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Song H, Shin U, Nam U, Lee Y. Exploring hematopoiesis in zebrafish using forward genetic screening. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:51-58. [PMID: 38172599 PMCID: PMC10834449 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish have emerged as a powerful animal model for investigating the genetic basis of hematopoiesis. Owing to its close genetic and developmental similarities to humans, combined with its rapid reproduction and extensive genomic resources, zebrafish have become a versatile and efficient platform for genetic studies. In particular, the forward genetic screening approach has enabled the unbiased identification of novel genes and pathways related to blood development, from hematopoietic stem cell formation to terminal differentiation. Recent advances in mutant gene mapping have further expanded the scope of forward genetic screening, facilitating the identification of previously unknown genes and pathways relevant to hematopoiesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the zebrafish forward screening approach for hematopoietic gene discovery and highlight the key genes and pathways identified using this method. This review emphasizes the importance of zebrafish as a model system for understanding the genetic basis of hematopoiesis and its associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Unbeom Shin
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Uijeong Nam
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 05278, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsung Lee
- Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 05278, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Sahai-Hernandez P, Pouget C, Eyal S, Svoboda O, Chacon J, Grimm L, Gjøen T, Traver D. Dermomyotome-derived endothelial cells migrate to the dorsal aorta to support hematopoietic stem cell emergence. eLife 2023; 12:e58300. [PMID: 37695317 PMCID: PMC10495111 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the dorsal aorta is a key step in the establishment of the adult blood-forming system, since hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) arise from ventral aortic endothelium in all vertebrate animals studied. Work in zebrafish has demonstrated that arterial and venous endothelial precursors arise from distinct subsets of lateral plate mesoderm. Here, we profile the transcriptome of the earliest detectable endothelial cells (ECs) during zebrafish embryogenesis to demonstrate that tissue-specific EC programs initiate much earlier than previously appreciated, by the end of gastrulation. Classic studies in the chick embryo showed that paraxial mesoderm generates a subset of somite-derived endothelial cells (SDECs) that incorporate into the dorsal aorta to replace HSPCs as they exit the aorta and enter circulation. We describe a conserved program in the zebrafish, where a rare population of endothelial precursors delaminates from the dermomyotome to incorporate exclusively into the developing dorsal aorta. Although SDECs lack hematopoietic potential, they act as a local niche to support the emergence of HSPCs from neighboring hemogenic endothelium. Thus, at least three subsets of ECs contribute to the developing dorsal aorta: vascular ECs, hemogenic ECs, and SDECs. Taken together, our findings indicate that the distinct spatial origins of endothelial precursors dictate different cellular potentials within the developing dorsal aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Sahai-Hernandez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Claire Pouget
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Shai Eyal
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Ondrej Svoboda
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
- Department of Cell Differentiation, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jose Chacon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Lin Grimm
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Tor Gjøen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - David Traver
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
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3
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Wu M, Xu J, Zhang Y, Wen Z. Learning from Zebrafish Hematopoiesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1442:137-157. [PMID: 38228963 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-7471-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is a complex process that tightly regulates the generation, proliferation, differentiation, and maintenance of hematopoietic cells. Disruptions in hematopoiesis can lead to various diseases affecting both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic systems, such as leukemia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic granuloma. The zebrafish serves as a powerful vertebrate model for studying hematopoiesis, offering valuable insights into both hematopoietic regulation and hematopoietic diseases. In this chapter, we present a comprehensive overview of zebrafish hematopoiesis, highlighting its distinctive characteristics in hematopoietic processes. We discuss the ontogeny and modulation of both primitive and definitive hematopoiesis, as well as the microenvironment that supports hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Additionally, we explore the utility of zebrafish as a disease model and its potential in drug discovery, which not only advances our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying hematopoiesis but also facilitates the exploration of novel therapeutic strategies for hematopoietic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wu
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University and Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Xu
- South China University of Technology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yiyue Zhang
- South China University of Technology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zilong Wen
- Southern University of Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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4
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Zhang X, Yang Y, Wei Y, Zhao Q, Lou X. blf and the drl cluster synergistically regulate cell fate commitment during zebrafish primitive hematopoiesis. Development 2022; 149:285945. [PMID: 36420817 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is a highly coordinated process that generates all the body's blood cells, and perturbations in embryonic hematopoiesis may result in illnesses ranging from fetal anemia to various leukemias. Correct establishment of hematopoietic progenitor cell fate is essential for the development of adequate blood cell subpopulations, although regulators of cell fate commitment have not been fully defined. Here, we show that primary erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis in zebrafish embryos are synergistically regulated by blf and the drl cluster, as simultaneous depletion led to severe erythrocyte aplasia and excessive macrophage formation at the expense of neutrophil development. Integrative analysis of transcriptome- and genome-wide binding data revealed that blf and drl cluster genes are responsible for constraining the expression of vasculogenesis-promoting genes in the intermediate cell mass and monocytopoiesis-promoting genes in the rostral blood island. This indicates that blf and drl cluster genes act as determinants of the fate commitment of erythroid and myeloid progenitor cells. Furthermore, a rescue screen demonstrated that Zfp932 is a potential mammalian functional equivalent to zebrafish blf and drl cluster genes. Our data provide insight into conserved cell fate commitment mechanisms of primitive hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yuxi Yang
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yuxuan Wei
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Qingshun Zhao
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xin Lou
- Research Institute of Intelligent Computing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China
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5
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Zhao S, Zhang A, Zhu H, Wen Z. The ETS transcription factor Spi2 regulates hematopoietic cell development in zebrafish. Development 2022; 149:276980. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The E26 transformation-specific or E-twenty-six (ETS) genes encode a superfamily of transcription factors involved in diverse biological processes. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a previously unidentified member of the ETS transcription factors, Spi2, that is found exclusively in the ray-finned fish kingdom. We show that the expression of spi2 is restricted to hemogenic endothelial cells (HECs) and to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in zebrafish. Using bacteria artificial chromosome transgenesis, we generate a spi2 reporter line, TgBAC(spi2:P2a-GFP), which manifests the GFP pattern recapitulating the endogenous spi2 expression. Genetic ablation of spi2 has little effect on HEC formation and the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition, but results in compromised proliferation of HSPCs in the caudal hematopoietic tissue (CHT) during early development and in severe myeloid lineage defect in adulthood. Epistatic analysis shows that spi2 acts downstream of runx1 in regulating HSPC development in the CHT. Our study identifies Spi2 as an essential regulator for definitive hematopoietic cell development and creates a TgBAC(spi2:P2a-GFP) reporter line for tracking HECs, HSPCs, myeloid cells and thrombocytes from early development to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 1 Division of Life Science , , Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong , China
| | - Ao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 1 Division of Life Science , , Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong , China
| | - Hao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 1 Division of Life Science , , Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong , China
| | - Zilong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 1 Division of Life Science , , Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong , China
- Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen Peking University−Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center 2 , Shenzhen 518055 , China
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6
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Dai Y, Wu S, Cao C, Xue R, Luo X, Wen Z, Xu J. Csf1rb regulates definitive hematopoiesis in zebrafish. Development 2022; 149:276084. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
In vertebrates, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are capable of self-renewal and continuously replenishing all mature blood lineages throughout life. However, the molecular signaling regulating the maintenance and expansion of HSPCs remains incompletely understood. Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is believed to be the primary regulator for the myeloid lineage but not HSPC development. Here, we show a surprising role of Csf1rb, a zebrafish homolog of mammalian CSF1R, in preserving the HSPC pool by maintaining the proliferation of HSPCs. Deficiency of csf1rb leads to a reduction in both HSPCs and their differentiated progenies, including myeloid, lymphoid and erythroid cells at early developmental stages. Likewise, the absence of csf1rb conferred similar defects upon HSPCs and leukocytes in adulthood. Furthermore, adult hematopoietic cells from csf1rb mutants failed to repopulate immunodeficient zebrafish. Interestingly, loss-of-function and gain-of-function assays suggested that the canonical ligands for Csf1r in zebrafish, including Csf1a, Csf1b and Il34, were unlikely to be ligands of Csf1rb. Thus, our data indicate a previously unappreciated role of Csf1r in maintaining HSPCs, independently of known ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Dai
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology 1 Laboratory of Immunology & Regeneration , , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 2 Division of Life Science , , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
| | - Canran Cao
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology 1 Laboratory of Immunology & Regeneration , , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rongtao Xue
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University 3 Department of Hematology , , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515 , China
| | - Xuefen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 2 Division of Life Science , , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
| | - Zilong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 2 Division of Life Science , , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
- Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen Peking University−Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center 4 , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Jin Xu
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology 1 Laboratory of Immunology & Regeneration , , Guangzhou 510006, China
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7
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Lempereur S, Machado E, Licata F, Simion M, Buzer L, Robineau I, Hémon J, Banerjee P, De Crozé N, Léonard M, Affaticati P, Talbot H, Joly JS. ZeBraInspector, a platform for the automated segmentation and analysis of body and brain volumes in whole 5 days post-fertilization zebrafish following simultaneous visualization with identical orientations. Dev Biol 2022; 490:86-99. [PMID: 35841952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the zebrafish has become a well-established laboratory model. We describe here the ZeBraInspector (ZBI) platform for high-content 3D imaging (HCI) of 5 days post-fertilization zebrafish eleuthero-embryos (EEs). This platform includes a mounting method based on 3D-printed stamps to create a grid of wells in an agarose cast, facilitating batch acquisitions with a fast-confocal laser scanning microscope. We describe reference labeling in cleared fish with a fluorescent lipophilic dye. Based on this labeling, the ZBI software registers. EE 3D images, making it possible to visualize numerous identically oriented EEs on a single screen, and to compare their morphologies and any fluorescent patterns at a glance. High-resolution 2D snapshots can be extracted. ZBI software is therefore useful for diverse high-content analyses (HCAs). Following automated segmentation of the lipophilic dye signal, the ZBI software performs volumetric analyses on whole EEs and their nervous system white matter. Through two examples, we illustrate the power of these analyses for obtaining statistically significant results from a small number of samples: the characterization of a phenotype associated with a neurodevelopmental mutation, and of the defects caused by treatments with a toxic anti-cancer compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Lempereur
- LIGM, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, ESIEE Paris, F-77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France; Tefor Paris-Saclay, UMS 2010, CNRS, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France.
| | - Elodie Machado
- Tefor Paris-Saclay, UMS 2010, CNRS, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Fabrice Licata
- Tefor Paris-Saclay, UMS 2010, CNRS, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Matthieu Simion
- Tefor Paris-Saclay, UMS 2010, CNRS, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Lilian Buzer
- LIGM, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, ESIEE Paris, F-77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Isabelle Robineau
- Tefor Paris-Saclay, UMS 2010, CNRS, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Julien Hémon
- Tefor Paris-Saclay, UMS 2010, CNRS, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Payel Banerjee
- Tefor Paris-Saclay, UMS 2010, CNRS, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | | | - Marc Léonard
- L'Oréal, Research & Innovation, Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Pierre Affaticati
- Tefor Paris-Saclay, UMS 2010, CNRS, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Hugues Talbot
- LIGM, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, ESIEE Paris, F-77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Centrale Supélec, INRIA, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Stéphane Joly
- Tefor Paris-Saclay, UMS 2010, CNRS, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France.
