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Dijkhuis L, Johns A, Ragusa D, van den Brink SC, Pina C. Haematopoietic development and HSC formation in vitro: promise and limitations of gastruloid models. Emerg Top Life Sci 2023; 7:439-454. [PMID: 38095554 PMCID: PMC10754337 DOI: 10.1042/etls20230091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the most extensively studied adult stem cells. Yet, six decades after their first description, reproducible and translatable generation of HSC in vitro remains an unmet challenge. HSC production in vitro is confounded by the multi-stage nature of blood production during development. Specification of HSC is a late event in embryonic blood production and depends on physical and chemical cues which remain incompletely characterised. The precise molecular composition of the HSC themselves is incompletely understood, limiting approaches to track their origin in situ in the appropriate cellular, chemical and mechanical context. Embryonic material at the point of HSC emergence is limiting, highlighting the need for an in vitro model of embryonic haematopoietic development in which current knowledge gaps can be addressed and exploited to enable HSC production. Gastruloids are pluripotent stem cell-derived 3-dimensional (3D) cellular aggregates which recapitulate developmental events in gastrulation and early organogenesis with spatial and temporal precision. Gastruloids self-organise multi-tissue structures upon minimal and controlled external cues, and are amenable to live imaging, screening, scaling and physicochemical manipulation to understand and translate tissue formation. In this review, we consider the haematopoietic potential of gastruloids and review early strategies to enhance blood progenitor and HSC production. We highlight possible strategies to achieve HSC production from gastruloids, and discuss the potential of gastruloid systems in illuminating current knowledge gaps in HSC specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Dijkhuis
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ayona Johns
- College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, U.K
- Centre for Genome Engineering and Maintenance, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, U.K
| | - Denise Ragusa
- College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, U.K
- Centre for Genome Engineering and Maintenance, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, U.K
| | | | - Cristina Pina
- College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, U.K
- Centre for Genome Engineering and Maintenance, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, U.K
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2
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Cheng X, Barakat R, Pavani G, Usha MK, Calderon R, Snella E, Gorden A, Zhang Y, Gadue P, French DL, Dorman KS, Fidanza A, Campbell CA, Espin-Palazon R. Nod1-dependent NF-kB activation initiates hematopoietic stem cell specification in response to small Rho GTPases. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7668. [PMID: 37996457 PMCID: PMC10667254 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncovering the mechanisms regulating hematopoietic specification not only would overcome current limitations related to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) transplantation, but also advance cellular immunotherapies. However, generating functional human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived HSPCs and their derivatives has been elusive, necessitating a better understanding of the developmental mechanisms that trigger HSPC specification. Here, we reveal that early activation of the Nod1-Ripk2-NF-kB inflammatory pathway in endothelial cells (ECs) primes them to switch fate towards definitive hemogenic endothelium, a pre-requisite to specify HSPCs. Our genetic and chemical embryonic models show that HSPCs fail to specify in the absence of Nod1 and its downstream kinase Ripk2 due to a failure on hemogenic endothelial (HE) programming, and that small Rho GTPases coordinate the activation of this pathway. Manipulation of NOD1 in a human system of definitive hematopoietic differentiation indicates functional conservation. This work establishes the RAC1-NOD1-RIPK2-NF-kB axis as a critical intrinsic inductor that primes ECs prior to HE fate switch and HSPC specification. Manipulation of this pathway could help derive a competent HE amenable to specify functional patient specific HSPCs and their derivatives for the treatment of blood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Cheng
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Radwa Barakat
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Qalyubia, 13518, Egypt
| | - Giulia Pavani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Masuma Khatun Usha
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Rodolfo Calderon
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Elizabeth Snella
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Abigail Gorden
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Yudi Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Paul Gadue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Deborah L French
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karin S Dorman
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Antonella Fidanza
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Clyde A Campbell
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Raquel Espin-Palazon
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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3
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RNA-regulatory exosome complex suppresses an apoptotic program to confer erythroid progenitor cell survival in vivo. Blood Adv 2022; 7:586-601. [PMID: 36161469 PMCID: PMC9984454 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022008481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA-regulatory exosome complex (EC) posttranscriptionally and cotranscriptionally processes and degrades RNAs in a context-dependent manner. Although the EC functions in diverse cell types, its contributions to stem and progenitor cell development are not well understood. Previously, we demonstrated that the transcriptional regulator of erythrocyte development, GATA1, represses EC subunit genes, and the EC maintains erythroid progenitors in vitro. To determine if this mechanism operates in vivo, we used the hematopoietic-specific Vav1-Cre and "conditional by inversion" mouse system to ablate Exosc3, encoding an EC structural subunit. Although Exosc3C/C Cre+ embryos developed normally until embryonic day 14.5, Exosc3 ablation was embryonic lethal and severely reduced erythromyeloid progenitor activity. RNA sequencing analysis of Exosc3-ablated burst-forming unit-erythroid revealed elevated transcripts encoding multiple proapoptotic factors, and the mutant erythroid progenitors exhibited increased apoptosis. We propose that the EC controls an ensemble of apoptosis-regulatory RNAs, thereby promoting erythroid progenitor survival and developmental erythropoiesis in vivo.
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4
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Yap1-Scribble polarization is required for hematopoietic stem cell division and fate. Blood 2021; 136:1824-1836. [PMID: 32483624 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019004113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Yap1 and its paralogue Taz largely control epithelial tissue growth. We have identified that hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) fitness response to stress depends on Yap1 and Taz. Deletion of Yap1 and Taz induces a loss of HSC quiescence, symmetric self-renewal ability, and renders HSC more vulnerable to serial myeloablative 5-fluorouracil treatment. This effect depends on the predominant cytosolic polarization of Yap1 through a PDZ domain-mediated interaction with the scaffold Scribble. Scribble and Yap1 coordinate to control cytoplasmic Cdc42 activity and HSC fate determination in vivo. Deletion of Scribble disrupts Yap1 copolarization with Cdc42 and decreases Cdc42 activity, resulting in increased self-renewing HSC with competitive reconstitution advantages. These data suggest that Scribble/Yap1 copolarization is indispensable for Cdc42-dependent activity on HSC asymmetric division and fate. The combined loss of Scribble, Yap1, and Taz results in transcriptional upregulation of Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors, Rac activation, and HSC fitness restoration. Scribble links Cdc42 and the cytosolic functions of the Hippo signaling cascade in HSC fate determination.
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5
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Origin and function of the yolk sac in primate embryogenesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3760. [PMID: 32724077 PMCID: PMC7387521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17575-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryogenesis is hallmarked by two phases of yolk sac development. The primate hypoblast gives rise to a transient primary yolk sac, which is rapidly superseded by a secondary yolk sac during gastrulation. Moreover, primate embryos form extraembryonic mesoderm prior to gastrulation, in contrast to mouse. The function of the primary yolk sac and the origin of extraembryonic mesoderm remain unclear. Here, we hypothesise that the hypoblast-derived primary yolk sac serves as a source for early extraembryonic mesoderm, which is supplemented with mesoderm from the gastrulating embryo. We discuss the intricate relationship between the yolk sac and the primate embryo and highlight the pivotal role of the yolk sac as a multifunctional hub for haematopoiesis, germ cell development and nutritional supply.
