assessed using multiparametric flow cytometry in a cross-sectional analysis of cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a cohort of 53 HIV-1 clade C chronically infected South African adults with CD4 T cell counts ranging from 94 to 839 cells/μl. We observed a significant decline of NKT cell numbers in advanced HIV-1 disease as well as activation and functional impairment of NKT cells in individuals with low CD4 T cell counts. The loss of NKT cells was largely driven by a reduction in the CD4(+) and CD4(-)CD8(-) NKT cell subsets in advanced disease. These findings demonstrate significant impairment of the NKT cell compartment in progressive HIV-1 clade C disease that might play an important role in the modulation of immune function in HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne W. Mureithi
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute and KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Kristen Cohen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Ramona Moodley
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute and KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Danielle Poole
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute and KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Zenele Mncube
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute and KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anne Kasmar
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Philip J.R. Goulder
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute and KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Pediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute and KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Charlestown, Massachusetts
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute and KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute and KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Charlestown, Massachusetts
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28
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Kuylenstierna C, Snyder-Cappione JE, Loo CP, Long BR, Gonzalez VD, Michaëlsson J, Moll M, Spotts G, Hecht FM, Nixon DF, Sandberg JK. NK cells and CD1d-restricted NKT cells respond in different ways with divergent kinetics to IL-2 treatment in primary HIV-1 infection. Scand J Immunol 2011; 73:141-6. [PMID: 21198755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2010.02484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine immunotherapy is being evaluated as adjunct treatment in infectious diseases. The effects on innate and adaptive immunity in vivo are insufficiently known. Here, we investigate whether combination treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART) and Interleukin-2 (IL-2) of patients with primary HIV-1 infection induces sustained increases in circulating NKT cell and NK cell numbers and effector functions and investigate how changes are coordinated in the two compartments. Patients with primary HIV-1 infection starting ART were analyzed for numbers, phenotype and function of NKT cells, NK cells and dendritic cells (DC) in peripheral blood before, during and after IL-2 treatment. NKT cells expanded during IL-2 treatment as expected from previous studies. However, their response to α-galactosyl ceramide antigen were retained but not boosted. Myeloid DC did not change their numbers or CD1d-expression during treatment. In contrast, the NK cell compartment responded with rapid expansion of the CD56(dim) effector subset and enhanced IFNγ production. Expansions of NKT cells and NK cells retracted back towards baseline values at 12 months after IL-2 treatment ended. In summary, NKT cells and NK cells respond to IL-2 treatment with different kinetics. Effects on cellular function are distinct between the cell types and the effects appear not to be sustained after IL-2 treatment ends. These results improve our understanding of the effects of cytokine immunotherapy on innate cellular immunity in early HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kuylenstierna
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Chiappini E, Betti L, Bonsignori F, Azzari C, Galli L, de Martino M. CD4(+) and CD4(-) CD1D-restricted natural killer T cells in perinatally HIV-1 infected children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2010; 23:665-9. [PMID: 20646365 DOI: 10.1177/039463201002300232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional study on 43 Italian perinatally human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infected children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and 26 age-matched healthy controls to explore CD1d-restricted NKT subsets. CD4(+) CD1d-rectricted natural killer (NKT) cell depletion was evidenced in 26 HIV-1 infected children with active viral replication despite HAART. Conversely, no alteration was evidenced in 17 children with undetectable viral load, suggesting full recovery in both CD4(+) and CD4(-) CD1d-rectricted NKT cell subsets. The loss of CD4(+) NKT cells in unresponsive children may have clinical consequences, including autoimmune disorders or cancer development. Future therapeutic perspectives are suggested.
