1
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Impact of Variants in the ATIC and ARID5B Genes on Therapeutic Failure with Imatinib in Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020330. [PMID: 35205374 PMCID: PMC8872593 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm derived from the balanced reciprocal translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22 t (9q34 and 22q11), which leads to the formation of the Philadelphia chromosome and fusion of the BCR-ABL genes. The first-line treatment for CML is imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that acts on the BCR-ABL protein. However, even though it is a target-specific drug, about 25% of patients do not respond to this treatment. The resistance mechanisms involved in this process have been investigated and studies have shown that germinal alterations can influence this mechanism. The aim of this work was to investigate 32 polymorphisms in 24 genes of carcinogenic pathway to verify the influence of these genetic variants on the response to treatment with imatinib. Our results demonstrated that individuals with the recessive GG genotype for the rs2372536 variant in the ATIC gene are approximately three times more likely to experience treatment failure with imatinib (p = 0.045, HR = 2.726, 95% CI = 0.9986–7.441), as well as individuals with the TT genotype for the rs10821936 variant in the ARID5B gene, who also have a higher risk for treatment failure with imatinib over time (p = 0.02, HR = 0.4053, IC 95% = 0.1802–0.911). In conclusion, we show that variants in the ATIC and ARIDB5 gene, never screened in previous studies, could potentially influence the therapeutic response to imatinib in patients treated for CML.
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2
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Su WJ, Lu PZ, Wu Y, Kalpana K, Yang CK, Lu GD. Identification of Key Genes in Purine Metabolism as Prognostic Biomarker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 10:583053. [PMID: 33520699 PMCID: PMC7841304 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.583053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deregulated purine metabolism is critical for fast-growing tumor cells by providing nucleotide building blocks and cofactors. Importantly, purine antimetabolites belong to the earliest developed anticancer drugs and are still prescribed in clinics today. However, these antimetabolites can inhibit non-tumor cells and cause undesired side effects. As liver has the highest concentration of purines, it makes liver cancer a good model to study important nodes of dysregulated purine metabolism for better patient selection and precisive cancer treatment. Methods By using a training dataset from TCGA, we investigated the differentially expressed genes (DEG) of purine metabolism pathway (hsa00230) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and determined their clinical correlations to patient survival. A prognosis model was established by Lasso-penalized Cox regression analysis, and then validated through multiple examinations including Cox regression analysis, stratified analysis, and nomogram using another ICGC test dataset. We next treated HCC cells using chemical drugs of the key enzymes in vitro to determine targetable candidates in HCC. Results The DEG analysis found 43 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated genes in the purine metabolism pathway. Among them, 10 were markedly associated with HCC patient survival. A prognostic correlation model including five genes (PPAT, DCK, ATIC, IMPDH1, RRM2) was established and then validated using the ICGC test dataset. Multivariate Cox regression analysis found that both prognostic risk model (HR = 4.703 or 3.977) and TNM stage (HR = 2.303 or 2.957) independently predicted HCC patient survival in the two datasets respectively. The up-regulations of the five genes were further validated by comparing between 10 pairs of HCC tissues and neighboring non-tumor tissues. In vitro cellular experiments further confirmed that inhibition of IMPDH1 significantly repressed HCC cell proliferation. Conclusion In summary, this study suggests that purine metabolism is deregulated in HCC. The prognostic gene correlation model based on the five purine metabolic genes may be useful in predicting HCC prognosis and patient selection. Moreover, the deregulated genes are targetable by specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Su
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Pei-Zhi Lu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Kumari Kalpana
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Kun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Guo-Dong Lu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Key Laboratory of High-incidence-Tumor Prevention & Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education of China, Nanning, China
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3
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Rajaiah R, Abhilasha KV, Shekar MA, Vogel SN, Vishwanath BS. Evaluation of mechanisms of action of re-purposed drugs for treatment of COVID-19. Cell Immunol 2020; 358:104240. [PMID: 33137649 PMCID: PMC7558230 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global health emergency caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The rapid worldwide spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection has necessitated a global effort to identify effective therapeutic strategies in the absence of vaccine. Among the re-purposed drugs being tested currently, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), without or with zinc ion (Zn++) and the antibiotic azithromycin (AZM), has been administered to prevent or treat patients with COVID-19. The outcome of multiple clinical studies on HCQ has been mixed. Zn++ interferes with viral replication by inhibiting replicative enzymes and its entry into cells may be facilitated by HCQ. Another immunomodulatory drug, methotrexate (MTX), is well known for its ability to mitigate overactive immune system by upregulating the anti-inflammatory protein, A20. However, its beneficial effect in treating COVID-19 has not drawn much attention. This review provides an overview of the virology of SARS-CoV-2 and an analysis of the mechanisms by which these anti-inflammatory agents may act in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. We propose a rationale for the combinatorial use of these re-purposed drugs that may help to combat this ongoing pandemic health emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Rajaiah
- Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
| | - Kandahalli V Abhilasha
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Mysore A Shekar
- Chowdaiah Medical Center & Apoorva Diabetes Foundation, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Stefanie N Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bannikuppe S Vishwanath
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
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4
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Ramond F, Rio M, Héron B, Imbard A, Marie S, Billiemaz K, Denommé-Pichon AS, Kuentz P, Ceballos I, Piraud M, Vincent MF, Touraine R. AICA-ribosiduria due to ATIC deficiency: Delineation of the phenotype with three novel cases, and long-term update on the first case. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:1254-1264. [PMID: 32557644 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