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Ma Z, Xu J, Wu L, Wang J, Lin Q, Chowdhury FA, Mazumder MHH, Hu G, Li X, Du W. Hes1 deficiency causes hematopoietic stem cell exhaustion. Stem Cells 2020; 38:756-768. [PMID: 32129527 PMCID: PMC7260087 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional repressor Hairy Enhancer of Split 1 (HES1) plays an essential role in the development of many organs by promoting the maintenance of stem/progenitor cells, controlling the reversibility of cellular quiescence, and regulating both cell fate decisions. Deletion of Hes1 in mice results in severe defects in multiple organs and is lethal in late embryogenesis. Here we have investigated the role of HES1 in hematopoiesis using a hematopoietic lineage‐specific Hes1 knockout mouse model. We found that while Hes1 is dispensable for steady‐state hematopoiesis, Hes1‐deficient hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) undergo exhaustion under replicative stress. Loss of Hes1 upregulates the expression of genes involved in PPARγ signaling and fatty acid metabolism pathways, and augments fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in Hes1f/fVav1Cre HSCs and progenitors. Functionally, PPARγ targeting or FAO inhibition ameliorates the repopulating defects of Hes1f/fVav1Cre HSCs through improving quiescence in HSCs. Lastly, transcriptome analysis reveals that disruption of Hes1 in hematopoietic lineage alters expression of genes critical to HSC function, PPARγ signaling, and fatty acid metabolism. Together, our findings identify a novel role of HES1 in regulating stress hematopoiesis and provide mechanistic insight into the function of HES1 in HSC maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.,Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.,Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Limei Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Qiqi Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.,Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fabliha A Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Md Habibul H Mazumder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Gangqing Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.,Bioinformatics Core, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.,Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.,Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program, West Virginia University Cancer Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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7
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Lundin V, Sugden WW, Theodore LN, Sousa PM, Han A, Chou S, Wrighton PJ, Cox AG, Ingber DE, Goessling W, Daley GQ, North TE. YAP Regulates Hematopoietic Stem Cell Formation in Response to the Biomechanical Forces of Blood Flow. Dev Cell 2020; 52:446-460.e5. [PMID: 32032546 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), first specified from hemogenic endothelium (HE) in the ventral dorsal aorta (VDA), support lifelong hematopoiesis. Their de novo production promises significant therapeutic value; however, current in vitro approaches cannot efficiently generate multipotent long-lived HSPCs. Presuming this reflects a lack of extrinsic cues normally impacting the VDA, we devised a human dorsal aorta-on-a-chip platform that identified Yes-activated protein (YAP) as a cyclic stretch-induced regulator of HSPC formation. In the zebrafish VDA, inducible Yap overexpression significantly increased runx1 expression in vivo and the number of CD41+ HSPCs downstream of HE specification. Endogenous Yap activation by lats1/2 knockdown or Rho-GTPase stimulation mimicked Yap overexpression and induced HSPCs in embryos lacking blood flow. Notably, in static human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived HE culture, compound-mediated YAP activation enhanced RUNX1 levels and hematopoietic colony-forming potential. Together, our findings reveal a potent impact of hemodynamic Rho-YAP mechanotransduction on HE fate, relevant to de novo human HSPC production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Lundin
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wade W Sugden
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Lindsay N Theodore
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Patricia M Sousa
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Areum Han
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stephanie Chou
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Paul J Wrighton
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew G Cox
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - George Q Daley
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Trista E North
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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8
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Enhancing Hematopoiesis from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells through MLL1-Induced Activation of a Rac/Rho/Integrin Signaling Axis. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:285-299. [PMID: 31951812 PMCID: PMC7013201 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mixed Lineage Leukemia (MLL1, KMT2A) gene is critical for development and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), however, whether this protein is limiting for HSC development is unknown due to lack of physiologic model systems. Here, we develop an MLL1-inducible embryonic stem cell (ESC) system and show that induction of wild-type MLL1 during ESC differentiation selectively increases hematopoietic potential from a transitional c-Kit+/Cd41+ population in the embryoid body and also at sites of hematopoiesis in embryos. Single-cell sequencing analysis illustrates inherent heterogeneity of the c-Kit+/Cd41+ population and demonstrates that MLL1 induction shifts its composition toward multilineage hematopoietic identities. Surprisingly, this does not occur through increasing Hox or other canonical MLL1 targets but through an enhanced Rac/Rho/integrin signaling state, which increases responsiveness to Vla4 ligands and enhances hematopoietic commitment. Together, our data implicate a Rac/Rho/integrin signaling axis in the endothelial to hematopoietic transition and demonstrate that MLL1 actives this axis. Increasing MLL1 enhances hematopoietic potential in vitro and in vivo scRNA sequencing illustrates the heterogeneity of an EMP-like population from EBs MLL1 activates Rac/Rho/integrin signaling during hematopoietic specification MLL1-induced HSPCs are primed for hematopoiesis via integrin-mediated adhesion
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9
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Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are used in the clinic to provide life-saving therapies to patients with a variety of hematological malignancies and disorders. Yet, serious deficiencies in our understanding of how HSCs develop and self-renew continue to limit our ability to make this therapy safer and more broadly available to those who have no available donor. Finding ways to expand HSCs and develop alternate sources of HSCs is an urgent priority. In the embryo, a critical transition in development of the blood system requires that newly emergent HSCs from the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region migrate to the fetal liver where they aggressively self-renew and expand to numbers sufficient to sustain the adult long term. This process of homing to the fetal liver is orchestrated by intrinsic regulators such as epigenetic modifications to the genome, expression of transcription factors, and adhesion molecule presentation, as well as sensing of extrinsic factors like chemokines, cytokines, and other molecules. Due to technical limitations in manipulating the fetal tissue microenvironment, mechanisms mediating the homing and expansion process remain incompletely understood. Importantly, HSC development is strictly dependent upon forces created by the flow of blood, and current experimental methods make the study of biophysical cues especially challenging. In the protocol presented herein, we address these limitations by designing a biomimetic ex vivo microfluidic model of the fetal liver that enables monitoring of HSC homing to and interaction with fetal liver niches under flow and matrix elasticity conditions typical during embryonic development. This model can be easily customized for the study of key microenvironmental factors and biophysical cues that support HSC homing and expansion.