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30
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Rout N, Else JG, Yue S, Connole M, Exley MA, Kaur A. Paucity of CD4+ natural killer T (NKT) lymphocytes in sooty mangabeys is associated with lack of NKT cell depletion after SIV infection. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9787. [PMID: 20352088 PMCID: PMC2844411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of chronic immune activation in the presence of persistent viremia is a key feature that distinguishes nonpathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in natural hosts from pathogenic SIV and HIV infection. To elucidate novel mechanisms downmodulating immune activation in natural hosts of SIV infection, we investigated natural killer T (NKT) lymphocytes in sooty mangabeys. NKT lymphocytes are a potent immunoregulatory arm of the innate immune system that recognize glycolipid antigens presented on the nonpolymorphic MHC-class I-like CD1d molecules. In a cross-sectional analysis of 50 SIV-negative and 50 naturally SIV-infected sooty mangabeys, ligand alpha-galactosylceramide loaded CD1d tetramers co-staining with Valpha24-positive invariant NKT lymphocytes were detected at frequencies >or=0.002% of circulating T lymphocytes in approximately half of the animals. In contrast to published reports in Asian macaques, sooty mangabey NKT lymphocytes consisted of CD8(+) and CD4/CD8 double-negative T lymphocytes that were CXCR3-positive and CCR5-negative suggesting that they trafficked to sites of inflammation without being susceptible to SIV infection. Consistent with these findings, there was no difference in the frequency or phenotype of NKT lymphocytes between SIV-negative and SIV-infected sooty mangabeys. On stimulation with alpha-galactosylceramide loaded on human CD1d molecules, sooty mangabey NKT lymphocytes underwent degranulation and secreted IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-13, and IL-10, indicating the presence of both effector and immunoregulatory functional capabilities. The unique absence of CD4(+) NKT lymphocytes in sooty mangabeys, combined with their IL-10 cytokine-secreting ability and preservation following SIV infection, raises the possibility that NKT lymphocytes might play a role in downmodulating immune activation in SIV-infected sooty mangabeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Rout
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James G. Else
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Simon Yue
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michelle Connole
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Exley
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amitinder Kaur
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gonzalez VD, Landay AL, Sandberg JK. Innate immunity and chronic immune activation in HCV/HIV-1 co-infection. Clin Immunol 2010; 135:12-25. [PMID: 20100670 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune responses are critical in the defense against viral infections. NK cells, myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and invariant CD1d-restricted NKT cells mediate both effector and regulatory functions in this early immune response. In chronic uncontrolled viral infections such as HCV and HIV-1, these essential immune functions are compromised and can become a double edged sword contributing to the immunopathogenesis of viral disease. In particular, recent findings indicate that innate immune responses play a central role in the chronic immune activation which is a primary driver of HIV-1 disease progression. HCV/HIV-1 co-infection is affecting millions of people and is associated with faster viral disease progression. Here, we review the role of innate immunity and chronic immune activation in HCV and HIV-1 infection, and discuss how mechanisms of innate immunity may influence protection as well as immunopathogenesis in the HCV/HIV-1 co-infected human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica D Gonzalez
- Center for Infection Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Abstract
NKT cells are innate-like T lymphocytes that are found in rodents and primates. They are non-conventional T cells restricted by the CD1d molecule that presents self and exogenous glycolipids. NKT cells are unique in their ability to promptly secrete copious amounts of cytokines such as IFN-gamma and IL-4. Once activated, NKT cells can provide maturation signals to downstream cells, including DC, NK cells, and lymphocytes, thereby contributing to both innate and acquired immunity. Accordingly, NKT cells can influence a wide array of immune responses, including tumor surveillance, maintenance of self-tolerance and anti-infectious defenses. Studies performed with NKT-cell-deficient mice have shown that these cells are critical for the clearance of various pathogens. During bacterial infections, NKT cells can be activated either indirectly by DC or directly by bacterial lipid antigens presented by CD1d. Although viruses do not contain lipid antigens, NKT cells have also been implicated in antiviral responses. The capacity of NKT cells to regulate viral immune-surveillance, either constitutively or post-activation, makes them an attractive clinical target. In this review, we summarize recent publications dealing with the functions and relevance of NKT cells in the context of viral infections, both in murine models and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Diana
- INSERM, U561, Hôpital Cochin/St. Vincent de Paul, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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33
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A double-edged sword: the role of NKT cells in malaria and HIV infection and immunity. Semin Immunol 2009; 22:87-96. [PMID: 19962909 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
NKT cells are known to play a role against certain microbial infections, including malaria and HIV, two major global infectious diseases. NKT cells exhibit either protective or pathogenic role against malaria. They are depleted by HIV infection and have a direct pathogenic role against many opportunistic infections common in end-stage AIDS. This review discusses the various features of the interaction between NKT cells and malaria parasites and HIV, and the potential to harness this interaction for therapeutic and vaccine strategies.