5-Amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide-ribosiduria (AICA)-ribosiduria is an exceedingly rare autosomal recessive condition resulting from the disruption of the bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH (ATIC), which catalyzes the last two steps of de novo purine synthesis. It is characterized biochemically by the accumulation of AICA-riboside in urine. AICA-ribosiduria had been reported in only one individual, 15 years ago. In this article, we report three novel cases of AICA-ribosiduria from two independent families, with two novel pathogenic variants in ATIC. We also provide a clinical update on the first patient. Based on the phenotypic features shared by these four patients, we define AICA-ribosiduria as the syndromic association of severe-to-profound global neurodevelopmental impairment, severe visual impairment due to chorioretinal atrophy, ante-postnatal growth impairment, and severe scoliosis. Dysmorphic features were observed in all four cases, especially neonatal/infancy coarse facies with upturned nose. Early-onset epilepsy is frequent and can be pharmacoresistant. Less frequently observed features are aortic coarctation, chronic hepatic cytolysis, minor genital malformations, and nephrocalcinosis. Alteration of the transformylase activity of ATIC might result in a more severe impairment than the alteration of the cyclohydrolase activity. Data from literature points toward a cytotoxic mechanism of the accumulated AICA-riboside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Ramond
- Service de Génétique, CHU-Hôpital Nord, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Marlène Rio
- Institut Imagine, Paris, France
- Inserm U781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Héron
- Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, APHP et GRC No. 19, Universités Sorbonne, UPMC 06, Paris, France
| | - Apolline Imbard
- Biochemistry Hormonology Laboratory, Robert-Debré University Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
- LIPSYS, Faculty of pharmacy, Paris Saclay University, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Sandrine Marie
- Laboratoire des Maladies Métaboliques, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Kareen Billiemaz
- Service de Réanimation Pédiatrique, CHU-Hôpital Nord, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Denommé-Pichon
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, Hôpital d'Enfants, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, Dijon, France
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, UF Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, Plateau Technique de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, Dijon, France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (FHU TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon et Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
- UMR-Inserm 1231 GAD Team, Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Paul Kuentz
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (FHU TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon et Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
- UMR-Inserm 1231 GAD Team, Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Génétique Biologique, PCBio, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Irène Ceballos
- Metabolic Biochemistry Department, Necker Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Monique Piraud
- Unité Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Grand Est, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Vincent
- Laboratoire des Maladies Métaboliques, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Renaud Touraine
- Service de Génétique, CHU-Hôpital Nord, Saint-Etienne, France
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5
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Rosano S, Corà D, Parab S, Zaffuto S, Isella C, Porporato R, Hoza RM, Calogero RA, Riganti C, Bussolino F, Noghero A. A regulatory microRNA network controls endothelial cell phenotypic switch during sprouting angiogenesis. eLife 2020; 9:48095. [PMID: 31976858 PMCID: PMC7299339 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis requires the temporal coordination of the proliferation and the migration of endothelial cells. Here, we investigated the regulatory role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in harmonizing angiogenesis processes in a three-dimensional in vitro model. We described a microRNA network which contributes to the observed down- and upregulation of proliferative and migratory genes, respectively. Global analysis of miRNA-target gene interactions identified two sub-network modules, the first organized in upregulated miRNAs connected with downregulated target genes and the second with opposite features. miR-424-5p and miR-29a-3p were selected for the network validation. Gain- and loss-of-function approaches targeting these microRNAs impaired angiogenesis, suggesting that these modules are instrumental to the temporal coordination of endothelial migration and proliferation. Interestingly, miR-29a-3p and its targets belong to a selective biomarker that is able to identify colorectal cancer patients who are responding to anti-angiogenic treatments. Our results provide a view of higher-order interactions in angiogenesis that has potential to provide diagnostic and therapeutic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Rosano
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Davide Corà
- Department of Translational Medicine, Piemonte Orientale University, Novara, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases - CAAD, Novara, Italy
| | - Sushant Parab
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Serena Zaffuto
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Claudio Isella
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | | | - Roxana Maria Hoza
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Raffaele A Calogero
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Federico Bussolino
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Alessio Noghero
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
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6
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Methotrexate significantly induces apoptosis by inhibiting STAT3 activation in NPM-ALK-positive ALCL cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 170:113666. [PMID: 31654627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is associated with a characteristic chromosomal translocation that generates the oncogenic fusion protein, nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK). Methotrexate is a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug in the treatment of multiple cancers due to its inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), which suppresses the synthesis of DNA. In the present study, we found that low-dose methotrexate significantly induced apoptosis in transformed Ba/F3 cells expressing NPM-ALK by inhibiting the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3), a critical downstream molecule of NPM-ALK. Although methotrexate prevented the phosphorylation of STAT3, it did not affect the activity of NPM-ALK. A co-treatment with folinic acid prevented the methotrexate-induced inhibition of STAT3 activation and induction of apoptosis, suggesting that methotrexate exerts its cytotoxic effects by depleting tetrahydrofolate (THF) in transformed cells by NPM-ALK. Furthermore, methotrexate induced the down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein, MCL-1, DNA damage, and the activation of a p53 tumor suppressor, leading to apoptosis through the inhibition of STAT3. Methotrexate significantly induced apoptosis in ALK inhibitor-resistant cells expressing the NPM-ALK mutant harboring the point mutation, G262R, and in ALCL patient-derived NPM-ALK-positive Ki-JK cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potential therapeutic application of methotrexate, which inhibits the activation of STAT3, to NPM-ALK-positive ALCL.