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10
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Zimta AA, Tomuleasa C, Sahnoune I, Calin GA, Berindan-Neagoe I. Long Non-coding RNAs in Myeloid Malignancies. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1048. [PMID: 31681586 PMCID: PMC6813191 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) represents 80% of adult leukemias and 15-20% of childhood leukemias. AML are characterized by the presence of 20% blasts or more in the bone marrow, or defining cytogenetic abnormalities. Laboratory diagnoses of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) depend on morphological changes based on dysplasia in peripheral blood and bone marrow, including peripheral blood smears, bone marrow aspirate smears, and bone marrow biopsies. As leukemic cells are not functional, the patient develops anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia, leading to fatigue, recurrent infections, and hemorrhage. The genetic background and associated mutations in AML blasts determine the clinical course of the disease. Over the last decade, non-coding RNAs transcripts that do not codify for proteins but play a role in regulation of functions have been shown to have multiple applications in the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic approach of various types of cancers, including myeloid malignancies. After a comprehensive review of current literature, we found reports of multiple long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that can differentiate between AML types and how their exogenous modulation can dramatically change the behavior of AML cells. These lncRNAs include: H19, LINC00877, RP11-84C10, CRINDE, RP11848P1.3, ZNF667-AS1, AC111000.4-202, SFMBT2, LINC02082-201, MEG3, AC009495.2, PVT1, HOTTIP, SNHG5, and CCAT1. In addition, by performing an analysis on available AML data in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we found 10 lncRNAs with significantly differential expression between patients in favorable, intermediate/normal, or poor cytogenetic risk categories. These are: DANCR, PRDM16-DT, SNHG6, OIP5-AS1, SNHG16, JPX, FTX, KCNQ1OT1, TP73-AS1, and GAS5. The identification of a molecular signature based on lncRNAs has the potential for have deep clinical significance, as it could potentially help better define the evolution from low-grade MDS to high-grade MDS to AML, changing the course of therapy. This would allow clinicians to provide a more personalized, patient-tailored therapeutic approach, moving from transfusion-based therapy, as is the case for low-grade MDS, to the introduction of azacytidine-based chemotherapy or allogeneic stem cell transplantation, which is the current treatment for high-grade MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina-Andreea Zimta
- MedFuture - Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Department of Hematology, Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Iman Sahnoune
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - George A. Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- MedFuture - Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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11
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Akula MK, Ibrahim MX, Ivarsson EG, Khan OM, Kumar IT, Erlandsson M, Karlsson C, Xu X, Brisslert M, Brakebusch C, Wang D, Bokarewa M, Sayin VI, Bergo MO. Protein prenylation restrains innate immunity by inhibiting Rac1 effector interactions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3975. [PMID: 31484924 PMCID: PMC6726657 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho family proteins are prenylated by geranylgeranyltransferase type I (GGTase-I), which normally target proteins to membranes for GTP-loading. However, conditional deletion of GGTase-I in mouse macrophages increases GTP-loading of Rho proteins, leading to enhanced inflammatory responses and severe rheumatoid arthritis. Here we show that heterozygous deletion of the Rho family gene Rac1, but not Rhoa and Cdc42, reverses inflammation and arthritis in GGTase-I-deficient mice. Non-prenylated Rac1 has a high affinity for the adaptor protein Ras GTPase-activating-like protein 1 (Iqgap1), which facilitates both GTP exchange and ubiquitination-mediated degradation of Rac1. Consistently, inactivating Iqgap1 normalizes Rac1 GTP-loading, and reduces inflammation and arthritis in GGTase-I-deficient mice, as well as prevents statins from increasing Rac1 GTP-loading and cytokine production in macrophages. We conclude that blocking prenylation stimulates Rac1 effector interactions and unleashes proinflammatory signaling. Our results thus suggest that prenylation normally restrains innate immune responses by preventing Rac1 effector interactions. Macrophage specific deletion of GGTase-I, a prenylation enzyme, in mice induces inflammatory response and rheumatoid arthritis. Here the authors show that GGTase-I deficiency and the resulting reduction of RAC1 prenylation increase RAC1 interaction with the adaptor protein IQGAP1, leading to GTP-loading of RAC1 and enhanced proinflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali K Akula
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mohamed X Ibrahim
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emil G Ivarsson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Omar M Khan
- Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, Francis Crick Research Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.,College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, 34110, Qatar
| | - Israiel T Kumar
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin Erlandsson
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christin Karlsson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiufeng Xu
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mikael Brisslert
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Donghai Wang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Maria Bokarewa
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Volkan I Sayin
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin O Bergo
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden.
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12
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Yokomizo T, Watanabe N, Umemoto T, Matsuo J, Harai R, Kihara Y, Nakamura E, Tada N, Sato T, Takaku T, Shimono A, Takizawa H, Nakagata N, Mori S, Kurokawa M, Tenen DG, Osato M, Suda T, Komatsu N. Hlf marks the developmental pathway for hematopoietic stem cells but not for erythro-myeloid progenitors. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1599-1614. [PMID: 31076455 PMCID: PMC6605751 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and HSC-independent progenitors are generated from hemogenic endothelium. Yokomizo et al. show that Hlf expression distinguishes nascent HSCs from HSC-independent progenitors. HSC specification, regulated by the Evi-1/Hlf axis, is activated only within Hlf+ nascent hematopoietic clusters. Before the emergence of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), lineage-restricted progenitors, such as erythro-myeloid progenitors (EMPs), are detected in the embryo or in pluripotent stem cell cultures in vitro. Although both HSCs and EMPs are derived from hemogenic endothelium, it remains unclear how and when these two developmental programs are segregated during ontogeny. Here, we show that hepatic leukemia factor (Hlf) expression specifically marks a developmental continuum between HSC precursors and HSCs. Using the Hlf-tdTomato reporter mouse, we found that Hlf is expressed in intra-aortic hematopoietic clusters and fetal liver HSCs. In contrast, EMPs and yolk sac hematopoietic clusters before embryonic day 9.5 do not express Hlf. HSC specification, regulated by the Evi-1/Hlf axis, is activated only within Hlf+ nascent hematopoietic clusters. These results strongly suggest that HSCs and EMPs are generated from distinct cohorts of hemogenic endothelium. Selective induction of the Hlf+ lineage pathway may lead to the in vitro generation of HSCs from pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomasa Yokomizo
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan .,Department of Hematology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Naoki Watanabe
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Terumasa Umemoto
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Junichi Matsuo
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ryota Harai
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kihara
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Leading Center for the Development and Research of Cancer Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Nakamura
- Laboratory of Genome Research, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tada
- Laboratory of Genome Research, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Sato
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoiku Takaku
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Shimono
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hitoshi Takizawa
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Seiichi Mori
- Division of Cancer Genomics, Cancer Institute of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mineo Kurokawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel G Tenen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Motomi Osato
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Toshio Suda
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan .,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Norio Komatsu
