1
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Cox A, Lim SA, Chung EJ. Strategies to deliver RNA by nanoparticles for therapeutic potential. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 83:100991. [PMID: 34366123 PMCID: PMC8792155 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of a variety of RNA molecules, including messenger RNA, small interfering RNA, and microRNA, has shown great potential for prevention and therapy of many pathologies. However, this therapeutic promise has historically been limited by short in vivo half-life, lack of targeted delivery, and safety issues. Nanoparticle (NP)-mediated delivery has been a successful platform to overcome these limitations, with multiple formulations already in clinical trials and approved by the FDA. Although there is a diversity of NPs in terms of material formulation, size, shape, and charge that have been proposed for biomedical applications, specific modifications are required to facilitate sufficient RNA delivery and adequate therapeutic effect. This includes optimization of (i) RNA incorporation into NPs, (ii) specific cell targeting, (iii) cellular uptake and (iv) endosomal escape ability. In this review, we summarize the methods by which NPs can be modified for RNA delivery to achieve optimal therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia Cox
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Siyoung A Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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2
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Abstract
RNA-based therapeutics have shown great promise in treating a broad spectrum of diseases through various mechanisms including knockdown of pathological genes, expression of therapeutic proteins, and programmed gene editing. Due to the inherent instability and negative-charges of RNA molecules, RNA-based therapeutics can make the most use of delivery systems to overcome biological barriers and to release the RNA payload into the cytosol. Among different types of delivery systems, lipid-based RNA delivery systems, particularly lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), have been extensively studied due to their unique properties, such as simple chemical synthesis of lipid components, scalable manufacturing processes of LNPs, and wide packaging capability. LNPs represent the most widely used delivery systems for RNA-based therapeutics, as evidenced by the clinical approvals of three LNP-RNA formulations, patisiran, BNT162b2, and mRNA-1273. This review covers recent advances of lipids, lipid derivatives, and lipid-derived macromolecules used in RNA delivery over the past several decades. We focus mainly on their chemical structures, synthetic routes, characterization, formulation methods, and structure-activity relationships. We also briefly describe the current status of representative preclinical studies and clinical trials and highlight future opportunities and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebao Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Changzhen Sun
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Chang Wang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Katarina E Jankovic
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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3
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Kim H, Yuk SA, Dieterly AM, Kwon S, Park J, Meng F, Gadalla HH, Cadena MJ, Lyle LT, Yeo Y. Nanosac, a Noncationic and Soft Polyphenol Nanocapsule, Enables Systemic Delivery of siRNA to Solid Tumors. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4576-4593. [PMID: 33645963 PMCID: PMC8023695 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
For systemic delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to solid tumors, the carrier must circulate avoiding premature degradation, extravasate and penetrate tumors, enter target cells, traffic to the intracellular destination, and release siRNA for gene silencing. However, existing siRNA carriers, which typically exhibit positive charges, fall short of these requirements by a large margin; thus, systemic delivery of siRNA to tumors remains a significant challenge. To overcome the limitations of existing approaches, we have developed a carrier of siRNA, called "Nanosac", a noncationic soft polyphenol nanocapsule. A siRNA-loaded Nanosac is produced by sequential coating of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with siRNA and polydopamine, followed by removal of the sacrificial MSN core. The Nanosac recruits serum albumin, co-opts caveolae-mediated endocytosis to enter tumor cells, and efficiently silences target genes. The softness of Nanosac improves extravasation and penetration into tumors compared to its hard counterpart. As a carrier of siRNA targeting PD-L1, Nanosac induces a significant attenuation of CT26 tumor growth by immune checkpoint blockade. These results support the utility of Nanosac in the systemic delivery of siRNA for solid tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Simseok A. Yuk
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Alexandra M. Dieterly
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Soonbum Kwon
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jinho Park
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Fanfei Meng
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hytham H. Gadalla
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Maria Jose Cadena
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - L. Tiffany Lyle
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yoon Yeo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Corresponding author: Yoon Yeo, Ph.D., Phone: 1.765.496.9608, Fax: 1.765.494.6545,
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4
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Chen Q, Zhang Y, Yin H. Recent advances in chemical modifications of guide RNA, mRNA and donor template for CRISPR-mediated genome editing. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 168:246-258. [PMID: 33122087 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and applications of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) systems have revolutionized our ability to track and manipulate specific nucleic acid sequences in many cell types of various organisms. The robustness and simplicity of these platforms have rapidly extended their applications from basic research to the development of therapeutics. However, many hurdles remain on the path to translation of the CRISPR systems to therapeutic applications: efficient delivery, detectable off-target effects, potential immunogenicity, and others. Chemical modifications provide a variety of protection options for guide RNA, Cas9 mRNA and donor templates. For example, chemically modified gRNA demonstrated enhanced on-target editing efficiency, minimized immune response and decreased off-target genome editing. In this review, we summarize the use of chemically modified nucleotides for CRISPR-mediated genome editing and emphasize open questions that remain to be addressed in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiubing Chen
- Department of Urology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Department of Pathology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Medical Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hao Yin
- Department of Urology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Department of Pathology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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5
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Liu Y, Xu P, Liu H, Fang C, Guo H, Chen X, Tan M, Zhang Y, Min W. Silencing IDO2 in dendritic cells: A novel strategy to strengthen cancer immunotherapy in a murine lung cancer model. Int J Oncol 2020; 57:587-597. [PMID: 32468023 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
While dendritic cell (DC)‑based immunotherapy has achieved satisfactory results in animal models, its effects were not satisfactory as initially expected in clinical applications, despite the safety and varying degrees of effectiveness in various types of cancer. Improving the efficacy of the DC‑based vaccine is essential for cancer immunotherapy. The present study aimed to investigate methods with which to amplify and enhance the antitumor immune response of a DC‑based tumor vaccine by silencing the expression of indoleamine 2,3‑dioxygenase 2 (IDO2), a tryptophan rate‑limiting metabolic enzyme in DCs. In vitro experiments revealed that the silencing of IDO2 in DCs did not affect the differentiation of DCs, whereas it increased their expression of costimulatory molecules following stimulation with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α and tumor lysate from Lewis lung cancer (LLC) cells. In a mixed co‑culture system, the IDO2‑silenced DCs promoted the proliferation of T‑cells and reduced the induction of regulatory T‑cells (Tregs). Further in vivo experiments revealed that the silencing of IDO2 in DCs markedly suppressed the growth of tumor cells. Moreover, treatment with the IDO2‑silenced DC‑based cancer vaccine enhanced cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity, whereas it decreased T‑cell apoptosis and the percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs. On the whole, the present study provides evidence that the silencing of the tryptophan rate‑limiting metabolic enzyme, IDO2, has the potential to enhance the efficacy of DC‑based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Liu
- Medical Laboratory, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330098, P.R. China
| | - Ping Xu
- Medical Laboratory, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330098, P.R. China
| | - Huan Liu
- Medical Laboratory, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330098, P.R. China
| | - Chunjuan Fang
- Medical Laboratory, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330098, P.R. China
| | - Haihe Guo
- Medical Laboratory, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330098, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Medical Laboratory, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330098, P.R. China
| | - Manman Tan
- Institute of Immunotherapy, Nanchang University and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Science, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330098, P.R. China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- Institute of Immunotherapy, Nanchang University and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Science, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330098, P.R. China
| | - Weiping Min
- Institute of Immunotherapy, Nanchang University and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Science, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330098, P.R. China
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6
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Veiga N, Diesendruck Y, Peer D. Targeted lipid nanoparticles for RNA therapeutics and immunomodulation in leukocytes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:364-376. [PMID: 32298783 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in leukocytes' function are associated with many immune related disorders, such as cancer, autoimmunity and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Recent developments in Genome-wide-association-studies give rise to new opportunities for novel therapeutics. RNA-based modalities, that allow a selective genetic manipulation in vivo, are powerful tools for personalized medicine, enabling downregulation or expression of relevant proteins. Yet, RNA-based therapeutics requires a delivery modality to facilitate the stability, uptake and intracellular release of the RNA molecules. The use of lipid nanoparticles as a drug delivery approach improves the payloads' stability, pharmacokinetics, bio-distribution and therapeutic benefit while reducing side effects. Moreover, a wide variety of targeting moieties allow a precise and modular manipulation of gene expression, together with the ability to identify and selectively affect disease-relevant leukocytes-subsets. Altogether, RNA-based therapeutics, targeting leukocytes subsets, is believed to be one of the most promising therapeutic concepts of the near future, addressing pressing issues in cancer and inflammation heterogeneity.