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8
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Stosik M, Tokarz-Deptuła B, Deptuła W. Haematopoiesis in Zebrafish (Danio Rerio). Front Immunol 2022; 13:902941. [PMID: 35720291 PMCID: PMC9201100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.902941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Haematopoiesis in fish and mammals is a complex process, and many aspects regarding its model and the differentiation of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) still remain enigmatic despite advanced studies. The effects of microenvironmental factors or HSCs niche and signalling pathways on haematopoiesis are also unclear. This review presents Danio rerio as a model organism for studies on haematopoiesis in vertebrates and discusses the development of this process during the embryonic period and in adult fish. It describes the role of the microenvironment of the haematopoietic process in regulating the formation and function of HSCs/HSPCs (hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells) and highlights facts and research areas important for haematopoiesis in fish and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Stosik
- Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | | | - Wiesław Deptuła
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
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Klaus A, Clapes T, Yvernogeau L, Basu S, Weijts B, Maas J, Smal I, Galjart N, Robin C. CLASP2 safeguards hematopoietic stem cell properties during mouse and fish development. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110957. [PMID: 35705037 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) express a large variety of cell surface receptors that are associated with acquisition of self-renewal and multipotent properties. Correct expression of these receptors depends on a delicate balance between cell surface trafficking, recycling, and degradation and is controlled by the microtubule network and Golgi apparatus, whose roles have hardly been explored during embryonic/fetal hematopoiesis. Here we show that, in the absence of CLASP2, a microtubule-associated protein, the overall production of HSCs is reduced, and the produced HSCs fail to self-renew and maintain their stemness throughout mouse and zebrafish development. This phenotype can be attributed to decreased cell surface expression of the hematopoietic receptor c-Kit, which originates from increased lysosomal degradation in combination with a reduction in trafficking to the plasma membrane. A dysfunctional Golgi apparatus in CLASP2-deficient HSCs seems to be the underlying cause of the c-Kit expression and signaling imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Klaus
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Clapes
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Laurent Yvernogeau
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sreya Basu
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Weijts
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Maas
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ihor Smal
- Theme Biomedical Sciences and Departments of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Galjart
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Catherine Robin
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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10
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Lympho-Hematopoietic Microenvironments and Fish Immune System. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050747. [PMID: 35625475 PMCID: PMC9138301 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Teleost fish, the most abundant group of vertebrates, represent an excellent tool to establish possible correlations between the histological organization of their lymphoid organs and their immunological capacities. This approach allows us to analyze embryonic and larval lymphopoiesis, the remarkable organization of the teleost thymus, the role of the kidney as a true equivalent of the lympho-hematopoietic bone marrow of higher vertebrates, the mechanisms of antigen trapping in both ellipsoids and the so-called melano-macrophage centers (MMCs) and their relation with the generation of memory and the lack of germinal centers, and the extended development of the lymphoid tissue associated to mucosae. Abstract In the last 50 years information on the fish immune system has increased importantly, particularly that on species of marked commercial interest (i.e., salmonids, cods, catfish, sea breams), that occupy a key position in the vertebrate phylogenetical tree (i.e., Agnatha, Chondrichtyes, lungfish) or represent consolidated experimental models, such as zebrafish or medaka. However, most obtained information was based on genetic sequence analysis with little or no information on the cellular basis of the immune responses. Although jawed fish contain a thymus and lympho-hematopoietic organs equivalents to mammalian bone marrow, few studies have accounted for the presumptive relationships between the organization of these cell microenvironments and the known immune capabilities of the fish immune system. In the current review, we analyze this topic providing information on: (1) The origins of T and B lymphopoiesis in Agnatha and jawed fish; (2) the remarkable organization of the thymus of teleost fish; (3) the occurrence of numerous, apparently unrelated organs housing lympho-hematopoietic progenitors and, presumably, B lymphopoiesis; (4) the existence of fish immunological memory in the absence of germinal centers.
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11
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Schiavo RK, Tamplin OJ. Vascular endothelial growth factor c regulates hematopoietic stem cell fate in the dorsal aorta. Development 2022; 149:273762. [PMID: 34919128 PMCID: PMC8917412 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are multipotent cells that self-renew or differentiate to establish the entire blood hierarchy. HSPCs arise from the hemogenic endothelium of the dorsal aorta (DA) during development in a process called endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition. The factors and signals that control HSPC fate decisions from the hemogenic endothelium are not fully understood. We found that Vegfc has a role in HSPC emergence from the zebrafish DA. Using time-lapse live imaging, we show that some HSPCs in the DA of vegfc loss-of-function embryos display altered cellular behavior. Instead of typical budding from the DA, emergent HSPCs exhibit crawling behavior similar to myeloid cells. This was confirmed by increased myeloid cell marker expression in the ventral wall of the DA and the caudal hematopoietic tissue. This increase in myeloid cells corresponded with a decrease in HSPCs that persisted into larval stages. Together, our data suggest that Vegfc regulates HSPC emergence in the hemogenic endothelium, in part by suppressing a myeloid cell fate. Our study provides a potential signal for modulation of HSPC fate in stem cell differentiation protocols.
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12
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Konno K, Kobayashi-Sun J, Arai F, Kobayashi I, Sugiyama D. Hematopoietic Cell Isolation by Antibody-Free Flow Cytometry in the Zebrafish Embryo. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2520:171-180. [PMID: 35575971 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish is a useful model to identify genes functioning in hematopoiesis, owing to high conservation of hematopoiesis. Flow cytometry is widely used to isolate and quantitatively characterize human and mouse hematopoietic cells, often using fluorescently labeled antibodies. However, such analysis is limited in zebrafish due to lack of antibodies that recognize zebrafish hematopoietic cells. We here describe methods for isolation of hematopoietic cells by antibody-free flow cytometry in the zebrafish embryo. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are specified from a specific subset of vascular endothelial cells, the hemogenic endothelial cell (HEC), by a high level of Notch signaling. In combination with a Notch reporter line (Tp1:GFP) and a vascular specific line (fli1a:dsRed), HECs can be isolated as Tp1:GFPhigh fli1a:dsRed+ cells at 20-22 hours post-fertilization (hpf). Zebrafish erythrocytes can be purified using 1,5-bis{[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino}-4, 8-dihydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione (DRAQ5), a DNA-staining fluorescent dye, and gata1:dsRed (erythroid marker line). DRAQ5high dsRed+ cells are morphologically erythrocyte-like, hemoglobin-stained positive, and express erythropoiesis-related genes. Zebrafish neutrophils can be also isolated using the lectin Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin (PHA-E) and DRAQ5. PHA-Elow DRAQ5low cells have myeloperoxidase activity, are Sudan Black B-positive, and express neutrophil-related genes. These methods will help to perform genetical and functional assays for various types of hematopoietic cells in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Konno
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Translational Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jingjing Kobayashi-Sun
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Fumio Arai
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Isao Kobayashi
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugiyama
- Translational Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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13
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Molina B, Chavez J, Grainger S. Zebrafish models of acute leukemias: Current models and future directions. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2021; 10:e400. [PMID: 33340278 PMCID: PMC8213871 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemias (AML) and acute lymphoid leukemias (ALL) are heterogenous diseases encompassing a wide array of genetic mutations with both loss and gain of function phenotypes. Ultimately, these both result in the clonal overgrowth of blast cells in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and other tissues. As a consequence of this, normal hematopoietic stem cell function is severely hampered. Technologies allowing for the early detection of genetic alterations and understanding of these varied molecular pathologies have helped to advance our treatment regimens toward personalized targeted therapies. In spite of this, both AML and ALL continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, in part because molecular therapies for the plethora of genetic abnormalities have not been developed. This underscores the current need for better model systems for therapy development. This article reviews the current zebrafish models of AML and ALL and discusses how novel gene editing tools can be implemented to generate better models of acute leukemias. This article is categorized under: Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cells and Disease Technologies > Perturbing Genes and Generating Modified Animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Molina
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jasmine Chavez
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Stephanie Grainger
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
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14
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The spliceosome factor sart3 regulates hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell development in zebrafish through the p53 pathway. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:906. [PMID: 34611130 PMCID: PMC8492694 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) possess the potential for self-renew and the capacity, throughout life, to differentiate into all blood cell lineages. Yet, the mechanistic basis for HSC development remains largely unknown. In this study, we characterized a zebrafish smu471 mutant with hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) defects and found that sart3 was the causative gene. RNA expression profiling of the sart3smu471 mutant revealed spliceosome and p53 signaling pathway to be the most significantly enriched pathways in the sart3smu471 mutant. Knock down of p53 rescued HSPC development in the sart3smu471 mutant. Interestingly, the p53 inhibitor, mdm4, had undergone an alternative splicing event in the mutant. Restoration of mdm4 partially rescued HSPC deficiency. Thus, our data suggest that HSPC proliferation and maintenance require sart3 to ensure the correct splicing and expression of mdm4, so that the p53 pathway is properly inhibited to prevent definitive hematopoiesis failure. This study expands our knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms that impact HSPC development and sheds light on the mechanistic basis and potential therapeutic use of sart3 in spliceosome-mdm4-p53 related disorders.
