1
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Wang W, Zhang X, Li Y, Shen J, Li Y, Xing W, Bai J, Shi J, Zhou Y. Generation and Characterization of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Carrying An ASXL1 Mutation. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024:10.1007/s12015-024-10737-z. [PMID: 38884929 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10737-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Additional sex combs-like 1 (ASXL1) is an epigenetic modulator frequently mutated in myeloid malignancies, generally associated with poor prognosis. Current models for ASXL1-mutated diseases are mainly based on the complete deletion of Asxl1 or overexpression of C-terminal truncations in mice models. However, these models cannot fully recapitulate the pathogenesis of myeloid malignancies. Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide valuable disease models that allow us to understand disease-related molecular pathways and develop novel targeted therapies. Here, we generated iPSCs from a patient with myeloproliferative neoplasm carrying a heterozygous ASXL1 mutation. The iPSCs we generated exhibited the morphology of pluripotent cells, highly expressed pluripotent markers, excellent differentiation potency in vivo, and normal karyotype. Subsequently, iPSCs with or without ASXL1 mutation were induced to differentiate into hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, and we found that ASXL1 mutation led to myeloid-biased output and impaired erythroid differentiation. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that terms related to embryonic development, myeloid differentiation, and immune- and neural-related processes were most enriched in the differentially expressed genes. Western blot demonstrated that the global level of H2AK119ub was significantly decreased when mutant ASXL1 was present. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing showed that most genes associated with stem cell maintenance were upregulated, whereas occupancies of H2AK119ub around these genes were significantly decreased. Thus, the iPSC model carrying ASXL1 mutation could serve as a potential tool to study the pathogenesis of myeloid malignancies and to screen targeted therapy for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology &Blood Diseases Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology &Blood Diseases Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Yunan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology &Blood Diseases Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Jun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology &Blood Diseases Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, 301600, China
| | - Yihan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology &Blood Diseases Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Wen Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology &Blood Diseases Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, 301600, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Jun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology &Blood Diseases Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, 301600, China.
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology &Blood Diseases Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China.
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin, 301600, China.
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2
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Guo T, Wang J, Pang M, Liu W, Zhang X, Fan A, Liu H, Liu Q, Wei T, Li C, Zhao X, Lu Y. Reprogramming and multi-lineage transdifferentiation attenuate the tumorigenicity of colorectal cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105534. [PMID: 38072050 PMCID: PMC10801221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in reprogramming various somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and in multi-lineage differentiation (transdifferentiation) into different tissues. These manipulable transdifferentiating techniques may be applied in cancer therapy. Limited works have been reported that cancer cell malignancy can be switched to benign phenotypes through reprogramming techniques. Here, we reported that two colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines (DLD1, HT29) could be reprogrammed into iPSCs (D-iPSCs, H-iPSCs). D- and H-iPSCs showed reduced tumorigenesis. Furthermore, we successfully induced D- and H-iPSCs differentiation into terminally differentiated cell types such as cardiomyocyte, neuron, and adipocyte-like cells. Impressively, the differentiated cells exhibited further attenuated tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. RNA-Seq further indicated that epigenetic changes occurred after reprogramming and transdifferentiation that caused reduced tumorigenicity. Overall, our study indicated that CRC cells can be reprogrammed and further differentiated into terminally differentiated lineages with attenuation of their malignancy in vitro and in vivo. The current work sheds light on a potential multi-lineage differentiation therapeutic strategy for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Maogui Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wanning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ahui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hengtao Liu
- Jiaen Genetics Laboratory, Beijing Jiaen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Jiaen Genetics Laboratory, Beijing Jiaen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianying Wei
- Jiaen Genetics Laboratory, Beijing Jiaen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cunxi Li
- Jiaen Genetics Laboratory, Beijing Jiaen Hospital, Beijing, China; Cytogenetics Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Human Genetics and Reproduction Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaodi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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3
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Kurup JT, Kim S, Kidder BL. Identifying Cancer Type-Specific Transcriptional Programs through Network Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4167. [PMID: 37627195 PMCID: PMC10453000 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying cancer type-specific genes that define cell states is important to develop effective therapies for patients and methods for detection, early diagnosis, and prevention. While molecular mechanisms that drive malignancy have been identified for various cancers, the identification of cell-type defining transcription factors (TFs) that distinguish normal cells from cancer cells has not been fully elucidated. Here, we utilized a network biology framework, which assesses the fidelity of cell fate conversions, to identify cancer type-specific gene regulatory networks (GRN) for 17 types of cancer. Through an integrative analysis of a compendium of expression data, we elucidated core TFs and GRNs for multiple cancer types. Moreover, by comparing normal tissues and cells to cancer type-specific GRNs, we found that the expression of key network-influencing TFs can be utilized as a survival prognostic indicator for a diverse cohort of cancer patients. These findings offer a valuable resource for exploring cancer type-specific networks across a broad range of cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiji T. Kurup
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (J.T.K.); (S.K.)
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Seongho Kim
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (J.T.K.); (S.K.)
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Kidder
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (J.T.K.); (S.K.)
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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4
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Fu X, Zhuang Q, Babarinde IA, Shi L, Ma G, Hu H, Li Y, Chen J, Xiao Z, Deng B, Sun L, Jauch R, Hutchins AP. Restricting epigenetic activity promotes the reprogramming of transformed cells to pluripotency in a line-specific manner. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:245. [PMID: 37452056 PMCID: PMC10349098 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01533-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell reprogramming and oncogenic transformation share surprisingly similar features, yet transformed cells are resistant to reprogramming. Epigenetic barriers must block transformed cells from reprogramming, but the nature of those barriers is unclear. In this study, we generated a systematic panel of transformed mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) using oncogenic transgenes and discovered transformed cell lines compatible with reprogramming when transfected with Oct4/Sox2/Klf4/Myc. By comparing the reprogramming-capable and incapable transformed lines we identified multiple stages of failure in the reprogramming process. Some transformed lines failed at an early stage, whilst other lines seemed to progress through a conventional reprogramming process. Finally, we show that MEK inhibition overcomes one critical reprogramming barrier by indirectly suppressing a hyperacetylated active epigenetic state. This study reveals that diverse epigenetic barriers underly resistance to reprogramming of transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Fu
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qiang Zhuang
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Isaac A Babarinde
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liyang Shi
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Gang Ma
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Haoqing Hu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuhao Li
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhen Xiao
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Boping Deng
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ralf Jauch
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Andrew P Hutchins
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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5
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Mazouzi A, Moser SC, Abascal F, van den Broek B, Del Castillo Velasco-Herrera M, van der Heijden I, Hekkelman M, Drenth AP, van der Burg E, Kroese LJ, Jalink K, Adams DJ, Jonkers J, Brummelkamp TR. FIRRM/C1orf112 mediates resolution of homologous recombination intermediates in response to DNA interstrand crosslinks. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf4409. [PMID: 37256941 PMCID: PMC10413679 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf4409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) pose a major obstacle for DNA replication and transcription if left unrepaired. The cellular response to ICLs requires the coordination of various DNA repair mechanisms. Homologous recombination (HR) intermediates generated in response to ICLs, require efficient and timely conversion by structure-selective endonucleases. Our knowledge on the precise coordination of this process remains incomplete. Here, we designed complementary genetic screens to map the machinery involved in the response to ICLs and identified FIRRM/C1orf112 as an indispensable factor in maintaining genome stability. FIRRM deficiency leads to hypersensitivity to ICL-inducing compounds, accumulation of DNA damage during S-G2 phase of the cell cycle, and chromosomal aberrations, and elicits a unique mutational signature previously observed in HR-deficient tumors. In addition, FIRRM is recruited to ICLs, controls MUS81 chromatin loading, and thereby affects resolution of HR intermediates. FIRRM deficiency in mice causes early embryonic lethality and accelerates tumor formation. Thus, FIRRM plays a critical role in the response to ICLs encountered during DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelghani Mazouzi
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah C. Moser
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Bram van den Broek
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- BioImaging Facility, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Ingrid van der Heijden
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten Hekkelman
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anne Paulien Drenth
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eline van der Burg
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lona J. Kroese
- Animal Modeling Facility, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kees Jalink
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David J. Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thijn R. Brummelkamp
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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6
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Bigas A, Galán Palma L, Kartha GM, Giorgetti A. Using Pluripotent Stem Cells to Understand Normal and Leukemic Hematopoietic Development. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:1123-1134. [PMID: 36398586 PMCID: PMC9672852 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szac071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Several decades have passed since the generation of the first embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines both in mice and in humans. Since then, stem cell biologists have tried to understand their potential biological and clinical uses for their implementation in regenerative medicine. The hematopoietic field was a pioneer in establishing the potential use for the development of blood cell products and clinical applications; however, early expectations have been truncated by the difficulty in generating bonafide hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Despite some progress in understanding the origin of HSCs during embryonic development, the reproduction of this process in vitro is still not possible, but the knowledge acquired in the embryo is slowly being implemented for mouse and human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). In contrast, ESC-derived hematopoietic cells may recapitulate some leukemic transformation processes when exposed to oncogenic drivers. This would be especially useful to model prenatal leukemia development or other leukemia-predisposing syndromes, which are difficult to study. In this review, we will review the state of the art of the use of PSCs as a model for hematopoietic and leukemia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bigas
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute (IJC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Galán Palma
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute (IJC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gayathri M Kartha
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute (IJC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessandra Giorgetti
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Xiao X, Chen H, Yang L, Xie G, Shimuzu R, Murai A. Concise review: Cancer cell reprogramming and therapeutic implications. Transl Oncol 2022; 24:101503. [PMID: 35933935 PMCID: PMC9364012 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) act as tumor initiating cells. Reprogramming technology can convert cells into CSCs. Metabolic reprogramming is critical for CSCs. MiRNA can mediate cancer cell reprogramming as emerging alternatives.