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Tarnawsky SP, Yoshimoto M, Deng L, Chan RJ, Yoder MC. Yolk sac erythromyeloid progenitors expressing gain of function PTPN11 have functional features of JMML but are not sufficient to cause disease in mice. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:1001-1014. [PMID: 28975680 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests the origin of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is closely associated with fetal development. Nevertheless, the contribution of embryonic progenitors to JMML pathogenesis remains unexplored. We hypothesized that expression of JMML-initiating PTPN11 mutations in HSC-independent yolk sac erythromyeloid progenitors (YS EMPs) would result in a mouse model of pediatric myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN). RESULTS E9.5 YS EMPs from VavCre+;PTPN11D61Y embryos demonstrated growth hypersensitivity to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and hyperactive RAS-ERK signaling. Mutant EMPs engrafted the spleens of neonatal recipients, but did not cause disease. To assess MPN development during unperturbed hematopoiesis we generated CSF1R-MCM+;PTPN11E76K ;ROSAYFP mice in which oncogene expression was restricted to EMPs. Yellow fluorescent protein-positive progeny of mutant EMPs persisted in tissues one year after birth and demonstrated hyperactive RAS-ERK signaling. Nevertheless, these mice had normal survival and did not demonstrate features of MPN. CONCLUSIONS YS EMPs expressing mutant PTPN11 demonstrate functional and molecular features of JMML but do not cause disease following transplantation nor following unperturbed development. Developmental Dynamics 246:1001-1014, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan P Tarnawsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Momoko Yoshimoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lisa Deng
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Rebecca J Chan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mervin C Yoder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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14
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Ivanovs A, Rybtsov S, Ng ES, Stanley EG, Elefanty AG, Medvinsky A. Human haematopoietic stem cell development: from the embryo to the dish. Development 2017; 144:2323-2337. [PMID: 28676567 DOI: 10.1242/dev.134866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) emerge during embryogenesis and give rise to the adult haematopoietic system. Understanding how early haematopoietic development occurs is of fundamental importance for basic biology and medical sciences, but our knowledge is still limited compared with what we know of adult HSCs and their microenvironment. This is particularly true for human haematopoiesis, and is reflected in our current inability to recapitulate the development of HSCs from pluripotent stem cells in vitro In this Review, we discuss what is known of human haematopoietic development: the anatomical sites at which it occurs, the different temporal waves of haematopoiesis, the emergence of the first HSCs and the signalling landscape of the haematopoietic niche. We also discuss the extent to which in vitro differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells recapitulates bona fide human developmental haematopoiesis, and outline some future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrejs Ivanovs
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK.,Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Stanislav Rybtsov
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Elizabeth S Ng
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Edouard G Stanley
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew G Elefanty
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia .,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
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15
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Tomuleasa C, Selicean S, Gafencu G, Petrushev B, Pop L, Berce C, Jurj A, Trifa A, Rosu AM, Pasca S, Magdo L, Zdrenghea M, Dima D, Tanase A, Frinc I, Bojan A, Berindan-Neagoe I, Ghiaur G, Ciurea SO. Fibroblast dynamics as an in vitro screening platform for anti-fibrotic drugs in primary myelofibrosis. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:422-433. [PMID: 28294327 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the cause for bone marrow fibrosis in patients with myelofibrosis remains controversial, it has been hypothesized that it is caused by extensive fibroblast proliferation under the influence of cytokines generated by the malignant megakaryocytes. Moreover, there is no known drug therapy which could reverse the process. We studied the fibroblasts in a novel system using the hanging drop method, evaluated whether the fibroblasts obtain from patients are part of the malignant clone of not and, using this system, we screen a large library of FDA-approved drugs to identify potential drugs candidates that might be useful in the treatment of this disease, specifically which would inhibit fibroblast proliferation and the development of bone marrow fibrosis. We have found that the BM fibroblasts are not part of the malignant clone, as previously suspected and two immunosuppressive medications-cyclosporine and mycophenolate mophetil, as most potent suppressors of the fibroblast collagen production thus potentially inhibitors of bone marrow fibrosis production in myelofibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, Cluj Napoca, Romania.,Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine/Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Sonia Selicean
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Grigore Gafencu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Bobe Petrushev
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Laura Pop
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Berce
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Jurj
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Adrian Trifa
- Department of Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Rosu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Sergiu Pasca
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Lorand Magdo
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihnea Zdrenghea
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Delia Dima
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Tanase
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Frinc
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Bojan
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriel Ghiaur
- Division of Hematological Malignancies, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center-The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stefan O Ciurea
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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16
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Yuan X, Wang Y, Li L, Zhou W, Tian D, Lu C, Yu S, Zhao J, Peng S. PM 2.5 induces embryonic growth retardation: Potential involvement of ROS-MAPKs-apoptosis and G0/G1 arrest pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:2028-2044. [PMID: 26472167 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) is an "invisible killer" to human health. There is increasing evidence revealing the adverse effects of PM2.5 on the early embryonic development and pregnancy outcome, but the molecular mechanism underlying PM2.5 -induced embryotoxicity is largely unknown. Previous studies have documented that exposure to PM triggers ROS generation, leads to subsequent activation of MAPKs signaling, and results in corresponding cell biological changes including enhanced apoptosis and altered cell cycle in the cardiopulmonary system. Here, we investigated whether ROS-MAPKs-apoptosis/cell cycle arrest pathways play an important role in PM2.5 -induced embryotoxicity using the rat whole embryo culture system. The results showed that PM2.5 treatment led to embryonic growth retardation at concentrations of 50 μg/ml and above, as evidenced by the reduced yolk sac diameter, crown-rump length, head length and somite number. PM2.5 -induced embryonic growth retardation was accompanied by cell apoptosis and G0/G1 phase arrest. Furthermore, ROS generation and subsequent activation of JNK and ERK might be involved in PM2.5 -induced apoptosis and G0/G1 phase arrest by downregulating Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio and upregulating p15INK4B , p16INK4A , and p21WAF1/CIP1 transcription level. In conclusion, our results indicate that ROS-JNK/ERK-apoptosis and G0/G1 arrest pathways are involved in PM2.5 -induced embryotoxicity, which not only provides insights into the molecular mechanism of PM2.5 -induced embryotoxicity, but also may help to identify specific interventions to improve adverse pregnancy outcomes of PM2.5 . © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 2028-2044, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yuan
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhong Li
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Tian
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfeng Lu
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouzhong Yu
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangqing Peng
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
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17
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Dey NS, Ramesh P, Chugh M, Mandal S, Mandal L. Dpp dependent Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to Hh dependent blood progenitors in larval lymph gland of Drosophila. eLife 2016; 5:18295. [PMID: 27782877 PMCID: PMC5120881 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila hematopoiesis bears striking resemblance with that of vertebrates, both in the context of distinct phases and the signaling molecules. Even though, there has been no evidence of Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in Drosophila, the larval lymph gland with its Hedgehog dependent progenitors served as an invertebrate model of progenitor biology. Employing lineage-tracing analyses, we have now identified Notch expressing HSCs in the first instar larval lymph gland. Our studies clearly establish the hierarchical relationship between Notch expressing HSCs and the previously described Domeless expressing progenitors. These HSCs require Decapentapelagic (Dpp) signal from the hematopoietic niche for their maintenance in an identical manner to vertebrate aorta-gonadal-mesonephros (AGM) HSCs. Thus, this study not only extends the conservation across these divergent taxa, but also provides a new model that can be exploited to gain better insight into the AGM related Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Sharma Dey
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Parvathy Ramesh
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Mayank Chugh
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Sudip Mandal
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Lolitika Mandal
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
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18