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7
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Liu C, Knudsen GM, Pedley AM, He J, Johnson JL, Yaron TM, Cantley LC, Benkovic SJ. Mapping Post-Translational Modifications of de Novo Purine Biosynthetic Enzymes: Implications for Pathway Regulation. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:2078-2087. [PMID: 30964683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purines represent a class of essential metabolites produced by the cell to maintain cellular homeostasis and facilitate cell proliferation. In times of high purine demand, the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway is activated; however, the mechanisms that facilitate this process are largely unknown. One plausible mechanism is through intracellular signaling, which results in enzymes within the pathway becoming post-translationally modified to enhance their individual enzyme activities and the overall pathway metabolic flux. Here, we employ a proteomic strategy to investigate the extent to which de novo purine biosynthetic pathway enzymes are post-translationally modified in 293T cells. We identified 7 post-translational modifications on 135 residues across the 6 human pathway enzymes. We further asked whether there were differences in the post-translational modification state of each pathway enzyme isolated from cells cultured in the presence or absence of purines. Of the 174 assigned modifications, 67% of them were only detected in one experimental growth condition in which a significant number of serine and threonine phosphorylations were noted. A survey of the most-probable kinases responsible for these phosphorylation events uncovered a likely AKT phosphorylation site at residue Thr397 of PPAT, which was only detected in cells under purine-supplemented growth conditions. These data suggest that this modification might alter enzyme activity or modulate its interaction(s) with downstream pathway enzymes. Together, these findings propose a role for post-translational modifications in pathway regulation and activation to meet intracellular purine demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunliang Liu
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Giselle M Knudsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of California San Francisco Mass Spectrometry Facility , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States
| | - Anthony M Pedley
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Jingxuan He
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | | | | | - Lewis C Cantley
- Department of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States.,Department of Systems Biology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Stephen J Benkovic
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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8
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Zhang G, Scarborough H, Kim J, Rozhok AI, Chen YA, Zhang X, Song L, Bai Y, Fang B, Liu RZ, Koomen J, Tan AC, Degregori J, Haura EB. Coupling an EML4-ALK-centric interactome with RNA interference identifies sensitizers to ALK inhibitors. Sci Signal 2016; 9:rs12. [PMID: 27811184 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf5011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with lung cancers harboring anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene fusions benefit from treatment with ALK inhibitors, but acquired resistance inevitably arises. A better understanding of proximal ALK signaling mechanisms may identify sensitizers to ALK inhibitors that disrupt the balance between prosurvival and proapoptotic effector signals. Using affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry in an ALK fusion lung cancer cell line (H3122), we generated an ALK signaling network and investigated signaling activity using tyrosine phosphoproteomics. We identified a network of 464 proteins composed of subnetworks with differential response to ALK inhibitors. A small hairpin RNA screen targeting 407 proteins in this network revealed 64 and 9 proteins that when knocked down sensitized cells to crizotinib and alectinib, respectively. Among these, knocking down fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (FRS2) or coiled-coil and C2 domain-containing protein 1A (CC2D1A), both scaffolding proteins, sensitized multiple ALK fusion cell lines to the ALK inhibitors crizotinib and alectinib. Collectively, our data set provides a resource that enhances our understanding of signaling and drug resistance networks consequent to ALK fusions and identifies potential targets to improve the efficacy of ALK inhibitors in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Hannah Scarborough
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrii I Rozhok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Yian Ann Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Hematopathology and Laboratory Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lanxi Song
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Yun Bai
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Bin Fang
- Proteomics Core Facility, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Richard Z Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - John Koomen
- Department of Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Aik Choon Tan
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - James Degregori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Eric B Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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9
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A novel patient-derived tumorgraft model with TRAF1-ALK anaplastic large-cell lymphoma translocation. Leukemia 2014; 29:1390-401. [PMID: 25533804 PMCID: PMC4864432 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although anaplastic large-cell lymphomas (ALCL) carrying anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) have a relatively good prognosis, aggressive forms exist. We have identified a novel translocation, causing the fusion of the TRAF1 and ALK genes, in one patient who presented with a leukemic ALK+ ALCL (ALCL-11). To uncover the mechanisms leading to high-grade ALCL, we developed a human patient-derived tumorgraft (hPDT) line. Molecular characterization of primary and PDT cells demonstrated the activation of ALK and nuclear factor kB (NFkB) pathways. Genomic studies of ALCL-11 showed the TP53 loss and the in vivo subclonal expansion of lymphoma cells, lacking PRDM1/Blimp1 and carrying c-MYC gene amplification. The treatment with proteasome inhibitors of TRAF1-ALK cells led to the downregulation of p50/p52 and lymphoma growth inhibition. Moreover, a NFkB gene set classifier stratified ALCL in distinct subsets with different clinical outcome. Although a selective ALK inhibitor (CEP28122) resulted in a significant clinical response of hPDT mice, nevertheless the disease could not be eradicated. These data indicate that the activation of NFkB signaling contributes to the neoplastic phenotype of TRAF1-ALK ALCL. ALCL hPDTs are invaluable tools to validate the role of druggable molecules, predict therapeutic responses and implement patient specific therapies.
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10
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Genovese F, Gualandi A, Taddia L, Marverti G, Pirondi S, Marraccini C, Perco P, Pelà M, Guerrini R, Amoroso MR, Esposito F, Martello A, Ponterini G, D’Arca D, Costi MP. Mass Spectrometric/Bioinformatic Identification of a Protein Subset That Characterizes the Cellular Activity of Anticancer Peptides. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:5250-61. [DOI: 10.1021/pr500510v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Genovese
- C.I.G.S., University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via
G. Campi 213/A, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gualandi
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Laura Taddia
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Gaetano Marverti
- Department
of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Silvia Pirondi
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Chiara Marraccini
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Paul Perco
- Emergentec biodevelopment GmbH, Gersthofer Straße 29-31, Wien 1180, Austria
| | - Michela Pelà
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, Ferrara 44100, Italy
| | - Remo Guerrini
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, Ferrara 44100, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Amoroso
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Franca Esposito
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via S. Pansini 5, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Andrea Martello
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Glauco Ponterini
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Domenico D’Arca
- Department
of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Costi
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
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11
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Yu M, Zhang S, Huang M, Lu Y. Marked tumor response to crizotinib after 4 years of maintenance pemetrexed in a patient with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2014; 2:567-570. [PMID: 24940496 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2014.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance therapy with pemetrexed is well tolerated and achieves prolonged progression-free and overall survival in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. The echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a recently identified fusion oncogene that exists in ~5% of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). It was demonstrated that ALK-positive NSCLCs exhibit a high response rate to the ALK inhibitor crizotinib. This is the case report of a patient with NSCLC harboring EML4-ALK rearrangement, who experienced slowly progressive disease within 4 years of maintenance treatment with pemetrexed and later exhibited a marked response to crizotinib. The sustained clinical benefits suggest further investigations on anticancer agent administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Meijuan Huang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China ; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - You Lu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China ; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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12
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Silva JPE, Furtado AP, Santos JND. Ortleppascaris sp. and your host Rhinella marina: A proteomic view into a nematode-amphibian relationship. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2014; 3:118-23. [PMID: 25161910 PMCID: PMC4142271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rhinella marina is a synanthropic amphibian that offers great possibilities for the study of parasite–host relations. A complex protein profile, including neuroendocrine proteins indicating intense stress in the liver of the host. Important aspects of the host’s immune response plasticity are shown. This study contributes to knowledge of the biochemical aspects of the helminth–host interface.