The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis postulates that cancer originates from the malignant transformation of stem cells and is considered to apply to a variety of cancers. Additionally, cancer cells alter metabolic processes to sustain their characteristic uncontrolled growth and proliferation. Further, microRNAs (miRNAs) are found to be involved in acquisition of stem cell-like properties, regulation and reprogramming of cancer cells during cancer progression through its post-transcriptional-regulatory activity. In this concise review, we aim to integrate the current knowledge and recent advances to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the regulation of cell reprogramming and highlights the potential therapeutic implications for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xiao
- Laboratory Department of xingouqiao Street Community Health Service Center, Qingshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Laboratory Department of community health service station, Wuhan Engineering University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Laboratory Department of xingouqiao Street Community Health Service Center, Qingshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guoping Xie
- Laboratory of the second staff hospital of Wuhan Iron and steel (Group) Company, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Risa Shimuzu
- Department of medicine and molecular science, Gunma University, Maebeshi, Japan
| | - Akiko Murai
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, University of Chicago, , 5841 South Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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8
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Cho H, Abshire ET, Popp MW, Pröschel C, Schwartz JL, Yeo GW, Maquat LE. AKT constitutes a signal-promoted alternative exon-junction complex that regulates nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Mol Cell 2022; 82:2779-2796.e10. [PMID: 35675814 PMCID: PMC9357146 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite a long appreciation for the role of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) in destroying faulty, disease-causing mRNAs and maintaining normal, physiologic mRNA abundance, additional effectors that regulate NMD activity in mammalian cells continue to be identified. Here, we describe a haploid-cell genetic screen for NMD effectors that has unexpectedly identified 13 proteins constituting the AKT signaling pathway. We show that AKT supersedes UPF2 in exon-junction complexes (EJCs) that are devoid of RNPS1 but contain CASC3, defining an unanticipated insulin-stimulated EJC. Without altering UPF1 RNA binding or ATPase activity, AKT-mediated phosphorylation of the UPF1 CH domain at T151 augments UPF1 helicase activity, which is critical for NMD and also decreases the dependence of helicase activity on ATP. We demonstrate that upregulation of AKT signaling contributes to the hyperactivation of NMD that typifies Fragile X syndrome, as exemplified using FMR1-KO neural stem cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Abshire
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Maximilian W Popp
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Christoph Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Joshua L Schwartz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lynne E Maquat
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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9
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Kuang J, Huang T, Pei D. The Art of Reprogramming for Regenerative Medicine. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:927555. [PMID: 35846373 PMCID: PMC9280648 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.927555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional pharmaceuticals in the forms of small chemical compounds or macromolecules such as proteins or RNAs have provided lifesaving solutions to many acute and chronic conditions to date. However, there are still many unmet medical needs, especially those of degenerative nature. The advent of cell-based therapy holds the promise to meet these challenges. In this review, we highlight a relatively new paradigm for generating or regenerating functional cells for replacement therapy against conditions such as type I diabetes, myocardial infarction, neurodegenerative diseases and liver fibrosis. We focus on the latest progresses in cellular reprogramming for generating diverse functional cell types. We will also discuss the mechanisms involved and conclude with likely general principles underlying reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Kuang
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Cell Fate Control, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Cell Fate Control, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Duanqing Pei
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Cell Fate Control, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Duanqing Pei,
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10
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Landskron L, Bak J, Adamopoulos A, Kaplani K, Moraiti M, van den Hengel LG, Song JY, Bleijerveld OB, Nieuwenhuis J, Heidebrecht T, Henneman L, Moutin MJ, Barisic M, Taraviras S, Perrakis A, Brummelkamp TR. Posttranslational modification of microtubules by the MATCAP detyrosinase. Science 2022; 376:eabn6020. [PMID: 35482892 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn6020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The detyrosination-tyrosination cycle involves the removal and religation of the C-terminal tyrosine of α-tubulin and is implicated in cognitive, cardiac, and mitotic defects. The vasohibin-small vasohibin-binding protein (SVBP) complex underlies much, but not all, detyrosination. We used haploid genetic screens to identify an unannotated protein, microtubule associated tyrosine carboxypeptidase (MATCAP), as a remaining detyrosinating enzyme. X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy structures established MATCAP's cleaving mechanism, substrate specificity, and microtubule recognition. Paradoxically, whereas abrogation of tyrosine religation is lethal in mice, codeletion of MATCAP and SVBP is not. Although viable, defective detyrosination caused microcephaly, associated with proliferative defects during neurogenesis, and abnormal behavior. Thus, MATCAP is a missing component of the detyrosination-tyrosination cycle, revealing the importance of this modification in brain formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Landskron
- Oncode Institute, Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jitske Bak
- Oncode Institute, Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Athanassios Adamopoulos
- Oncode Institute, Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Konstantina Kaplani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Maria Moraiti
- Oncode Institute, Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lisa G van den Hengel
- Oncode Institute, Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ji-Ying Song
- Experimental Animal Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Onno B Bleijerveld
- Proteomics Facility, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joppe Nieuwenhuis
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tatjana Heidebrecht
- Oncode Institute, Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Linda Henneman
- Transgenic Core Facility, Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging (MCCA), Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marie-Jo Moutin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, U1216, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marin Barisic
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Oncode Institute, Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thijn R Brummelkamp
- Oncode Institute, Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
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11
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A real-time pluripotency reporter for the long-term and real-time monitoring of pluripotency changes in induced pluripotent stem cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:4445-4458. [PMID: 35575836 PMCID: PMC9186763 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To master the technology of reprogramming mouse somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which will lay a good foundation for setting up a technology platform on reprogramming human cancer cells into iPSCs. Mouse iPSCs (i.e., Oct4-GFP miPSCs) was successfully generated from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) harboring Oct4-EGFP transgene by introducing four factors, Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4, under mESC (Murine embryonic stem cells) culture conditions. Oct4-GFP miPSCs were similar to mESCs in morphology, proliferation, mESC-specific surface antigens and gene expression. Additionally, Oct4-GFP miPSCs could be cultured in suspension to form embryoid bodies (EBs) and differentiate into cell types of the three germ layers in vitro. Moreover, Oct4-GFP miPSCs could develop to teratoma and chimera in vivo. Unlike cell cycle distribution of MEFs, Oct4-GFP miPSCs are similar to mESCs in the cell cycle structure which consists of higher S phase and lower G1 phase. More importantly, our data demonstrated that MEFs harboring Oct4-EGFP transgene did not express GFP, until they were reprogrammed to the pluripotent stage (iPSCs), while the GFP expression was progressively lost when these pluripotent Oct4-GFP miPSCs exposed to EB-mediated differentiation conditions, suggesting the pluripotency of Oct4-GFP miPSCs can be real-time monitored over long periods of time via GFP assay. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that Oct4-GFP miPSC line is successfully established, which will lay a solid foundation for setting up a technology platform on reprogramming cancer cells into iPSCs. Furthermore, this pluripotency reporter system permits the long-term real-time monitoring of pluripotency changes in a live single-cell, and its progeny.
