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Huang K, Bashian EE, Zong G, Nycholat CM, McBride R, Gomozkova M, Wang S, Huang C, Chapla DG, Schmidt EN, Macauley M, Moremen KW, Paulson JC, Wang LX. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Sulfated N-Glycans Recognized by Siglecs and Other Glycan-Binding Proteins. JACS AU 2024; 4:2966-2978. [PMID: 39211606 PMCID: PMC11350573 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Sulfated N-glycans are present in many glycoproteins, which are implicated in playing important roles in biological recognition processes. Here, we report the systematic chemoenzymatic synthesis of a library of sulfated and sialylated biantennary N-glycans and assess their binding to Siglecs and glycan-specific antibodies that recognize them as glycan ligands. The combined use of three human sulfotransferases, GlcNAc-6-O-sulfotransferase (CHST2), Gal-3-O-sulfotransferase (Gal3ST1), and keratan sulfate Gal-6-O-sulfotransferase (CHST1), resulted in asymmetric and symmetric branch-selective sulfation of the GlcNAc and/or Gal moieties of N-glycans. The extension of the sugar chain using α-2,3- and α-2,6-sialyltransferases afforded the sulfated and sialylated N-glycans. These synthetic glycans with different patterns of sulfation and sialylation were evaluated for binding to selected Siglecs and sulfoglycan-specific antibodies using glycan microarrays. The results confirm previously documented glycan-recognizing properties and further reveal novel specificities for these glycan-binding proteins, demonstrating the utility of the library for assessing the specificity of glycan-binding proteins recognizing sulfated and sialylated glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Huang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Eleanor E. Bashian
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Guanghui Zong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Corwin M. Nycholat
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ryan McBride
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Margaryta Gomozkova
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Shengyang Wang
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Chin Huang
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Digantkumar G. Chapla
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Edward N. Schmidt
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Matthew Macauley
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - James C. Paulson
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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2
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Pujari R, Dubey SK. Relevance of glyco-biomakers and glycan profiles in cancer stem cells. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwad019. [PMID: 36864577 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered and aberrant glycosylation signatures have been linked to being a hallmark in a variety of human disorders including cancer. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), capable of self-renewal and differentiation, have recently been credited with a unique notion of disease genesis and implicated as the cause for initiation and recurrence of the disease in a new regime of neoplastic transformations hypothesis. Many biomarkers relating to diagnostic and prognostic intents have been discovered using the ubiquitous and abundant surface glycan patterns on CSCs. Various technological advancements have been developed to identify and determine concerns with glycosylation structure. However, the nature and purpose of the glycan moiety on these glycosylation pattern have not yet been thoroughly investigated. This review, thus, summarizes the process of glycosylation in CSCs, variations in glycosylation patterns in various stem cells, aberrant glycosylation patterns in cancer, the role of glycosylation in tumor cell adhesion, cell-matrix interactions, and signaling, as well as cancer detection and treatment. The function of carbohydrates as prospective serum biomarkers, some clinically authorized biomarkers, and potential novel biomarkers relating to cancer disease diagnosis and prognosis are also discussed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Pujari
- Department of Biochemistry, C.B.S.H., G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biochemistry, C.B.S.H., G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India
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3
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Rodrigues CR, Moga S, Singh B, Aulakh GK. CD34 Protein: Its expression and function in inflammation. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 393:443-454. [PMID: 37450038 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03811-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
CD34 has spear-headed the field of basic research and clinical transplantation since the first reports of its expression on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Expressed in mice, humans, rats and other species, CD34 has been used for more than 40 years as a hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell marker. It was later found that muscle satellite cells and epidermal precursors can also be identified with the aid of CD34. Despite the usefulness of CD34 as a marker of HSCs, its overall purpose in animal physiology has remained unclear. This review recaptures CD34 structure, evolutionary conservation, proposed functions, and role in lung inflammation, to describe current research findings and to provide guidance for future studies on CD34.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rego Rodrigues
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5B4, Canada
| | - Sahib Moga
- Faculty of Science, The University of Ottawa, 75 Laurier Ave. E, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Baljit Singh
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5B4, Canada
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Aulakh
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5B4, Canada.
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4
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Li Z, Dong S, Huang S, Sun Y, Sun Y, Zhao B, Qi Q, Xiong L, Hong F, Jiang Y. Role of CD34 in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1144980. [PMID: 37051017 PMCID: PMC10083274 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1144980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is caused by a variety of pathogenic factors, including chronic recurrent inflammation of the ileum, rectum, and colon. Immune cells and adhesion molecules play an important role in the course of the disease, which is actually an autoimmune disease. During IBD, CD34 is involved in mediating the migration of a variety of immune cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells) to the inflammatory site, and its interaction with various adhesion molecules is involved in the occurrence and development of IBD. Although the function of CD34 as a partial cell marker is well known, little is known on its role in IBD. Therefore, this article describes the structure and biological function of CD34, as well as on its potential mechanism in the development of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Li
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Virus-Related Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing University College of Medicine, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Shuyan Dong
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Virus-Related Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing University College of Medicine, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shichen Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yingzhi Sun
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Virus-Related Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing University College of Medicine, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Beibei Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Qiulan Qi
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Virus-Related Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing University College of Medicine, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
- *Correspondence: Yuxin Jiang, ; Feng Hong, ; Lei Xiong,
| | - Feng Hong
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Yuxin Jiang, ; Feng Hong, ; Lei Xiong,
| | - Yuxin Jiang
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Virus-Related Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing University College of Medicine, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Yuxin Jiang, ; Feng Hong, ; Lei Xiong,
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5
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Bister A, Ibach T, Haist C, Smorra D, Roellecke K, Wagenmann M, Scheckenbach K, Gattermann N, Wiek C, Hanenberg H. A novel CD34-derived hinge for rapid and efficient detection and enrichment of CAR T cells. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 23:534-546. [PMID: 34901395 PMCID: PMC8640169 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has revolutionized modern cancer therapy and has achieved remarkable remission and survival rates for several malignancies with historically dismal outcomes. The hinge of the CAR connects the antigen binding to the transmembrane domain and can be exploited to confer features to CAR T cells including additional stimulation, targeted elimination or detection and enrichment of the genetically modified cells. For establishing a novel hinge derived from human CD34, we systematically tested CD34 fragments of different lengths, all containing the binding site of the QBend-10 monoclonal antibody, in a FMC63-based CD19 CAR lentiviral construct. A final construct of 99 amino acids called C6 proved to be the best candidate for flow cytometry-based detection of CAR T cells and >95% enrichment of genetically modified T cells on MACS columns. The C6 hinge was functionally indistinguishable from the commonly used CD8α hinge in vitro as well as in in vivo experiments in NSG mice. We also showed that the C6 hinge can be used for a variety of different CARs and mediates high killing efficacy without unspecific activation by target antigen-negative cells, thus making C6 ideally suited as a universal hinge for CARs for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Bister