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15
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Chung HY, Lin BA, Lin YX, Chang CW, Tzou WS, Pei TW, Hu CH. Meis1, Hi1α, and GATA1 are integrated into a hierarchical regulatory network to mediate primitive erythropoiesis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21915. [PMID: 34496088 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001044rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During development, erythroid cells are generated by two waves of hematopoiesis. In zebrafish, primitive erythropoiesis takes place in the intermediate cell mass region, and definitive erythropoiesis arises from the aorta-gonad mesonephros. TALE-homeoproteins Meis1 and Pbx1 function upstream of GATA1 to specify the erythroid lineage. Embryos lacking Meis1 or Pbx1 have weak gata1 expression and fail to produce primitive erythrocytes. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of how Meis1 and Pbx1 mediate gata1 transcription in erythrocytes remains unclear. Here we show that Hif1α acts downstream of Meis1 to mediate gata1 expression in zebrafish embryos. Inhibition of Meis1 expression resulted in suppression of hif1a expression and abrogated primitive erythropoiesis, while injection with in vitro-synthesized hif1α mRNA rescued gata1 transcription in Meis1 morphants and recovered their erythropoiesis. Ablation of Hif1α expression either by morpholino knockdown or Crispr-Cas9 knockout suppressed gata1 transcription and abrogated primitive erythropoiesis. Results of chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that Hif1α associates with hypoxia-response elements located in the 3'-flanking region of gata1 during development, suggesting that Hif1α regulates gata1 expression in vivo. Together, our results indicate that Meis1, Hif1α, and GATA1 indeed comprise a hierarchical regulatory network in which Hif1α acts downstream of Meis1 to activate gata1 transcription through direct interactions with its cis-acting elements in primitive erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Chung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Bo-An Lin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Xuan Lin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Wei Chang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shyong Tzou
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.,Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Tun-Wen Pei
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology
| | - Chin-Hwa Hu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.,Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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16
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Li H, Luo Q, Shan W, Cai S, Tie R, Xu Y, Lin Y, Qian P, Huang H. Biomechanical cues as master regulators of hematopoietic stem cell fate. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5881-5902. [PMID: 34232331 PMCID: PMC8316214 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) perceive both soluble signals and biomechanical inputs from their microenvironment and cells themselves. Emerging as critical regulators of the blood program, biomechanical cues such as extracellular matrix stiffness, fluid mechanical stress, confined adhesiveness, and cell-intrinsic forces modulate multiple capacities of HSCs through mechanotransduction. In recent years, research has furthered the scientific community's perception of mechano-based signaling networks in the regulation of several cellular processes. However, the underlying molecular details of the biomechanical regulatory paradigm in HSCs remain poorly elucidated and researchers are still lacking in the ability to produce bona fide HSCs ex vivo for clinical use. This review presents an overview of the mechanical control of both embryonic and adult HSCs, discusses some recent insights into the mechanisms of mechanosensing and mechanotransduction, and highlights the application of mechanical cues aiming at HSC expansion or differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghu Li
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Luo
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shan
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyang Cai
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruxiu Tie
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Xu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Lin
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengxu Qian
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
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17
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Cai Y, Wang J, Jin D, Liu Q, Chen X, Pan L, Li Y, Wang X, Qian F, Wang J, Zhong TP, Wang S. Dhx15 regulates zebrafish definitive hematopoiesis through the unfolded protein response pathway. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3884-3894. [PMID: 34077586 PMCID: PMC8409414 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene alterations are recognized as important events in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) progression. Studies on hematopoiesis of altered genes contribute to a better understanding on their roles in AML progression. Our previous work reported a DEAH box helicase 15 (DHX15) R222G mutation in AML patients, and we showed DHX15 overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in AML patients. In this work, we further study the role of dhx15 in zebrafish developmental hematopoiesis by generating dhx15−/− zebrafish using transcription activator‐like effector nuclease technology. Whole‐mount in situ hybridization (WISH) analysis showed hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells were dramatically perturbed when dhx15 was deleted. Immunofluorescence staining indicated inhibited hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) proliferation instead of accelerated apoptosis were detected in dhx15−/− zebrafish. Furthermore, our data showed that HSPC defect is mediated through the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. DHX15 R222G mutation, a recurrent mutation identified in AML patients, displayed a compromised function in restoring HSPC failure in dhx15−/−; Tg (hsp: DHX15 R222G) zebrafish. Collectively, this work revealed a vital role of dhx15 in the maintenance of definitive hematopoiesis in zebrafish through the unfolded protein respone pathway. The study of DHX15 and DHX15 R222G mutation could hold clinical significance for evaluating prognosis of AML patients with aberrant DHX15 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhua Cai
- Union Clinical Medical Colleges, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Union Clinical Medical Colleges, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Daqing Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, East China Normal University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Union Clinical Medical Colleges, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xianglei Chen
- Union Clinical Medical Colleges, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lili Pan
- Union Clinical Medical Colleges, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- Union Clinical Medical Colleges, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuechun Wang
- Union Clinical Medical Colleges, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feng Qian
- School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Peter Zhong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, East China Normal University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shaoyuan Wang
- Union Clinical Medical Colleges, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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18
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Post-translational activation of Mmp2 correlates with patterns of active collagen degradation during the development of the zebrafish tail. Dev Biol 2021; 477:155-163. [PMID: 34058190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (a.k.a. Gelatinase A, or Mmp2 in zebrafish) is known to have roles in pathologies such as arthritis, in which its function is protective, as well as in cancer metastasis, in which it is activated as part of the migration and invasion of metastatic cells. It is also required during development and the regeneration of tissue architecture after wound healing, but its roles in tissue remodelling are not well understood. Gelatinase A is activated post-translationally by proteolytic cleavage, making information about its transcription and even patterns of protein accumulation difficult to relate to biologically relevant activity. Using a transgenic reporter of endogenous Mmp2 activation in zebrafish, we describe its accumulation and post-translational proteolytic activation during the embryonic development of the tail. Though Mmp2 is expressed relatively ubiquitously, it seems to be active only at specific locations and times. Mmp2 is activated robustly in the neural tube and in maturing myotome boundaries. It is also activated in the notochord during body axis straightening, in patches scattered throughout the epidermal epithelium, in the gut, and on cellular protrusions extending from mesenchymal cells in the fin folds. The activation of Mmp2 in the notochord, somite boundaries and fin folds associates with collagen remodelling in the notochord sheath, myotome boundary ECM and actinotrichia respectively. Mmp2 is likely an important effector of ECM remodelling during the morphogenesis of the notochord, a driving structure in vertebrate development. It also appears to function in remodelling the ECM associated with growing epithelia and the maturation of actinotrichia in the fin folds, mediated by mesenchymal cell podosomes.