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12
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Saito S, Ku CC, Wuputra K, Pan JB, Lin CS, Lin YC, Wu DC, Yokoyama KK. Biomarkers of Cancer Stem Cells for Experimental Research and Clinical Application. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12050715. [PMID: 35629138 PMCID: PMC9147761 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biomarkers in cancer diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis has been highly effective over several decades. Studies of biomarkers in cancer patients pre- and post-treatment and during cancer progression have helped identify cancer stem cells (CSCs) and their related microenvironments. These analyses are critical for the therapeutic application of drugs and the efficient targeting and prevention of cancer progression, as well as the investigation of the mechanism of the cancer development. Biomarkers that characterize CSCs have thus been identified and correlated to diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. However, CSCs demonstrate elevated levels of plasticity, which alters their functional phenotype and appearance by interacting with their microenvironments, in response to chemotherapy and radiotherapeutics. In turn, these changes induce different metabolic adaptations of CSCs. This article provides a review of the most frequently used CSCs and stem cell markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Saito
- Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology, Yaita 329-1571, Japan
- Horus Co., Ltd., Nakano, Tokyo 164-0001, Japan
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (D.-C.W.); (K.K.Y.); Tel.: +886-7312-1001 (ext. 2729) (K.K.Y.); Fax: +886-7313-3849 (K.K.Y.)
| | - Chia-Chen Ku
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.K.); (K.W.); (J.-B.P.); (C.-S.L.)
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.K.); (K.W.); (J.-B.P.); (C.-S.L.)
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Bin Pan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.K.); (K.W.); (J.-B.P.); (C.-S.L.)
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.K.); (K.W.); (J.-B.P.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (D.-C.W.); (K.K.Y.); Tel.: +886-7312-1001 (ext. 2729) (K.K.Y.); Fax: +886-7313-3849 (K.K.Y.)
| | - Kazunari K. Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (C.-C.K.); (K.W.); (J.-B.P.); (C.-S.L.)
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (D.-C.W.); (K.K.Y.); Tel.: +886-7312-1001 (ext. 2729) (K.K.Y.); Fax: +886-7313-3849 (K.K.Y.)
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13
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Ito K, Nagata K, Ohta S, Matsuda Y, Ukai T, Yasuda I, Ota A, Kobayashi R, Kabata M, Sankoda N, Maeda T, Woltjen K, Yang L, Maruyama R, Katayama R, Yamamoto T, Yamada Y. The oncogene-dependent resistance to reprogramming unveils cancer therapeutic targets. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110721. [PMID: 35476996 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The resistance to transcription factor-mediated reprogramming into pluripotent stem cells is one of the distinctive features of cancer cells. Here we dissect the profiles of reprogramming factor binding and the subsequent transcriptional response in cancer cells to reveal its underlying mechanisms. Using clear cell sarcomas (CCSs), we show that the driver oncogene EWS/ATF1 misdirects the reprogramming factors to cancer-specific enhancers and thereby impairs the transcriptional response toward pluripotency that is otherwise provoked. Sensitization to the reprogramming cue is observed in other cancer types when the corresponding oncogenic signals are pharmacologically inhibited. Exploiting this oncogene dependence of the transcriptional "stiffness," we identify mTOR signaling pathways downstream of EWS/ATF1 and discover that inhibiting mTOR activity substantially attenuates the propagation of CCS cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that the early transcriptional response to cell fate perturbations can be a faithful readout to identify effective therapeutics targets in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ito
- Division of Stem Cell Pathology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kohei Nagata
- Division of Stem Cell Pathology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Sho Ohta
- Division of Stem Cell Pathology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Matsuda
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Ukai
- Division of Stem Cell Pathology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yasuda
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Akira Ota
- Department of Fundamental Cell Technology, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryota Kobayashi
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mio Kabata
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nao Sankoda
- Division of Stem Cell Pathology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Maeda
- Department of Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Knut Woltjen
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Liying Yang
- Project for Cancer Epigenomics, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Reo Maruyama
- Project for Cancer Epigenomics, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Ryohei Katayama
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; AMED-CREST, AMED, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Medical-risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamada
- Division of Stem Cell Pathology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; AMED-CREST, AMED, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
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14
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Ashoti A, Limone F, van Kranenburg M, Alemany A, Baak M, Vivié J, Piccioni F, Dijkers PF, Creyghton M, Eggan K, Geijsen N. Considerations and practical implications of performing a phenotypic CRISPR/Cas survival screen. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263262. [PMID: 35176052 PMCID: PMC8853573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide screens that have viability as a readout have been instrumental to identify essential genes. The development of gene knockout screens with the use of CRISPR-Cas has provided a more sensitive method to identify these genes. Here, we performed an exhaustive genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 phenotypic rescue screen to identify modulators of cytotoxicity induced by the pioneer transcription factor, DUX4. Misexpression of DUX4 due to a failure in epigenetic repressive mechanisms underlies facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FHSD), a complex muscle disorder that thus far remains untreatable. As the name implies, FSHD generally starts in the muscles of the face and shoulder girdle. Our CRISPR/Cas9 screen revealed no key effectors other than DUX4 itself that could modulate DUX4 cytotoxicity, suggesting that treatment efforts in FSHD should be directed towards direct modulation of DUX4 itself. Our screen did however reveal some rare and unexpected genomic events, that had an important impact on the interpretation of our data. Our findings may provide important considerations for planning future CRISPR/Cas9 phenotypic survival screens.
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MESH Headings
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Cell Survival
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Homeodomain Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Muscle Cells/metabolism
- Muscle Cells/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral/pathology
- Myoblasts/metabolism
- Myoblasts/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ator Ashoti
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (AA); (FL); (NG); (KE)
| | - Francesco Limone
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AA); (FL); (NG); (KE)
| | - Melissa van Kranenburg
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Alemany
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirna Baak
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Vivié
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Single Cell Discoveries, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pascale F. Dijkers
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Creyghton
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Eggan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AA); (FL); (NG); (KE)
| | - Niels Geijsen
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (AA); (FL); (NG); (KE)
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15
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Functional genomic approaches in acute myeloid leukemia: Insights into disease models and the therapeutic potential of reprogramming. Cancer Lett 2022; 533:215579. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Sidhu I, Barwe SP, Pillai RK, Gopalakrishnapillai A. Harnessing the Power of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Gene Editing Technology: Therapeutic Implications in Hematological Malignancies. Cells 2021; 10:2698. [PMID: 34685678 PMCID: PMC8534597 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro modeling of hematological malignancies not only provides insights into the influence of genetic aberrations on cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in disease progression but also aids development and evaluation of therapeutic agents. Owing to their self-renewal and differentiation capacity, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have emerged as a potential source of short in supply disease-specific human cells of the hematopoietic lineage. Patient-derived iPSCs can recapitulate the disease severity and spectrum of prognosis dictated by the genetic variation among patients and can be used for drug screening and studying clonal evolution. However, this approach lacks the ability to model the early phases of the disease leading to cancer. The advent of genetic editing technology has promoted the generation of precise isogenic iPSC disease models to address questions regarding the underlying genetic mechanism of disease initiation and progression. In this review, we discuss the use of iPSC disease modeling in hematological diseases, where there is lack of patient sample availability and/or difficulty of engraftment to generate animal models. Furthermore, we describe the power of combining iPSC and precise gene editing to elucidate the underlying mechanism of initiation and progression of various hematological malignancies. Finally, we discuss the power of iPSC disease modeling in developing and testing novel therapies in a high throughput setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishnoor Sidhu
- Nemours Centers for Childhood Cancer Research and Cancer & Blood Disorders, Nemours Children’s Health, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (I.S.); (S.P.B.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Sonali P. Barwe
- Nemours Centers for Childhood Cancer Research and Cancer & Blood Disorders, Nemours Children’s Health, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (I.S.); (S.P.B.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Raju K. Pillai
- National Medical Center, Department of Pathology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91105, USA;
| | - Anilkumar Gopalakrishnapillai
- Nemours Centers for Childhood Cancer Research and Cancer & Blood Disorders, Nemours Children’s Health, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (I.S.); (S.P.B.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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17