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Tabea Ibach
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Corinna Haist
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Denise Smorra
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Katharina Roellecke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Wagenmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kathrin Scheckenbach
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Norbert Gattermann
- Department of Hematology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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6
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Smith J, Millán-Martín S, Mittermayr S, Hilborne V, Davey G, Polom K, Roviello F, Bones J. 2-Dimensional ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and DMT-MM derivatization paired with tandem mass spectrometry for comprehensive serum N-glycome characterization. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1179:338840. [PMID: 34535264 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a prominent co- and post-translational modification which contributes to a variety of important biological functions. Protein glycosylation characteristics, particularly N-glycosylation, are influenced by changes in one's pathological state, such as through the presence of disease, and as such, there is great interest in N-glycans as potential disease biomarkers. Human serum is an attractive source for N-glycan based biomarker studies as circulatory proteins are representative of one's physiology, with many serum proteins containing N-glycosylation. The difficulty in comprehensively characterizing the serum N-glycome arises from the absence of a biosynthetic template resulting in great structural heterogeneity and complexity. To help overcome these challenges we developed a 2-dimensional liquid chromatography platform which utilizes offline weak anion exchange (WAX) chromatography in the first dimension and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) in the second dimension to separate N-glycans by charge, corresponding to degree of sialylation, and size, respectively. Performing these separations offline enables subsequent derivatization with 4-(4,6-Dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMT-MM) for sialic acid linkage determination and the identification of sialic acid linkage isomers. Subsequent tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed the identification of 212 complete and partial N-glycan structures including low abundant N-glycans containing acetyl and sulphate modifications. The identifications obtained through this platform were then applied to N-glycans released from a set of stage 3 gastric cancer serum samples obtained from patients before (pre-op) and after (post-op) tumour resection to investigate how the serum N-glycome can facilitate differentiation between the two pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Smith
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Silvia Millán-Martín
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Stefan Mittermayr
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Vivian Hilborne
- Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Gavin Davey
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Karol Polom
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Franco Roviello
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland; School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland.
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7
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Jarahian M, Marstaller K, Banna N, Ahani R, Etemadzadeh MH, Boller LK, Azadmanesh K, Cid-Arregui A, Khezri A, Berger MR, Momburg F, Watzl C. Activating Natural Killer Cell Receptors, Selectins, and Inhibitory Siglecs Recognize Ebolavirus Glycoprotein. J Innate Immun 2021; 14:135-147. [PMID: 34425576 DOI: 10.1159/000517628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the extensively glycosylated Ebolavirus glycoprotein (EBOV-GP) induces physical alterations of surface molecules and plays a crucial role in viral pathogenicity. Here we investigate the interactions of EBOV-GP with host surface molecules using purified EBOV-GP, EBOV-GP-transfected cell lines, and EBOV-GP-pseudotyped lentiviral particles. Subsequently, we wanted to examine which receptors are involved in this recognition by binding studies to cells transfected with the EBOV-GP as well as to recombinant soluble EBOV-GP. As the viral components can also bind to inhibitory receptors of immune cells (e.g., Siglecs, TIM-1), they can even suppress the activity of immune effector cells. Our data show that natural killer (NK) cell receptors NKp44 and NKp46, selectins (CD62E/P/L), the host factors DC-SIGNR/DC-SIGN, and inhibitory Siglecs function as receptors for EBOV-GP. Our results show also moderate to strong avidity of homing receptors (P-, L-, and E-selectin) and DC-SIGNR/DC-SIGN to purified EBOV-GP, to cells transfected with EBOV-GP, as well as to the envelope of a pseudotyped lentiviral vector carrying the EBOV-GP. The concomitant activation and inhibition of the immune system exemplifies the evolutionary antagonism between the immune system and pathogens. Altogether these interactions with activating and inhibitory receptors result in a reduced NK cell-mediated lysis of EBOV-GP-expressing cells. Modulation of these interactions may provide new strategies for treating infections caused by this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Jarahian
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Marstaller
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Banna
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roshanak Ahani
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Lea K Boller
- Department of Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Angel Cid-Arregui
- Targeted Tumor Vaccines Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Abdolrahman Khezri
- Department of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Hamar, Norway
| | - Martin R Berger
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Momburg
- Antigen Presentation and T/NK Cell Activation Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Department of Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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8
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Xu Z, Deng Y, Zhang Z, Ma W, Li W, Wen L, Li T. Diversity-Oriented Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Sulfated and Nonsulfated Core 2 O-GalNAc Glycans. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10819-10828. [PMID: 34254798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A diversity-oriented chemoenzymatic approach for the collective preparation of sulfated core 2 O-GalNAc glycans and their nonsulfated counterparts was described. A sulfated trisaccharide and a nonsulfated trisaccharide were chemically synthesized by combining flexible protected group manipulations and sequential one-pot glycosylations. The divergent enzymatic extension of these two trisaccharides, using a panel of robust glycosyltransferases that can recognize sulfated substrates and differentiating the branches with specifically designed glycosylation sequences to achieve regioselective sialylation, provided 36 structurally well-defined O-GalNAc glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuojia Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaqi Deng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhumin Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenjing Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wanjin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Liuqing Wen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tiehai Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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9
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D’Addio M, Frey J, Otto VI. The manifold roles of sialic acid for the biological functions of endothelial glycoproteins. Glycobiology 2020; 30:490-499. [PMID: 32039454 PMCID: PMC7372927 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelia are covered with a dense glycocalix that is heavily sialylated. Sialylation of vascular glycoconjugates is involved in the regulation of cell-cell interactions, be it among endothelial cells at cell junctions or between endothelial and blood-borne cells. It also plays important roles in modulating the binding of soluble ligands and the signaling by vascular receptors. Here, we provide an overview over the sialylation-function relationships of glycoproteins expressed in the blood and lymphatic vasculature. We first describe cellular interactions in which sialic acid contributes in a stereospecific manner to glycan epitopes recognized by glycan-binding proteins. Our major focus is however on the rarely discussed examples of vascular glycoproteins whose biological functions are modulated by sialylation through other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco D’Addio