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19
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Ratajczak MZ, Kucia M. Extracellular Adenosine Triphosphate (eATP) and Its Metabolite, Extracellular Adenosine (eAdo), as Opposing "Yin-Yang" Regulators of Nlrp3 Inflammasome in the Trafficking of Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 11:603942. [PMID: 33584673 PMCID: PMC7878390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nlrp3 inflammasome plays a pleiotropic role in hematopoietic cells. On the one hand, physiological activation of this intracellular protein complex is crucial to maintaining normal hematopoiesis and the trafficking of hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs). On the other hand, its hyperactivation may lead to cell death by pyroptosis, and prolonged activity is associated with sterile inflammation of the BM and, as a consequence, with the HSPCs aging and origination of myelodysplasia and leukemia. Thus, we need to understand better this protein complex’s actions to define the boundaries of its safety window and study the transition from being beneficial to being detrimental. As demonstrated, the Nlrp3 inflammasome is expressed and active both in HSPCs and in the non-hematopoietic cells that are constituents of the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. Importantly, the Nlrp3 inflammasome responds to mediators of purinergic signaling, and while extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) activates this protein complex, its metabolite extracellular adenosine (eAdo) has the opposite effect. In this review, we will discuss and focus on the physiological consequences of the balance between eATP and eAdo in regulating the trafficking of HSPCs in an Nlrp3 inflammasome-dependent manner, as seen during pharmacological mobilization from BM into peripheral blood (PB) and in the reverse mechanism of homing from PB to BM and engraftment. We propose that both mediators of purinergic signaling and the Nlrp3 inflammasome itself may become important therapeutic targets in optimizing the trafficking of HSPCs in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY, United States.,Center for Preclinical Studies and Technology, Department of Regenerative Medicine Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magda Kucia
- Stem Cell Institute at Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY, United States.,Center for Preclinical Studies and Technology, Department of Regenerative Medicine Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Elsaid R, Soares-da-Silva F, Peixoto M, Amiri D, Mackowski N, Pereira P, Bandeira A, Cumano A. Hematopoiesis: A Layered Organization Across Chordate Species. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:606642. [PMID: 33392196 PMCID: PMC7772317 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.606642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of distinct waves of progenitors during development, each corresponding to a specific time, space, and function, provided the basis for the concept of a “layered” organization in development. The concept of a layered hematopoiesis was established by classical embryology studies in birds and amphibians. Recent progress in generating reliable lineage tracing models together with transcriptional and proteomic analyses in single cells revealed that, also in mammals, the hematopoietic system evolves in successive waves of progenitors with distinct properties and fate. During embryogenesis, sequential waves of hematopoietic progenitors emerge at different anatomic sites, generating specific cell types with distinct functions and tissue homing capacities. The first progenitors originate in the yolk sac before the emergence of hematopoietic stem cells, some giving rise to progenies that persist throughout life. Hematopoietic stem cell-derived cells that protect organisms against environmental pathogens follow the same sequential strategy, with subsets of lymphoid cells being only produced during embryonic development. Growing evidence indicates that fetal immune cells contribute to the proper development of the organs they seed and later ensure life-long tissue homeostasis and immune protection. They include macrophages, mast cells, some γδ T cells, B-1 B cells, and innate lymphoid cells, which have “non-redundant” functions, and early perturbations in their development or function affect immunity in the adult. These observations challenged the view that all hematopoietic cells found in the adult result from constant and monotonous production from bone marrow-resident hematopoietic stem cells. In this review, we evaluate evidence for a layered hematopoietic system across species. We discuss mechanisms and selective pressures leading to the temporal generation of different cell types. We elaborate on the consequences of disturbing fetal immune cells on tissue homeostasis and immune development later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy Elsaid
- Unit of Lymphocytes and Immunity, Immunology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Céllule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Francisca Soares-da-Silva
- Unit of Lymphocytes and Immunity, Immunology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Céllule Pasteur, Paris, France.,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and INEB-Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomeìdicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marcia Peixoto
- Unit of Lymphocytes and Immunity, Immunology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Céllule Pasteur, Paris, France.,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and INEB-Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Dali Amiri
- Unit of Lymphocytes and Immunity, Immunology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Céllule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nathan Mackowski
- Unit of Lymphocytes and Immunity, Immunology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Céllule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pablo Pereira
- Unit of Lymphocytes and Immunity, Immunology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Céllule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Antonio Bandeira
- Unit of Lymphocytes and Immunity, Immunology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Céllule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ana Cumano
- Unit of Lymphocytes and Immunity, Immunology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Céllule Pasteur, Paris, France
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21
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Tu J, Liu X, Jia H, Reilly J, Yu S, Cai C, Liu F, Lv Y, Huang Y, Lu Z, Han S, Jiang T, Shu X, Wu X, Tang Z, Lu Q, Liu M. The chromatin remodeler Brg1 is required for formation and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells. FASEB J 2020; 34:11997-12008. [PMID: 32738093 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903168rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into various blood cells, thus playing an important role in maintenance of lifelong hematopoiesis. Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1), which acts as the ATP subunit of mammalian SWI-SNF-related chromatin remodeling complexes, is involved in human acute myeloid leukemia and highly expresses in short-term HSPCs. But its role and regulatory mechanism for HSPC development have not yet been well established. Here, we generated a brg1 knockout zebrafish model using TALEN technology. We found that in brg1-/- embryo, the primitive hematopoiesis remained well, while definitive hematopoiesis formation was significantly impaired. The number of hemogenic endothelial cells was decreased, further affecting definitive hematopoiesis with reduced myeloid and lymphoid cells. During embryogenesis, the nitric oxide (NO) microenvironment in brg1-/- embryo was seriously damaged and the reduction of HSPCs could be partially rescued by a NO donor. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that BRG1 could bind to the promoter of KLF2 and trigger its transcriptional activity of NO synthase. Our findings show that Brg1 promotes klf2a expression in hemogenic endothelium and highlight a novel mechanism for HSPC formation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Tu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiliang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Haibo Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - James Reilly
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Chen Cai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yuexia Lv
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yuwen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhaojing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Shanshan Han
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xinhua Shu
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Qunwei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Mugen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
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22
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Wang M, Li P, Wang H, Dong L, Wu C, Zhao Z. Identification and spatiotemporal expression of gpr161 genes in zebrafish. Gene 2020; 730:144303. [PMID: 31884103 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
G protein coupled Receptor 161 (GPR161) is a ciliary orphan GPCR. It is reported to play critical roles in regulating vertebrate Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, that is conserved in metazoan and functions in earlier embryogenesis and homeostasis of adult metabolism. However, to date, all GPR161 functional studies were performed only in mouse. Knock out gpr161 in NIH3T3 cell lines, the common material for Hh mechanism research, failed to give any obvious Hh pathway defects, raising the question that whether GPR161 functions in Hh pathway is conserved in vertebrate system. Here, we described the characterization and spatiotemporal expression of two zebrafish gpr161 homologs, gpr161a and gpr161b. gpr161a was renamed of the gpr161 previously identified, while gpr161b was novel identified. The whole-mount in situ hybridization and quantitative PCR results showed that gpr161a is initially expressed in maternal manner while gpr161b is not. Although these two gpr161 showed ubiquitously expressed at early embryonic stages, each of them had tissue specific accumulation. gpr161a is abundant in the central nervous system (CNS) and adaxial cells, where are rich of Hh responding cells. Together gpr161a was highly expressed in muscle and intestine in adult fishes. These results strongly suggest the regulating roles of Gpr161 a in zebrafish Hh signal transduction. gpr161b was also accumulated in the CNS but mainly at the midline in the neural tube, similar pattern as wnt5b expression in such area, suggesting its potential function correlated with WNT signaling pathway. Interestingly, we also found the specific accumulation of gpr161 in posterior blood island (PBI) at 24 hours post fertilization (hpf), indicating the gpr161 may play roles in early hematopoiesis in zebrafish. Our work provides a starting point to unveil the divergent functions of gpr161 in vertebrate and will shed light on the studies of mechanism of Hh and WNT pathways, as well as early hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, 1331 Local Bio-Resources and Health Industry Collaborative Innovation Center of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China; Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Institute of biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Ping Li
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, 1331 Local Bio-Resources and Health Industry Collaborative Innovation Center of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, 1331 Local Bio-Resources and Health Industry Collaborative Innovation Center of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Lina Dong
- Central Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliate of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030012, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, 1331 Local Bio-Resources and Health Industry Collaborative Innovation Center of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, 1331 Local Bio-Resources and Health Industry Collaborative Innovation Center of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
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23
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He S, Tian Y, Feng S, Wu Y, Shen X, Chen K, He Y, Sun Q, Li X, Xu J, Wen Z, Qu JY. In vivo single-cell lineage tracing in zebrafish using high-resolution infrared laser-mediated gene induction microscopy. eLife 2020; 9:52024. [PMID: 31904340 PMCID: PMC7018510 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity broadly exists in various cell types both during development and at homeostasis. Investigating heterogeneity is crucial for comprehensively understanding the complexity of ontogeny, dynamics, and function of specific cell types. Traditional bulk-labeling techniques are incompetent to dissect heterogeneity within cell population, while the new single-cell lineage tracing methodologies invented in the last decade can hardly achieve high-fidelity single-cell labeling and long-term in-vivo observation simultaneously. In this work, we developed a high-precision infrared laser-evoked gene operator heat-shock system, which uses laser-induced CreERT2 combined with loxP-DsRedx-loxP-GFP reporter to achieve precise single-cell labeling and tracing. In vivo study indicated that this system can precisely label single cell in brain, muscle and hematopoietic system in zebrafish embryo. Using this system, we traced the hematopoietic potential of hemogenic endothelium (HE) in the posterior blood island (PBI) of zebrafish embryo and found that HEs in the PBI are heterogeneous, which contains at least myeloid unipotent and myeloid-lymphoid bipotent subtypes. Animals begin life as a single cell that then divides to become a complex organism with many different types of cells. Every time a cell divides, each of its two daughter cells can either stay the same type as their parent or adopt a different identity. Once a cell acquires an identity, it usually cannot ‘go back’ and choose another. Eventually, this process will produce daughter cells with the identity of a specific tissue or organ and that cannot divide further. Multipotent cells are cells that can produce daughter cells with different identities, including other multipotent cells. These cells can usually give rise to different cell types in a specific organ, and generate more cells to replace any cells that die in that organ. Tracking the cells descended from a multipotent cell in a specific tissue can provide information about how the tissue develops. Hemogenic endothelium cells produce the multipotent cells that give rise to two types of white blood cells: myeloid cells and lymphoid cells. Myeloid cells include innate immune cells that protect the body from infection non-specifically; while lymphoid cells include T cells and B cells with receptors that detect specific bacteria or viruses. It remains unclear whether each of these two cell types originate from a single population of hemogenic endothelium cells or from two distinct subpopulations. He et al. have now developed a new optical technique to label a single hemogenic endothelium cell in a zebrafish and track the cell and its descendants. This method revealed that there are at least two distinct populations of hemogenic endothelium cells. One of them can give rise to both lymphoid and myeloid cells, while the other can only give rise to myeloid cells. These findings shed light on the mechanisms of blood formation, and potentially could provide useful tools to study the development of diseases such as leukemia. Additionally, the single-cell labeling technology He et al. have developed could be applied to study the development of other tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong He