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Yao H, Shi W, Wu J, Xu C, Wang J, Shao Y, Wu X, Zhang Z. Endothelial Rac1 is essential for hematogenous metastasis to the lung. Oncotarget 2016; 6:17501-13. [PMID: 25991673 PMCID: PMC4627324 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of vasoactive stimuli induce endothelial permeability through Rac1, a membrane of Rho small GTPases. Here, we determine whether tumor-secreted vasoactive stimulant through Rac1 inducing permeability contributes to hematogenous metastasis. Activation of Rac1 was assayed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), transendothelial passages were measured by Transwell chambers, and hematogenously metastatic mouse model was generated by intravenous injection with Lewis lung carcinoma cells (LLC). LLC secreted abundant vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the culture media and sera of mice bearing LLC xenografts or metastatic LLC, and VEGF activated Rac1 through VEGF receptors/PI3Kβ signaling cascade, resulting in hyperoxidative stress and consequent hyperpermeability in HUVEC. Moreover, in co-culture of LLC and HUVEC, significant increases in endothelial permeability and transendothelial migration of LLC were robustly attenuated by either anti-VEGF neutralizing antibody or Rac1 knockdown in HUVEC. Finally, in metastatic mouse model, deletion of one copy of Rac1 in endothelium not only significantly attenuated LLC-induced vascular permeability, but robustly reduced the metastasis of LLC to lungs. This study supports that tumor-secreted vasoactive stimuli activate Rac1 to induce permeability and consequent transendothelial migration of tumor cells, and that loss of Rac1 function in endothelium is an effective therapeutic intervention for hematogenous metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junsong Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengyun Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jirong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanan Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ximei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongmiao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Gur-Cohen S, Kollet O, Graf C, Esmon CT, Ruf W, Lapidot T. Regulation of long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells by EPCR/PAR1 signaling. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1370:65-81. [PMID: 26928241 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The common developmental origin of endothelial and hematopoietic cells is manifested by coexpression of several cell surface receptors. Adult murine bone marrow (BM) long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs), endowed with the highest repopulation and self-renewal potential, express endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), which is used as a marker to isolate them. EPCR/protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) signaling in endothelial cells has anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory roles, while thrombin/PAR1 signaling induces coagulation and inflammation. Recent studies define two new PAR1-mediated signaling cascades that regulate EPCR(+) LT-HSC BM retention and egress. EPCR/PAR1 signaling facilitates LT-HSC BM repopulation, retention, survival, and chemotherapy resistance by restricting nitric oxide (NO) production, maintaining NO(low) LT-HSC BM retention with increased VLA4 expression, affinity, and adhesion. Conversely, acute stress and clinical mobilization upregulate thrombin generation and activate different PAR1 signaling that overcomes BM EPCR(+) LT-HSC retention, inducing their recruitment to the bloodstream. Thrombin/PAR1 signaling induces NO generation, TACE-mediated EPCR shedding, and upregulation of CXCR4 and PAR1, leading to CXCL12-mediated stem and progenitor cell mobilization. This review discusses new roles for factors traditionally viewed as coagulation related, which independently act in the BM to regulate PAR1 signaling in bone- and blood-forming progenitor cells, navigating their fate by controlling NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Gur-Cohen
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orit Kollet
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Claudine Graf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Third Medical Department, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Charles T Esmon
- Coagulation Biology Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and Departments of Pathology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Tsvee Lapidot
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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20
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Costello P, Sargent M, Maurice D, Esnault C, Foster K, Anjos-Afonso F, Treisman R. MRTF-SRF signaling is required for seeding of HSC/Ps in bone marrow during development. Blood 2015; 125:1244-55. [PMID: 25573994 PMCID: PMC4335080 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-595603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine signaling is important for the seeding of different sites by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) during development. Serum response factor (SRF) controls multiple genes governing adhesion and migration, mainly by recruiting members of the myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF) family of G-actin-regulated cofactors. We used vav-iCre to inactivate MRTF-SRF signaling early during hematopoietic development. In both Srf- and Mrtf-deleted animals, hematopoiesis in fetal liver and spleen is intact but does not become established in fetal bone marrow. Srf-null HSC progenitor cells (HSC/Ps) fail to effectively engraft in transplantation experiments, exhibiting normal proximal signaling responses to SDF-1, but reduced adhesiveness, F-actin assembly, and reduced motility. Srf-null HSC/Ps fail to polarize in response to SDF-1 and cannot migrate through restrictive membrane pores to SDF-1 or Scf in vitro. Mrtf-null HSC/Ps were also defective in chemotactic responses to SDF-1. Srf-null HSC/Ps exhibit substantial deficits in cytoskeletal gene expression. MRTF-SRF signaling is thus critical for expression of genes required for the response to chemokine signaling during hematopoietic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Katie Foster
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Anjos-Afonso
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
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Regulation of human hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal by the microenvironment's control of retinoic acid signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:16121-6. [PMID: 24043786 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1305937110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The high expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, also known as retinaldehyde dehydrogenase, by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) suggests an important role for retinoic acid (RA) signaling in determining the fate of these cells. We found that primitive human bone marrow-derived CD34(+)CD38(-) cells not only highly express aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, but also the RA receptor α. Despite the up-regulation of early components of RA signaling, the downstream pathway remained inactive in the primitive CD34(+)CD38(-) cells. Primitive hematopoietic cells rapidly undergo terminal differentiation when cultured away from their microenvironment; however, we found that inhibition of RA signaling maintained their primitive phenotype and function, and promoted their self-renewal. HSCs reside in a complex microenvironment that enforces the balance between self-renewal and differentiation. The exact physiologic mechanisms by which the niche controls HSC fate remain elusive. The embryonic gonadal microenvironment has recently been shown to determine germ-cell fate by degrading RA through expression of the P450 retinoid-inactivating enzyme CYP26B1. We found that the bone marrow microenvironment similarly can control primitive hematopoietic cell fate via modulation of retinoid bioavailability. Accordingly, we found that bone marrow stromal cell CYP26 was also able to inactivate retinoids in serum, preventing RA signaling. Thus, primitive hematopoietic cells appear to be intrinsically programmed to undergo RA-mediated differentiation unless prevented from doing so by bone marrow niche CYP26. Modulation of RA signaling also holds promise for clinical HSC expansion, a prerequisite for the wide-scale use of these cells in regenerative medicine and gene therapy.
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Jaganathan BG, Anjos-Afonso F, Kumar A, Bonnet D. Active RHOA favors retention of human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in their niche. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:66. [PMID: 24024707 PMCID: PMC3847040 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) maintain the hematopoietic system by balancing their self-renewal and differentiation events. Hematopoietic stem cells also migrate to various sites and interact with their specific microenvironment to maintain the integrity of the system. Rho GTPases have been found to control the migration of hematopoietic cells and other cell types. Although the role of RAC1, RAC2 and CDC42 has been studied, the role of RHOA in human hematopoietic stem cells is unclear. RESULTS By utilizing constitutively active and dominant negative RHOA, we show that RHOA negatively regulates both in vitro and in vivo migration and dominant negative RHOA significantly increased the migration potential of human HSC/HPCs. Active RHOA expression favors the retention of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in the niche rather than migration and was found to lock the cells in the G0 cell cycle phase thereby affecting their long-term self-renewal potential. CONCLUSION The current study demonstrates that down-regulation of RHOA might be used to facilitate the migration and homing of hematopoietic stem cells without affecting their long-term repopulating ability. This might be of interest especially for increasing the homing of ex vivo expanded HSPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bithiah Grace Jaganathan
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK.