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Frey
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vivianne I Otto
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Sciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Tvaroška I, Selvaraj C, Koča J. Selectins-The Two Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Faces of Adhesion Molecules-A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122835. [PMID: 32575485 PMCID: PMC7355470 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Selectins belong to a group of adhesion molecules that fulfill an essential role in immune and inflammatory responses and tissue healing. Selectins are glycoproteins that decode the information carried by glycan structures, and non-covalent interactions of selectins with these glycan structures mediate biological processes. The sialylated and fucosylated tetrasaccharide sLex is an essential glycan recognized by selectins. Several glycosyltransferases are responsible for the biosynthesis of the sLex tetrasaccharide. Selectins are involved in a sequence of interactions of circulated leukocytes with endothelial cells in the blood called the adhesion cascade. Recently, it has become evident that cancer cells utilize a similar adhesion cascade to promote metastases. However, like Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’s two faces, selectins also contribute to tissue destruction during some infections and inflammatory diseases. The most prominent function of selectins is associated with the initial stage of the leukocyte adhesion cascade, in which selectin binding enables tethering and rolling. The first adhesive event occurs through specific non-covalent interactions between selectins and their ligands, with glycans functioning as an interface between leukocytes or cancer cells and the endothelium. Targeting these interactions remains a principal strategy aimed at developing new therapies for the treatment of immune and inflammatory disorders and cancer. In this review, we will survey the significant contributions to and the current status of the understanding of the structure of selectins and the role of selectins in various biological processes. The potential of selectins and their ligands as therapeutic targets in chronic and acute inflammatory diseases and cancer will also be discussed. We will emphasize the structural characteristic of selectins and the catalytic mechanisms of glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of glycan recognition determinants. Furthermore, recent achievements in the synthesis of selectin inhibitors will be reviewed with a focus on the various strategies used for the development of glycosyltransferase inhibitors, including substrate analog inhibitors and transition state analog inhibitors, which are based on knowledge of the catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Tvaroška
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84538 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (J.K.); Tel.: +421-948-535-601 (I.T.); +420-731-682-606 (J.K.)
| | - Chandrabose Selvaraj
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Koča
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (J.K.); Tel.: +421-948-535-601 (I.T.); +420-731-682-606 (J.K.)
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11
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Yu SY, Snovida S, Khoo KH. Permethylation and Microfractionation of Sulfated Glycans for MS Analysis. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3617. [PMID: 33659290 PMCID: PMC7842599 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfated glycans are barely detectable in routine mass spectrometry (MS)-based glycomic analysis due to ion suppression by the significantly more abundant neutral glycans in the positive ion mode, and sialylated non-sulfated glycans in the negative ion mode, respectively. Nevertheless, the negative charge imparted by sulfate can be advantageous for selective detection in the negative ion mode if the sialic acids can first be neutralized. This is most conveniently achieved by a concerted sample preparation workflow in which permethylation is followed by solid phase fractionation to isolate the sulfated glycans prior to MS analysis. Importantly, we demonstrated that conventional NaOH/DMSO slurry permethylation method can retain the sulfates. Instead of extracting permethylated glycans into chloroform for sample clean-up, reverse phase C18 cartridge coupled with self-packed amine-tip or mixed mode weak anion exchange cartridge can be utilized to obtain in good yield the non-sulfated, mono-sulfated, and multiply sulfated permethylated glycans in separate fractions for sulfoglycomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Yi Yu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 –UGSF- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Sergei Snovida
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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12
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Hughes MR, Canals Hernaez D, Cait J, Refaeli I, Lo BC, Roskelley CD, McNagny KM. A sticky wicket: Defining molecular functions for CD34 in hematopoietic cells. Exp Hematol 2020; 86:1-14. [PMID: 32422232 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The CD34 cell surface antigen is widely expressed in tissues on cells with progenitor-like properties and on mature vascular endothelia. In adult human bone marrow, CD34 marks hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) starting from the bulk of hematopoietic stem cells with long-term repopulating potential (LT-HSCs) throughout expansion and differentiation of oligopotent and unipotent progenitors. CD34 protein surface expression is typically lost as cells mature into terminal effectors. Because of this expression pattern of HSPCs, CD34 has had a central role in the evaluation or selection of donor graft tissue in HSC transplant (HSCT). Given its clinical importance, it is surprising that the biological functions of CD34 are still poorly understood. This enigma is due, in part, to CD34's context-specific role as both a pro-adhesive and anti-adhesive molecule and its potential functional redundancy with other sialomucins. Moreover, there are also critical differences in the regulation of CD34 expression on HSPCs in humans and experimental mice. In this review, we highlight some of the more well-defined functions of CD34 in HSPCs with a focus on proposed functions most relevant to HSCT biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hughes
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Diana Canals Hernaez
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jessica Cait
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ido Refaeli
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bernard C Lo
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kelly M McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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13
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Kapoor S, Shenoy SP, Bose B. CD34 cells in somatic, regenerative and cancer stem cells: Developmental biology, cell therapy, and omics big data perspective. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:3058-3069. [PMID: 31886574 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane phosphoglycoprotein protein CD34 has conventionally been regarded as a marker for hematopoietic progenitors. Its expression on these cells has been leveraged for cell therapy applications in various hematological disorders. More recently, the expression of CD34 has also been reported on cells of nonhematopoietic origin. The list includes somatic cells such as endothelial cells, fibrocytes and interstitial cells and regenerative stem cells such as corneal keratocytes, muscle satellite cells, and muscle-derived stem cells. Furthermore, its expression on some cancer stem cells (CSCs) has also been reported. Till date, the functional roles of this molecule have been implicated in a multitude of cellular processes including cell adhesion, signal transduction, and maintenance of progenitor phenotype. However, the complete understanding about this molecule including its developmental origins, its embryonic connection, and associated functions is far from complete. Here, we review our present understanding of the structure and putative functions of the CD34 molecule based upon our literature survey. We also probed various biological databases to retrieve data related to the expression and associated molecular functions of CD34. Such information, upon synthesis, is hence likely to provide the suitability of such cells for cell therapy. Moreover, we have also covered the existing cell therapy and speculated cell therapy applications of CD34+ cells isolated from various lineages. We have also attempted here to speculate the role(s) of CD34 on CSCs. Finally, we discuss number of large-scale proteomics and transcriptomics studies that have been performed using CD34+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saketh Kapoor
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudheer P Shenoy
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Bipasha Bose
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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14