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Zimmermannova O, Caiado I, Ferreira AG, Pereira CF. Cell Fate Reprogramming in the Era of Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:714822. [PMID: 34367185 PMCID: PMC8336566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.714822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in understanding how cancer cells interact with the immune system allowed the development of immunotherapeutic strategies, harnessing patients' immune system to fight cancer. Dendritic cell-based vaccines are being explored to reactivate anti-tumor adaptive immunity. Immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CAR T) were however the main approaches that catapulted the therapeutic success of immunotherapy. Despite their success across a broad range of human cancers, many challenges remain for basic understanding and clinical progress as only a minority of patients benefit from immunotherapy. In addition, cellular immunotherapies face important limitations imposed by the availability and quality of immune cells isolated from donors. Cell fate reprogramming is offering interesting alternatives to meet these challenges. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology not only enables studying immune cell specification but also serves as a platform for the differentiation of a myriad of clinically useful immune cells including T-cells, NK cells, or monocytes at scale. Moreover, the utilization of iPSCs allows introduction of genetic modifications and generation of T/NK cells with enhanced anti-tumor properties. Immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, can also be generated by direct cellular reprogramming employing lineage-specific master regulators bypassing the pluripotent stage. Thus, the cellular reprogramming toolbox is now providing the means to address the potential of patient-tailored immune cell types for cancer immunotherapy. In parallel, development of viral vectors for gene delivery has opened the door for in vivo reprogramming in regenerative medicine, an elegant strategy circumventing the current limitations of in vitro cell manipulation. An analogous paradigm has been recently developed in cancer immunotherapy by the generation of CAR T-cells in vivo. These new ideas on endogenous reprogramming, cross-fertilized from the fields of regenerative medicine and gene therapy, are opening exciting avenues for direct modulation of immune or tumor cells in situ, widening our strategies to remove cancer immunotherapy roadblocks. Here, we review current strategies for cancer immunotherapy, summarize technologies for generation of immune cells by cell fate reprogramming as well as highlight the future potential of inducing these unique cell identities in vivo, providing new and exciting tools for the fast-paced field of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zimmermannova
- Cell Reprogramming in Hematopoiesis and Immunity Laboratory, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Inês Caiado
- Cell Reprogramming in Hematopoiesis and Immunity Laboratory, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexandra G. Ferreira
- Cell Reprogramming in Hematopoiesis and Immunity Laboratory, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos-Filipe Pereira
- Cell Reprogramming in Hematopoiesis and Immunity Laboratory, Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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18
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Leung CON, Deng W, Ye TM, Ngan HYS, Tsao SW, Cheung ANY, Ziru N, Yuen DCK, Pang RTK, Yeung WSB. MicroRNA-135a-induced formation of CD133+ subpopulation with cancer stem cell properties in cervical cancer. Carcinogenesis 2021; 41:1592-1604. [PMID: 32415843 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play significant roles in tumor initiation. MicroRNA-135a (miR-135a) induced the formation of a CD133+ subpopulation from a human papillomavirus-immortalized cervical epithelial cell line. Compared with the CD133- cells, the CD133+ cells expressed higher levels of miR-135a and OCT4, exhibited significantly higher tumorsphere forming capacity and the time required for tumorsphere formation was shortened in the second generation. Serum induction suppressed the expression of CD133, OCT4 and miR-135a, but increased expression of involucrin in the miR-135a-induced CD133+ cells. The miR-135a-induced CD133+ cells were tumorigenic in a limiting dilution approach in vivo. The cells expressed significantly higher level of active β-catenin and OCT4 than the CD133- counterpart. Wnt3a enhanced the expression of OCT4 and CD133 in cervical cancer cells but failed to enhance CD133 transcription in normal cervical cells. Wnt3a stimulation also increased tumorsphere size and self-renewal of miR-135a-induced CD133+ subpopulation. Wnt/β-catenin inhibition suppressed tumorsphere formation while Wnt3a partially nullified the inhibitory effect. Taken together, miR-135a induced the formation of a subpopulation of cells with CSC properties both in vitro and in vivo and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is essential to maintain its tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen O N Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Wen Deng
- School of Nursing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Tian-Min Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Hextan Y S Ngan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Annie N Y Cheung
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Niu Ziru
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Dominic C K Yuen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ronald T K Pang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.,Centre for Reproduction, Development and Growth, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - William S B Yeung
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.,Centre for Reproduction, Development and Growth, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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19
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Modeling leukemia with pediatric acute leukemia patient-derived iPSCs. Stem Cell Res 2021; 54:102404. [PMID: 34111697 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ediatric acute leukemia (AL) is the most common hematological malignancy in childhood. However, the limitation of clinical specimens hindered the progress of research. Therefore, new research platforms are urgently needed to establish and clarify the pathogenesis of pediatric AL, and it is necessary to try to find novel targeted therapies for the clinical use. Here, the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from AL provide a reliable model for basic research. METHODS eukemia cells were sorted by flow cytometry and then reprogrammed into iPSCs by Sendai virus. Cell cycle assay was used to analyze cell proliferation. RESULTS iPS cell lines from T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells were successfully established. The reprogramming efficiency of AML cells was much higher than that of ALL cells. Disease iPS cells switched off the expression of the disease marker genes at iPS and HPC stage. When different subtypes of AML-iPSCs were differentiated into hematopoietic progenitor cells, iPS derived from acute megakaryocytic leukemia was more readily differentiated into megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors. Whereas, the differentiation of multipotent lymphoid progenitor (MLP) and granulocyte macrophage progenitor (GMP) were blocked. The iPS derived from acute monocyte leukemia (AMCL) also showed the differentiation of common myeloid progenitors (CMP), GMP and monocytes significantly increased but MLP differentiation was inhibited. The AML-iPSC could form teratomas and we could obverse three germ layers in vivo, indicating that the AML-iPSCs have full pluripotency. However, there were not enough blood cells in teratoma to identify the leukemia. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a novel platform for AL research and critical insight into the difference of hematopoietic differentiation between ALL and AML.
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20
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Reilly A, Doulatov S. Induced pluripotent stem cell models of myeloid malignancies and clonal evolution. Stem Cell Res 2021; 52:102195. [PMID: 33592565 PMCID: PMC10115516 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of cells from patients with genetic disorders to pluripotency is a promising avenue to understanding disease biology. A number of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models of inherited monogenic blood disorders have been reported over the past decade. However, the application of iPSCs for modeling of hematological malignancies has only recently been explored. Blood malignancies comprise a spectrum of genetically heterogeneous disorders marked by the acquisition of somatic mutations and chromosomal aberrations. This genetic heterogeneity presents unique challenges for iPSC modeling, but also opportunities to capture genetically distinct states and generate models of stepwise progression from normal to malignant hematopoiesis. Here we briefly review the current state of this field, highlighting current models of acquired pre-malignant and malignant blood disorders and clonal evolution, and challenges including barriers to reprogramming and differentiation of iPSCs into bona fide hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Reilly
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Department of Genome Sciences, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Sergei Doulatov
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Department of Genome Sciences, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
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21
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Reprogramming and Differentiation of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells in Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010245. [PMID: 33383666 PMCID: PMC7795642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The early onset and rapid progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) leads to high mortality rates in individuals with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB). Currently, the molecular mechanisms underlying cSCC development in RDEB are not well understood and there are limited therapeutic options. RDEB-cSCC arises through the accumulation of genetic mutations; however, previous work analyzing gene expression profiles have not been able to explain its aggressive nature. Therefore, we generated a model to study RDEB-cSCC development using cellular reprograming and re-differentiation technology. We compared RDEB-cSCC to cSCC that were first reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (RDEB-cSCC-iPSC) and then differentiated back to keratinocytes (RDEB-cSCC-iKC). The RDEB-cSCC-iKC cell population had reduced proliferative capacities in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that reprogramming and re-differentiation leads to functional changes. Finally, we performed RNA-seq analysis for RDEB-cSCC, RDEB-cSCC-iPSC, and RDEB-cSCC-iKC and identified different gene expression signatures between these cell populations. Taken together, this cell culture model offers a valuable tool to study cSCC and provides a novel way to identify potential therapeutic targets for RDEB-cSCC.
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22
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Kim J. Cellular reprogramming to model and study epigenetic alterations in cancer. Stem Cell Res 2020; 49:102062. [PMID: 33202305 PMCID: PMC7768185 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular reprogramming to model human cancer. Cellular reprogramming to rewire epigenetic alterations in human cancer. Selective reactivation of malignancy in the cell lineage cancer is originated. Cellular reprogramming to recapitulate human cancer progression.