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7
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Zheng X, Sun C, Yu R, Chu X, Xu J, Liu C, Zhao M, Xu X, Xia M, Wang C. CD13-specific ligand facilitates Xanthatin nanomedicine targeting dendritic cells for therapy of refractory allergic rhinitis. Int J Pharm 2020; 577:119034. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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8
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Jagrosse ML, Dean DA, Rahman A, Nilsson BL. RNAi therapeutic strategies for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Transl Res 2019; 214:30-49. [PMID: 31401266 PMCID: PMC7316156 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), replacing the clinical term acute lung injury, involves serious pathophysiological lung changes that arise from a variety of pulmonary and nonpulmonary injuries and currently has no pharmacological therapeutics. RNA interference (RNAi) has the potential to generate therapeutic effects that would increase patient survival rates from this condition. It is the purpose of this review to discuss potential targets in treating ARDS with RNAi strategies, as well as to outline the challenges of oligonucleotide delivery to the lung and tactics to circumvent these delivery barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A Dean
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Arshad Rahman
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Bradley L Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York.
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9
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Wei X, Wei Y. Opportunities and challenges in the nanoparticles for nucleic acid therapeutics: the first approval of an RNAi nanoparticle for treatment of a rare disease. Natl Sci Rev 2019; 6:1105-1106. [PMID: 34691988 PMCID: PMC8291517 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
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10
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Nanoparticles applied to cancer immunoregulation. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2018; 24:47-55. [PMID: 30425606 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim In recent years, we have seen a considerable increase in the relevance of nanostructures for the safe delivery of therapeutic agents and their capacity as an immunomodulatory tool. Materials and methods Potential clinical applications related to their unique structural properties have been described in the evolving landscape of immunotherapy. Results This review briefly summarizes the evidence for the role of nanoparticles in regulating the immune response. Conclusions Their main features to highlight how to provide an innovative means of biomedical application to oncology research.
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Over-expression of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) preventing cold ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury in heart transplantation through Foxo3a signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 8:36531-36544. [PMID: 28388574 PMCID: PMC5482674 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury which inevitably occurs during heart transplantation is the major factor leading to organ failure and graft rejection. In order to develop new therapies to prevent I/R injury, we used both a murine heart transplantation model with 24 hour cold I/R and an in vitro cell culture system to determine whether growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a protective factor in preventing I/R injury in heart transplantation and to further investigate underlying mechanisms of I/R injury. We found that cold I/R caused severe damage to the endocardium, epicardium and myocardium of heart grafts from wild type C57BL/6 mice, whereas grafts from GDF15 transgenic (TG) mice showed less damage as demonstrated by decreased cell apoptosis/death, decreased neutrophils infiltration and the preservation of the normal structure of the heart. Over-expression of GDF15 reduced expression of phosphorylated RelA p65, pre-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic genes while it enhanced Foxo3a phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. Over-expression of GDF15 inhibited cell apoptosis/death and reduced neutrophil infiltration. In conclusion, this study, for the first time, demonstrates that GDF15 is a promising target for preventing cold I/R injury in heart transplantation. This study also shows that the resultant protective effects are mediated by the Foxo3 and NFκB signaling pathways.