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China
| | - Ye Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China.,Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China
| | - Shachuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China.,Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China
| | - Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China.,Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China
| | - Xinwei Shen
- Department of Mathematics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China
| | - Kani Chen
- Department of Mathematics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China
| | - Yingzhu He
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China
| | - Qiqi Sun
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zilong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China.,Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China
| | - Jianan Y Qu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China
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24
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Chen L, De Menna M, Groenewoud A, Thalmann GN, Kruithof-de Julio M, Snaar-Jagalska BE. A NF-ĸB-Activin A signaling axis enhances prostate cancer metastasis. Oncogene 2019; 39:1634-1651. [PMID: 31740783 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is a main cause of death in prostate cancer (PCa). To dissect the molecular cues from cancer cell-microenvironment interaction that drive metastatic cascade, bone metastatic PCa cells were intravenously implanted into zebrafish embryos and mice tibia forming metastatic lesions. Transcriptomic analysis showed an elevated expression of stemness genes, pro-inflammatory cytokines and TGF-β family member Activin A in the cancer cells at metastatic onset in both animal models. Consistently, analysis of clinical datasets revealed that the expression of Activin A is specifically elevated in metastases and correlates with poor prognosis in stratified high-risk PCa patients. It is further unveiled that the microenvironment induced Activin A expression by NF-κB activation. The elevated level of Activin A enhanced the invasive ALDHhi CSC-like phenotypes and PCa proliferation by activation of Smad and ERK1/2 signaling driving metastasis. Suppression of Activin A or Activin receptor significantly reduced the CSC-like subpopulation, invasion, metastatic growth, and bone lesion formation in zebrafish and mice xenografts, suggesting a functional role of NF-κB-dependent Activin A in PCa metastasis. Overall, our study demonstrates that human PCa cells can display a comparable response with the microenvironment in zebrafish and mice xenografts. Combining both animal models, we uncovered the microenvironment-dependent activin signaling as an essential driver in PCa metastasis with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanpeng Chen
- Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marta De Menna
- Department of BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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25
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Zhang J, Hamza I. Zebrafish as a model system to delineate the role of heme and iron metabolism during erythropoiesis. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 128:204-212. [PMID: 30626549 PMCID: PMC6591114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coordination of iron acquisition and heme synthesis is required for effective erythropoiesis. The small teleost zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an ideal vertebrate animal model to replicate various aspects of human physiology and provides an efficient and cost-effective way to model human pathophysiology. Importantly, zebrafish erythropoiesis largely resembles mammalian erythropoiesis. Gene discovery by large-scale forward mutagenesis screening has identified key components in heme and iron metabolism. Reverse genetic screens, using morpholino-knockdown and CRISPR/Cas9, coupled with the genetic tractability of the developing embryo have further accelerated functional studies. Ultimately, the ex utero development of zebrafish embryos combined with their transparency and developmental plasticity could provide a deeper understanding of the role of iron and heme metabolism during early vertebrate embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Zhang
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences and Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Iqbal Hamza
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences and Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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26
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Huang Y, Lu Y, He Y, Feng Z, Zhan Y, Huang X, Liu Q, Zhang J, Li H, Huang H, Ma M, Luo L, Li L. Ikzf1 regulates embryonic T lymphopoiesis via Ccr9 and Irf4 in zebrafish. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16152-16163. [PMID: 31511326 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ikzf1 is a Krüppel-like zinc-finger transcription factor that plays indispensable roles in T and B cell development. Although the function of Ikzf1 has been studied extensively, the molecular mechanism underlying T lymphopoiesis remains incompletely defined during the embryonic stage. Here we report that the genetic ablation of ikzf1 in mutant zebrafish resulted in abrogated embryonic T lymphopoiesis. This was ascribed to impaired thymic migration, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). Ccr9a and Irf4a, two indispensable factors in T lymphopoiesis, were the direct targets of Ikzf1 and were absent in the ikzf1 mutants. Genetic deletion of either ccr9a or irf4a in the corresponding mutant embryos led to obvious T cell development deficiency, which was mainly caused by disrupted thymic migration of HSPCs. Restoration of ccr9a in ikzf1 mutants obviously promoted HSPC thymus homing. However, the HSPCs then failed to differentiate into T cells. Additional replenishment of irf4a efficiently induced HSPC proliferation and T cell differentiation. Our findings further demonstrate that Ikzf1 regulates embryonic T lymphopoiesis via Ccr9 and Irf4 and provide new insight into the genetic network of T lymphocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youkui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yafang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuepeng He
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yandong Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xue Huang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Hongtao Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Honghui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lingfei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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27
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Konantz M, Schürch C, Hanns P, Müller JS, Sauteur L, Lengerke C. Modeling hematopoietic disorders in zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/9/dmm040360. [PMID: 31519693 PMCID: PMC6765189 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.040360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish offer a powerful vertebrate model for studies of development and disease. The major advantages of this model include the possibilities of conducting reverse and forward genetic screens and of observing cellular processes by in vivo imaging of single cells. Moreover, pathways regulating blood development are highly conserved between zebrafish and mammals, and several discoveries made in fish were later translated to murine and human models. This review and accompanying poster provide an overview of zebrafish hematopoiesis and discuss the existing zebrafish models of blood disorders, such as myeloid and lymphoid malignancies, bone marrow failure syndromes and immunodeficiencies, with a focus on how these models were generated and how they can be applied for translational research. Summary: This At A Glance article and poster summarize the last 20 years of research in zebrafish models for hematopoietic disorders, highlighting how these models were created and are being applied for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Konantz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Schürch
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Hanns
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Joëlle S Müller
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Sauteur
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Lengerke
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland.,Division of Hematology, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
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28
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Ferri-Lagneau KF, Haider J, Sang S, Leung T. Rescue of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells formation in plcg1 zebrafish mutant. Sci Rep 2019; 9:244. [PMID: 30664660 PMCID: PMC6341084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) in zebrafish emerge from the aortic hemogenic endothelium (HE) and migrate towards the caudal hematopoietic tissue (CHT), where they expand and differentiate during definitive hematopoiesis. Phospholipase C gamma 1 (Plcγ1) has been implicated for hematopoiesis in vivo and in vitro and is also required to drive arterial and HSPC formation. Genetic mutation in plcg1-/- (y10 allele) completely disrupts the aortic blood flow, specification of arterial fate, and HSPC formation in zebrafish embryos. We previously demonstrated that ginger treatment promoted definitive hematopoiesis via Bmp signaling. In this paper, we focus on HSPC development in plcg1-/- mutants and show that ginger/10-gingerol (10-G) can rescue the expression of arterial and HSPC markers in the HE and CHT in plcg1-/- mutant embryos. We demonstrate that ginger can induce scl/runx1 expression, and that rescued HE fate is dependent on Bmp and Notch. Bmp and Notch are known to regulate nitric oxide (NO) production and NO can induce hematopoietic stem cell fate. We show that ginger produces a robust up-regulation of NO. Taken together, we suggest in this paper that Bmp, Notch and NO are potential players that mediate the effect of ginger/10-G for rescuing the genetic defects in blood vessel specification and HSPC formation in plcg1-/- mutants. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of HSPC development in vivo is critical for understanding HSPC expansion, which will have a positive impact in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine F Ferri-Lagneau
- The Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, Nutrition Research Building, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Jamil Haider
- The Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, Nutrition Research Building, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina A&T State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Nutrition Research Building, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - TinChung Leung
- The Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, Nutrition Research Building, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA.
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29
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BCAS2 is essential for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell maintenance during zebrafish embryogenesis. Blood 2018; 133:805-815. [PMID: 30482793 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-09-876599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) originate from the hemogenic endothelium via the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition, are self-renewing, and replenish all lineages of blood cells throughout life. BCAS2 (breast carcinoma amplified sequence 2) is a component of the spliceosome and is involved in multiple biological processes. However, its role in hematopoiesis remains unknown. We established a bcas2 knockout zebrafish model by using transcription activator-like effector nucleases. The bcas2 -/- zebrafish showed severe impairment of HSPCs and their derivatives during definitive hematopoiesis. We also observed significant signs of HSPC apoptosis in the caudal hematopoietic tissue of bcas2 -/- zebrafish, which may be rescued by suppression of p53. Furthermore, we show that the bcas2 deletion induces an abnormal alternative splicing of Mdm4 that predisposes cells to undergo p53-mediated apoptosis, which provides a mechanistic explanation of the deficiency observed in HSPCs. Our findings revealed a novel and vital role for BCAS2 during HSPC maintenance in zebrafish.
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30
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VCAM-1 + macrophages guide the homing of HSPCs to a vascular niche. Nature 2018; 564:119-124. [PMID: 30455424 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) give rise to all blood lineages that support the entire lifespan of vertebrates1. After HSPCs emerge from endothelial cells within the developing dorsal aorta, homing allows the nascent cells to anchor in their niches for further expansion and differentiation2-5. Unique niche microenvironments, composed of various blood vessels as units of microcirculation and other niche components such as stromal cells, regulate this process6-9. However, the detailed architecture of the microenvironment and the mechanism for the regulation of HSPC homing remain unclear. Here, using advanced live imaging and a cell-labelling system, we perform high-resolution analyses of the HSPC homing in caudal haematopoietic tissue of zebrafish (equivalent to the fetal liver in mammals), and reveal the role of the vascular architecture in the regulation of HSPC retention. We identify a VCAM-1+ macrophage-like niche cell population that patrols the inner surface of the venous plexus, interacts with HSPCs in an ITGA4-dependent manner, and directs HSPC retention. These cells, named 'usher cells', together with caudal venous capillaries and plexus, define retention hotspots within the homing microenvironment. Thus, the study provides insights into the mechanism of HSPC homing and reveals the essential role of a VCAM-1+ macrophage population with patrolling behaviour in HSPC retention.