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Contessotto P, Ellis BW, Jin C, Karlsson NG, Zorlutuna P, Kilcoyne M, Pandit A. Distinct glycosylation in membrane proteins within neonatal versus adult myocardial tissue. Matrix Biol 2019; 85-86:173-188. [PMID: 31108197 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian hearts have regenerative potential restricted to early neonatal stage and lost within seven days after birth. Carbohydrates exclusive to cardiac neonatal tissue may be key regulators of regenerative potential. Although cell surface and extracellular matrix glycosylation are known modulators of tissue and cellular function and development, variation in cardiac glycosylation from neonatal tissue to maturation has not been fully examined. In this study, glycosylation of the adult rat cardiac ventricle showed no variability between the two strains analysed, nor were there any differences between the glycosylation of the right or left ventricle using lectin histochemistry and microarray profiling. However, in the Sprague-Dawley strain, neonatal cardiac glycosylation in the left ventricle differed from adult tissues using mass spectrometric analysis, showing a higher expression of high mannose structures and lower expression of complex N-linked glycans in the three-day-old neonatal tissue. Man6GlcNAc2 was identified as the main high mannose N-linked structure that was decreased in adult while higher expression of sialylated N-linked glycans and lower core fucosylation for complex structures were associated with ageing. The occurrence of mucin core type 2 O-linked glycans was reduced in adult and one sulfated core type 2 O-linked structure was identified in neonatal tissue. Interestingly, O-linked glycans from mature tissue contained both N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), while all sialylated N-linked glycans detected contained only Neu5Ac. As glycans are associated with intracellular communication, the specific neonatal structures found may indicate a role for glycosylation in the neonatal associated regenerative capacity of the mammalian heart. New strategies targeting tissue glycosylation could be a key contributor to achieve an effective regeneration of the mammalian heart in pathological scenarios such as myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Contessotto
- CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bradley W Ellis
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niclas G Karlsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pinar Zorlutuna
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA; Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Michelle Kilcoyne
- CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; Carbohydrate Signalling Group, Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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15
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Tsutsumiuchi T, Hoshino H, Fujieda S, Kobayashi M. Induction of peripheral lymph node addressin in human nasal mucosa with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. Pathology 2019; 51:268-273. [PMID: 30837082 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) is characterised by formation of nasal polyps with prominent eosinophilic infiltration; however, how eosinophils are recruited in this pathological setting remains unclear. In the present study, we carried out quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of nasal polyps associated with ECRS (n=30) and non-ECRS (n=30) to evaluate expression of an L-selectin ligand peripheral lymph node addressin (PNAd) on vascular endothelial cells. We found that PNAd was induced primarily on the luminal surface of venular vessels present in nasal mucosa in both ECRS and non-ECRS, while the number of PNAd-expressing vessels in ECRS significantly exceeded that seen in non-ECRS. Moreover, the number of eosinophils attached to the luminal surface of PNAd-expressing vessels in ECRS was significantly greater than that in non-ECRS, while the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes attached did not differ significantly between conditions. Furthermore, eosinophils, which express cell surface L-selectin, adhered to PNAd-expressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in a calcium-dependent manner, and that adhesion was significantly inhibited by pretreatment of eosinophils with DREG-56, an anti-human L-selectin monoclonal antibody. These findings combined suggest that interaction between L-selectin and PNAd plays at least a partial role in eosinophil recruitment in human nasal mucosa with ECRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Tsutsumiuchi
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Japan
| | - Hitomi Hoshino
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Fujieda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kobayashi
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Japan.
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16
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Not just a marker: CD34 on human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells dominates vascular selectin binding along with CD44. Blood Adv 2017; 1:2799-2816. [PMID: 29296932 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017004317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CD34 is routinely used to identify and isolate human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) for use clinically in bone marrow transplantation, but its function on these cells remains elusive. Glycoprotein ligands on HSPCs help guide their migration to specialized microvascular beds in the bone marrow that express vascular selectins (E- and P-selectin). Here, we show that HSPC-enriched fractions from human hematopoietic tissue expressing CD34 (CD34pos) bound selectins, whereas those lacking CD34 (CD34neg) did not. An unbiased proteomics screen identified potential glycoprotein ligands on CD34pos cells revealing CD34 itself as a major vascular selectin ligand. Biochemical and CD34 knockdown analyses highlight a key role for CD34 in the first prerequisite step of cell migration, suggesting that it is not just a marker on these cells. Our results also entice future potential strategies to investigate the glycoforms of CD34 that discriminate normal HSPCs from leukemic cells and to manipulate CD34neg HSPC-enriched bone marrow or cord blood populations as a source of stem cells for clinical use.
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17
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Shinagawa T, Hoshino H, Taga M, Sakai Y, Imamura Y, Yokoyama O, Kobayashi M. Clinicopathological implications to micropapillary bladder urothelial carcinoma of the presence of sialyl Lewis X-decorated mucin 1 in stroma-facing membranes. Urol Oncol 2017; 35:606.e17-606.e23. [PMID: 28666720 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bladder urothelial carcinoma (UC) comprises more than 90% of all bladder cancers. Among several UC variants, micropapillary UC (MPUC) is a rare one with high potential for lymphovascular invasion and subsequent lymph node metastasis. Histologically, MPUC is characterized by the presence of small papillary carcinoma cell clusters surrounded by lacunar spaces. Immunohistochemically, the outer circumference of these clusters, that is, the stroma-facing membrane of carcinoma cells, is reportedly almost invariably positive for mucin 1 (MUC1) protein and to a lesser extent for sialyl Lewis X (sLeX) carbohydrates; however, the clinicopathological implications of these expression patterns have not been fully investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed immunohistochemical analysis of MPUC (n = 11) and conventional UC (n = 57) for MUC1 and sLeX to determine whether these factors immunolocalized. Dual immunofluorescence staining was also carried out to assess MUC1 and sLeX colocalization. We also performed Western blot analysis of Chinese hamster ovary cells misexpressing both recombinant epitope-tagged MUC1 and glycosyltransferases enabling sLeX biosynthesis. RESULTS MPUC samples preferentially exhibited both MUC1 protein and sLeX carbohydrate expression on the stroma-facing membrane of carcinoma cells. Based on univariate analysis, MUC1 expression in that pattern was positively correlated with tumor extension, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, disease stage, and relatively poor patient prognosis. A comparable sLeX expression pattern also correlated positively with tumor extension and nodal metastasis. Based on multivariate analysis, localization of MUC1 and sLeX on the stroma-facing side of the membrane was positively correlated with lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our immunofluorescence findings as well as immunoprecipitation analyses of Chinese hamster ovary cell transfectants strongly suggest that MUC1 is a potential scaffold protein for sLeX carbohydrates in MPUC. Both MUC1 and sLeX may cooperatively contribute to MPUC histogenesis and clinicopathological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomochika Shinagawa
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Japan; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Japan
| | - Hitomi Hoshino
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Japan
| | - Minekatsu Taga
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Japan; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sakai
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Imamura
- Division of Surgical Pathology, University of Fukui Hospital, Eiheiji, Japan
| | - Osamu Yokoyama
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kobayashi
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Japan.