The success of the helminth–host relationship depends on a biochemical molecular arsenal. Perhaps the proteome is the largest and most important set of this weaponry, in which the proteins have a crucial role in vital processes to the parasite/host relationship, from basic metabolism and energy production to complex immune responses. Nowadays, the bioproducts expressed by the parasites are under the “spotlight” of immunoassays and biochemical analysis in helminthology, especially in proteomic analysis, which has provided valuable information about the physiology of the infecting agent. Looking into this point of view, why not turn to the infected agent as well? This study characterised the proteomic profile of fluid-filled fibrous cysts of encapsulated Ortleppascaris sp. larvae in the hepatic parenchyma of their intermediate host, the amphibian Rhinella marina. The proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and identified by MS with the aid of Peptide Mass Fingerprint. A total of 54 molecules were analysed in this system, revealing a complex protein profile with molecules related to basic metabolic processes of the parasite, energy production, oxi-reduction and oxidative stress processes as well as molecules related to the host response. This study contributes to proteomic studies of protein markers of the development, infectivity, virulence and co-existence of helminths and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson Pereira E Silva
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Helminthology (Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Helmintologia) "Profa. Dra. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi", Biological Sciences Institute (Instituto de Ciências Biológicas), Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Adriano Penha Furtado
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Helminthology (Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Helmintologia) "Profa. Dra. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi", Biological Sciences Institute (Instituto de Ciências Biológicas), Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jeannie Nascimento Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Helminthology (Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Helmintologia) "Profa. Dra. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi", Biological Sciences Institute (Instituto de Ciências Biológicas), Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará), Belém, Pará, Brazil
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13
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Bernardini G, Laschi M, Serchi T, Spreafico A, Botta M, Schenone S, Arena S, Geminiani M, Scaloni A, Collodel G, Orlandini M, Niccolai N, Santucci A. Proteomics and phosphoproteomics provide insights into the mechanism of action of a novel pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine Src inhibitor in human osteosarcoma. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:1305-12. [PMID: 24615350 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70328b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a highly malignant bone tumour, affecting mainly children and young adults between 10 and 20 years of age. It represents the most frequent primitive malignant tumour of the skeletal system and is characterized by an extremely aggressive clinical course, with rapid development of lung metastases. In the last few years, targeting Src in the treatment of OS has become one of the major challenges in the development of new drugs, since an elevated Src kinase activity has been associated with the development and the maintenance of the OS malignant phenotype. Recently, SI-83, a novel pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivate Src inhibitor, was selected as a promising OS therapeutic drug because of its elevated anti-tumour effects toward human OS. In the present study, gel-based proteomics and phosphoproteomics revealed significant changes in proteins involved in many cancer related processes. We got insight into SI-83 proapoptotic and antiproliferative properties (overrepresentation of GRIA1, GRP78, and CALR and underrepresentation of NPM1, RCN, and P4HB). Nevertheless, the most significant findings of our work are the SI-83 induced dephosphorylation of ARPC5L, a subunit of the actin related Arp2/3 complex, and the decrease of other cytoskeleton proteins. These data, together with a dramatic impairment of SaOS-2 cell migration and adhesion, suggest that SI-83 may have antimetastatic features that enhance its use as a potent OS chemotherapeutic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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14
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Abstract
The burgeoning field of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) in cancer encompasses many cancer types, from very rare cancers to the more prevalent non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The common activation of ALK has led to the use of the ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) crizotinib in a range of patient populations and to the rapid development of second-generation drugs targeting ALK. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of ALK function in human cancer and the implications for tumour treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/physiology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Crizotinib
- Drosophila Proteins/physiology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Enzyme Induction
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/enzymology
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/genetics
- Mice
- Models, Biological
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/chemistry
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/enzymology
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/physiology
- Protein Conformation
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Pyrazoles/therapeutic use
- Pyridines/therapeutic use
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Translocation, Genetic
- Zebrafish Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Hallberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Building 6L, Umeå University, Umeå S-90187, Sweden
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15
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Berge EM, Lu X, Maxson D, Barón AE, Gadgeel SM, Solomon BJ, Doebele RC, Varella-Garcia M, Camidge DR. Clinical benefit from pemetrexed before and after crizotinib exposure and from crizotinib before and after pemetrexed exposure in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2013; 14:636-43. [PMID: 23931899 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crizotinib produces high response rates and prolonged PFS in ALK+ NSCLC. Retrospective analyses suggest enhanced sensitivity to pemetrexed in crizotinib naive ALK+ NSCLC. Cross-resistance between crizotinib and pemetrexed has not been previously investigated. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with stage IV ALK+ NSCLC treated with PEM-CRIZ, or CRIZ-PEM were identified. Overall PFS and PFS excluding central nervous system events (eCNS) were compared. RESULTS Objective response rates in evaluable patients were 66% (PEM-CRIZ) and 75% (CRIZ-PEM) for pemetrexed and 84% (CRIZ-PEM) and 66% (PEM-CRIZ) for crizotinib. For PEM-CRIZ (n = 29), median PFS and eCNS PFS were both 6 months with pemetrexed, and 10 and 14.5 months, respectively, with crizotinib. For CRIZ-PEM (n = 9), median PFS and eCNS PFS were 4.5 and 3 months, respectively, with pemetrexed, and 8.5 and 7.5 months, respectively, with crizotinib. There was a statistically significant increase in the risk of an overall PFS event with pemetrexed when administered after crizotinib (P = .0277; hazard ratio [HR], 2.5898; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1100-6.0424), but differences in the risk of an eCNS PFS event were not significant (P = 0.4913; HR, 1.3521; 95% CI, 0.5727-3.1920). Neither overall nor eCNS PFS for patients while taking crizotinib was associated with a sequence effect relative to pemetrexed. CONCLUSION Crizotinib and pemetrexed are active drugs in ALK+ NSCLC. PFS benefit appeared higher with crizotinib than with pemetrexed. PFS benefit from pemetrexed was less after crizotinib compared with before crizotinib, however, this difference was only statistically significant for overall and not eCNS PFS. Pemetrexed exposure did not seem to affect crizotinib outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamon M Berge
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO.