Although genetic mutations are required for cancer development, reversible non-genetic alterations also play a pivotal role in cancer progression. Failure of well-orchestrated gene regulation by chromatin states and master transcription factors can be one such non-genetic etiology for cancer development. Master transcription factor-mediated cellular reprogramming of human cancer cells allows us to model cancer progression. Here I cover the history and recent advances in reprogramming cancer cells, followed by lessons from cellular reprogramming of normal cells that may apply to cancer. Lastly, I share my perspective on cellular reprogramming for studying epigenetic alterations that have occurred in tumorigenesis, discuss the current limitations, and propose ways to overcome the obstacles in the reprogramming of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungsun Kim
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute (Cancer Biology Research Program), Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, KCRB 5001.51, 2720 SW Moody Ave., Portland, OR 97201, United States.
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23
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Granados K, Poelchen J, Novak D, Utikal J. Cellular Reprogramming-A Model for Melanoma Cellular Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218274. [PMID: 33167306 PMCID: PMC7663830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular plasticity of cancer cells is often associated with phenotypic heterogeneity and drug resistance and thus remains a major challenge for the treatment of melanoma and other types of cancer. Melanoma cells have the capacity to switch their phenotype during tumor progression, from a proliferative and differentiated phenotype to a more invasive and dedifferentiated phenotype. However, the molecular mechanisms driving this phenotype switch are not yet fully understood. Considering that cellular heterogeneity within the tumor contributes to the high plasticity typically observed in melanoma, it is crucial to generate suitable models to investigate this phenomenon in detail. Here, we discuss the use of complete and partial reprogramming into induced pluripotent cancer (iPC) cells as a tool to obtain new insights into melanoma cellular plasticity. We consider this a relevant topic due to the high plasticity of melanoma cells and its association with a strong resistance to standard anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Granados
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.G.); (J.P.); (D.N.)
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, D-68135 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica (UCR), Rodrigo Facio Campus, San Pedro Montes Oca, San Jose 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Juliane Poelchen
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.G.); (J.P.); (D.N.)
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, D-68135 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Novak
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.G.); (J.P.); (D.N.)
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, D-68135 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.G.); (J.P.); (D.N.)
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, D-68135 Mannheim, Germany
- Correspondence:
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24
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Donada A, Basso-Valentina F, Arkoun B, Monte-Mor B, Plo I, Raslova H. Induced pluripotent stem cells and hematological malignancies: A powerful tool for disease modeling and drug development. Stem Cell Res 2020; 49:102060. [PMID: 33142254 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The derivation of human pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines by in vitro reprogramming of somatic cells revolutionized research: iPSCs have been used for disease modeling, drug screening and regenerative medicine for many disorders, especially when combined with cutting-edge genome editing technologies. In hematology, malignant transformation is often a multi-step process, that starts with either germline or acquired genetic alteration, followed by progressive acquisition of mutations combined with the selection of one or more pre-existing clones. iPSCs are an excellent model to study the cooperation between different genetic alterations and to test relevant therapeutic drugs. In this review, we will describe the use of iPSCs for pathophysiological studies and drug testing in inherited and acquired hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Donada
- INSERM, UMR1287, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France
| | - F Basso-Valentina
- INSERM, UMR1287, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France
| | - B Arkoun
- INSERM, UMR1287, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France
| | - B Monte-Mor
- Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - I Plo
- INSERM, UMR1287, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France
| | - H Raslova
- INSERM, UMR1287, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France.
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25
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Modeling cancer progression using human pluripotent stem cell-derived cells and organoids. Stem Cell Res 2020; 49:102063. [PMID: 33137568 PMCID: PMC7849931 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional cancer cell lines and animal models have been mainstays of cancer research. More recently, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and hPSC-derived organoid technologies, together with genome engineering approaches, have provided a complementary platform to model cancer progression. Here, we review the application of these technologies in cancer modeling with respect to the cell-of-origin, cancer propagation, and metastasis. We further discuss the benefits and challenges accompanying the use of hPSC models for cancer research and discuss their broad applicability in drug discovery, biomarker identification, decoding molecular mechanisms, and the deconstruction of clonal and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. In summary, hPSC-derived organoids provide powerful models to recapitulate the pathogenic states in cancer and to perform drug discovery.
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26
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Wuputra K, Ku CC, Wu DC, Lin YC, Saito S, Yokoyama KK. Prevention of tumor risk associated with the reprogramming of human pluripotent stem cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:100. [PMID: 32493501 PMCID: PMC7268627 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent embryonic stem cells have two special features: self-renewal and pluripotency. It is important to understand the properties of pluripotent stem cells and reprogrammed stem cells. One of the major problems is the risk of reprogrammed stem cells developing into tumors. To understand the process of differentiation through which stem cells develop into cancer cells, investigators have attempted to identify the key factors that generate tumors in humans. The most effective method for the prevention of tumorigenesis is the exclusion of cancer cells during cell reprogramming. The risk of cancer formation is dependent on mutations of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes during the conversion of stem cells to cancer cells and on the environmental effects of pluripotent stem cells. Dissecting the processes of epigenetic regulation and chromatin regulation may be helpful for achieving correct cell reprogramming without inducing tumor formation and for developing new drugs for cancer treatment. This review focuses on the risk of tumor formation by human pluripotent stem cells, and on the possible treatment options if it occurs. Potential new techniques that target epigenetic processes and chromatin regulation provide opportunities for human cancer modeling and clinical applications of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Ku
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Shigeo Saito
- Waseda University Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan. .,Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology Institute, Yaita, Tochigi, 329-1571, Japan.
| | - Kazunari K Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., San-Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. .,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. .,Waseda University Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
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27
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A Novel Function for KLF4 in Modulating the De-differentiation of EpCAM -/CD133 - nonStem Cells into EpCAM +/CD133 + Liver Cancer Stem Cells in HCC Cell Line HuH7. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051198. [PMID: 32408542 PMCID: PMC7290717 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex and heterogeneous nature of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) hampers the identification of effective therapeutic strategies. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a fraction of cells within tumors with the ability to self-renew and differentiate, and thus significantly contribute to the formation and maintenance of heterogeneous tumor mass. Increasing evidence indicates high plasticity in tumor cells, suggesting that non-CSCs could acquire stem cell properties through de-differentiation or reprogramming processes. In this paper, we reveal KLF4 as a transcription factor that can induce a CSC-like phenotype in non-CSCs through upregulating the EpCAM and E-CAD expression. Our studies indicated that KLF4 could directly bind to the promoter of EpCAM and increase the number of EpCAM+/CD133+ liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) in the HuH7 HCC cell line. When KLF4 was overexpressed in EpCAM−/CD133− non-stem cells, the expressions of hepatic stem/progenitor cell genes such as CK19, EpCAM and LGR5 were significantly increased. KLF4 overexpressing non-stem cells exhibited greater cell viability upon sorafenib treatment, while the cell migration and invasion capabilities of these cells were suppressed. Importantly, we detected an increased membranous expression and colocalization of β-CAT, E-CAD and EpCAM in the KLF4-overexpressing EpCAM−/CD133− non-stem cells, suggesting that this complex might be required for the cancer stem cell phenotype. Moreover, our in vivo xenograft studies demonstrated that with a KLF4 overexpression, EpCAM−/CD133− non-stem cells attained an in vivo tumor forming ability comparable to EpCAM+/CD133+ LCSCs, and the tumor specimens from KLF4-overexpressing xenografts had increased levels of both the KLF4 and EpCAM proteins. Additionally, we identified a correlation between the KLF4 and EpCAM protein expressions in human HCC tissues independent of the tumor stage and differentiation status. Collectively, our data suggest a novel function for KLF4 in modulating the de-differentiation of tumor cells and the induction of EpCAM+/CD133+ LCSCs in HuH7 HCC cells.