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Song L, Fan Z, Jun N, Benjia L, Zequn L, Xilong W, Zhongming J, Yong H, Xiaohong W, Kai C, Zhenlin Y. Tumor specific delivery and therapy mediate by integrin β6-target immunoliposomes for β6-siRNA in colon carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:85163-85175. [PMID: 27835891 PMCID: PMC5356726 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvant chemotherapy does not achieve the desired therapeutic efficacy in colon cancer as a result of the deficient reaction. Gene therapy using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) delivered by target delivering system represents a potent and specific strategy in tumor therapy. Integrinβ6 is exclusively expressed in malignant colonic epithelia, associated with the progression, metastasis, and chemotherapeutic resistance of colon cancer. Accordingly, designing an efficient and targeted delivery system for β6-siRNA could be a potential approach to improve therapeutic efficacy of colon cancer. Here, we designed the Integrinβ6 target immunoliposomes for highly efficient and selective delivery of β6-siRNA in colon cancer, which consequently resulted in greatly growth suppression, invasion and metastasis of colon cancer cells. Moreover, it was able to greatly inhibit the tumor growing in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Song
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, Binzhou Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Binzhou 256600, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhang Fan
- Department of Oncology, Binzhou Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Binzhou 256600, Shandong, PR China
| | - Niu Jun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Liang Benjia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Li Zequn
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Wang Xilong
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, Binzhou Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Binzhou 256600, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jia Zhongming
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, Binzhou Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Binzhou 256600, Shandong, PR China
| | - Han Yong
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, Binzhou Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Binzhou 256600, Shandong, PR China
| | - Wang Xiaohong
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, Binzhou Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Binzhou 256600, Shandong, PR China
| | - Cheng Kai
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, Binzhou Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Binzhou 256600, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yang Zhenlin
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, Binzhou Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Binzhou 256600, Shandong, PR China
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, is a chronic, recrudescent disease that invades the gastrointestinal tract, and it requires surgery or lifelong medicinal therapy. The conventional medicinal therapies for IBD, such as anti-inflammatories, glucocorticoids, and immunosuppressants, are limited because of their systemic adverse effects and toxicity during long-term treatment. RNA interference (RNAi) precisely regulates susceptibility genes to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines related to IBD, which effectively alleviates IBD progression and promotes intestinal mucosa recovery. RNAi molecules generally include short interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA). However, naked RNA tends to degrade in vivo as a consequence of endogenous ribonucleases and pH variations. Furthermore, RNAi treatment may cause unintended off-target effects and immunostimulation. Therefore, nanovectors of siRNA and miRNA were introduced to circumvent these obstacles. Herein, we introduce non-viral nanosystems of RNAi molecules and discuss these systems in detail. Additionally, the delivery barriers and challenges associated with RNAi molecules will be discussed from the perspectives of developing efficient delivery systems and potential clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Xiaojing Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Shuangying Gui
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Domingo-Musibay E, Yamamoto M. Gene and virotherapy for hematological malignancies. Int J Hematol 2016; 104:29-41. [PMID: 27289361 PMCID: PMC5089843 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-2031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a transformation in the treatment of hematological malignancies. Advances in gene therapy and molecular techniques and significant gains in computational abilities have supported the rapid development of safer and better tolerated therapies for many patients with hematologic cancers. In this review, we discuss novel applications of gene therapy, including immunomodulation and gene silencing, and report on the rise of oncolytic viruses for use in the treatment of malignancies arising in cells of the blood, lymph, and marrow. We discuss the relationship of the tropism of wildtype viruses and their oncolytic behavior as well as the tumoricidal and immunostimulatory properties of a number of attenuated and recombinant viruses currently in clinical development in countries around the world. While we have focused on promising virotherapy applications for future development, we also present a historical perspective and identify areas of potential clinical and regulatory practice change. We outline several of the virus systems being developed for applications in hematology, and summarize efficacy data in the context of ongoing or future human clinical testing. We also present the advantages and limitations of gene and virus therapy, including challenges and opportunities for improved treatment tolerability and outcomes for patients with hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evidio Domingo-Musibay
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Masato Yamamoto
- Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MoosT 11-210, MMC195, 515 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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15
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SiRNA In Vivo-Targeted Delivery to Murine Dendritic Cells by Oral Administration of Recombinant Yeast. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1364:165-81. [PMID: 26472450 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3112-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
SiRNA therapeutics promise a future where any target in the transcriptome could be potentially addressed. However, the delivery of SiRNAs and targeting of particular cell types or organs are major challenges. A novel, efficient, and safe delivery system for promising the introduction of SiRNAs into particular cell types within living organisms is of great significance. Our previous studies have proved that recombinant protein (MSTN) and exogenous gene (EGFP) as vaccines, and furthermore functional CD40 shRNA expression can be delivered into dendritic cells (DCs) in mouse by oral administration of recombinant yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Here, we describe the details of the promising and innovative approach based on oral administration of recombinant yeast that allows in vivo-targeted delivery of functional SiRNA to murine intestinal DCs.
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16
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Katakowski JA, Mukherjee G, Wilner SE, Maier KE, Harrison MT, DiLorenzo TP, Levy M, Palliser D. Delivery of siRNAs to Dendritic Cells Using DEC205-Targeted Lipid Nanoparticles to Inhibit Immune Responses. Mol Ther 2016; 24:146-55. [PMID: 26412590 PMCID: PMC4754549 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their ability to knock down the expression of any gene, siRNAs have been heralded as ideal candidates for treating a wide variety of diseases, including those involving "undruggable" targets. However, the therapeutic potential of siRNAs remains severely limited by a lack of effective delivery vehicles. Recently, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) containing ionizable cationic lipids have been developed for hepatic siRNA delivery. However, their suitability for delivery to other cell types has not been determined. We have modified LNPs for preferential targeting to dendritic cells (DCs), central regulators of immune responses. To achieve directed delivery, we coated LNPs with a single-chain antibody (scFv; DEC-LNPs), specific to murine DEC205, which is highly expressed on distinct DC subsets. Here we show that injection of siRNAs encapsulated in DEC-LNPs are preferentially delivered to DEC205(+) DCs. Gene knockdown following uptake of DEC-LNPs containing siRNAs specific for the costimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, and CD86 dramatically decreases gene expression levels. We demonstrate the functionality of this knockdown with a mixed lymphocyte response (MLR). Overall, we report that injection of LNPs modified to restrict their uptake to a distinct cell population can confer profound gene knockdown, sufficient to inhibit powerful immune responses like the MLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Katakowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Gayatri Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Samantha E Wilner
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Keith E Maier
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Teresa P DiLorenzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Matthew Levy
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Deborah Palliser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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17
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Singh Y, Tomar S, Khan S, Meher JG, Pawar VK, Raval K, Sharma K, Singh PK, Chaurasia M, Surendar Reddy B, Chourasia MK. Bridging small interfering RNA with giant therapeutic outcomes using nanometric liposomes. J Control Release 2015; 220:368-387. [PMID: 26528900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The scope of RNAi based therapeutics is unquestionable. However, if we dissect the current trend of clinical trials for afore mentioned drug class, some stark trends appear: 1) naked siRNA only exerts influence in topical mode whilst systemic delivery requires a carrier and 2) even after two decades of extensive efforts, not even a single siRNA containing product is commercially available. It was therefore felt that a perspective simplifying the unique intricacies of working with a merger of siRNA and liposomes from a pharmaceutical viewpoint could draw the attention of a wider array of interested researchers. We begin from the beginning and attempt to conduit the gap between theoretical logic and experimental/actual constraints. This, in turn could stimulate the next generation of investigators, gearing them to tackle the conundrum, which is siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuvraj Singh
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sandeep Tomar