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16
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Lai R, Ingham RJ. The pathobiology of the oncogenic tyrosine kinase NPM-ALK: a brief update. Ther Adv Hematol 2013; 4:119-31. [PMID: 23610619 DOI: 10.1177/2040620712471553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has been carried out in the past two decades to study the pathobiology of nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK), which is an oncogenic fusion protein found exclusively in a specific type of T-cell lymphoid malignancy, namely ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Results from these studies have provided highly useful insights into the mechanisms by which a constitutively tyrosine kinase, such as NPM-ALK, promotes tumorigenesis. Several previous publications have comprehensively summarized the advances in this field. In this review, we provide readers with a brief update on specific areas of NPM-ALK pathobiology. In the first part, the NPM-ALK/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling axis is discussed, with an emphasis on the existence of multiple biochemical defects that have been shown to amplify the oncogenic effects of this signaling axis. Specifically, findings regarding JAK3, SHP1 and the stimulatory effects of several cytokines including interleukin (IL)-9, IL-21 and IL-22 are summarized. New concepts stemming from recent observations regarding the functional interactions among the NPM-ALK/STAT3 axis, β catenin and glycogen synthase kinase 3β will be postulated. Lastly, new mechanisms by which the NPM-ALK/STAT3 axis promotes tumorigenesis, such as its modulations of Twist1, hypoxia-induced factor 1α, CD274, will be described. In the second part, we summarize recent data generated by mass spectrometry studies of NPM-ALK, and use MSH2 and heat shock proteins as examples to illustrate the use of mass spectrometry data in stimulating new research in this field. In the third part, the evolving field of microRNA in the context of NPM-ALK biology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Cross Cancer Institute and University of Alberta, Rm 2338, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2
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17
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Toffart AC, Sakhri L, Moro-Sibilot D. [Crizotinib: a targeted therapy in advanced ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer]. REVUE DE PNEUMOLOGIE CLINIQUE 2013; 69:111-116. [PMID: 23561899 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneumo.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Crizotinib is a small orally-administered ALK inhibitor for patients with non-small cell lung cancer with EML4-ALK rearrangement (echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 and anaplastic lymphoma kinase). This fusion gene is detected with a break apart fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay. Phase I to III trials have shown an interesting disease control rate and acceptable tolerability. Crizotinib is available in France under temporary use authorization. New potentially effective therapeutics in ALK-positive NSCLC are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-C Toffart
- UM Oncologie Thoracique, pôle Cancérologie Médecine Aiguë et Communautaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire A.-Michallon, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France.
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18
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Proteomic analysis of salivary glands of female Anopheles barbirostris species A2 (Diptera: Culicidae) by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:1239-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2958-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Tabbó F, Barreca A, Piva R, Inghirami G. ALK Signaling and Target Therapy in Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. Front Oncol 2012; 2:41. [PMID: 22649787 PMCID: PMC3355932 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery by Morris et al. (1994) of the genes contributing to the t(2;5)(p23;q35) translocation has laid the foundation for a molecular based recognition of anaplastic large cell lymphoma and highlighted the need for a further stratification of T-cell neoplasia. Likewise the detection of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) genetic lesions among many human cancers has defined unique subsets of cancer patients, providing new opportunities for innovative therapeutic interventions. The objective of this review is to appraise the molecular mechanisms driving ALK-mediated transformation, and to maintain the neoplastic phenotype. The understanding of these events will allow the design and implementation of novel tailored strategies for a well-defined subset of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Tabbó
- Department of Pathology, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, University of Torino Torino, Italy
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20
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Cotargeting signaling pathways driving survival and cell cycle circumvents resistance to Kit inhibitors in leukemia. Blood 2012; 119:4228-41. [PMID: 22438255 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-07-368316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations leading to persistent kinase activities are associated with malignancies. Therefore, deciphering the signaling networks downstream of these oncogenic stimuli remains a challenge to gather insights into targeted therapy. To elucidate the biochemical networks connecting the Kit mutant to leukemogenesis, in the present study, we performed a global profiling of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins from mutant Kit-driven murine leukemia proerythroblasts and identified Shp2 and Stat5 as proximal effectors of Kit. Shp2 or Stat5 gene depletion by sh-RNA, combined with pharmacologic inhibition of PI3kinase or Mek/Erk activities, revealed 2 distinct and independent signaling pathways contributing to malignancy. We demonstrate that cell survival is driven by the Kit/Shp2/Ras/Mek/Erk1/2 pathway, whereas the G(1)/S transition during the cell cycle is accelerated by both the Kit/Stat5 and Kit/PI3K/Akt pathways. The combined use of the clinically relevant drugs NVP-BEZ235, which targets the cell cycle, and Obatoclax, which targets survival, demonstrated synergistic effects to inhibit leukemia cell growth. This synergy was confirmed with a human mast leukemia cell line (HMC-1.2) that expresses mutant Kit. The results of the present study using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis have elucidated signaling networks downstream of an oncogenic kinase, providing a molecular rationale for pathway-targeted therapy to treat cancer cells refractory to tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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21
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Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is the most common type of pediatric peripheral T-cell lymphoma. In 70-80% of cases, the chromosomal aberration t(2;5)(p23;q35) results in the juxtaposition of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) with nucleophosmin (NPM) and the subsequent expression of the NPM-ALK fusion protein. NPM-ALK is a chimeric tyrosine kinase, which induces numerous signaling pathways that drive proliferation and abrogate apoptosis. However, the mechanisms that lead to activation of downstream growth regulatory molecules have not been completely elucidated. Using a mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic screen, we identified GSK3β as a signaling mediator of NPM-ALK. Using a selective inhibitor of ALK, we demonstrated that the tyrosine kinase activity of ALK regulates the serine-9 phosphorylation of GSK3β. Expression of NPM-ALK in 293T cells led to an increase of pS(9)-GSK3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta) compared with kinase-defective K210R mutant NPM-ALK, but did not affect total GSK3β levels. Phosphorylation of pS(9)-GSK3β by NPM-ALK was mediated by the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. ALK inhibition resulted in degradation of GSK3β substrates Mcl-1 and CDC25A, which was recovered upon chemical inhibition of the proteasome (MG132). Furthermore, the degradation of Mcl-1 was recoverable with inhibition of GSK3β. ALK inhibition also resulted in decreased cell viability, which was rescued by GSK3β inhibition. Furthermore, stable knockdown of GSK3β conferred resistance to the growth inhibitory effects of ALK inhibition using viability and colony formation assays. pS(9)-GSK3β and CDC25A were selectively expressed in neoplastic cells of ALK+ALCL tissue biopsies, and showed a significant correlation (P<0.001). Conversely, ALK-ALCL tissue biopsies did not show significant correlation of pS(9)-GSK3β and CDC25A expression (P<0.2). Our results demonstrate that NPM-ALK regulates the phosphorylation of S(9)-GSK3β by PI3K/AKT. The subsequent inhibition of GSK3β activity results in accumulation of CDC25A and Mcl-1, which confers the advantage of growth and protection from apoptosis. These findings provide support for the role of GSK3β as a mediator of NPM-ALK oncogenesis.