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31
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Moore C, Richens JL, Hough Y, Ucanok D, Malla S, Sang F, Chen Y, Elworthy S, Wilkinson RN, Gering M. Gfi1aa and Gfi1b set the pace for primitive erythroblast differentiation from hemangioblasts in the zebrafish embryo. Blood Adv 2018; 2:2589-2606. [PMID: 30309860 PMCID: PMC6199651 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional repressors Gfi1(a) and Gfi1b are epigenetic regulators with unique and overlapping roles in hematopoiesis. In different contexts, Gfi1 and Gfi1b restrict or promote cell proliferation, prevent apoptosis, influence cell fate decisions, and are essential for terminal differentiation. Here, we show in primitive red blood cells (prRBCs) that they can also set the pace for cellular differentiation. In zebrafish, prRBCs express 2 of 3 zebrafish Gfi1/1b paralogs, Gfi1aa and Gfi1b. The recently identified zebrafish gfi1aa gene trap allele qmc551 drives erythroid green fluorescent protein (GFP) instead of Gfi1aa expression, yet homozygous carriers have normal prRBCs. prRBCs display a maturation defect only after splice morpholino-mediated knockdown of Gfi1b in gfi1aa qmc551 homozygous embryos. To study the transcriptome of the Gfi1aa/1b double-depleted cells, we performed an RNA-Seq experiment on GFP-positive prRBCs sorted from 20-hour-old embryos that were heterozygous or homozygous for gfi1aa qmc551 , as well as wt or morphant for gfi1b We subsequently confirmed and extended these data in whole-mount in situ hybridization experiments on newly generated single- and double-mutant embryos. Combined, the data showed that in the absence of Gfi1aa, the synchronously developing prRBCs were delayed in activating late erythroid differentiation, as they struggled to suppress early erythroid and endothelial transcription programs. The latter highlighted the bipotent nature of the progenitors from which prRBCs arise. In the absence of Gfi1aa, Gfi1b promoted erythroid differentiation as stepwise loss of wt gfi1b copies progressively delayed Gfi1aa-depleted prRBCs even further, showing that Gfi1aa and Gfi1b together set the pace for prRBC differentiation from hemangioblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sunir Malla
- Deep Seq, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Fei Sang
- Deep Seq, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, and
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Stone Elworthy
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, and
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Robert N Wilkinson
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, and
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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32
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Baeten JT, de Jong JLO. Genetic Models of Leukemia in Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:115. [PMID: 30294597 PMCID: PMC6158309 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish animal model is gaining increasing popularity as a tool for studying human disease. Over the past 15 years, many models of leukemia and other hematological malignancies have been developed in the zebrafish. These confer some significant advantages over similar models in other animals and systems, representing a powerful resource for investigation of the molecular basis of human leukemia. This review discusses the various zebrafish models of lymphoid and myeloid leukemia available, the major discoveries that have been made possible by them, and opportunities for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jill L. O. de Jong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Rissone A, Burgess SM. Rare Genetic Blood Disease Modeling in Zebrafish. Front Genet 2018; 9:348. [PMID: 30233640 PMCID: PMC6127601 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis results in the correct formation of all the different blood cell types. In mammals, it starts from specific hematopoietic stem and precursor cells residing in the bone marrow. Mature blood cells are responsible for supplying oxygen to every cell of the organism and for the protection against pathogens. Therefore, inherited or de novo genetic mutations affecting blood cell formation or the regulation of their activity are responsible for numerous diseases including anemia, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, hyper- or hypo-inflammation, and cancer. By definition, an animal disease model is an analogous version of a specific clinical condition developed by researchers to gain information about its pathophysiology. Among all the model species used in comparative medicine, mice continue to be the most common and accepted model for biomedical research. However, because of the complexity of human diseases and the intrinsic differences between humans and other species, the use of several models (possibly in distinct species) can often be more helpful and informative than the use of a single model. In recent decades, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become increasingly popular among researchers, because it represents an inexpensive alternative compared to mammalian models, such as mice. Numerous advantages make it an excellent animal model to be used in genetic studies and in particular in modeling human blood diseases. Comparing zebrafish hematopoiesis to mammals, it is highly conserved with few, significant differences. In addition, the zebrafish model has a high-quality, complete genomic sequence available that shows a high level of evolutionary conservation with the human genome, empowering genetic and genomic approaches. Moreover, the external fertilization, the high fecundity and the transparency of their embryos facilitate rapid, in vivo analysis of phenotypes. In addition, the ability to manipulate its genome using the last genome editing technologies, provides powerful tools for developing new disease models and understanding the pathophysiology of human disorders. This review provides an overview of the different approaches and techniques that can be used to model genetic diseases in zebrafish, discussing how this animal model has contributed to the understanding of genetic diseases, with a specific focus on the blood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Rissone
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shawn M Burgess
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Lancino M, Majello S, Herbert S, De Chaumont F, Tinevez JY, Olivo-Marin JC, Herbomel P, Schmidt A. Anisotropic organization of circumferential actomyosin characterizes hematopoietic stem cells emergence in the zebrafish. eLife 2018; 7:37355. [PMID: 30132756 PMCID: PMC6105311 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis leads to the formation of blood and immune cells. Hematopoietic stem cells emerge during development, from vascular components, via a process called the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition (EHT). Here, we reveal essential biomechanical features of the EHT, using the zebrafish embryo imaged at unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution and an algorithm to unwrap the aorta into 2D-cartography. We show that the transition involves anisotropic contraction along the antero-posterior axis, with heterogenous organization of contractile circumferential actomyosin. The biomechanics of the contraction is oscillatory, with unusually long periods in comparison to other apical constriction mechanisms described so far in morphogenesis, and is supported by the anisotropic reinforcement of junctional contacts. Finally, we show that abrogation of blood flow impairs the actin cytoskeleton, the morphodynamics of EHT cells, and the orientation of the emergence. Overall, our results underline the peculiarities of the EHT biomechanics and the influence of the mechanical forces exerted by blood flow. As humans, we have two major types of blood cell: our red blood cells transport oxygen around the body, while our white blood cells fight disease. Both types of cell come from the same stem cells, which first appear early in embryonic development. These stem cells emerge from the walls of major blood vessels, including the aorta – which carries blood from the heart. Stem cells have not yet decided which adult cell to become. Given the right signals, blood stem cells can form red blood cells or any of the different types of white blood cell. Understanding this process could allow scientists to recreate it in the laboratory, making blood stem cells that can give rise to all blood cells found in the body. But, this is not yet possible because we do not know all the conditions needed to make the cells and ensure they survive. One crucial gap in our understanding concerns the importance of blood flow. As the main blood vessel leaving the heart, the aorta experiences mechanical stress every time the heart beats. Lancino et al. wanted to find out whether this influences the development of the blood stem cells. Zebrafish embryos are transparent, making it easy to see their bodies developing under a microscope. Like humans, they also produce both red blood cells and white blood cells meaning Lancino et al. could watch the birth of blood stem cells in these embryos from a part of the aorta called the aortic floor. A new software tool unwrapped pictures of the tube-shaped blood vessel into flat, two-dimensional maps, making it possible to see how the aorta changed over time. This revealed that, as blood stem cells leave the aortic floor, they bend and contract with the direction of the blood flow. Rings of actin and myosin proteins that formed around the stem cells as they are born helped the process along, while stopping the heartbeat changed the way the blood cells emerged. Without any blood flow, the actin proteins did not assemble properly; the stem cells also emerged in the wrong direction and some of them even died. These findings show that physical forces play a role in the formation of blood stem cells. Understanding this process brings scientists a step closer to recreating the conditions for making different kinds of blood cells outside of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylene Lancino
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 3738, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, Complexité du Vivant, Paris, France
| | - Sara Majello
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Sebastien Herbert
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 3738, Paris, France.,Image Analysis Hub, UTechSPhotonic BioImaging (Imagopole), Citech, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice De Chaumont
- Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Tinevez
- Image Analysis Hub, UTechSPhotonic BioImaging (Imagopole), Citech, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Philippe Herbomel
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Anne Schmidt
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 3738, Paris, France
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Zhan Y, Huang Y, Chen J, Cao Z, He J, Zhang J, Huang H, Ruan H, Luo L, Li L. The caudal dorsal artery generates hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells via the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition in zebrafish. J Genet Genomics 2018; 45:S1673-8527(18)30099-7. [PMID: 29929848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) originate from the hemogenic endothelium of the ventral wall of the dorsal aorta (DA) through the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition (EHT) from approximately 30 to 60 hours post fertilization (hpf). However, whether other artery sites can generate HSPCs de novo remains unclear. In this study, using live imaging and lineage tracing, we found that the caudal dorsal artery (CDA) in the caudal hematopoietic tissue directly gave rise to HSPCs through EHT. This process initiated from approximately 60 hpf and terminated at approximately 156 hpf. Compared with that in the DA, fewer EHT events were observed in the CDA. The EHT events in the DA and CDA were similarly regulated by Runx1 but differentially influenced by blood flow (i.e., the EHT frequency in CDA was affected to a lesser extent when circulation was compromised in the tnnt2a-/- mutant). Therefore, the whole artery, including both DA and CDA, was endowed with the ability to produce HSPCs during a much longer time period. Coincidently, the lineage tracing results indicated that adult hematopoietic cells originated from the embryonic endothelium, and those produced later preferentially colonized the adult thymus. Collectively, our study revealed that the CDA serves as an additional source of hematopoiesis, and it shows similar but not identical properties with the DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandong Zhan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Bioresources and Eco-environments, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Youkui Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Bioresources and Eco-environments, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jingying Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Bioresources and Eco-environments, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zigang Cao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Bioresources and Eco-environments, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jianbo He
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Bioresources and Eco-environments, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Honghui Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Bioresources and Eco-environments, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hua Ruan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Bioresources and Eco-environments, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lingfei Luo
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Bioresources and Eco-environments, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Li Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Bioresources and Eco-environments, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Yu SH, Zhu KY, Zhang F, Wang J, Yuan H, Chen Y, Jin Y, Dong M, Wang L, Jia XE, Gao L, Dong ZW, Ren CG, Chen LT, Huang QH, Deng M, Zon LI, Zhou Y, Zhu J, Xu PF, Liu TX. The histone demethylase Jmjd3 regulates zebrafish myeloid development by promoting spi1 expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:106-116. [PMID: 29378332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The histone demethylase Jmjd3 plays a critical role in cell lineage specification and differentiation at various stages of development. However, its function during normal myeloid development remains poorly understood. Here, we carried out a systematic in vivo screen of epigenetic factors for their function in hematopoiesis and identified Jmjd3 as a new epigenetic factor that regulates myelopoiesis in zebrafish. We demonstrated that jmjd3 was essential for zebrafish primitive and definitive myelopoiesis, knockdown of jmjd3 suppressed the myeloid commitment and enhanced the erythroid commitment. Only overexpression of spi1 but not the other myeloid regulators rescued the myeloid development in jmjd3 morphants. Furthermore, preliminary mechanistic studies demonstrated that Jmjd3 could directly bind to the spi1 regulatory region to alleviate the repressive H3K27me3 modification and activate spi1 expression. Thus, our studies highlight that Jmjd3 is indispensable for early zebrafish myeloid development by promoting spi1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-He Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Kang-Yong Zhu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Mei Dong