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Shariq Khan
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Jaya Gopal Meher
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Vivek K Pawar
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Kavit Raval
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Komal Sharma
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Mohini Chaurasia
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Lucknow, UP 226028, India
| | - B Surendar Reddy
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Manish K Chourasia
- Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
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18
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Xie Y, Merkel OM. Pulmonary Delivery of siRNA via Polymeric Vectors as Therapies of Asthma. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2015; 348:681-8. [PMID: 26148454 PMCID: PMC4665213 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201500120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease. Despite the fact that current therapies, such as the combination of inhaled corticosteroids and β2-agonists, can control the symptoms of asthma in most patients, there is still an urgent need for an alternative anti-inflammatory therapy for patients who suffer from severe asthma but lack acceptable response to conventional therapies. Many molecular factors are involved in the inflammatory process in asthma, and thus blocking the function of these factors could efficiently alleviate airway inflammation. RNA interference (RNAi) is often thought to be the answer in the search for more efficient and biocompatible treatments. However, difficulties of efficient delivery of small interference RNA (siRNA), the key factor in RNAi, to target cells and tissues have limited its clinical application. In this review, we summarize cytokines and chemokines, transcription factors, tyrosine kinases, and costimulatory factors that have been reported as targets of siRNA-mediated treatment in experimental asthma. Additionally, we conclude several targeted delivery systems of siRNA to specific cells such as T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which could potentially be applied in asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuran Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Olivia M Merkel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201
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19
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Wu W, Wang CX, Chen H, Zhou J, Zhang JZ, Gao L, Zhou HY. House dust mite allergens mediate the activation of c‑kit in dendritic cells via Toll‑like receptor 2. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5307-13. [PMID: 26238189 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that the c‑kit proto‑oncogene and its ligand, stem cell factor, are important in the development of asthma. House dust mite (HDM; Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) allergens are a major trigger in the development and exacerbation of asthma. HDM allergens can induce the activation of c‑kit in dendritic cells (DCs), leading to the development of allergic asthma. Previous studies have demonstrated that activation of Toll‑like receptor 2 (TLR2) evokes a T helper (Th)2 immune response and promotes experimental asthma. The aim of the present study was to assess whether HDM mediates the activation of c‑kit in DCs via TLR2. Monocyte‑derived DCs were generated from C57BL/6 mice, and cultured with interleukin (IL)‑4 and granulocyte‑macrophage colony‑stimulating factor. The DCs were then sensitized with HDM (10 µg/ml) for 72 h. TLR2‑specific small interfering (si)RNA was used to silence and inhibit the expression of TLR2 in the DCs. The expression levels of c‑kit and B7 (CD80/CD86) were measured, by analyzing the DC culture supernatant for the presence of IL‑6 and IL‑12. Inhibition of TLR2 using specific siRNA downregulated the expression of c‑kit in the HDM‑activated DCs. In addition, silencing of TLR2 inhibited the expression of CD80/CD86, decreased the production of IL‑6, and increased the production of IL‑12. These results indicated that TRL2 are important in the activation of c‑kit by HDM in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Xia Wang
- Department of Medicine, Baoji Vocational and Technical College, Baoji, Shaanxi 721000, P.R. China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Zhao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, P.R. China
| | - Lin Gao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yan Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, P.R. China
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20
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Abstract
Whilst small interfering (si) RNAs have emerged as a promising therapeutic modality for treating a diversity of human diseases, delivery constitutes the most serious obstacle to siRNA drug development. As the most used delivery agents can enter all cell types, specificity must be built into the delivery agents or directly attached to the siRNA molecules. The use of antibodies, peptides, Peptide-Fc fusions, aptamers, and other targeting ligands has now enabled efficient gene silencing in the desired cell populations/tissues in vitro and in vivo. The present review summarizes these current innovations, which are important for the design of safe therapeutic siRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouldy Sioud
- Departments of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Radiumhospitalet-Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Ullernchausseen 70, Montebello, 310, Oslo, Norway,
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21
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Versatile polyion complex micelles for peptide and siRNA vectorization to engineer tolerogenic dendritic cells. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 92:216-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Spiering R, Margry B, Keijzer C, Petzold C, Hoek A, Wagenaar-Hilbers J, van der Zee R, van Eden W, Kretschmer K, Broere F. DEC205+ Dendritic Cell-Targeted Tolerogenic Vaccination Promotes Immune Tolerance in Experimental Autoimmune Arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4804-13. [PMID: 25862815 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in mouse models of autoimmune diabetes and encephalomyelitis have indicated that the selective delivery of self-antigen to the endocytic receptor DEC205 on steady-state dendritic cells (DCs) may represent a suitable approach to induce Ag-specific immune tolerance. In this study, we aimed to examine whether DEC205(+) DC targeting of a single immunodominant peptide derived from human cartilage proteoglycan (PG) can promote immune tolerance in PG-induced arthritis (PGIA). Besides disease induction by immunization with whole PG protein with a high degree of antigenic complexity, PGIA substantially differs from previously studied autoimmune models not only in the target tissue of autoimmune destruction but also in the nature of pathogenic immune effector cells. Our results show that DEC205(+) DC targeting of the PG peptide 70-84 is sufficient to efficiently protect against PGIA development. Complementary mechanistic studies support a model in which DEC205(+) DC targeting leads to insufficient germinal center B cell support by PG-specific follicular helper T cells. Consequently, impaired germinal center formation results in lower Ab titers, severely compromising the development of PGIA. Overall, this study further corroborates the potential of prospective tolerogenic DEC205(+) DC vaccination to interfere with autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Spiering
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Margry
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Chantal Keijzer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cathleen Petzold
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, German Research Foundation-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany; and
| | - Aad Hoek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Josée Wagenaar-Hilbers
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ruurd van der Zee
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Willem van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Karsten Kretschmer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, German Research Foundation-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany; and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Femke Broere
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands;
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23
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Zhou Y, Zhang C, Liang W. Development of RNAi technology for targeted therapy — A track of siRNA based agents to RNAi therapeutics. J Control Release 2014; 193:270-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Chen S, Tam YYC, Lin PJC, Leung AKK, Tam YK, Cullis PR. Development of lipid nanoparticle formulations of siRNA for hepatocyte gene silencing following subcutaneous administration. J Control Release 2014; 196:106-12. [PMID: 25285610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently developed lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulations of siRNA have proven to be effective agents for hepatocyte gene silencing following intravenous administration with at least three LNP-siRNA formulations in clinical trials. The aim of this work was to develop LNP-siRNA systems for hepatocyte gene silencing that can be administered subcutaneously (s.c.). Three parameters were investigated, namely LNP size, residence time of the polyethylene glycol (PEG)-lipid coating and the influence of hepatocyte-specific targeting ligands. LNP sizes were varied over the range of 30 to 115 nm in diameter and PEG-lipid that dissociates rapidly (PEG-DMG) and slowly (PEG-DSG) were employed. In mice, results show that large (~80 nm) LNP exhibited limited accumulation in the liver and poor Factor VII (FVII) gene silencing at 1mg siRNA/kg body weight. Conversely, small (~30 nm) LNP systems showed maximal liver accumulation yet still had minimal activity. Interestingly, intermediate size (~45 nm) LNP containing PEG-DSG exhibited nearly equivalent liver accumulation as the smaller systems following s.c. administration but reduced FVII levels by 80% at 1mg siRNA/kg body weight. Smaller systems (~35 nm diameter) containing either PEG-DMG or PEG-DSG were less active; however addition of 0.5 mol.% of a GalNAc-PEG lipid to these smaller systems improved activity to levels similar to that observed for the ~45 nm diameter systems. In summary, this work shows that appropriately designed LNP-siRNA systems can result in effective hepatocyte gene silencing following s.c administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - Yuen Yi C Tam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - Paulo J C Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - Alex K K Leung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - Ying K Tam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z3; Acuitas Therapeutics, 2714 West 31st Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6L 2A1
| | - Pieter R Cullis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z3.