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Moll M, Kuylenstierna C, Gonzalez VD, Andersson SK, Bosnjak L, Sönnerborg A, Quigley MF, Sandberg JK. Severe functional impairment and elevated PD-1 expression in CD1d-restricted NKT cells retained during chronic HIV-1 infection. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:902-11. [PMID: 19197939 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Invariant CD1d-restricted NKT cells play important roles in regulating both innate and adaptive immunity. They are targeted by HIV-1 infection and severely reduced in number or even lost in many infected subjects. Here, we have investigated the characteristics of NKT cells retained by some patients despite chronic HIV-1 infection. NKT cells preserved under these circumstances displayed an impaired ability to proliferate and produce IFN-gamma in response to CD1d-restricted lipid antigen as compared with cells from uninfected control subjects. HIV-1 infection was associated with an elevated expression of the inhibitory programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor (CD279) on the CD4(-) subset of NKT cells. However, blocking experiments indicated that the functional defects in NKT cells were largely PD-1-independent. Furthermore, the elevated PD-1 expression and the functional defects were not restored by anti-retroviral treatment, and the NKT cell numbers in blood did not recover significantly in response to treatment. The functional phenotype of NKT cells in these patients suggests an irreversible immune exhaustion due to chronic activation in vivo. The data demonstrate a severe functional impairment in the remaining NKT-cell compartment in HIV-1-infected patients, which limits the prospects to mobilize these cells in immunotherapy approaches in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Moll
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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35
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36
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37
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Gonzalez VD, Falconer K, Michaëlsson J, Moll M, Reichard O, Alaeus A, Sandberg JK. Expansion of CD56− NK cells in chronic HCV/HIV-1 co-infection: Reversion by antiviral treatment with pegylated IFNα and ribavirin. Clin Immunol 2008; 128:46-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.03.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Michaëlsson J, Long BR, Loo CP, Lanier LL, Spotts G, Hecht FM, Nixon DF. Immune reconstitution of CD56(dim) NK cells in individuals with primary HIV-1 infection treated with interleukin-2. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:117-25. [PMID: 18171294 DOI: 10.1086/524141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are believed to play a role in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease progression, and NK cell levels are reduced in individuals with chronic HIV-1 infection. Interleukin (IL)-2 therapy results in an expansion of CD4(+) T cells as well as NK cells; however, little is known about the detailed effects of IL-2 therapy on NK cells in HIV-1 infection in general and in early infection in particular. Here, we investigated the effects of combined IL-2 therapy and antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the number, frequency, phenotype, and interferon (IFN)-gamma production of NK cells in individuals with early HIV-1 infection. Patients randomized to receive combined ART and IL-2 therapy predominantly expanded CD56(dim) NK cells, and the expansion was greater than in patients randomized to receive ART alone. Importantly, NK cell receptor expression and IFN-gamma production were maintained over time. This reconstitution of NK cells may be useful in helping contain viremia if patients discontinue therapy or develop drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Michaëlsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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39
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Montoya CJ, Cataño JC, Ramirez Z, Rugeles MT, Wilson SB, Landay AL. Invariant NKT cells from HIV-1 or Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected patients express an activated phenotype. Clin Immunol 2008; 127:1-6. [PMID: 18304877 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The frequency, subsets and activation status of peripheral blood invariant NKT (iNKT) cells were evaluated in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients and in chronically HIV-1-infected subjects. The absolute numbers of iNKT cells were significantly decreased in TB patients and in HIV-1+ individuals who were antiretroviral therapy naive or had detectable viremia despite receiving HAART. iNKT cell subset analysis demonstrated a decreased percentage of CD4(+) iNKT cells in HIV-1+ subjects, and a decreased percentage of double negative iNKT cells in TB patients. Peripheral blood iNKT cells from HIV-1+ and TB patients had significantly increased expression of CD69, CD38, HLA-DR, CD16, CD56, and CD62L. The expression of CD25 was significantly increased only on iNKT cells from TB patients. These findings indicate that peripheral blood iNKT cells in these two chronic infections show an up-regulated expression of activation markers, suggesting their role in the immune response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Montoya
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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40
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Vasan S, Poles MA, Horowitz A, Siladji EE, Markowitz M, Tsuji M. Function of NKT cells, potential anti-HIV effector cells, are improved by beginning HAART during acute HIV-1 infection. Int Immunol 2007; 19:943-51. [PMID: 17702988 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NKT cells are a subset of lymphocytes that share features of T cells and NK cells and bridge the innate and adaptive immune responses. They are able to be infected by HIV, but their function in HIV-infected individuals is not known. NKT cell percentage and function was measured in individuals with acute HIV infection before and 1 year into highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). This study demonstrates that percentages of both CD161+ NKT cells and CD161+, CD4+ NKT cells decline within the first few months after HIV-1 infection, but initiating therapy during the acute infection period can prevent a further decline in these NKT cell subsets during the first year. NKT cell function is also impaired during early HIV infection, but significantly improved by effective treatment with HAART. Finally, preservation of NKT cell function may be important in HIV-infected individuals, as NKT cells display an anti-HIV-1 activity in vitro, mediated by IFN-gamma secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Vasan