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiao-E Jia
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Dong
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chun-Guang Ren
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Li-Ting Chen
- Tongji hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qiu-Hua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Min Deng
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Harvard Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yi Zhou
- Harvard Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Ting-Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
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37
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Tian Y, Xu J, Feng S, He S, Zhao S, Zhu L, Jin W, Dai Y, Luo L, Qu JY, Wen Z. The first wave of T lymphopoiesis in zebrafish arises from aorta endothelium independent of hematopoietic stem cells. J Exp Med 2017; 214:3347-3360. [PMID: 28931624 PMCID: PMC5679161 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tian et al. demonstrate that, in addition to giving rise to hematopoietic stem cells, the ventral endothelium of aorta in zebrafish also directly converts to non–hematopoietic stem cell hematopoietic precursors capable of generating a transient wave of CD4 Tαβ lymphocytes. T lymphocytes are key cellular components of the adaptive immune system and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity in vertebrates. Despite their heterogeneities, it is believed that all different types of T lymphocytes are generated exclusively via the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Using temporal–spatial resolved fate-mapping analysis and time-lapse imaging, here we show that the ventral endothelium in the zebrafish aorta–gonad–mesonephros and posterior blood island, the hematopoietic tissues previously known to generate HSCs and erythromyeloid progenitors, respectively, gives rise to a transient wave of T lymphopoiesis independent of HSCs. This HSC-independent T lymphopoiesis occurs early and generates predominantly CD4 Tαβ cells in the larval but not juvenile and adult stages, whereas HSC-dependent T lymphopoiesis emerges late and produces various subtypes of T lymphocytes continuously from the larval stage to adulthood. Our study unveils the existence, origin, and ontogeny of HSC-independent T lymphopoiesis in vivo and reveals the complexity of the endothelial-hematopoietic transition of the aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Jin Xu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Shachuan Feng
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Sicong He
- Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Shizheng Zhao
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Wan Jin
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Yimei Dai
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Lingfei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jianan Y Qu
- Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Zilong Wen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China .,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Guangdong, Shenzhen, P.R. China
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38
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Manesia JK, Franch M, Tabas-Madrid D, Nogales-Cadenas R, Vanwelden T, Van Den Bosch E, Xu Z, Pascual-Montano A, Khurana S, Verfaillie CM. Distinct Molecular Signature of Murine Fetal Liver and Adult Hematopoietic Stem Cells Identify Novel Regulators of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Function. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:573-584. [PMID: 27958775 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During ontogeny, fetal liver (FL) acts as a major site for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maturation and expansion, whereas HSCs in the adult bone marrow (ABM) are largely quiescent. HSCs in the FL possess faster repopulation capacity as compared with ABM HSCs. However, the molecular mechanism regulating the greater self-renewal potential of FL HSCs has not yet extensively been assessed. Recently, we published RNA sequencing-based gene expression analysis on FL HSCs from 14.5-day mouse embryo (E14.5) in comparison to the ABM HSCs. We reanalyzed these data to identify key transcriptional regulators that play important roles in the expansion of HSCs during development. The comparison of FL E14.5 with ABM HSCs identified more than 1,400 differentially expressed genes. More than 200 genes were shortlisted based on the gene ontology (GO) annotation term "transcription." By morpholino-based knockdown studies in zebrafish, we assessed the function of 18 of these regulators, previously not associated with HSC proliferation. Our studies identified a previously unknown role for tdg, uhrf1, uchl5, and ncoa1 in the emergence of definitive hematopoiesis in zebrafish. In conclusion, we demonstrate that identification of genes involved in transcriptional regulation differentially expressed between expanding FL HSCs and quiescent ABM HSCs, uncovers novel regulators of HSC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed K Manesia
- 1 Inter-Departmental Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven , Leuven, Belgium .,2 Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Monica Franch
- 3 Functional Bioinformatics Group, National Center for Biotechnology-CSIC , Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Tabas-Madrid
- 3 Functional Bioinformatics Group, National Center for Biotechnology-CSIC , Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruben Nogales-Cadenas
- 3 Functional Bioinformatics Group, National Center for Biotechnology-CSIC , Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Vanwelden
- 1 Inter-Departmental Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven , Leuven, Belgium .,2 Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisa Van Den Bosch
- 1 Inter-Departmental Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven , Leuven, Belgium .,2 Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zhuofei Xu
- 1 Inter-Departmental Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven , Leuven, Belgium .,2 Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Satish Khurana
- 1 Inter-Departmental Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven , Leuven, Belgium .,2 Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven , Leuven, Belgium .,4 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Catherine M Verfaillie
- 1 Inter-Departmental Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven , Leuven, Belgium .,2 Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
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40
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Holowiecki A, O'Shields B, Jenny MJ. Spatiotemporal expression and transcriptional regulation of heme oxygenase and biliverdin reductase genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) suggest novel roles during early developmental periods of heightened oxidative stress. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 191:138-151. [PMID: 27760386 PMCID: PMC5148680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) degrades heme into biliverdin, which is subsequently converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase (BVRa or BVRb) in a manner analogous to the classic anti-oxidant glutathione-recycling pathway. To gain a better understanding of the potential antioxidant roles the BVR enzymes may play during development, the spatiotemporal expression and transcriptional regulation of zebrafish hmox1a, bvra and bvrb were characterized under basal conditions and in response to pro-oxidant exposure. All three genes displayed spatiotemporal expression patterns consistent with classic hematopoietic progenitors during development. Transient knockdown of Nrf2a did not attenuate the ability to detect bvra or bvrb by ISH, or alter spatial expression patterns in response to cadmium exposure. While hmox1a:mCherry fluorescence was documented within the intermediate cell mass, a transient location of primitive erythrocyte differentiation, expression was not fully attenuated in Nrf2a morphants, but real-time RT-PCR demonstrated a significant reduction in hmox1a expression. Furthermore, Gata-1 knockdown did not attenuate hmox1a:mCherry fluorescence. However, while there was a complete loss of detection of bvrb expression by ISH at 24hpf, bvra expression was greatly attenuated but still detectable in Gata-1 morphants. In contrast, 96 hpf Gata-1 morphants displayed increased bvra and bvrb expression within hematopoietic tissues. Finally, temporal expression patterns of enzymes involved in the generation and maintenance of NADPH were consistent with known changes in the cellular redox state during early zebrafish development. Together, these data suggest that Gata-1 and Nrf2a play differential roles in regulating the heme degradation enzymes during an early developmental period of heightened cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Holowiecki
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Britton O'Shields
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Matthew J Jenny
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
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41
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Avagyan S, Zon LI. Fish to Learn: Insights into Blood Development and Blood Disorders from Zebrafish Hematopoiesis. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:287-94. [PMID: 27018965 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its introduction in early 1980s, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become an invaluable vertebrate animal model system to study many human disorders in almost all systems, from hepatic and brain pathology, to autoimmune and psychiatric disorders. Hematopoiesis between zebrafish and mammals is highly conserved, making the zebrafish an attractive model to study hematopoietic development and blood disorders. Unique attributes of the zebrafish include the ability to perform large-scale genetic and chemical screens in vivo, study development at the cellular level, and use transgenic fish to dissect mechanisms of disease or drug effects. This review summarizes major discoveries that helped define molecular control of hematopoiesis in vertebrates and specific contributions from studies in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serine Avagyan
- 1 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leonard I Zon
- 1 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Chemical Biology Program, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts
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42
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Masud S, Torraca V, Meijer AH. Modeling Infectious Diseases in the Context of a Developing Immune System. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 124:277-329. [PMID: 28335862 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish has been used for over a decade to study the mechanisms of a wide variety of inflammatory disorders and infections, with models ranging from bacterial, viral, to fungal pathogens. Zebrafish has been especially relevant to study the differentiation, specialization, and polarization of the two main innate immune cell types, the macrophages and the neutrophils. The optical accessibility and the early appearance of myeloid cells that can be tracked with fluorescent labels in zebrafish embryos and the ability to use genetics to selectively ablate or expand immune cell populations have permitted studying the interaction between infection, development, and metabolism. Additionally, zebrafish embryos are readily colonized by a commensal flora, which facilitated studies that emphasize the requirement for immune training by the natural microbiota to properly respond to pathogens. The remarkable conservation of core mechanisms required for the recognition of microbial and danger signals and for the activation of the immune defenses illustrates the high potential of the zebrafish model for biomedical research. This review will highlight recent insight that the developing zebrafish has contributed to our understanding of host responses to invading microbes and the involvement of the microbiome in several physiological processes. These studies are providing a mechanistic basis for developing novel therapeutic approaches to control infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrah Masud
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Torraca
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Distinct regulatory networks control the development of macrophages of different origins in zebrafish. Blood 2016; 129:509-519. [PMID: 27940477 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-07-727651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key components of the innate immune system and play pivotal roles in immune response, organ development, and tissue homeostasis. Studies in mice and zebrafish have shown that tissue-resident macrophages derived from different hematopoietic origins manifest distinct developmental kinetics and colonization potential, yet the genetic programs controlling the development of macrophages of different origins remain incompletely defined. In this study, we use zebrafish, where tissue-resident macrophages arise from the rostral blood island (RBI) and ventral wall of dorsal aorta (VDA), the zebrafish hematopoietic tissue equivalents to the mouse yolk sac and aorta-gonad-mesonephros for myelopoiesis, to address this issue. We show that RBI- and VDA-born macrophages are orchestrated by distinctive regulatory networks formed by the E-twenty-six (Ets) transcription factors Pu.1 and Spi-b, the zebrafish ortholog of mouse spleen focus forming virus proviral integration oncogene B (SPI-B), and the helix-turn-helix DNA-binding domain containing protein Irf8. Epistatic studies document that during RBI macrophage development, Pu.1 acts upstream of Spi-b, which, upon induction by Pu.1, partially compensates the function of Pu.1. In contrast, Pu.1 and Spi-b act in parallel and cooperatively to regulate the development of VDA-derived macrophages. Interestingly, these two distinct regulatory networks orchestrate the RBI- and VDA-born macrophage development largely by regulating a common downstream gene, Irf8. Our study indicates that macrophages derived from different origins are governed by distinct genetic networks formed by the same repertoire of myeloid-specific transcription factors.