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25
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Zhang L, Zhang T, Wang L, Shao S, Chen Z, Zhang Z. In vivo targeted delivery of CD40 shRNA to mouse intestinal dendritic cells by oral administration of recombinant Sacchromyces cerevisiae. Gene Ther 2014; 21:709-14. [PMID: 24871580 PMCID: PMC4086734 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated gene regulation is a commonly used technique for gene manipulation. An efficient and safe delivery system is indispensable when shRNA is delivered into living organisms for gene therapy. Previous studies have proved that DNA and protein can be delivered into dendritic cells (DCs) by non-pathogenic Saccharomyces cerevisiae without being degraded. CD40 is closely related to apoptosis of tumor cells and some immune mechanisms. In this study, we demonstrated that recombinant yeast S. cerevisiae efficiently delivered the shRNA of immune-associated gene (CD40) into mouse intestinal DCs via oral administration. Western blot analysis of isolated intestinal DCs indicated that the inhibition of CD40 gene expression reached up to 56-91%. The secretion of cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ in intestinal DCs had varying degrees of changes. In conclusion, we found that orally administered recombinant yeast can be used as an efficient shRNA delivery system for intestinal DC-specific gene silencing and immunomodulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shaan'xi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, YangLing, Shaan'xi, People's Republic of China
| | - T Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shaan'xi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, YangLing, Shaan'xi, People's Republic of China
| | - L Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shaan'xi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, YangLing, Shaan'xi, People's Republic of China
| | - S Shao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shaan'xi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, YangLing, Shaan'xi, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shaan'xi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, YangLing, Shaan'xi, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shaan'xi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, YangLing, Shaan'xi, People's Republic of China
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26
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics appear to offer substantial opportunities for future therapy. However, post-administration RNAi effectors are typically unable to reach disease target cells in vivo without the assistance of a delivery system or vector. The main focus of this review is on lipid-based nanoparticle (LNP) delivery systems in current research and development that have at least been shown to act as effective delivery systems for functional delivery of RNAi effectors to disease target cells in vivo. The potential utility of these LNP delivery systems is growing rapidly, and LNPs are emerging as the preferred synthetic delivery systems in preclinical studies and current nonviral RNAi effector clinical trials. Moreover, studies on LNP-mediated delivery in vivo are leading to the emergence of useful biophysical parameters and physical organic chemistry rules that provide a framework for understanding in vivo delivery behaviors and outcomes. These same parameters and rules should also suggest ways and means to develop next generations of LNPs with genuine utility and long-term clinical viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Miller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH , UK and GlobalAcorn Limited , London , UK
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27
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Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhang G, Shi J, Zhang X, Zheng X, Jiang AT, Zhang ZX, Johnston N, Siu KS, Chen R, Lian D, Koos D, Quan D, Min WP. Synergic silencing of costimulatory molecules prevents cardiac allograft rejection. J Transl Med 2014; 12:142. [PMID: 24886282 PMCID: PMC4040111 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While substantial progress has been made in blocking acute transplant rejection with the advent of immune suppressive drugs, chronic rejection, mediated primarily by recipient antigen presentation, remains a formidable problem in clinical transplantation. We hypothesized that blocking co-stimulatory pathways in the recipient by induction of RNA interference using small interference RNA (siRNA) expression vectors can prolong allogeneic heart graft survival. Method Vectors expressing siRNA specifically targeting CD40 and CD80 were prepared. Recipients (BALB/c mice) were treated with CD40 and/or CD80 siRNA expression vectors via hydrodynamic injection. Control groups were injected with a scrambled siRNA vector and sham treatment (PBS). After treatment, a fully MHC-mismatched (BALB/c to C57/BL6) heart transplantation was performed. Result Allogeneic heart graft survival (>100 days) was approximately 70% in the mice treated simultaneously with CD40 and CD80 siRNA expression vectors with overall reduction in lymphocyte interstitium infiltration, vascular obstruction, and edema. Hearts transplanted into CD40 or CD80 siRNA vector-treated recipients had an increased graft survival time compared to negative control groups, but did not survive longer than 40 days. In contrast, allogenic hearts transplanted into recipients treated with scrambled siRNA vector and PBS stopped beating within 10–16 days. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and flow cytometric analysis showed an upregulation of FoxP3 expression in spleen lymphocytes and a concurrent downregulation of CD40 and CD80 expression in splenic dendritic cells of siRNA-treated mice. Functional suppressive activity of splenic dendritic cells (DCs) isolated from tolerant recipients was demonstrated in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Furthermore, DCs isolated from CD40- and CD80-treated recipients promoted CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3+ regulatory T cell differentiation in vitro. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the simultaneous silencing of CD40 and CD80 genes has synergistic effects in preventing allograft rejection, and may therefore have therapeutic potential in clinical transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei-Ping Min
- Department of Surgery, Pathology, and Ocology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
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28
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Gong X, Han B, Zou Y, Wang J, Yang W. Attenuation of Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis by si-RNA Mediated CD40 Silencing. Int Heart J 2014; 55:539-45. [DOI: 10.1536/ihj.14-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University
- Division of Cardiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital
| | - Bo Han
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University
| | - Yong Zou
- Department of Combined Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine
| | - Jiezhong Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University
| | - Wenwei Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University
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29
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Petrenko VA, Jayanna PK. Phage protein-targeted cancer nanomedicines. FEBS Lett 2013; 588:341-9. [PMID: 24269681 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanoencapsulation of anticancer drugs improves their therapeutic indices by virtue of the enhanced permeation and retention effect which achieves passive targeting of nanoparticles in tumors. This effect can be significantly enhanced by active targeting of nanovehicles to tumors. Numerous ligands have been proposed and used in various studies with peptides being considered attractive alternatives to antibodies. This is further reinforced by the availability of peptide phage display libraries which offer an unlimited reservoir of target-specific probes. In particular landscape phages with multivalent display of target-specific peptides which enable the phage particle itself to become a nanoplatform creates a paradigm for high throughput selection of nanoprobes setting the stage for personalized cancer management. Despite its promise, this conjugate of combinatorial chemistry and nanotechnology has not made a significant clinical impact in cancer management due to a lack of using robust processes that facilitate scale-up and manufacturing. To this end we proposed the use of phage fusion protein as the navigating modules of novel targeted nanomedicine platforms which are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Petrenko
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States.