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28
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Gisler S, Maia ARR, Chandrasekaran G, Kopparam J, van Lohuizen M. A genome-wide enrichment screen identifies NUMA1-loss as a resistance mechanism against mitotic cell-death induced by BMI1 inhibition. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227592. [PMID: 32343689 PMCID: PMC7188281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BMI1 is a core protein of the polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) that is overexpressed in several cancer types, making it a promising target for cancer therapies. However, the underlying mechanisms and interactions associated with BMI1-induced tumorigenesis are often context-dependent and complex. Here, we performed a drug resistance screen on mutagenized human haploid HAP1 cells treated with BMI1 inhibitor PTC-318 to find new genetic and mechanistic features associated with BMI1-dependent cancer cell proliferation. Our screen identified NUMA1-mutations as the most significant inducer of PTC-318 cell death resistance. Independent validations on NUMA1-proficient HAP1 and non-small cell lung cancer cell lines exposed to BMI1 inhibition by PTC-318 or BMI1 knockdown resulted in cell death following mitotic arrest. Interestingly, cells with CRISPR-Cas9 derived NUMA1 knockout also showed a mitotic arrest phenotype following BMI1 inhibition but, contrary to cells with wildtype NUMA1, these cells were resistant to BMI1-dependent cell death. The current study brings new insights to BMI1 inhibition-induced mitotic lethality in cancer cells and presents a previously unknown role of NUMA1 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Gisler
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Oncode and The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Rita R. Maia
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gayathri Chandrasekaran
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Oncode and The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jawahar Kopparam
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Oncode and The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van Lohuizen
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Oncode and The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Hepburn AC, Sims CHC, Buskin A, Heer R. Engineering Prostate Cancer from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-New Opportunities to Develop Preclinical Tools in Prostate and Prostate Cancer Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E905. [PMID: 32019175 PMCID: PMC7036761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key issues hampering the development of effective treatments for prostate cancer is the lack of suitable, tractable, and patient-specific in vitro models that accurately recapitulate this disease. In this review, we address the challenges of using primary cultures and patient-derived xenografts to study prostate cancer. We describe emerging approaches using primary prostate epithelial cells and prostate organoids and their genetic manipulation for disease modelling. Furthermore, the use of human prostate-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is highlighted as a promising complimentary approach. Finally, we discuss the manipulation of iPSCs to generate 'avatars' for drug disease testing. Specifically, we describe how a conceptual advance through the creation of living biobanks of "genetically engineered cancers" that contain patient-specific driver mutations hold promise for personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia C. Hepburn
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O’Gorman building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (C.H.C.S.); (A.B.)
| | - C. H. Cole Sims
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O’Gorman building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (C.H.C.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Adriana Buskin
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O’Gorman building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (C.H.C.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O’Gorman building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (C.H.C.S.); (A.B.)
- Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
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30
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Wang Y, Lu T, Sun G, Zheng Y, Yang S, Zhang H, Hao S, Liu Y, Ma S, Zhang H, Ru Y, Gao S, Yen K, Cheng H, Cheng T. Targeting of apoptosis gene loci by reprogramming factors leads to selective eradication of leukemia cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5594. [PMID: 31811153 PMCID: PMC6898631 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Applying somatic cell reprogramming strategies in cancer cell biology is a powerful approach to analyze mechanisms of malignancy and develop new therapeutics. Here, we test whether leukemia cells can be reprogrammed in vivo using the canonical reprogramming transcription factors-Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (termed as OSKM). Unexpectedly, we discover that OSKM can eradicate leukemia cells and dramatically improve survival of leukemia-bearing mice. By contrast, OSKM minimally impact normal hematopoietic cells. Using ATAC-seq, we find OSKM induce chromatin accessibility near genes encoding apoptotic regulators in leukemia cells. Moreover, this selective effect also involves downregulation of H3K9me3 as an early event. Dissection of the functional effects of OSKM shows that Klf4 and Sox2 play dominant roles compared to c-Myc and Oct4 in elimination of leukemia cells. These results reveal an intriguing paradigm by which OSKM-initiated reprogramming induction can be leveraged and diverged to develop novel anti-cancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Department of Hematology, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China
| | - Ting Lu
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yawei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Shangda Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Sha Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China.,Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Shihui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Houyu Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxin Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaorong Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuangyu Yen
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, China. .,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China. .,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China. .,Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, China. .,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China. .,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China. .,Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.
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31
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Modeling Leukemia with Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a034868. [PMID: 31451537 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The reprogramming of human somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) a little over a decade ago raised exciting prospects to transform the study and potentially also the therapy of human diseases. iPSC models have now been created for a multitude of hematologic diseases, including malignancies. Here we discuss practical aspects of iPSC modeling of malignant diseases, review recent studies, and discuss the new opportunities that iPSC models offer, as well as their current limitations and prospects for future development.
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32
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Loponte S, Lovisa S, Deem AK, Carugo A, Viale A. The Many Facets of Tumor Heterogeneity: Is Metabolism Lagging Behind? Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1574. [PMID: 31623133 PMCID: PMC6826850 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor functional heterogeneity has been recognized for decades, and technological advancements are fueling renewed interest in uncovering the cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence tumor development and therapeutic response. Intratumoral heterogeneity is now arguably one of the most-studied topics in tumor biology, leading to the discovery of new paradigms and reinterpretation of old ones, as we aim to understand the profound implications that genomic, epigenomic, and functional heterogeneity hold with regard to clinical outcomes. In spite of our improved understanding of the biological complexity of cancer, characterization of tumor metabolic heterogeneity has lagged behind, lost in a century-old controversy debating whether glycolysis or mitochondrial respiration is more influential. But is tumor metabolism really so simple? Here, we review historical and current views of intratumoral heterogeneity, with an emphasis on summarizing the emerging data that begin to illuminate just how vast the spectrum of metabolic strategies a tumor can employ may be, and what this means for how we might interpret other tumor characteristics, such as mutational landscape, contribution of microenvironmental influences, and treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Loponte
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Sara Lovisa
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Angela K Deem
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Alessandro Carugo
- TRACTION platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Andrea Viale
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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33
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Gong L, Yan Q, Zhang Y, Fang X, Liu B, Guan X. Cancer cell reprogramming: a promising therapy converting malignancy to benignity. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2019; 39:48. [PMID: 31464654 PMCID: PMC6716904 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-019-0393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, remarkable progress has been made in reprogramming terminally differentiated somatic cells and cancer cells into induced pluripotent cells and cancer cells with benign phenotypes. Recent studies have explored various approaches to induce reprogramming from one cell type to another, including lineage-specific transcription factors-, combinatorial small molecules-, microRNAs- and embryonic microenvironment-derived exosome-mediated reprogramming. These reprogramming approaches have been proven to be technically feasible and versatile to enable re-activation of sequestered epigenetic regions, thus driving fate decisions of differentiated cells. One of the significant utilities of cancer cell reprogramming is the therapeutic potential of retrieving normal cell functions from various malignancies. However, there are several major obstacles to overcome in cancer cell reprogramming before clinical translation, including characterization of reprogramming mechanisms, improvement of reprogramming efficiency and safety, and development of delivery methods. Recently, several insights in reprogramming mechanism have been proposed, and determining progress has been achieved to promote reprogramming efficiency and feasibility, allowing it to emerge as a promising therapy against cancer in the near future. This review aims to discuss recent applications in cancer cell reprogramming, with a focus on the clinical significance and limitations of different reprogramming approaches, while summarizing vital roles played by transcription factors, small molecules, microRNAs and exosomes during the reprogramming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanqi Gong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P.R. China
| | - Qian Yan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P.R. China
| | - Xiaona Fang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P.R. China
| | - Beilei Liu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P.R. China
| | - Xinyuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P.R. China. .,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P.R. China.