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18
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Abstract
Glycans are essential for the maintenance of normal biological function, with alterations in glycan expression being a hallmark of cancer. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subset of cells within a tumour capable of self-renewal, cellular differentiation and resistances to conventional therapies. As is the case with stem cells, marker proteins present on the cell surface are frequently used to identify and enrich CSCs, with the expression of these markers statistical correlating with the likelihood of cancer recurrence and overall patient survival. As such CSC markers are of high clinical relevance. The majority of markers currently used to identify CSC populations are glycoproteins, and although the diverse biological roles for many of these markers are known, the nature and function of the glycan moiety on these glycoproteins remains to be fully elucidated. This mini-review summarises our current knowledge regarding the types and extent of CSC marker glycosylation, and the various roles that these glycans play in CSC biology, including in mediating cell adhesion, metastasis, evading apoptosis, tear shear resistance, tumour growth, maintaining pluripotency, self-renewal, trafficking, maintaining stability, maintaining enzymatic activity and aiding epithelial mesenchymal transitioning. Given that CSCs markers have multiple diverse biological functions, and are potentially of significant diagnostic and therapeutic benefit the search for new markers that are uniquely expressed on CSCs is vital to selectively target/identify this subset of cancer cells. As such we have also outlined how high-throughput lectin microarrays can be used to successfully profile the glycosylation status of CSC and to identify glyco-markers unique to CSCs.
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19
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AbuSamra DB, Al-Kilani A, Hamdan SM, Sakashita K, Gadhoum SZ, Merzaban JS. Quantitative Characterization of E-selectin Interaction with Native CD44 and P-selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 (PSGL-1) Using a Real Time Immunoprecipitation-based Binding Assay. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:21213-30. [PMID: 26124272 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.629451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Selectins (E-, P-, and L-selectins) interact with glycoprotein ligands to mediate the essential tethering/rolling step in cell transport and delivery that captures migrating cells from the circulating flow. In this work, we developed a real time immunoprecipitation assay on a surface plasmon resonance chip that captures native glycoforms of two well known E-selectin ligands (CD44/hematopoietic cell E-/L-selectin ligand and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1) from hematopoietic cell extracts. Here we present a comprehensive characterization of their binding to E-selectin. We show that both ligands bind recombinant monomeric E-selectin transiently with fast on- and fast off-rates, whereas they bind dimeric E-selectin with remarkably slow on- and off-rates. This binding requires the sialyl Lewis x sugar moiety to be placed on both O- and N-glycans, and its association, but not dissociation, is sensitive to the salt concentration. Our results suggest a mechanism through which monomeric selectins mediate initial fast on and fast off kinetics to help capture cells out of the circulating shear flow; subsequently, tight binding by dimeric/oligomeric selectins is enabled to significantly slow rolling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina B AbuSamra
- From the Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alia Al-Kilani
- From the Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir M Hamdan
- From the Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kosuke Sakashita
- From the Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samah Z Gadhoum
- From the Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jasmeen S Merzaban
- From the Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Foster JW, Gouveia RM, Connon CJ. Low-glucose enhances keratocyte-characteristic phenotype from corneal stromal cells in serum-free conditions. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10839. [PMID: 26039975 PMCID: PMC4650697 DOI: 10.1038/srep10839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The avascular cornea is a uniquely-isolated organ, with its stroma constituting a nutrient-poor environment. Consequently, the availability of metabolites such as glucose to corneal stromal cells is considerably reduced compared with other tissues, or indeed with media commonly used to culture these cells in vitro. However, the role of glucose in the behaviour of human corneal keratocytes has been overlooked. As such, we sought to investigate the effects of low-glucose formulations on the phenotype of human corneal stromal cells. Cells cultured in low-glucose were able to survive for extended periods when compared to high-glucose, serum-free conditions. Furthermore, low-glucose enhanced their reversal to a keratocyte-characteristic phenotype. Specifically, cells within low-glucose medium assumed dendritic morphologies, with bean-shaped condensed nuclei, absence of alpha-smooth muscle actin or stress fibres, and a corresponding reduction in migratory and contractile activities when compared with high-glucose, serum-free conditions. Moreover, cells within low-glucose uniquely recovered the ability to express a robust keratocyte-characteristic marker, CD34, while still expressing elevated levels of other representative phenotypic markers such as keratocan, lumican, ALDH1A1, and ALDH3A1. These results indicate that low-glucose enhances keratocyte-characteristic phenotype above and beyond established media formulations and thus has important implications for corneal biology in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo M. Gouveia
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Che J. Connon
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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21
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2009-2010. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:268-422. [PMID: 24863367 PMCID: PMC7168572 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is the sixth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2010. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, arrays and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural typed constitutes the remainder. The main groups of compound that are discussed in this section are oligo and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Many of these applications are presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Harvey
- Department of BiochemistryOxford Glycobiology InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
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22
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Kupsa T, Horacek JM, Jebavy L. The role of adhesion molecules in acute myeloid leukemia and (hemato)oncology: A systematic review. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2015; 159:1-11. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2014.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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23
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Shafaghat F, Abbasi-Kenarsari H, Majidi J, Movassaghpour AA, Shanehbandi D, Kazemi T. Preparation of Proper Immunogen by Cloning and Stable Expression of cDNA coding for Human Hematopoietic Stem Cell Marker CD34 in NIH-3T3 Mouse Fibroblast Cell Line. Adv Pharm Bull 2015; 5:69-75. [PMID: 25789221 PMCID: PMC4352225 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2015.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Transmembrane CD34 glycoprotein is the most important marker for identification, isolation and enumeration of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). We aimed in this study to clone the cDNA coding for human CD34 from KG1a cell line and stably express in mouse fibroblast cell line NIH-3T3. Such artificial cell line could be useful as proper immunogen for production of mouse monoclonal antibodies. METHODS CD34 cDNA was cloned from KG1a cell line after total RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis. Pfu DNA polymerase-amplified specific band was ligated to pGEMT-easy TA-cloning vector and sub-cloned in pCMV6-Neo expression vector. After transfection of NIH-3T3 cells using 3 μg of recombinant construct and 6 μl of JetPEI transfection reagent, stable expression was obtained by selection of cells by G418 antibiotic and confirmed by surface flow cytometry. RESULTS 1158 bp specific band was aligned completely to reference sequence in NCBI database corresponding to long isoform of human CD34. Transient and stable expression of human CD34 on transfected NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblast cells was achieved (25% and 95%, respectively) as shown by flow cytometry. CONCLUSION Cloning and stable expression of human CD34 cDNA was successfully performed and validated by standard flow cytometric analysis. Due to murine origin of NIH-3T3 cell line, CD34-expressing NIH-3T3 cells could be useful as immunogen in production of diagnostic monoclonal antibodies against human CD34. This approach could bypass the need for purification of recombinant proteins produced in eukaryotic expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Shafaghat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, International Branch of Aras, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Students' Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hajar Abbasi-Kenarsari