| | - P K Jayanna
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States
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30
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Abstract
Nanotechnology uses the unique properties of objects that function as a unit within the overall size range of 1-1,000 nanometres. The engineering of nanostructure materials, including nanoparticles, nanoemulsions or nanotubules, holds great promise for the development of new immunomodulatory agents, as such nanostructures can be used to more effectively manipulate or deliver immunologically active components to target sites. Successful applications of nanotechnology in the field of immunology will enable new generations of vaccines, adjuvants and immunomodulatory drugs that aim to improve clinical outcomes in response to a range of infectious and non-infectious diseases.
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31
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Dendritic cells: cellular mediators for immunological tolerance. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:972865. [PMID: 23762100 PMCID: PMC3671285 DOI: 10.1155/2013/972865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In general, immunological tolerance is acquired upon treatment with non-specific immunosuppressive drugs. This indiscriminate immunosuppression of the patient often causes serious side-effects, such as opportunistic infectious diseases. Therefore, the need for antigen-specific modulation of pathogenic immune responses is of crucial importance in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In this perspective, dendritic cells (DCs) can have an important immune-regulatory function, besides their notorious antigen-presenting capacity. DCs appear to be essential for both central and peripheral tolerance. In the thymus, DCs are involved in clonal deletion of autoreactive immature T cells by presenting self-antigens. Additionally, tolerance is achieved by their interactions with T cells in the periphery and subsequent induction of T cell anergy, T cell deletion, and induction of regulatory T cells (Treg). Various studies have described, modulation of DC characteristics with the purpose to induce antigen-specific tolerance in autoimmune diseases, graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD), and transplantations. Promising results in animal models have prompted researchers to initiate first-in-men clinical trials. The purpose of current review is to provide an overview of the role of DCs in the immunopathogenesis of autoimmunity, as well as recent concepts of dendritic cell-based therapeutic opportunities in autoimmune diseases.
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32
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Peer D. Immunotoxicity derived from manipulating leukocytes with lipid-based nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1738-48. [PMID: 22820531 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) such as liposomes, micelles, and hybrid systems (e.g. lipid-polymer) are prominent delivery vehicles that already made an impact on the lives of millions around the globe. A common denominator of all these LNP-based platforms is to deliver drugs into specific tissues or cells in a pathological setting with minimal adverse effects on bystander cells. All these platforms must be compatible to the physiological environment and prevent undesirable interactions with the immune system. Avoiding immune stimulation or suppression is an important consideration when developing new strategies in drug and gene delivery, whereas in adjuvants for vaccine therapies, immune activation is desired. Therefore, profound understanding of how LNPs elicit immune responses is essential for the optimization of these systems for various biomedical applications. Herein, I describe general concepts of the immune system and the interaction of subsets of leukocytes with LNPs. Finally, I detail the different immune toxicities reported and propose ways to manipulate leukocytes' functions using LNPs.
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Kesharwani P, Gajbhiye V, Jain NK. A review of nanocarriers for the delivery of small interfering RNA. Biomaterials 2012; 33:7138-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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34
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Daka A, Peer D. RNAi-based nanomedicines for targeted personalized therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1508-21. [PMID: 22975009 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has just made it through the pipeline to clinical trials. However, in order for RNAi to serve as an ideal personalized therapeutics and be clinically approved-safe, specific, and potent strategies must be devised for efficient delivery of RNAi payloads to specific cell types, which despite the immense potential, remains a challenge. Through evaluating the recent reported studies in this field, we introduce the progress in designing targeted nano-scaled strategies that are anticipated to overcome the delivery drawbacks and along with the exciting "omics" discipline to personalize RNAi-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Daka
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Israel
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Jiang N, Zhang X, Zheng X, Chen D, Siu K, Wang H, Ichim TE, Quan D, McAlister V, Chen G, Min WP. A novel in vivo siRNA delivery system specifically targeting liver cells for protection of ConA-induced fulminant hepatitis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44138. [PMID: 22970170 PMCID: PMC3435394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fulminant hepatitis progresses to acute liver failure (ALF) when the extent of hepatocyte death exceeds the liver's regenerative capacity. Although small interfering RNA (siRNA) appears promising in animal models of hepatitis, the approach is limited by drawbacks associated with systemic administration of siRNA. The aim of this study is to develop a hepatocyte-specific delivery system of siRNA for treatment of fulminant hepatitis. Methodology/Principal Findings Galactose-conjugated liposome nano-particles (Gal-LipoNP) bearing siRNA was prepared, and the particle size and zeta potential of Gal-LipoNP/siRNA complexes were measured. The distribution, cytotoxicity and gene silence efficiency were studied in vivo in a concanavalin A (ConA)-induced hepatitis model. C57BL/6 mice were treated with Gal-LipoNP Fas siRNA by i.v. injection 72 h before ConA challenge, and hepatocyte injury was evaluated using serum alanine transferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels, as well as liver histopathology and TUNEL-positive hepatocytes. The galactose-ligated liposomes were capable of encapsulating >96% siRNA and exhibited a higher stability than naked siRNA in plasma. Hepatocyte-specific targeting was confirmed by in vivo delivery experiment, in which the majority of Gal-LipoNP-siRNA evaded nuclease digestion and accumulated in the liver as soon as 6 h after administration. In vivo gene silencing was significant in the liver after treatment of Gal-Lipo-siRNA. In the ConA-induced hepatitis model, serum levels of ALT and AST were significantly reduced in mice treated with Gal-lipoNP-siRNA as compared with control mice. Additionally, tissue histopathology and apoptosis showed an overall reduction of injury in the Gal-LipoNP siRNA-treated mice. Conclusions/Significance This study is the first to our knowledge to demonstrate reduction of hepatic injury by liver-specific induction of RNA interference using Gal-LipoNP Fas siRNA, highlighting a novel RNAi-based therapeutic potential in many liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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Zheng X, Koropatnick J, Chen D, Velenosi T, Ling H, Zhang X, Jiang N, Navarro B, Ichim TE, Urquhart B, Min W. Silencing IDO in dendritic cells: a novel approach to enhance cancer immunotherapy in a murine breast cancer model. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:967-77. [PMID: 22870862 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapeutic agents (vaccines) in the form of antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DCs) reached an important milestone with the recent approval of Provenge, the first DC vaccine for treatment of prostate cancer. Although this heralds a new era of tumor immunotherapy, it also highlights the compelling need to optimize such DC-based therapies as they are increasingly tested and used to treat human patients. In this study we sought to augment and enhance the antitumor activity of a DC-based vaccine using siRNA to silence expression of immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in DCs. We report here that DCs loaded with tumor antigens, but with siRNA-silenced IDO expression, were introduced into 4T1 breast tumor-bearing mice, the treatment: (i) lengthened the time required for tumor onset, (ii) decreased tumor size compared to tumors grown for equal lengths of time in mice treated with antigen-loaded DCs without IDO silencing and (iii) reduced CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell apoptosis. Furthermore, immunization with IDO-silenced DCs enhanced tumor antigen-specific T cell proliferation and CTL activity, and decreased numbers of CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) T(reg). This study provides evidence to support silencing of immunosuppressive genes (IDO) as an effective strategy to enhance the efficacy of DC-based cancer immunotherapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufen Zheng