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
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41
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Sandberg JK, Moll M. Effects of Interleukin-2 Treatment on CD1d-Restricted Natural Killer T Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan K. Sandberg
- Center for Infection Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Moll
- Center for Infection Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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Sandberg JK, Moll M. Effects of interleukin-2 treatment on CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:4311; author reply 4311-2. [PMID: 17634562 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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43
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Yang OO, Wilson SB, Hultin LE, Detels R, Hultin PM, Ibarrondo FJ, Jamieson BD. Delayed reconstitution of CD4+ iNKT cells after effective HIV type 1 therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007; 23:913-22. [PMID: 17678476 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted natural killer T (iNKT) cells are increasingly recognized as key immunoregulatory cells linking innate and adaptive immunity. These fall into functionally distinct CD4+ versus CD4- subsets that are believed to steer cellular immunity toward tolerigenic/atopic versus proinflammatory phenotypes, respectively. Preferential depletion of the CD4+ subset has been observed in HIV-1 infection, but the repletion of these cells after antiretroviral therapy has not been examined in detail. T lymphocytes, CD8+ lymphocyte activation, viremia, and iNKT cell subsets in peripheral blood were compared between 18 HIV-1-uninfected (Control) and 18 seropositive (SP) men initially not on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Compared to the Control group, the SP group demonstrated reduction of CD4+ and lesser reduction of CD4- iNKT cells at baseline. After initiation of suppressive antiretroviral treatment, the SP CD4+ iNKT cell levels remained unchanged after a year and increased by 2 years, while CD4+ iNKT cells showed a gradual increase notable after the first year. Over the first year of treatment, there was a significant correlation between changes in total CD4+ T lymphocyte and changes in CD4+ iNKT cell levels, and a significant inverse correlation between changes in CD8+ T lymphocyte activation and changes in CD4- iNKT cell levels. These results confirm preferential depletion of tolerigenic/atopic CD4+ iNKT cells by HIV-1, and suggest that disproportionate persistence of proinflammatory CD4- iNKT cells could contribute to the inappropriate immune activation believed to cause immunodeficiency in HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto O Yang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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44
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Montoya CJ, Rugeles MT, Landay AL. Innate immune defenses in HIV-1 infection: prospects for a novel immune therapy. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2007; 4:767-80. [PMID: 17140354 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.4.5.767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection leads to a severe decrease of CD4(+) T lymphocytes, dysregulation of several leukocyte subpopulations and generalized immune activation, with the subsequent development of opportunistic infections and malignancies. Administration of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been successful in reducing HIV-1 plasma viremia; however, the ability of HAART to restore immunocompetence appears incomplete, particularly in patients with chronic and advanced disease. Several components of the innate immune system have direct anti-HIV-1 effects, and studies to analyze the benefits of enhancing the function of the innate response during HIV-1 infection are increasing. Development of any complementary therapeutic approaches to HIV-1 infection, particularly those able to compensate for the limitations of HAART, and enhance the anti-HIV-1 innate immune activity would be of interest. The stimulation of innate immune responses using Toll-like receptor agonists, such as monophosphoryl lipid A and oligodeoxynucleotides with CpG motifs, are currently being investigated and their benefit in HIV-1-infected patients are under evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Montoya
- University of Antioquia, Group of Immunovirology-Biogenesis, Medellin, Colombia.
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45
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van der Vliet HJJ, van Vonderen MGA, Molling JW, Bontkes HJ, Reijm M, Reiss P, van Agtmael MA, Danner SA, van den Eertwegh AJM, von Blomberg BME, Scheper RJ. Cutting Edge: Rapid Recovery of NKT Cells upon Institution of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV-1 Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:5775-8. [PMID: 17056500 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.5775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CD1d-restricted NKT cells play important regulatory roles in various immune responses and are rapidly and selectively depleted upon infection with HIV-1. The cause of this selective depletion is incompletely understood, although it is in part due to the high susceptibility of CD4+ NKT cells to direct infection and subsequent cell death by HIV-1. Here, we demonstrate that highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) results in the rapid recovery of predominantly CD4(-) NKT cells with kinetics that are strikingly similar to those of mainstream T cells. As it is well known that the early recovery of mainstream T cells in response to HAART is due to their redistribution from tissues to the circulation, our data suggest that the selective depletion of circulating NKT cells is likely due to a combination of cell death and tissue sequestration and indicates that HAART can improve immune functions by reconstituting both conventional T cells and immunoregulatory NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans J J van der Vliet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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