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Mouse extraembryonic arterial vessels harbor precursors capable of maturing into definitive HSCs. Blood 2013; 122:2338-45. [PMID: 23863896 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-12-470971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During mouse development, definitive hematopoietic stem cells (dHSCs) emerge by late E10.5 to E11 in several hematopoietic sites. Of them, the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region drew particular attention owing to its capacity to autonomously initiate and expand dHSCs in culture, indicating its key role in HSC development. The dorsal aorta contains characteristic hematopoietic clusters and is the initial site of dHSC emergence, where they mature through vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin(+)CD45(-)CD41(low) (type 1 pre-HSCs) and VE-cadherin(+)CD45(+) (type 2 pre-HSCs) intermediates. Although dHSCs were also found in other embryonic niches (placenta, yolk sac, and extraembryonic vessels), attempts to detect their HSC initiating potential have been unsuccessful to date. Extraembryonic arterial vessels contain hematopoietic clusters, suggesting that they develop HSCs, but functional evidence for this has been lacking. Here we show that umbilical cord and vitelline arteries (VAs), but not veins, contain pre-HSCs capable of maturing into dHSCs in the presence of exogenous interleukin 3, although in fewer numbers than the AGM region, and that pre-HSC activity in VAs increases with proximity to the embryo proper. Our functional data strongly suggest that extraembryonic arteries can actively contribute to adult hematopoiesis.
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Rossi L, Lin KK, Boles NC, Yang L, King KY, Jeong M, Mayle A, Goodell MA. Less is more: unveiling the functional core of hematopoietic stem cells through knockout mice. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 11:302-17. [PMID: 22958929 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) represent one of the first recognized somatic stem cell types. As such, nearly 200 genes have been examined for roles in HSC function in knockout mice. In this review, we compile the majority of these reports to provide a broad overview of the functional modules revealed by these genetic analyses and highlight some key regulatory pathways involved, including cell cycle control, Tgf-β signaling, Pten/Akt signaling, Wnt signaling, and cytokine signaling. Finally, we propose recommendations for characterization of HSC function in knockout mice to facilitate cross-study comparisons that would generate a more cohesive picture of HSC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Rossi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Maintenance of the hematopoietic stem cell pool in bone marrow niches by EVI1-regulated GPR56. Leukemia 2013; 27:1637-49. [PMID: 23478665 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia with high ecotropic viral integration site-1 expression (EVI1(high) AML) is classified as a refractory type of leukemia with a poor prognosis. To provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of this disease, we identified the high expression of EVI1-regulated G protein-coupled receptor 56 (GPR56), and the association of high cell adhesion and antiapoptotic activities in EVI1(high) AML cells. Knockdown of GPR56 expression decreased the cellular adhesion ability through inactivation of RhoA signaling, resulting in a reduction of cellular growth rates and enhanced apoptosis. Moreover, in Gpr56(-/-) mice, the number of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) was significantly decreased in the bone marrow (BM) and, conversely, was increased in the spleen, liver and peripheral blood. The number of Gpr56(-/-) HSC progenitors in the G0/G1-phase was significantly reduced and was associated with impaired cellular adhesion. Finally, the loss of GPR56 function resulted in a reduction of the in vivo repopulating ability of the HSCs. In conclusion, GPR56 may represent an important GPCR for the maintenance of HSCs by acting as a co-ordinator of interactions with the BM osteosteal niche; furthermore, this receptor has the potential to become a novel molecular target in EVI1(high) leukemia.
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Ciriza J, Thompson H, Petrosian R, Manilay JO, García-Ojeda ME. The migration of hematopoietic progenitors from the fetal liver to the fetal bone marrow: lessons learned and possible clinical applications. Exp Hematol 2013; 41:411-23. [PMID: 23395775 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ontogeny of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is complex, with multiple sites of embryonic origin as well as several locations of expansion and maturation in the embryo and the adult. Hematopoietic progenitors (HPs) with diverse developmental potential are first found in the yolk sac, aorta-gonad-mesonephros region and placenta. These progenitors then colonize the fetal liver (FL), where they undergo expansion and maturation. HSCs from the FL colonize the fetal bone marrow (FBM), governed by a complex orchestration of transcription programs including migratory molecules with chemotactic activity, adhesion molecules, and molecules that modulate the extracellular matrix. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate the patterns of HSC migration between FL and FBM could improve the engraftment potential of embryonic stem cell-derived HPs, because these cells might display a migratory behavior more similar to early HPs than to adult HSCs. Understanding the changes in migratory behavior in the context of FL to FBM HSC migration could lead to new approaches in the treatment of blood malignancies. We will review the current knowledge in the field of FL to the FBM HSCs migration during development, focusing on changes in expression of molecules important for this process and exploring its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Ciriza
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
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27
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Rho GTPase function in development: How in vivo models change our view. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1779-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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28
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Lancrin C, Mazan M, Stefanska M, Patel R, Lichtinger M, Costa G, Vargel O, Wilson NK, Möröy T, Bonifer C, Göttgens B, Kouskoff V, Lacaud G. GFI1 and GFI1B control the loss of endothelial identity of hemogenic endothelium during hematopoietic commitment. Blood 2012; 120:314-22. [PMID: 22668850 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-10-386094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have established that during embryonic development, hematopoietic progenitors and stem cells are generated from hemogenic endothelium precursors through a process termed endothelial to hematopoietic transition (EHT). The transcription factor RUNX1 is essential for this process, but its main downstream effectors remain largely unknown. Here, we report the identification of Gfi1 and Gfi1b as direct targets of RUNX1 and critical regulators of EHT. GFI1 and GFI1B are able to trigger, in the absence of RUNX1, the down-regulation of endothelial markers and the formation of round cells, a morphologic change characteristic of EHT. Conversely, blood progenitors in Gfi1- and Gfi1b-deficient embryos maintain the expression of endothelial genes. Moreover, those cells are not released from the yolk sac and disseminated into embryonic tissues. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a critical and specific role of the GFI1 transcription factors in the first steps of the process leading to the generation of hematopoietic progenitors from hemogenic endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Lancrin
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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29
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Connexin-43 prevents hematopoietic stem cell senescence through transfer of reactive oxygen species to bone marrow stromal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:9071-6. [PMID: 22611193 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1120358109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) aging has become a concern in chemotherapy of older patients. Humoral and paracrine signals from the bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic microenvironment (HM) control HSC activity during regenerative hematopoiesis. Connexin-43 (Cx43), a connexin constituent of gap junctions (GJs) is expressed in HSCs, down-regulated during differentiation, and postulated to be a self-renewal gene. Our studies, however, reveal that hematopoietic-specific Cx43 deficiency does not result in significant long-term competitive repopulation deficiency. Instead, hematopoietic Cx43 (H-Cx43) deficiency delays hematopoietic recovery after myeloablation with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). 5-FU-treated H-Cx43-deficient HSC and progenitors (HSC/P) cells display decreased survival and fail to enter the cell cycle to proliferate. Cell cycle quiescence is associated with down-regulation of cyclin D1, up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p21(cip1.) and p16(INK4a), and Forkhead transcriptional factor 1 (Foxo1), and activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), indicating that H-Cx43-deficient HSCs are prone to senescence. The mechanism of increased senescence in H-Cx43-deficient HSC/P cells depends on their inability to transfer reactive oxygen species (ROS) to the HM, leading to accumulation of ROS within HSCs. In vivo antioxidant administration prevents the defective hematopoietic regeneration, as well as exogenous expression of Cx43 in HSC/P cells. Furthermore, ROS transfer from HSC/P cells to BM stromal cells is also rescued by reexpression of Cx43 in HSC/P. Finally, the deficiency of Cx43 in the HM phenocopies the hematopoietic defect in vivo. These results indicate that Cx43 exerts a protective role and regulates the HSC/P ROS content through ROS transfer to the HM, resulting in HSC protection during stress hematopoietic regeneration.