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Majidi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Movassaghpour
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tohid Kazemi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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24
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Cohen M, Varki A. Modulation of glycan recognition by clustered saccharide patches. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 308:75-125. [PMID: 24411170 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800097-7.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
All cells in nature are covered with a dense and complex array of glycan chains. Specific recognition and binding of glycans is a critical aspect of cellular interactions, both within and between species. Glycan-protein interactions tend to be of low affinity but high specificity, typically utilizing multivalency to generate the affinity required for biologically relevant binding. This review focuses on a higher level of glycan organization, the formation of clustered saccharide patches (CSPs), which can constitute unique ligands for highly specific interactions. Due to technical challenges, this aspect of glycan recognition remains poorly understood. We present a wealth of evidence for CSPs-mediated interactions, and discuss recent advances in experimental tools that are beginning to provide new insights into the composition and organization of CSPs. The examples presented here are likely the tip of the iceberg, and much further work is needed to elucidate fully this higher level of glycan organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Cohen
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
| | - Ajit Varki
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA; Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
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25
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Abstract
AIMS Warthin's tumour is composed of bilayered oncocytic epithelium and organised lymphoid stroma, which resembles mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT); however, the histogenesis of the lymphoid stroma is not fully understood. We hypothesised that lymphocytes consisting of the stroma are recruited via high endothelial venules (HEVs) by the mechanism operating in normal lymphocyte homing in secondary lymphoid organs. The aim of this study was to determine immunohistochemically the molecules expressed on these HEVs. METHODS Tissue sections of Warthin's tumour (n = 10) were immunostained for vascular addressin-related antigens including peripheral lymph node addressin (PNAd) and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). An L-selectin·IgM chimera in situ binding assay was also carried out. Triple immunostaining for PNAd, CD3, and CD20/CD79α was performed to determine which lymphocyte subsets are closely associated with these HEVs. RESULTS HEVs in the lymphoid stroma of Warthin's tumour express PNAd, which is detected by MECA-79 as well as recently developed monoclonal antibodies S1 and S2. These HEVs were bound by L-selectin·IgM chimeras in a calcium-dependent manner, and numbers of lymphocytes, particularly T cells, attached to these HEVs. CONCLUSIONS The lymphoid stroma of Warthin's tumour is most likely developed by lymphocytes recruited via HEVs.
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26
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Patnode ML, Yu SY, Cheng CW, Ho MY, Tegesjö L, Sakuma K, Uchimura K, Khoo KH, Kannagi R, Rosen SD. KSGal6ST generates galactose-6-O-sulfate in high endothelial venules but does not contribute to L-selectin-dependent lymphocyte homing. Glycobiology 2013; 23:381-94. [PMID: 23254996 PMCID: PMC3555504 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of sulfate to glycan structures can regulate their ability to serve as ligands for glycan-binding proteins. Although sulfate groups present on the monosaccharides glucosamine, uronate, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine are recognized by defined receptors that mediate important functions, the functional significance of galactose-6-O-sulfate (Gal6S) is not known. However, in vitro studies using synthetic glycans and sulfotransferase overexpression implicate Gal6S as a binding determinant for the lymphocyte homing receptor, L-selectin. Only two sulfotransferases have been shown to generate Gal6S, namely keratan sulfate galactose 6-O-sulfotransferase (KSGal6ST) and chondroitin 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 (C6ST-1). In the present study, we use mice deficient in KSGal6ST and C6ST-1 to test whether Gal6S contributes to ligand recognition by L-selectin in vivo. First, we establish that KSGal6ST is selectively expressed in high endothelial venules (HEVs) in lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. We also determine by mass spectrometry that KSGal6ST generates Gal6S on several classes of O-glycans in peripheral lymph nodes. Furthermore, KSGal6ST, but not C6ST-1, is required for the generation of the Gal6S-containing glycan, 6,6'-disulfo-3'sLN (Siaα2→3[6S]Galβ1→4[6S]GlcNAc) or a closely related structure in lymph node HEVs. Nevertheless, L-selectin-dependent short-term homing of lymphocytes is normal in KSGal6ST-deficient mice, indicating that the Gal6S-containing structures we detected do not contribute to L-selectin ligand recognition in this setting. These results refine our understanding of the biological ligands for L-selectin and introduce a mouse model for investigating the functions of Gal6S in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Patnode
- Department of Anatomy and Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA
| | - Shin-Yi Yu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, and
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Lotten Tegesjö
- Department of Anatomy and Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA
| | - Keiichiro Sakuma
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | | | - Reiji Kannagi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Steven D Rosen
- Department of Anatomy and Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA
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27
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Listinsky JJ, Siegal GP, Listinsky CM. The emerging importance of α-L-fucose in human breast cancer: a review. Am J Transl Res 2011; 3:292-322. [PMID: 21904652 PMCID: PMC3158734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer cells incorporate the simple sugar alpha-L-fucose (fucose) into glycoproteins and glycolipids which, in turn, are expressed as part of the malignant phenotype. We have noted that fucose is not simply a bystander molecule, but, in fact, contributes to many of the fundamental oncologic properties of breast cancer cells. Here, we summarize the evidence from us and others that fucose is necessary for key functions of neoplastic progression including hematogenous metastasis, tumor invasion through extracellular matrices including basement membranes and up-regulation of the Notch signaling system, with implications for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and activation of breast cancer stem cells. Additionally, certain breast cancer biomarkers are fucose-rich while a well-known marker of breast cancer progression, soluble E-selectin, is a known counter-receptor of fucosylated selectin ligands. We provide illustrative examples and supportive evidence drawn from work with human breast cancer cell lines in vitro as well as clinical studies with human pathologic material. And finally, we discuss evidence that fucose (or its absence) is central to the mechanisms of action of several experimental targeted therapies which may prove useful in breast cancer treatment. We propose that alpha-L-fucose is essential in order to construct first, the malignant and then the metastatic phenotype of many human breast cancers. This knowledge may inform the search for novel treatment approaches in breast cancer.