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22
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Anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene rearrangements in non-small cell lung cancer are associated with prolonged progression-free survival on pemetrexed. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6:774-80. [PMID: 21336183 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e31820cf053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS To explore whether the progression-free survival (PFS) with pemetrexed differs between anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive and other major molecular subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS In an ALK-enriched population, patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer were screened by ALK fluorescence in situ hybridization and for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and KRAS mutations. Triple-tested, pemetrexed-treated patients (monotherapy or combination therapy) were identified and PFS with pemetrexed captured retrospectively. RESULTS Eighty-nine eligible cases were identified (19 ALK fluorescence in situ hybridization positive, 12 EGFR mutant, 21 KRAS mutant, and 37 triple negatives). Eighty-three cases (93%) were adenocarcinomas, two were adenosquamous, one squamous, and three had large cell histology. None of the ALK-positive patients had received crizotinib before pemetrexed. Pemetrexed was first-line therapy in 48% (72% as platinum-based combinations). Median PFS (95% confidence interval) data were EGFR mutant (5.5 months; 1-9), KRAS mutant (7 months; 1.5-10), ALK positive (9 months; 3-12), and triple negative (4 months; 3-5). In a multivariate analysis adjusting for line of therapy, mono- versus platinum and nonplatinum combination therapy, age, sex, histology, and smoking status, the only variable associated with prolonged PFS on pemetrexed was ALK+ (hazard ratio = 0.36 [95% confidence interval: 0.17-0.73], p = 0.0051). CONCLUSIONS In this exploratory analysis, ALK-positive patients have a significantly longer PFS on pemetrexed compared with triple-negative patients, whereas EGFR or KRAS mutant patients do not. This information should be considered when sizing randomized studies in ALK-positive patients that involve pemetrexed. Pemetrexed should also be prioritized as a cytotoxic to explore further in patients with known ALK-positive disease.
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23
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Zoumaro-Djayoon AD, Heck AJR, Muñoz J. Targeted analysis of tyrosine phosphorylation by immuno-affinity enrichment of tyrosine phosphorylated peptides prior to mass spectrometric analysis. Methods 2011; 56:268-74. [PMID: 21945579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation is a key process that regulates seminal biological functions, hence, deregulation of this mechanism is an underlying cause of several diseases including cancer and immunological disorders. Due to its low abundance, tyrosine phosphorylation is typically under-represented in most of the global MS-based phosphoproteomic studies. Here, we describe a selective approach based on immuno-affinity purification using specific antibodies to enrich tyrosine phosphorylated peptides from a complex proteolytic digest. LC-MS/MS analysis is subsequently used for peptide identification allowing the exact localization of the phosphorylated residue within the sequence. Using this approach more than 1000 non-redundant phosphotyrosine peptides can be identified in less than 6h of MS analysis, reflecting the high sensitivity and specificity of the technique. The identified tyrosine phosphorylated peptides can be used to study different biological aspects of tyrosine signaling and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adja D Zoumaro-Djayoon
- Biomolecular Mass and Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Fan X, Wang J, Soman KV, Ansari GAS, Khan MF. Aniline-induced nitrosative stress in rat spleen: proteomic identification of nitrated proteins. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 255:103-12. [PMID: 21708182 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aniline exposure is associated with toxicity to the spleen which is characterized by splenomegaly, hyperplasia, fibrosis, and a variety of sarcomas on chronic exposure in rats. However, mechanisms by which aniline elicits splenotoxic responses are not well understood. Earlier we have shown that aniline exposure leads to increased nitration of proteins in the spleen. However, nitrated proteins remain to be characterized. Therefore, in the current study using proteomic approaches, we focused on characterizing the nitrated proteins in the spleen of aniline-exposed rats. Aniline exposure led to increased tyrosine nitration of proteins, as determined by 2D Western blotting with anti-3-nitrotyrosine specific antibody, compared to the controls. The analyzed nitrated proteins were found in the molecular weight range of 27.7 to 123.6kDa. A total of 37 nitrated proteins were identified in aniline-treated and control spleens. Among them, 25 were found only in aniline-treated rats, 11 were present in both aniline-treated and control rats, while one was found in controls only. The nitrated proteins identified mainly represent skeletal proteins, chaperones, ferric iron transporter, enzymes, nucleic acids binding protein, and signaling and protein synthesis pathways. Furthermore, aniline exposure led to significantly increased iNOS mRNA and protein expression in the spleen, suggesting its role in increased reactive nitrogen species formation and contribution to increased nitrated proteins. The identified nitrated proteins provide a global map to further investigate alterations in their structural and functional properties, which will lead to a better understanding of the role of protein nitration in aniline-mediated splenic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhen Fan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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25
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Young LC, Bone KM, Wang P, Wu F, Adam BA, Hegazy S, Gelebart P, Holovati J, Li L, Andrew SE, Lai R. Fusion tyrosine kinase NPM-ALK Deregulates MSH2 and suppresses DNA mismatch repair function novel insights into a potent oncoprotein. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:411-21. [PMID: 21703420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The fusion tyrosine kinase NPM-ALK is central to the pathogenesis of ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK(+)ALCL). We recently identified that MSH2, a key DNA mismatch repair (MMR) protein integral to the suppression of tumorigenesis, is an NPM-ALK-interacting protein. In this study, we found in vitro evidence that enforced expression of NPM-ALK in HEK293 cells suppressed MMR function. Correlating with these findings, six of nine ALK(+)ALCL tumors displayed evidence of microsatellite instability, as opposed to none of the eight normal DNA control samples (P = 0.007, Student's t-test). Using co-immunoprecipitation, we found that increasing levels of NPM-ALK expression in HEK293 cells resulted in decreased levels of MSH6 bound to MSH2, whereas MSH2·NPM-ALK binding was increased. The NPM-ALK·MSH2 interaction was dependent on the activation/autophosphorylation of NPM-ALK, and the Y191 residue of NPM-ALK was a crucial site for this interaction and NPM-ALK-mediated MMR suppression. MSH2 was found to be tyrosine phosphorylated in the presence of NPM-ALK. Finally, NPM-ALK impeded the expected DNA damage-induced translocation of MSH2 out of the cytoplasm. To conclude, our data support a model in which the suppression of MMR by NPM-ALK is attributed to its ability to interfere with normal MSH2 biochemistry and function.