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30
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Whole-mount three-dimensional imaging of internally localized immunostained cells within mouse embryos. Nat Protoc 2012; 7:421-31. [PMID: 22322215 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We describe a three-dimensional (3D) confocal imaging technique to characterize and enumerate rare, newly emerging hematopoietic cells located within the vasculature of whole-mount preparations of mouse embryos. However, the methodology is broadly applicable for examining the development and 3D architecture of other tissues. Previously, direct whole-mount imaging has been limited to external tissue layers owing to poor laser penetration of dense, opaque tissue. Our whole-embryo imaging method enables detailed quantitative and qualitative analysis of cells within the dorsal aorta of embryonic day (E) 10.5-11.5 embryos after the removal of only the head and body walls. In this protocol we describe the whole-mount fixation and multimarker staining procedure, the tissue transparency treatment, microscopy and the analysis of resulting images. A typical two-color staining experiment can be performed and analyzed in ∼6 d.
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31
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Abstract
Rac GTPases form part of the family of Rho small GTPases. Rac GTPases, like other Rho family GTPases, are key molecular switches controlling the transduction of external signals to cytoplasmic and nuclear effectors. The development of genetic and pharmacological tools has allowed a more precise definition of the specific roles of Rac GTPases in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Our current knowledge has enabled dissection of their specific and redundant roles. Rac GTPases are now known to be crucial in the response of HSCs to the hematopoietic microenvironment cues. This review will briefly summarize the known HSC functions that are regulated by Rac GTPases, focusing on adhesion, migration, retention, proliferation, and survival, and how Rac relates to the physiological functions of HSC. The development of small molecule inhibitors with the ability to interfere with Rac GTPase activation offers new therapeutic strategies to manipulate the function of HSC in vivo and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Cancelas
- Hoxworth Blood Center, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, and Stem Cell Program, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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32
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Yung S, Ledran M, Moreno-Gimeno I, Conesa A, Montaner D, Dopazo J, Dimmick I, Slater NJ, Marenah L, Real PJ, Paraskevopoulou I, Bisbal V, Burks D, Santibanez-Koref M, Moreno R, Mountford J, Menendez P, Armstrong L, Lako M. Large-scale transcriptional profiling and functional assays reveal important roles for Rho-GTPase signalling and SCL during haematopoietic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:4932-46. [PMID: 21937587 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the transcriptional cues that direct differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human-induced pluripotent stem cells to defined and functional cell types is essential for future clinical applications. In this study, we have compared transcriptional profiles of haematopoietic progenitors derived from hESCs at various developmental stages of a feeder- and serum-free differentiation method and show that the largest transcriptional changes occur during the first 4 days of differentiation. Data mining on the basis of molecular function revealed Rho-GTPase signalling as a key regulator of differentiation. Inhibition of this pathway resulted in a significant reduction in the numbers of emerging haematopoietic progenitors throughout the differentiation window, thereby uncovering a previously unappreciated role for Rho-GTPase signalling during human haematopoietic development. Our analysis indicated that SCL was the 11th most upregulated transcript during the first 4 days of the hESC differentiation process. Overexpression of SCL in hESCs promoted differentiation to meso-endodermal lineages, the emergence of haematopoietic and erythro-megakaryocytic progenitors and accelerated erythroid differentiation. Importantly, intrasplenic transplantation of SCL-overexpressing hESC-derived haematopoietic cells enhanced recovery from induced acute anaemia without significant cell engraftment, suggesting a paracrine-mediated effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Yung
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Atypical protein kinase C (aPKCzeta and aPKClambda) is dispensable for mammalian hematopoietic stem cell activity and blood formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:9957-62. [PMID: 21653884 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1103132108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The stem-cell pool is considered to be maintained by a balance between symmetric and asymmetric division of stem cells. The cell polarity model proposes that the facultative use of symmetric and asymmetric cell division is orchestrated by a polarity complex consisting of partitioning-defective proteins Par3 and Par6, and atypical protein kinase C (aPKCζ and aPKCλ), which regulates planar symmetry of dividing stem cells with respect to the signaling microenvironment. However, the role of the polarity complex is unexplored in mammalian adult stem-cell functions. Here we report that, in contrast to accepted paradigms, polarization and activity of adult hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) do not depend on either aPKCζ or aPKCλ or both in vivo. Mice, having constitutive and hematopoietic-specific (Vav1-Cre) deletion of aPKCζ and aPKCλ, respectively, have normal hematopoiesis, including normal HSC self-renewal, engraftment, differentiation, and interaction with the bone marrow microenvironment. Furthermore, inducible complete deletion of aPKCλ (Mx1-Cre) in aPKCζ(-/-) HSC does not affect HSC polarization, self-renewal, engraftment, or lineage repopulation. In addition, aPKCζ- and aPKCλ-deficient HSCs elicited a normal pattern of hematopoietic recovery secondary to myeloablative stress. Taken together, the expression of aPKCζ, aPKCλ, or both are dispensable for primitive and adult HSC fate determination in steady-state and stress hematopoiesis, contrary to the hypothesis of a unique, evolutionary conserved aPKCζ/λ-directed cell polarity signaling mechanism in mammalian HSC fate determination.
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Medvinsky A, Rybtsov S, Taoudi S. Embryonic origin of the adult hematopoietic system: advances and questions. Development 2011; 138:1017-31. [PMID: 21343360 DOI: 10.1242/dev.040998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Definitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) lie at the foundation of the adult hematopoietic system and provide an organism throughout its life with all blood cell types. Several tissues demonstrate hematopoietic activity at early stages of embryonic development, but which tissue is the primary source of these important cells and what are the early embryonic ancestors of definitive HSCs? Here, we review recent advances in the field of HSC research that have shed light on such questions, while setting them into a historical context, and discuss key issues currently circulating in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Medvinsky
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, UK.