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28
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Jacobs PP, Sackstein R. CD44 and HCELL: preventing hematogenous metastasis at step 1. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3148-58. [PMID: 21827751 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite great strides in our knowledge of the genetic and epigenetic changes underlying malignancy, we have limited information on the molecular basis of metastasis. Over 90% of cancer deaths are caused by spread of tumor cells from a primary site to distant organs and tissues, highlighting the pressing need to define the molecular effectors of cancer metastasis. Mounting evidence suggests that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) home to specific tissues by hijacking the normal leukocyte trafficking mechanisms. Cancer cells characteristically express CD44, and there is increasing evidence that hematopoietic cell E-/L-selectin ligand (HCELL), a sialofucosylated glycoform of CD44, serves as the major selectin ligand on cancer cells, allowing interaction of tumor cells with endothelium, leukocytes, and platelets. Here, we review the structural biology of CD44 and of HCELL, and present current data on the function of these molecules in mediating organ-specific homing/metastasis of CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter P Jacobs
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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29
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Deterding LJ, Williams JG, Humble MM, Petrovich RM, Wei SJ, Trempus CS, Gates MB, Zhu F, Smart RC, Tennant RW, Tomer KB. CD34 Antigen: Determination of Specific Sites of Phosphorylation In Vitro and In Vivo. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 301:12-21. [PMID: 21499536 PMCID: PMC3077033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2010.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CD34, a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, is a surface antigen which is expressed on several cell types, including hematopoietic progenitors, endothelial cells, as well as mast cells. Recently, CD34 has been described as a marker for epidermal stem cells in mouse hair follicles, and is expressed in outer root sheath cells of the human hair follicle. Although the biological function and regulation of CD34 is not well understood, it is thought to be involved in cell adhesion as well as possibly having a role in signal transduction. In addition, CD34 was shown to be critical for skin tumor development in mice, although the exact mechanism remains unknown.Many proteins' functions and biological activities are regulated through post-translational modifications. The extracellular domain of CD34 is heavily glycosylated but the role of these glycans in CD34 function is unknown. Additionally, two sites of tyrosine phosphorylation have been reported on human CD34 and it is known that CD34 is phosphorylated, at least in part, by protein kinase C; however, the precise location of the sites of phosphorylation has not been reported. In an effort to identify specific phosphorylation sites in CD34 and delineate the possible role of protein kinase C, we undertook the identification of the in vitro sites of phosphorylation on the intracellular domain of mouse CD34 (aa 309-382) following PKC treatment. For this work, we are using a combination of enzymatic proteolysis and peptide sequencing by mass spectrometry. After which the in vivo sites of phosphorylation of full-length mouse CD34 expressed from HEK293F cells were determined. The observed in vivo sites of phosphorylation, however, are not consensus PKC sites, but our data indicate that one of these sites may possibly be phosphorylated by AKT2. These results suggest that other kinases, as well as PKC, may have important signaling functions in CD34.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leesa J. Deterding
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institutes of Health, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Jason G. Williams
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institutes of Health, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Margaret M. Humble
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Robert M. Petrovich
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institutes of Health, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Sung-Jen Wei
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Carol S. Trempus
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Matthew B. Gates
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institutes of Health, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Feng Zhu
- Cell Signaling and Cancer Group, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Box 7633, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Robert C. Smart
- Cell Signaling and Cancer Group, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Box 7633, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Raymond W. Tennant
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Kenneth B. Tomer
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institutes of Health, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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30
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Kobayashi M, Mitoma J, Hoshino H, Yu SY, Shimojo Y, Suzawa K, Khoo KH, Fukuda M, Nakayama J. Prominent expression of sialyl Lewis X-capped core 2-branched O-glycans on high endothelial venule-like vessels in gastric MALT lymphoma. J Pathol 2011; 224:67-77. [PMID: 21432854 DOI: 10.1002/path.2851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
High endothelial venule (HEV)-like vessels have been observed in gastric B cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type (MALT lymphoma), as well as in its preceding lesion, chronic Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Previously we reported that glycans on HEV-like vessels in the latter lesion served as L-selectin ligands, although their function is unclear. We have investigated sialyl Lewis X (sLeX)-related glycoepitopes and found that MECA-79(-) /HECA-452(+) /NCC-ST-439(+) HEV-like vessels preferentially mark gastric MALT lymphoma compared to chronic H. pylori gastritis. We then constructed CHO cell lines expressing potential MECA-79(-) /HECA-452(+) /NCC-ST-439(+) glycans, as well as other sLeX-type glycans, on CD34 and evaluated L-selectin binding to those cells, using L-selectin-IgM chimera binding and lymphocyte adhesion assays. L-selectin-IgM chimeras bound to CHO cells expressing 6-sulpho-sLeX attached to core 2-branched O-glycans with or without 6-sulpho-sLeX attached to extended core 1 O-glycans, but only marginally to other CHO cell lines. By contrast, CHO cells expressing 6-sulpho-sLeX attached to extended core 1 and/or core 2-branched O-glycans, as well as non-sulphated sLeX attached to core 2-branched O-glycans, showed substantial lymphocyte binding, while binding was negligible on lines expressing 6-sulpho- and non-sulphated sLeX attached to N-glycans and non-sulphated sLeX attached to extended core 1 O-glycans. These results indicate that MECA-79(-) /HECA-452(+) /NCC-ST-439(+) glycans, specifically, 6-sulpho- and non-sulphated sLeXs attached to core 2-branched O-glycans, expressed on HEV-like vessels in gastric MALT lymphoma function as L-selectin ligands and likely contribute to H. pylori-specific T cell recruitment in the progression of gastric MALT lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
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31