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34
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Khoshchehreh R, Totonchi M, Carlos Ramirez J, Torres R, Baharvand H, Aicher A, Ebrahimi M, Heeschen C. Epigenetic reprogramming of primary pancreatic cancer cells counteracts their in vivo tumourigenicity. Oncogene 2019; 38:6226-6239. [PMID: 31308488 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) arises through accumulation of multiple genetic alterations. However, cancer cells also acquire and depend on cancer-specific epigenetic changes. To conclusively demonstrate the crucial relevance of the epigenetic programme for the tumourigenicity of the cancer cells, we used cellular reprogramming technology to reverse these epigenetic changes. We reprogrammed human PDAC cultures using three different techniques - (1) lentivirally via induction of Yamanaka Factors (OSKM), (2) the pluripotency-associated gene OCT4 and the microRNA mir-302, or (3) using episomal vectors as a safer alternative without genomic integration. We found that induction with episomal vectors was the most efficient method to reprogram primary human PDAC cultures as well as primary human fibroblasts that served as positive controls. Successful reprogramming was evidenced by immunostaining, alkaline phosphatase staining, and real-time PCR. Intriguingly, reprogramming of primary human PDAC cultures drastically reduced their in vivo tumourigenicity, which appeared to be driven by the cells' enhanced differentiation and loss of stemness upon transplantation. Our study demonstrates that reprogrammed primary PDAC cultures are functionally distinct from parental PDAC cells resulting in drastically reduced tumourigenicity in vitro and in vivo. Thus, epigenetic alterations account at least in part for the tumourigenicity and aggressiveness of pancreatic cancer, supporting the notion that epigenetic modulators could be a suitable approach to improve the dismal outcome of patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Khoshchehreh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Totonchi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Raul Torres
- Molecular Cytogenetics and Genome Editing Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain.,Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexandra Aicher
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, the University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, NSW, Australia. .,Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Christopher Heeschen
- Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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35
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Elling U, Woods M, Forment JV, Fu B, Yang F, Ng BL, Vicente JR, Adams DJ, Doe B, Jackson SP, Penninger JM, Balmus G. Derivation and maintenance of mouse haploid embryonic stem cells. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:1991-2014. [PMID: 31160788 PMCID: PMC6997032 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0169-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ploidy represents the number of chromosome sets in a cell. Although gametes have a haploid genome (n), most mammalian cells have diploid genomes (2n). The diploid status of most cells correlates with the number of probable alleles for each autosomal gene and makes it difficult to target these genes via mutagenesis techniques. Here, we describe a 7-week protocol for the derivation of mouse haploid embryonic stem cells (hESCs) from female gametes that also outlines how to maintain the cells once derived. We detail additional procedures that can be used with cell lines obtained from the mouse Haplobank, a biobank of >100,000 individual mouse hESC lines with targeted mutations in 16,970 genes. hESCs can spontaneously diploidize and can be maintained in both haploid and diploid states. Mouse hESCs are genomically and karyotypically stable, are innately immortal and isogenic, and can be derived in an array of differentiated cell types; they are thus highly amenable to genetic screens and to defining molecular connectivity pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Elling
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Woods
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Cambridge and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Josep V Forment
- DNA Damage Response Biology, Oncology Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Beiyuan Fu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Bee Ling Ng
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jose R Vicente
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Cambridge and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Brendan Doe
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen P Jackson
- The Wellcome Trust CRUK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Gabriel Balmus
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Cambridge and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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36
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Chen B, Zhu Z, Li L, Ye W, Zeng J, Gao J, Wang S, Zhang L, Huang Z. Effect of overexpression of Oct4 and Sox2 genes on the biological and oncological characteristics of gastric cancer cells. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:4667-4682. [PMID: 31417271 PMCID: PMC6592062 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s209734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Using the gastric cancer cell line SGC7901, we constructed a cell line that overexpressed octamer-binding protein 4 (Oct4) and SRY-box 2 (Sox2) to explore the stem cell oncological and biological characteristics of these cells and to elucidate the mechanisms of Oct4 and Sox2 in cancer. Methods: A lentiviral vector containing the Sox2 gene was constructed and transfected into a gastric cancer cell line overexpressing Oct4 (SGC7901-Oct4) to obtain a stably transfected cell line (SGC7901-Oct4-Sox2). Oct4 and Sox2 expression was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting. The proliferation, drug resistance, migration, and invasion abilities of the cells were assessed using in vitro (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium), drug resistance, scratch-wound migration, transwell migration, transwell invasion, and spherical clone formation assays, and their tumorigenic ability was assessed using a tumor formation experiment in mice. Results: Compared with the control group, the expression of Oct4, Sox2, CD44, and E-cadherin was significantly higher in the group that overexpressed Oct4 and Sox2, while the expression of c-Myc and Klf4 did not significantly change. The proliferation, drug resistance, migration, and invasion abilities were significantly enhanced in the overexpression group, and the tumorigenic ability in mice was also significantly enhanced, with significantly increased tumor size and weight. Conclusion: The proliferation, drug resistance, migration, invasion, and tumorigenic abilities of SGC7901 cells overexpressing Oct4 and Sox2 were significantly improved. Oct4 and Sox2 play important roles in the proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumorigenicity of gastric cancer cells, and the two genes may be synergistic to a certain degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borong Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Weipeng Ye
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Zeng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjie Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengjie Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, People's Republic of China
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37
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Georgomanoli M, Papapetrou EP. Modeling blood diseases with human induced pluripotent stem cells. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/6/dmm039321. [PMID: 31171568 PMCID: PMC6602313 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.039321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are derived from somatic cells through a reprogramming process, which converts them to a pluripotent state, akin to that of embryonic stem cells. Over the past decade, iPSC models have found increasing applications in the study of human diseases, with blood disorders featuring prominently. Here, we discuss methodological aspects pertaining to iPSC generation, hematopoietic differentiation and gene editing, and provide an overview of uses of iPSCs in modeling the cell and gene therapy of inherited genetic blood disorders, as well as their more recent use as models of myeloid malignancies. We also discuss the strengths and limitations of iPSCs compared to model organisms and other cellular systems commonly used in hematology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Georgomanoli
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Eirini P Papapetrou
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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38
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Chao MP, Majeti R. Induced pluripotent stem cell modeling of malignant hematopoiesis. Exp Hematol 2019; 71:68-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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39
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Attwood SW, Edel MJ. iPS-Cell Technology and the Problem of Genetic Instability-Can It Ever Be Safe for Clinical Use? J Clin Med 2019; 8:E288. [PMID: 30823421 PMCID: PMC6462964 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8030288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC) as a source of autologous tissues shows great promise in regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, several major challenges remain to be addressed before iPSC-derived cells can be used in therapy, and experience of their clinical use is extremely limited. In this review, the factors affecting the safe translation of iPSC to the clinic are considered, together with an account of efforts being made to overcome these issues. The review draws upon experiences with pluripotent stem-cell therapeutics, including clinical trials involving human embryonic stem cells and the widely transplanted mesenchymal stem cells. The discussion covers concerns relating to: (i) the reprogramming process; (ii) the detection and removal of incompletely differentiated and pluripotent cells from the resulting medicinal products; and (iii) genomic and epigenetic changes, and the evolutionary and selective processes occurring during culture expansion, associated with production of iPSC-therapeutics. In addition, (iv) methods for the practical culture-at-scale and standardization required for routine clinical use are considered. Finally, (v) the potential of iPSC in the treatment of human disease is evaluated in the light of what is known about the reprogramming process, the behavior of cells in culture, and the performance of iPSC in pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Attwood
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - Michael J Edel
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
- Control of Pluripotency Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.
- Harry Perkins Research Institute, Fiona Stanley Hospital, University of Western Australia, PO Box 404, Bull Creek, Western Australia 6149, Australia.
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40
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Karagiannis P, Takahashi K, Saito M, Yoshida Y, Okita K, Watanabe A, Inoue H, Yamashita JK, Todani M, Nakagawa M, Osawa M, Yashiro Y, Yamanaka S, Osafune K. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Use in Human Models of Disease and Development. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:79-114. [PMID: 30328784 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of somatic cell nuclear transfer proved that somatic cells can carry the same genetic code as the zygote, and that activating parts of this code are sufficient to reprogram the cell to an early developmental state. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) nearly half a century later provided a molecular mechanism for the reprogramming. The initial creation of iPSCs was accomplished by the ectopic expression of four specific genes (OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, and c-Myc; OSKM). iPSCs have since been acquired from a wide range of cell types and a wide range of species, suggesting a universal molecular mechanism. Furthermore, cells have been reprogrammed to iPSCs using a myriad of methods, although OSKM remains the gold standard. The sources for iPSCs are abundant compared with those for other pluripotent stem cells; thus the use of iPSCs to model the development of tissues, organs, and other systems of the body is increasing. iPSCs also, through the reprogramming of patient samples, are being used to model diseases. Moreover, in the 10 years since the first report, human iPSCs are already the basis for new cell therapies and drug discovery that have reached clinical application. In this review, we examine the generation of iPSCs and their application to disease and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Karagiannis
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Takahashi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Megumu Saito
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yoshida
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Keisuke Okita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Jun K Yamashita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Masaya Todani
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Masato Nakagawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Mitsujiro Osawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yoshimi Yashiro
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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41
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Turhan A, Foudi A, Hwang JW, Desterke C, Griscelli F, Bennaceur-Griscelli A. Modeling malignancies using induced pluripotent stem cells: from chronic myeloid leukemia to hereditary cancers. Exp Hematol 2019; 71:61-67. [PMID: 30659851 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the possibility of reprogramming malignant cells to a pluripotent state has been achieved in several hematological malignancies, including myeloproliferative neoplasms, myelodysplastic syndromes, and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). It has been shown that it is readily possible to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from several types of primary CML cells and to generate progenitors and differentiated cells with variable efficiency. Although these experiments have brought some new insights in the understanding of CML pathophysiology, the ultimate goal of generating induced leukemic stem cells (LSCs) with long-term multilineage potential has not yet been demonstrated. Experiments under way will determine whether additional signaling events are required to induce the emergence of bona fide LSCs. However, iPSC modeling offers the unique possibility to generate pluripotent cells harboring cancer-predisposing mutations using patient-derived noncancerous cells, as has been shown in Li-Fraumeni syndrome, BRCA-1 associated breast carcinomas, or RET-mutated medullary thyroid carcinomas. In these conditions, mutated iPSCs can then be used to study the mutational history that precedes the appearance of the malignant transformation and to develop novel drug-screening strategies. The ability to induce a successful differentiation program toward the tissue in which a given cancer develops or to generate tissue-specific cancer organoids in which the full oncogenic potential can be revealed remains a major challenge in the field. Similarly, in hematological malignancies, a significant hurdle remains due to the lack of adequate technology to induce the emergence of leukemic cells that resemble LSCs, which hinders our ability to study the mechanisms of therapy resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Disease Susceptibility
- Humans
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Models, Biological
- Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary/etiology
- Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary/metabolism
- Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary/pathology
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Turhan
- INSERM UMR-S 935 and ESTeam Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France; INGESTEM National iPSC Infrastructure, Villejuif, France.