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35
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Cancelas JA. Adhesion, migration, and homing of murine hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 750:187-96. [PMID: 21618092 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-145-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in cell biology have demonstrated the role of multiple signaling proteins in the transduction of external signals to cytoplasmic and nuclear effectors, controlling the movement and/or retention of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors (HSC/P) within the bone marrow, with important clinical implications. Multiple assays have become routine in the analysis of adhesion to the microenvironment, migration toward chemoattractant gradients, and homing of HSC/P in the bone marrow in vivo. In this chapter, we analyze some of the most frequently used assays in our laboratory to explore the ability of HSC to migrate, adhere, and home in in vitro and in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Cancelas
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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36
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Kritzenberger M, Wrobel KH. Role of the Mesonephros as a Transient Haematopoietic Organ in the Bovine Embryo. Anat Histol Embryol 2010; 39:534-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2010.01026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
Rho family GTPases are intracellular signaling proteins regulating multiple pathways involved in cell actomyosin organization, adhesion, and proliferation. Our knowledge of their cellular functions comes mostly from previous biochemical studies that used mutant overexpression approaches in various clonal cell lines. Recent progress in understanding Rho GTPase functions in blood cell development and regulation by gene targeting of individual Rho GTPases in mice has allowed a genetic understanding of their physiologic roles in hematopoietic progenitors and mature lineages. In particular, mouse gene-targeting studies have provided convincing evidence that individual members of the Rho GTPase family are essential regulators of cell type-specific functions and stimuli-specific pathways in regulating hematopoietic stem cell interaction with bone marrow niche, erythropoiesis, and red blood cell actin dynamics, phagocyte migration and killing, and T- and B-cell maturation. In addition, deregulation of Rho GTPase family members has been associated with multiple human hematologic diseases such as neutrophil dysfunction, leukemia, and Fanconi anemia, raising the possibility that Rho GTPases and downstream signaling pathways are of therapeutic value. In this review we discuss recent genetic studies of Rho GTPases in hematopoiesis and several blood lineages and the implications of Rho GTPase signaling in hematologic malignancies, immune pathology. and anemia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Rho GTPases are key molecular switches controlling the transduction of external signals to cytoplasmic and nuclear effectors. In the last few years, the development of genetic and pharmacological tools has allowed a more precise definition of the specific roles of Rho GTPases in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progeny of these cells. Rho GTPases are now known to be crucial in HSCs response to hematopoietic microenvironment cues. This article will review the known HSC functions, which are regulated by Rho GTPases. RECENT FINDINGS This review analyzes the latest data on how different Rho GTPases control adhesion, migration, retention, proliferation, survival, senescence and oncogenic transformation of HSCs and relates these new findings to the physiological functions of these cells. SUMMARY The development of small molecule inhibitors with ability to interfere Rho GTPase activation by guanine nucleotide exchange factors offers new therapeutic strategies to manipulate the function of HSCs.
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39
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Fraser ST, Baron MH. Embryonic fates for extraembryonic lineages: New perspectives. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:586-91. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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40
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Wang J, Rao Q, Wang M, Wei H, Xing H, Liu H, Wang Y, Tang K, Peng L, Tian Z, Wang J. Overexpression of Rac1 in leukemia patients and its role in leukemia cell migration and growth. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 386:769-74. [PMID: 19563775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.06.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Rac1 belongs to the Rho family that act as critical mediators of signaling pathways controlling cell migration and proliferation and contributes to the interactions of hematopoietic stem cells with their microenvironment. Alteration of Rac1 might result in unbalanced interactions and ultimately lead to leukemogenesis. In this study, we analyze the expression of Rac1 protein in leukemia patients and determine its role in the abnormal behaviours of leukemic cells. Rac1 protein is overexpressed in primary acute myeloid leukemia cells as compared to normal bone marrow mononuclear cells. siRNA-mediated silencing of Rac1 in leukemia cell lines induced inhibition of cell migration, proliferation, and colony formation. Additionally, blocking Rac1 activity by an inhibitor of Rac1-GTPase, NSC23766, suppressed cell migration and growth. We conclude that overexpression of Rac1 contributes to the accelerated migration and high proliferation potential of leukemia cells, which could be implicated in leukemia development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China
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41
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2009; 14:103-11. [PMID: 19337155 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e328323ad31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Zebrafish runx1 promoter-EGFP transgenics mark discrete sites of definitive blood progenitors. Blood 2008; 113:1241-9. [PMID: 18927441 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-04-149898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Runx1 is essential for the development of definitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) during vertebrate embryogenesis and is transcribed from 2 promoters, P1 and P2, generating 2 major Runx1 isoforms. We have created 2 stable runx1 promoter zebrafish-transgenic lines that provide insight into the roles of the P1 and P2 isoforms during the establishment of definitive hematopoiesis. The Tg(runx1P1:EGFP) line displays fluorescence in the posterior blood island, where definitive erythromyeloid progenitors develop. The Tg(runx1P2:EGFP) line marks definitive HSCs in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros, with enhanced green fluorescent protein-labeled cells later populating the pronephros and thymus. This suggests that a function of runx1 promoter switching is associated with the establishment of discrete definitive blood progenitor compartments. These runx1 promoter-transgenic lines are novel tools for the study of Runx1 regulation and function in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. The ability to visualize and isolate fluorescently labeled HSCs should contribute to further elucidating the complex regulation of HSC development.
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43
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Dzierzak E, Medvinsky A. The discovery of a source of adult hematopoietic cells in the embryo. Development 2008; 135:2343-6. [PMID: 18567845 DOI: 10.1242/dev.021279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This essay is about the 1975 JEEM paper by Françoise Dieterlen-Lièvre (Dieterlen-Lièvre, 1975) and the studies that followed it, which indicated that the adult hematopoietic system in the avian embryo originates, not from the blood islands of the extraembryonic yolk sac as was then believed, but from the body of the embryo itself. Dieterlen-Lièvre's 1975 paper created a paradigm shift in hematopoietic research, and provided a new and lasting focus on hematopoietic activity within the embryo body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Dzierzak
- Erasmus MC, Erasmus Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ratajczak MZ. Phenotypic and functional characterization of hematopoietic stem cells. Curr Opin Hematol 2008; 15:293-300. [DOI: 10.1097/moh.0b013e328302c7ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kovacic JC, Boehm M. Resident vascular progenitor cells: an emerging role for non-terminally differentiated vessel-resident cells in vascular biology. Stem Cell Res 2008; 2:2-15. [PMID: 19383404 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout development and adult life the vasculature exhibits a remarkably dynamic capacity for growth and repair. The vasculature also plays a pivotal role in the execution of other diverse biologic processes, such as the provisioning of early hematopoietic stem cells during embryonic development or the regulation of vascular tone and blood pressure. Adding to this importance, from an anatomical perspective, the vasculature is clearly an omnipresent organ, with few areas of the body that it does not penetrate. Given these impressive characteristics, it is perhaps to be expected that the vasculature should require, or at least be associated with, a ready supply of stem and progenitor cells. However, somewhat surprisingly, it is only now just beginning to be broadly appreciated that the vasculature plays host to a range of vessel-resident stem and progenitor cells. The possibility that these vessel-resident cells are implicated in processes as diverse as tumor vascularization and adaptive vascular remodeling appears likely, and several exciting avenues for clinical translation are already under investigation. This review explores the various stem and progenitor cell populations that are resident in the microvasculature, endothelium, and vessel walls and vessel-resident cells capable of phenotypic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Kovacic
- Translational Medicine Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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