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Arata-Kawai H, Singer MS, Bistrup A, Zante AV, Wang YQ, Ito Y, Bao X, Hemmerich S, Fukuda M, Rosen SD. Functional contributions of N- and O-glycans to L-selectin ligands in murine and human lymphoid organs. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 178:423-33. [PMID: 21224079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
L-selectin initiates lymphocyte interactions with high endothelial venules (HEVs) of lymphoid organs through binding to ligands with specific glycosylation modifications. 6-Sulfo sLe(x), a sulfated carbohydrate determinant for L-selectin, is carried on core 2 and extended core 1 O-glycans of HEV-expressed glycoproteins. The MECA-79 monoclonal antibody recognizes sulfated extended core 1 O-glycans and partially blocks lymphocyte-HEV interactions in lymphoid organs. Recent evidence has identified the contribution of 6-sulfo sLe(x) carried on N-glycans to lymphocyte homing in mice. Here, we characterize CL40, a novel IgG monoclonal antibody. CL40 equaled or surpassed MECA-79 as a histochemical staining reagent for HEVs and HEV-like vessels in mouse and human. Using synthetic carbohydrates, we found that CL40 bound to 6-sulfo sLe(x) structures, on both core 2 and extended core 1 structures, with an absolute dependency on 6-O-sulfation. Using transfected CHO cells and gene-targeted mice, we observed that CL40 bound its epitope on both N-glycans and O-glycans. Consistent with its broader glycan-binding, CL40 was superior to MECA-79 in blocking lymphocyte-HEV interactions in both wild-type mice and mice deficient in forming O-glycans. This superiority was more marked in human, as CL40 completely blocked lymphocyte binding to tonsillar HEVs, whereas MECA-79 inhibited only 60%. These findings extend the evidence for the importance of N-glycans in lymphocyte homing in mouse and indicate that this dependency also applies to human lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanayo Arata-Kawai
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA
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32
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Watt SM, Athanassopoulos A, Harris AL, Tsaknakis G. Human endothelial stem/progenitor cells, angiogenic factors and vascular repair. J R Soc Interface 2010; 7 Suppl 6:S731-51. [PMID: 20843839 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0377.focus] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neovascularization or new blood vessel formation is of utmost importance not only for tissue and organ development and for tissue repair and regeneration, but also for pathological processes, such as tumour development. Despite this, the endothelial lineage, its origin, and the regulation of endothelial development and function either intrinsically from stem cells or extrinsically by proangiogenic supporting cells and other elements within local and specific microenvironmental niches are still not fully understood. There can be no doubt that for most tissues and organs, revascularization represents the holy grail for tissue repair, with autologous endothelial stem/progenitor cells, their proangiogenic counterparts and the products of these cells all being attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Historically, a great deal of controversy has surrounded the identification and origin of cells and factors that contribute to revascularization, the use of such cells or their products as biomarkers to predict and monitor tissue damage and repair or tumour progression and therapeutic responses, and indeed their efficacy in revascularizing and repairing damaged tissues. Here, we will review the role of endothelial progenitor cells and of supporting proangiogenic cells and their products, principally in humans, as diagnostic and therapeutic agents for wound repair and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Watt
- Stem Cell Laboratory and Stem Cells and Immunotherapies, NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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33
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Leppänen A, Parviainen V, Ahola-Iivarinen E, Kalkkinen N, Cummings RD. Human L-selectin preferentially binds synthetic glycosulfopeptides modeled after endoglycan and containing tyrosine sulfate residues and sialyl Lewis x in core 2 O-glycans. Glycobiology 2010; 20:1170-85. [PMID: 20507883 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglycan is a mucin-like glycoprotein expressed by endothelial cells and some leukocytes and is recognized by L-selectin, a C-type lectin important in leukocyte trafficking and extravasation during inflammation. Here, we show that recombinant L-selectin and human T lymphocytes expressing L-selectin bind to synthetic glycosulfopeptides (GSPs). These synthetic glycosulfopeptides contain 37 amino acid residues modeled after the N-terminus of human endoglycan and contain one or two tyrosine sulfates (TyrSO(3)) along with a nearby core-2-based Thr-linked O-glycan with sialyl Lewis x (C2-SLe(x)). TyrSO(3) at position Y118 was more critical for binding than at Y97. C2-SLe(x) at T124 was required for L-selectin recognition. Interestingly, under similar conditions, neither L-selectin nor T lymphocytes showed appreciable binding to the sulfated carbohydrate epitope 6-sulfo-SLe(x). P-selectin also bound to endoglycan-based GSPs but with lower affinity than toward GSPs modeled after PSGL-1, the physiological ligand for P- and L-selectin that is expressed on leukocytes. These results demonstrate that TyrSO(3) residues in association with a C2-SLe(x) moiety within endoglycan and PSGL-1 are preferentially recognized by L-selectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Leppänen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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34
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Abstract
Sulfated N- and O-glycans carried on a myriad of cell-surface adhesion molecules and receptors are often not detected by current approaches in mass spectrometry (MS)-based glycomic mapping of cells and tissues. This is in part due to a natural lower abundance, compounded further by their negatively charged nature, which adversely disfavors their ionization and detection amid a sea of often much more abundant, nonsulfated, sialylated glycans. However, this particular limitation can actually be taken advantage of to effect highly selective enrichment and sensitive MS screening in negative ion mode, provided the ubiquitous sialic acids can first be neutralized. It has been demonstrated that permethylation not only fulfills this role adequately but further confers better MS/MS fragmentation characteristics for more efficient structural mapping and sequencing. Protocols and general practical considerations are described here which would enable one to readily prepare permethylated sulfated glycans, fractionate them away from the more abundant nonsulfated ones in simple steps for high-sensitivity MS analysis, and sensibly interpret the initial sulfoglycomic screening data thus obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
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35
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Abstract
In this issue of Blood, Hernandez Mir and colleagues provide the most detailed analysis to date of the glycans on an HEV-expressed ligand (CD34) isolated from a human lymphoid organ, (tonsils), adding to our understanding of how L-selectin mediates lymphocyte homing.
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