- Department of Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Zhang ZX, Min WP, Jevnikar AM. Use of RNA interference to minimize ischemia reperfusion injury. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2012; 26:140-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Goldsmith M, Mizrahy S, Peer D. Grand challenges in modulating the immune response with RNAi nanomedicines. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 6:1771-85. [PMID: 22122585 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
RNAi is a ubiquitous and highly specific, endogenous, evolutionarily conserved mechanism of gene silencing. RNAi holds great promise as a novel therapeutic modality. Despite the rapid progress in the understanding and utilization of RNAi in vitro, the application of RNAi in vivo has been met with great difficulties, mainly in the delivery of these molecules into specific cell types. Here, we describe the major systemic nanomedicine platforms that have been developed. Focus is given to the development of new strategies to target subsets of leukocytes, which are among the most difficult cells to transduce with RNAi. Finally, we discuss the hurdles and potential opportunities for in vivo manipulation of the immune response utilizing RNAi nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Goldsmith
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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Busch M, Zernecke A. microRNAs in the regulation of dendritic cell functions in inflammation and atherosclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:877-85. [PMID: 22307520 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis has been established as a chronic inflammatory disease of the vessel wall. Among the mononuclear cell types recruited to the lesions, specialized dendritic cells (DCs) have gained increasing attention, and their secretory products and interactions shape the progression of atherosclerotic plaques. The regulation of DC functions by microRNAs (miRNAs) may thus be of primary importance in disease. We here systematically summarize the biogenesis and functions of miRNAs and provide an overview of miRNAs in DCs, their targets, and potential implications for atherosclerosis, with a particular focus on the best characterized miRNAs in DCs, namely, miR-155 and miR-146. MiRNA functions in DCs range from regulation of lipid uptake to cytokine production and T cell responses with a complex picture emerging, in which miRNAs cooperate or antagonize DC behavior, thereby promoting or counterbalancing inflammatory responses. As miRNAs regulate key functions of DCs known to control atherosclerotic vascular disease, their potential as a therapeutic target holds promise and should be attended to in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Busch
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider Str. 2, Haus D15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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Landesman-Milo D, Peer D. Altering the immune response with lipid-based nanoparticles. J Control Release 2011; 161:600-8. [PMID: 22230342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) hold great promise as delivery vectors in the treatment of cancer, inflammation, and infections and are already used in clinical practice. Numerous strategies based on LNPs are being developed to carry drugs into specific target sites. The common denominator for all of these LNPs-based platforms is to improve the payloads' pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, stability and therapeutic benefit, and to reduce to minimal adverse effects. In addition, the delivery system must be biocompatible and non-toxic and avoid undesirable interactions with the immune system. In order to achieve optimal benefits from these delivery strategies, interactions with the immune system must be thoroughly investigated. This report will center on the interactions of LNPs with different subsets of leukocytes and will detail representative examples of suppression or activation of the immune system by these carriers. By understanding the interactions of LNPs with the innate and the adaptive arms of the immune system it might be possible to attain improved therapeutic benefits and to avoid immune toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalit Landesman-Milo
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Dept. of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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Basha G, Novobrantseva TI, Rosin N, Tam YYC, Hafez IM, Wong MK, Sugo T, Ruda VM, Qin J, Klebanov B, Ciufolini M, Akinc A, Tam YK, Hope MJ, Cullis PR. Influence of cationic lipid composition on gene silencing properties of lipid nanoparticle formulations of siRNA in antigen-presenting cells. Mol Ther 2011; 19:2186-200. [PMID: 21971424 PMCID: PMC3242662 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are currently the most effective in vivo delivery systems for silencing target genes in hepatocytes employing small interfering RNA. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are also potential targets for LNP siRNA. We examined the uptake, intracellular trafficking, and gene silencing potency in primary bone marrow macrophages (bmMΦ) and dendritic cells of siRNA formulated in LNPs containing four different ionizable cationic lipids namely DLinDAP, DLinDMA, DLinK-DMA, and DLinKC2-DMA. LNPs containing DLinKC2-DMA were the most potent formulations as determined by their ability to inhibit the production of GAPDH target protein. Also, LNPs containing DLinKC2-DMA were the most potent intracellular delivery agents as indicated by confocal studies of endosomal versus cytoplamic siRNA location using fluorescently labeled siRNA. DLinK-DMA and DLinKC2-DMA formulations exhibited improved gene silencing potencies relative to DLinDMA but were less toxic. In vivo results showed that LNP siRNA systems containing DLinKC2-DMA are effective agents for silencing GAPDH in APCs in the spleen and peritoneal cavity following systemic administration. Gene silencing in APCs was RNAi mediated and the use of larger LNPs resulted in substantially reduced hepatocyte silencing, while similar efficacy was maintained in APCs. These results are discussed with regard to the potential of LNP siRNA formulations to treat immunologically mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genc Basha
- NanoMedicine Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Abstract
SiRNA is the trigger of RNA interference, a mechanism discovered in the late 1990s. To release the therapeutic potential of this versatile but large and fragile molecule, excipients are used which either interact by electrostatic interaction, passively encapsulate siRNA or are covalently attached to enable specific and safe delivery of the drug substance. Controlling the delicate balance between protective complexation and release of siRNA at the right point and time is done by understanding excipients–siRNA interactions. These can be lipids, polymers such as PEI, PLGA, Chitosans, Cyclodextrins, as well as aptamers and peptides. This review describes the mechanisms of interaction of the most commonly used siRNA delivery vehicles, and looks at the results of their clinical and preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bruno
- Novartis Pharma AG, Technical Research & Development (TRD), Pharmaceutical and Analytical Development (PHAD), CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