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Pillay LM, Mackowetzky KJ, Widen SA, Waskiewicz AJ. Somite-Derived Retinoic Acid Regulates Zebrafish Hematopoietic Stem Cell Formation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166040. [PMID: 27861498 PMCID: PMC5115706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are multipotent progenitors that generate all vertebrate adult blood lineages. Recent analyses have highlighted the importance of somite-derived signaling factors in regulating HSC specification and emergence from dorsal aorta hemogenic endothelium. However, these factors remain largely uncharacterized. We provide evidence that the vitamin A derivative retinoic acid (RA) functions as an essential regulator of zebrafish HSC formation. Temporal analyses indicate that RA is required for HSC gene expression prior to dorsal aorta formation, at a time when the predominant RA synthesis enzyme, aldh1a2, is strongly expressed within the paraxial mesoderm and somites. Previous research implicated the Cxcl12 chemokine and Notch signaling pathways in HSC formation. Consequently, to understand how RA regulates HSC gene expression, we surveyed the expression of components of these pathways in RA-depleted zebrafish embryos. During somitogenesis, RA-depleted embryos exhibit altered expression of jam1a and jam2a, which potentiate Notch signaling within nascent endothelial cells. RA-depleted embryos also exhibit a severe reduction in the expression of cxcr4a, the predominant Cxcl12b receptor. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibitors of RA synthesis and Cxcr4 signaling act in concert to reduce HSC formation. Our analyses demonstrate that somite-derived RA functions to regulate components of the Notch and Cxcl12 chemokine signaling pathways during HSC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Pillay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Kacey J Mackowetzky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Sonya A Widen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Andrew Jan Waskiewicz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada.,Women & Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
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Systemic inoculation of Escherichia coli causes emergency myelopoiesis in zebrafish larval caudal hematopoietic tissue. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36853. [PMID: 27833150 PMCID: PMC5105072 DOI: 10.1038/srep36853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergency granulopoiesis occurs in response to severe microbial infection. However, whether and how other blood components, particularly monocytes/macrophages and their progenitors, including hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), participate in the process and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we challenged zebrafish larvae via direct injection of Escherichia coli into the bloodstream, which resulted in systemic inoculation with this microbe. The reaction of hematopoietic cells, including HSPCs, in the caudal hematopoietic tissue was carefully analysed. Both macrophages and neutrophils clearly expanded following the challenge. Thus, emergency myelopoiesis, including monopoiesis and granulopoiesis, occurred following systemic bacterial infection. The HSPC reaction was dependent on the bacterial burden, manifesting as a slight increase under low burden, but an obvious reduction following the administration of an excessive volume of bacteria. Pu.1 was important for the effective elimination of the microbes to prevent excessive HSPC apoptosis in response to stress. Moreover, Pu.1 played different roles in steady and emergency monopoiesis. Although Pu.1 was essential for normal macrophage development, it played suppressive roles in emergency monopoiesis. Overall, our study established a systemic bacterial infection model that led to emergency myelopoiesis, thereby improving our understanding of the function of Pu.1 in this scenario.
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Meng P, Liu Y, Chen X, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Zebrafish Cdh5 negatively regulates mobilization of aorta-gonad-mesonephros-derived hematopoietic stem cells. J Genet Genomics 2016; 43:613-616. [PMID: 27637381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yongxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yiyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Konantz M, Alghisi E, Müller JS, Lenard A, Esain V, Carroll KJ, Kanz L, North TE, Lengerke C. Evi1 regulates Notch activation to induce zebrafish hematopoietic stem cell emergence. EMBO J 2016; 35:2315-2331. [PMID: 27638855 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201593454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) emerge from aortic endothelial cells (ECs) through an intermediate stage called hemogenic endothelium by a process known as endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition (EHT). While Notch signaling, including its upstream regulator Vegf, is known to regulate this process, the precise molecular control and temporal specificity of Notch activity remain unclear. Here, we identify the zebrafish transcriptional regulator evi1 as critically required for Notch-mediated EHT In vivo live imaging studies indicate that evi1 suppression impairs EC progression to hematopoietic fate and therefore HSC emergence. evi1 is expressed in ECs and induces these effects cell autonomously by activating Notch via pAKT Global or endothelial-specific induction of notch, vegf, or pAKT can restore endothelial Notch and HSC formations in evi1 morphants. Significantly, evi1 overexpression induces Notch independently of Vegf and rescues HSC numbers in embryos treated with a Vegf inhibitor. In sum, our results unravel evi1-pAKT as a novel molecular pathway that, in conjunction with the shh-vegf axis, is essential for activation of Notch signaling in VDA endothelial cells and their subsequent conversion to HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Konantz
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Alghisi
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joëlle S Müller
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Lenard
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Esain
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelli J Carroll
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lothar Kanz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Trista E North
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Claudia Lengerke
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland .,Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Division of Hematology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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48
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Yue F, Wang L, Wang H, Song L. Expression of hematopoietic transcription factors Runt, CBFβ and GATA during ontogenesis of scallop Chlamys farreri. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 61:88-96. [PMID: 27012994 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors Runx1, CBFβ and GATA1/2/3 play essential roles in regulating hematopoietic development during embryogenesis of vertebrate. In previous study, the orthologous genes of Runt, CBFβ and GATA1/2/3 have been identified from scallop Chlamys farreri and proved to have conserved function in regulating hemocyte production. Here, these three transcription factors were selected as hematopoietic markers to explore potential developmental events of hematopoiesis during ontogenesis of scallop. The transcripts of CfRunt, CfCBFβ and CfGATA were detected abundantly after 32-cell embryo, trochophore and morula stage, and reached to a peak level in 32-cell embryos and D-shaped veligers, pediveligers or gastrula respectively. Further whole-mount immunofluorescence assay showed that the immunoreactivity of CfRunt was firstly observed at 32-cell stage and then its distribution was specialized gradually to the mesoderm during gastrulation. By trochophore, the expression of CfRunt, CfCBFβ and CfGATA proteins occurred coincidently in two specific symmetry cell mass located bilaterally on prototroch, and then disappeared rapidly in D-shaped or umbonal vliger, respectively. However, remarkable expressions of the three transcription factors were observed consistently in a new sinus structure appeared at the dorsal anterior side of D-shaped and umbonal veliger. After bacterial challenge, the mRNA expression levels of the three transcription factors were up-regulated or down-regulated significantly in trochophore, D-shaped veliger and pediveliger, indicating the available hematopoietic regulation in scallop larvae. The results revealed that scallop might experience two waves of hematopoiesis during early development, which occurred in the bilateral symmetry cell mass of trochophore and the sinus structure of veliger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Thambyrajah R, Ucanok D, Jalali M, Hough Y, Wilkinson RN, McMahon K, Moore C, Gering M. A gene trap transposon eliminates haematopoietic expression of zebrafish Gfi1aa, but does not interfere with haematopoiesis. Dev Biol 2016; 417:25-39. [PMID: 27432513 PMCID: PMC5003831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A transposon-mediated gene trap screen identified the zebrafish line qmc551 that expresses a GFP reporter in primitive erythrocytes and also in haemogenic endothelial cells, which give rise to haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) that seed sites of larval and adult haematopoiesis. The transposon that mediates this GFP expression is located in intron 1 of the gfi1aa gene, one of three zebrafish paralogs that encode transcriptional repressors homologous to mammalian Gfi1 and Gfi1b proteins. In qmc551 transgenics, GFP expression is under the control of the endogenous gfi1aa promoter, recapitulates early gfi1aa expression and allows live observation of gfi1aa promoter activity. While the transposon integration interferes with the expression of gfi1aa mRNA in haematopoietic cells, homozygous qmc551 fish are viable and fertile, and display normal primitive and definitive haematopoiesis. Retained expression of Gfi1b in primitive erythrocytes and up-regulation of Gfi1ab at the onset of definitive haematopoiesis in homozygous qmc551 carriers, are sufficient to allow normal haematopoiesis. This finding contradicts previously published morpholino data that suggested an essential role for zebrafish Gfi1aa in primitive erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshana Thambyrajah
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Deniz Ucanok
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Maryam Jalali
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Yasmin Hough
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Robert Neil Wilkinson
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Kathryn McMahon
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Chris Moore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Martin Gering
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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50
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Wu L, Guo X, Wang W, Medeiros DM, Clarke SL, Lucas EA, Smith BJ, Lin D. Molecular aspects of β, β-carotene-9', 10'-oxygenase 2 in carotenoid metabolism and diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1879-1887. [PMID: 27390265 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216657900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids, the carotenes and xanthophylls, are essential components in human nutrition. β, β-carotene-9', 10'-oxygenase 2 (BCO2), also named as β, β-carotene-9', 10'-dioxygenase 2 (BCDO2) catalyzes the asymmetrical cleavage of carotenoids, whereas β, β-carotene-15, 15'-monooxygenase (BCMO1) conducts the symmetrical cleavage of pro-vitamin A carotenoids into retinoid. Unlike BCMO1, BCO2 has a broader substrate specificity and has been considered an alternative way to produce vitamin A. In contrast to BCMO1, a cytoplasmic protein, BCO2 is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The difference in cellular compartmentalization may reflect the different substrate specificity and physiological functions with respect to BCMO1 and BCO2. The BCO2 gene mutations are proven to be associated with yellow color of skin and fat tissue and milk in livestock. Mutation in intron 2 of BCO2 gene is also supposed to be related to the expression of IL-18, a pro-inflammatory cytokine associated with obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes. Further, BCO2 is associated with the development of mitochondrial oxidative stress, macular degeneration, anemia, and hepatic steatosis. This review of the literature will mostly address recent updates regarding the role of BCO2 in carotenoid metabolism, and discuss the potential impacts of BCO2 protein and the mutations in mammalian diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Weiqun Wang
- Department of Food Nutrition Dietetics & Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Denis M Medeiros
- College of Graduate Studies, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64112, USA
| | - Stephen L Clarke
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Edralin A Lucas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Brenda J Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Dingbo Lin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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