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MESH Headings
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- DNA Damage
- DNA Mismatch Repair
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Immunoprecipitation
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/pathology
- Microsatellite Instability
- MutS Homolog 2 Protein/genetics
- MutS Homolog 2 Protein/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Multimerization
- Protein Transport
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tyrosine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Kinney MC, Higgins RA, Medina EA. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma: twenty-five years of discovery. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011; 135:19-43. [PMID: 21204709 DOI: 10.5858/2010-0507-rar.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The year 2010 commemorates the 25th year since the seminal publication by Karl Lennert and Harald Stein and others in Kiel, West Germany, describing an unusual large cell lymphoma now known as anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Investigators at many universities and hospitals worldwide have contributed to our current in-depth understanding of this unique peripheral T-cell lymphoma, which in its systemic form, principally occurs in children and young adults. OBJECTIVE To summarize our current knowledge of the clinical and pathologic features of systemic and primary cutaneous ALCL. Particular emphasis is given to the biology and pathogenesis of ALCL. DATA SOURCES Search of the medical literature (Ovid MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations and Ovid MEDLINE: 1950 to Present [National Library of Medicine]) and more than 20 years of diagnostic experience were used as the source of data for review. CONCLUSIONS Based on immunostaining for activation antigen CD30 and the presence of dysregulation of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene (2p23), the diagnosis of ALCL has become relatively straightforward for most patients. Major strides have been made during the last decade in our understanding of the complex pathogenesis of ALCL. Constitutive NPM-ALK signaling has been shown to drive oncogenesis via an intricate network of redundant and interacting pathways that regulate cell proliferation, cell fate, and cytoskeletal modeling. Nevertheless, pathomechanistic, therapeutic, and diagnostic challenges remain that should be resolved as we embark on the next generation of discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha C Kinney
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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Wang P, Wu F, Zhang J, McMullen T, Young LC, Ingham RJ, Li L, Lai R. Serine phosphorylation of NPM-ALK, which is dependent on the auto-activation of the kinase activation loop, contributes to its oncogenic potential. Carcinogenesis 2010; 32:146-53. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Riera L, Lasorsa E, Ambrogio C, Surrenti N, Voena C, Chiarle R. Involvement of Grb2 adaptor protein in nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK)-mediated signaling and anaplastic large cell lymphoma growth. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26441-50. [PMID: 20554525 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.116327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) express oncogenic fusion proteins derived from chromosomal translocations or inversions of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene. Frequently ALCL carry the t(2;5) translocation, which fuses the ALK gene to the nucleophosmin (NPM1) gene. The transforming activity mediated by NPM-ALK fusion induces different pathways that control proliferation and survival of lymphoma cells. Grb2 is an adaptor protein thought to play an important role in ALK-mediated transformation, but its interaction with NPM-ALK, as well as its function in regulating ALCL signaling pathways and cell growth, has never been elucidated. Here we show that active NPM-ALK, but not a kinase-dead mutant, bound and induced Grb2 phosphorylation in tyrosine 160. An intact SH3 domain at the C terminus of Grb2 was required for Tyr(160) phosphorylation. Furthermore, Grb2 did not bind to a single region but rather to different regions of NPM-ALK, mainly Tyr(152-156), Tyr(567), and a proline-rich region, Pro(415-417). Finally, shRNA knockdown experiments showed that Grb2 regulates primarily the NPM-ALK-mediated phosphorylation of SHP2 and plays a key role in ALCL cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Riera
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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29
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Wu F, Wang P, Zhang J, Young LC, Lai R, Li L. Studies of phosphoproteomic changes induced by nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) highlight deregulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/Fas/TNF-related apoptosis-induced ligand signaling pathway in ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:1616-32. [PMID: 20393185 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m000153-mcp201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic fusion protein nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK), found exclusively in a subset of ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma, promotes tumorigenesis by exerting its constitutively active tyrosine kinase activity. Thus, characterization of the NPM-ALK-induced changes in the phosphoproteome will likely provide insights into the biology of this oncoprotein. To achieve this goal, we used a strategy of combining sequential affinity purification of phosphopeptides and LC/MS. GP293 cells transfected with either NPM-ALK or an NPM-ALK mutant with decreased tyrosine kinase activity (negative control) were used. We identified 506 phosphoproteins detectable in NPM-ALK-expressing cells but not in the negative control. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that these phosphoproteins carry a wide diversity of biological functions, some of which have not been described in association with NPM-ALK, such as the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/Fas/tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-induced ligand (TRAIL) signaling pathway and the ubiquitin proteasome degradation pathway. In particular, modulations of the TNF/Fas/TRAIL pathway by NPM-ALK were supported by our antibody microarray data. Further validation of the TNF/Fas/TRAIL pathway was performed in ALK(+) anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) cell lines with knockdown of NPM-ALK using short interference RNA, resulting in the loss of the tyrosine phosphorylation of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1) and receptor-interacting protein 1, two crucial TNF signaling molecules. Functional analyses revealed that knockdown of TRAP1 facilitated cell death induced by TRAIL or doxorubicin in ALK(+) ALCL cells. This suggests that down-regulation of TRAP1 in combination with TRAIL or doxorubicin might be a potential novel therapeutic strategy for ALK(+) ALCL. These findings demonstrated that our strategy allowed the identification of novel proteins downstream of NPM-ALK that contribute to the maintenance of neoplastic phenotype and holds great potential for future studies of cellular tyrosine kinases in normal states and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wu