One of the most fundamental problems in immunology is the seemingly schizophrenic ability of the immune system to launch robust immunity against pathogens, while acquiring and maintaining a state of tolerance to the body's own tissues and the trillions of commensal microorganisms and food antigens that confront it every day. A fundamental role for the innate immune system, particularly dendritic cells (DCs), in orchestrating immunological tolerance has been appreciated, but emerging studies have highlighted the nature of the innate receptors and the signaling pathways that program DCs to a tolerogenic state. Furthermore, several studies have emphasized the major role played by cellular interactions and the microenvironment in programming tolerogenic DCs. Here, we review these studies and suggest that the innate control of tolerogenic responses can be viewed as different hierarchies of organization, in which DCs, their innate receptors and signaling networks, and their interactions with other cells and local microenvironments represent different levels of the hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Abstract
Phagocytic macrophages and dendritic cells are desirable targets for potential RNAi (RNA interference) therapeutics because they often mediate pathogenic inflammation and autoimmune responses. We recently engineered a complex 5 component glucan-based encapsulation system for siRNA (small interfering RNA) delivery to phagocytes. In experiments designed to simplify this original formulation, we discovered that the amphipathic peptide Endo-Porter forms stable nanocomplexes with siRNA that can mediate potent gene silencing in multiple cell types. In order to restrict such gene silencing to phagocytes, a method was developed to entrap siRNA-Endo-Porter complexes in glucan shells of 2-4 μm diameter in the absence of other components. The resulting glucan particles containing fluorescently labelled siRNA were readily internalized by macrophages, but not other cell types, and released the labelled siRNA into the macrophage cytoplasm. Intraperitoneal administration of such glucan particles containing siRNA-Endo-Porter complexes to mice caused gene silencing specifically in macrophages that internalized the particles. These results from the present study indicate that specific targeting to phagocytes is mediated by the glucan, whereas Endo-Porter peptide serves both to anchor siRNA within glucan particles and to catalyse escape of siRNA from phagosomes. Thus we have developed a simplified siRNA delivery system that effectively and specifically targets phagocytes in culture or in intact mice.
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful approach for reducing expression of endogenously expressed proteins. It is widely used for biological applications and is being harnessed to silence mRNAs encoding pathogenic proteins for therapy. Various methods - including delivering RNA oligonucleotides and expressing RNAi triggers from viral vectors - have been developed for successful RNAi in cell culture and in vivo. Recently, RNAi-based gene silencing approaches have been demonstrated in humans, and ongoing clinical trials hold promise for treating fatal disorders or providing alternatives to traditional small molecule therapies. Here we describe the broad range of approaches to achieve targeted gene silencing for therapy, discuss important considerations when developing RNAi triggers for use in humans, and review the current status of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly L Davidson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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The promotion of siRNA delivery to breast cancer overexpressing epidermal growth factor receptor through anti-EGFR antibody conjugation by immunoliposomes. Biomaterials 2011; 32:3459-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a robust gene silencing mechanism that degrades mRNAs complementary to the antisense strands of double-stranded, short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). As a therapeutic strategy, RNAi has an advantage over small-molecule drugs, as virtually all genes are susceptible to targeting by siRNA molecules. This advantage is, however, counterbalanced by the daunting challenge of achieving safe, effective delivery of oligonucleotides to specific tissues in vivo. Lipid-based carriers of siRNA therapeutics can now target the liver in metabolic diseases and are being assessed in clinical trials for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. For this indication, a chemically modified oligonucleotide that targets endogenous small RNA modulators of gene expression (microRNAs) is also under investigation in clinical trials. Emerging 'self-delivery' siRNAs that are covalently linked to lipophilic moieties show promise for the future development of therapies. Besides the liver, inflammation of the adipose tissue in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus may be an attractive target for siRNA therapeutics. Administration of siRNAs encapsulated within glucan microspheres can silence genes in inflammatory phagocytic cells, as can certain lipid-based carriers of siRNA. New technologies that combine siRNA molecules with antibodies or other targeting molecules also appear encouraging. Although still at an early stage, the emergence of RNAi-based therapeutics has the potential to markedly influence our clinical future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Czech
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA interference (RNAi) has become the method of choice for researchers wishing to target specific genes for silencing and has provided immense potential as therapeutic tools. This narrative review article aimed to understand potential benefits and limitations of RNAi technique for clinical application and in vivo studies through reading the articles published during the recent 3 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medline database was searched by using 'siRNA' or 'RNAi' and 'in vivo' with limits of dates 'published in the last 3 years', language 'English' and article type 'clinical trial' for obtaining articles on in vivo studies on the use of RNAi technique. Characteristics of clinical trials on siRNA registered at the http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov were analysed. RESULTS The only three clinical studies published so far and many in vivo studies in animals showed that the RNAi technique is safe and effective in treatment of cancers of many organ/systems and various other diseases including viral infection, arterial restenosis and some hereditary diseases with considerable benefits such as high specificity, many possible routes of administration and possibility of silencing multiple genes at the same time. Limitations and uncertainty include efficiency of cellular uptake, specific guidance to the target tissue or cell, long-term safety, sustained efficacy and rapid clearance from the body. CONCLUSIONS RNAi technique will become an important and potent weapon for fighting against various diseases. RNAi technique has benefits and limitations in its potential clinical applications. Overcoming the obstacles is still a formidable task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Li F, Mahato RI. RNA interference for improving the outcome of islet transplantation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:47-68. [PMID: 21156190 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Islet transplantation has the potential to cure type 1 diabetes. Despite recent therapeutic success, it is still not common because a large number of transplanted islets get damaged by multiple challenges including instant blood mediated inflammatory reaction, hypoxia/reperfusion injury, inflammatory cytokines, and immune rejection. RNA interference (RNAi) is a novel strategy to selectively degrade target mRNA. The use of RNAi technologies to downregulate the expression of harmful genes has the potential to improve the outcome of islet transplantation. The aim of this review is to gain a thorough understanding of biological obstacles to islet transplantation and discuss how to overcome these barriers using different RNAi technologies. This eventually will help improve islet survival and function post transplantation. Chemically synthesized small interferring RNA (siRNA), vector based short hairpin RNA (shRNA), and their critical design elements (such as sequences, promoters, and backbone) are discussed. The application of combinatorial RNAi in islet transplantation is also discussed. Last but not the least, several delivery strategies for enhanced gene silencing are discussed, including chemical modification of siRNA, complex formation, bioconjugation, and viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
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