- double daggerDepartment of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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An S, Kyoung M, Allen JJ, Shokat KM, Benkovic SJ. Dynamic regulation of a metabolic multi-enzyme complex by protein kinase CK2. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:11093-9. [PMID: 20157113 PMCID: PMC2856985 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The reversible association and dissociation of a metabolic multi-enzyme complex participating in de novo purine biosynthesis, the purinosome, was demonstrated in live cells to respond to the levels of purine nucleotides in the culture media. We also took advantage of in vitro proteomic scale studies of cellular substrates of human protein kinases (e.g. casein kinase II (CK2) and Akt), that implicated several de novo purine biosynthetic enzymes as kinase substrates. Here, we successfully identified that purinosome formation in vivo was significantly promoted in HeLa cells by the addition of small-molecule CK2-specific inhibitors (i.e. 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole, 2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole, tetrabromocinammic acid, 4,4′,5,5′,6,6′-hexahydroxydiphenic acid 2,2′,6,6′-dilactone (ellagic acid) as well as by silencing the endogenous human CK2α catalytic subunit with small interfering RNA. However, 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzotriazole, another CK2-specific inhibitor, triggered the dissociation of purinosome clusters in HeLa cells. Although the mechanism by which 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzotriazole affects purinosome clustering is not clear, we were capable of chemically reversing purinosome formation in cells by the sequential addition of two CK2 inhibitors. Collectively, we provide compelling cellular evidence that CK2-mediated pathways reversibly regulate purinosome assembly, and thus the purinosome may be one of the ultimate targets of kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songon An
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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31
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Proteomic analysis of lymphoid and haematopoietic neoplasms: There's more than biomarker discovery. J Proteomics 2010; 73:508-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Wang P, Wu F, Ma Y, Li L, Lai R, Young LC. Functional characterization of the kinase activation loop in nucleophosmin (NPM)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) using tandem affinity purification and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:95-103. [PMID: 19887368 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.059758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the kinase activation loop (KAL) of the oncogenic fusion protein NPM-ALK regulates its overall tyrosine phosphorylation status and tumorigenicity. Using tandem affinity purification-mass spectrometry, we assessed how the KAL of NPM-ALK regulates the phosphorylation status of its individual tyrosines. Using the lysates of GP293 cells transfected with NPM-ALK, our highly reproducible results showed evidence of phosphorylation in all 3 tyrosines in KAL and 8 tyrosines outside KAL. We created 7 KAL mutants, each of which carried a Tyr-to-Phe mutation of >or=1 of the 3 tyrosines in KAL. A complete loss of the 8 phosphotyrosines outside KAL was found in 3 KAL mutants, and their oncogenicity (assessed by cell viability, colony formation, and the ability to phosphorylate effector proteins) was abrogated. A partial loss of the 8 phosphotyrosines was found in 4 KAL mutants, but their oncogenicity did not show simple correlation with the number of residual phosphotyrosines. Tyr-to-Phe mutations of each of the 8 phosphotyrosines outside KAL did not result in a significant decrease in the oncogenicity. In conclusion, we have provided details of how the KAL in NPM-ALK regulates its tyrosine phosphorylation pattern. Our results challenge some of the current concepts regarding the relationship between the tyrosine phosphorylation and oncogenicity of NPM-ALK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2Z2, Canada
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Falini B, Martelli MP. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma: changes in the World Health Organization classification and perspectives for targeted therapy. Haematologica 2009; 94:897-900. [PMID: 19570751 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.008250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Abstract
Paradigm shifting advances in cancer can occur after discovering the key oncogenic drivers of the malignant process, understanding their detailed molecular mechanisms, and exploiting this transdisciplinary knowledge therapeutically. A variety of human malignancies have anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) translocations, amplifications, or oncogenic mutations, including anaplastic large cell lymphoma, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors, non-small cell lung cancer, and neuroblastoma. This finding has focused intense interest in inhibiting ALK signaling as an effective molecular therapy against diseases with ALK-driven pathways. Recent progress in the elucidation of the major canonical signaling pathways postulated to be activated by NPM-ALK signaling has provided insight into which pathways may present a rational therapeutic approach. The identification of the downstream effector pathways controlled by ALK should pave the way for the rational design of ALK-inhibition therapies for the treatment of a subset of human cancers that harbor ALK aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael P Mossé
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4318, USA
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Abstract
RTKs (receptor tyrosine kinases) play important roles in cellular proliferation and differentiation. In addition, RTKs reveal oncogenic potential when their kinase activities are constitutively enhanced by point mutation, amplification or rearrangement of the corresponding genes. The ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) RTK was originally identified as a member of the insulin receptor subfamily of RTKs that acquires transforming capability when truncated and fused to NPM (nucleophosmin) in the t(2;5) chromosomal rearrangement associated with ALCL (anaplastic large cell lymphoma). To date, many chromosomal rearrangements leading to enhanced ALK activity have been described and are implicated in a number of cancer types. Recent reports of the EML4 (echinoderm microtubule-associated protein like 4)–ALK oncoprotein in NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer), together with the identification of activating point mutations in neuroblastoma, have highlighted ALK as a significant player and target for drug development in cancer. In the present review we address the role of ALK in development and disease and discuss implications for the future.
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