| | - Adlen Foudi
- ATIP-Avenir INSERM UMR-S 935, Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Jin Wook Hwang
- INSERM UMR-S 935 and ESTeam Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Christophe Desterke
- INSERM UMR-S 935 and ESTeam Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Frank Griscelli
- INSERM UMR-S 935 and ESTeam Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France; INGESTEM National iPSC Infrastructure, Villejuif, France; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France
| | - Annelise Bennaceur-Griscelli
- INSERM UMR-S 935 and ESTeam Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France; INGESTEM National iPSC Infrastructure, Villejuif, France
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42
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Volz JC, Schuller N, Elling U. Using Functional Genetics in Haploid Cells for Drug Target Identification. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1953:3-21. [PMID: 30912012 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9145-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pooled genetic screens are a powerful tool to identify targets for drug development as well as chemogenetic interactions. Various complementary methods for mutagenesis are available to generate highly complex cell populations, including mRNA knockdown, directed genome editing, as well as random genome mutagenesis. With the availability of a growing number of haploid mammalian cell lines, random mutagenesis is becoming increasingly powerful and represents an attractive alternative, e.g., to CRISPR-based screening. This chapter provides a step-by-step protocol for performing haploid gene trap screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Volz
- IMBA - Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Schuller
- IMBA - Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Elling
- IMBA - Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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43
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Saito S, Lin YC, Nakamura Y, Eckner R, Wuputra K, Kuo KK, Lin CS, Yokoyama KK. Potential application of cell reprogramming techniques for cancer research. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:45-65. [PMID: 30283976 PMCID: PMC6326983 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the transition from an undifferentiated stem cell to a specific cell fate is one of the key techniques that are required for the application of interventional technologies to regenerative medicine and the treatment of tumors and metastases and of neurodegenerative diseases. Reprogramming technologies, which include somatic cell nuclear transfer, induced pluripotent stem cells, and the direct reprogramming of specific cell lineages, have the potential to alter cell plasticity in translational medicine for cancer treatment. The characterization of cancer stem cells (CSCs), the identification of oncogene and tumor suppressor genes for CSCs, and the epigenetic study of CSCs and their microenvironments are important topics. This review summarizes the application of cell reprogramming technologies to cancer modeling and treatment and discusses possible obstacles, such as genetic and epigenetic alterations in cancer cells, as well as the strategies that can be used to overcome these obstacles to cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Saito
- Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology, Yaita, Tochigi, 329-1571, Japan
- College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8642, Japan
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Richard Eckner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA
| | - Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Kai Kuo
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
| | - Kazunari K Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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44
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Smith RC, Tabar V. Constructing and Deconstructing Cancers using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and Organoids. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 24:12-24. [PMID: 30581078 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell lines and animal models have provided the foundation of cancer research for many years. However, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and organoids are increasingly enabling insights into tumor development, progression, and treatment. Here, we review recent studies using hPSCs to elucidate the reciprocal roles played by genetic alterations and cell identity in cancer formation. We also review studies using human organoids as models that recapitulate both intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity to gain new insights into tumorigenesis and treatment responses. Finally, we highlight potential opportunities for cancer research using hPSC-derived organoids and genome editing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Viviane Tabar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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45
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Bindhya S, Sidhanth C, Shabna A, Krishnapriya S, Garg M, Ganesan TS. Induced pluripotent stem cells: A new strategy to model human cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 107:62-68. [PMID: 30557622 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells are derived from adult somatic cells by ectopic expression of stem cell factors OCT4, SOX2, MYC and KLF4. These cells have characteristic features similar to embryonic stem cells. Although there exists in vitro and in vivo models of cancer, recapitulating the earliest events in the pathogenesis remain challenging. More recently, induced pluripotent stem cells have been generated to model human disease and cancer. There are advantages in the cancer models derived from these cells as compared to existing conventional approaches. Induced pluripotent stem cells have been generated from cancer cell lines, primary tumours and from those with an inherited predisposition to develop cancer. In addition, these cells provide a valuable tool in understanding the pathogenesis of familial cancer in its earliest stages, and to identify additional genetic alterations that are required to develop cancer. Furthermore, these cells can serve as a resource in drug screening and developing new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bindhya
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India
| | - C Sidhanth
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India
| | - A Shabna
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India
| | - S Krishnapriya
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India
| | - M Garg
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - T S Ganesan
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India.
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46
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Papapetrou EP. Modeling myeloid malignancies with patient-derived iPSCs. Exp Hematol 2018; 71:77-84. [PMID: 30481543 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Modeling human diseases with patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offers unique research opportunities and is particularly attractive for hematology research. Whereas monogenic inherited blood diseases featured prominently among the first proof-of-principle studies of iPSC modeling, malignant hematologic disorders have been off to a slower start. This has been due to challenges in the derivation of iPSCs from cancer cells and the need to establish robust differentiation protocols and to standardize phenotypic assays of iPSC-derived hematopoiesis. Recent studies of iPSC modeling of myeloid malignancies exploited the clonal heterogeneity of patient samples to derive genetically matched normal controls and recapitulate the clonal evolution of the disease. Comparisons of the malignant phenotypes and molecular signatures of primary leukemic cells, derived iPSCs, and their hematopoietic progeny stress the importance of the cell-of-origin in oncogenesis and enable investigation of the interplay between cell identity and the cancer genome. Larger collections of genetically diverse iPSC lines and more readily scalable hematopoietic differentiation protocols, ideally mimicking adult bone marrow-derived hematopoiesis, would further empower applications of iPSC modeling in myeloid malignancy in the future. Nevertheless, with recent progress in this field, the stage is set for the wider adoption of this model system by the hematology community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini P Papapetrou
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, and Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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47
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Yılmazer Aktuna A. Tendency of K562 Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells Towards Cell Reprogramming. Turk J Haematol 2018; 35:260-264. [PMID: 29781803 PMCID: PMC6256820 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.2018.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cancer cell reprogramming is a potential tool to study cancer progression, disease pathology, and drug sensitivity. Prior to performing cancer reprogramming studies, it is important to evaluate the stemness predisposition of cells that will be reprogrammed. We performed a proof-of-concept study with chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells in order to evaluate their tendency for cancer cell reprogramming. Materials and Methods Expression of reprogramming factors, pluripotency markers, and tumor-suppressor genes was analyzed at gene and protein levels via real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were used as a positive control. Results K562 cells were shown to express higher levels of most of the reprogramming factors and pluripotency markers. Expression of p53, which is one of the main regulators during the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells, was found to be lower in K562 cells compared to PBMCs, whereas the other tumor-suppressor genes showed higher expression levels. Conclusion This study suggested that, similar to healthy human PBMCs, K526 cells could be used in cancer cell reprogramming studies. Generating induced pluripotent stem cells from leukemia cells could help scientists to establish chronic myeloid leukemia models in vitro for a better understanding of therapy resistance and development of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Açelya Yılmazer Aktuna
- Ankara University Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
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48
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Genadry KC, Pietrobono S, Rota R, Linardic CM. Soft Tissue Sarcoma Cancer Stem Cells: An Overview. Front Oncol 2018; 8:475. [PMID: 30416982 PMCID: PMC6212576 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are an uncommon group of solid tumors that can arise throughout the human lifespan. Despite their commonality as non-bony cancers that develop from mesenchymal cell precursors, they are heterogeneous in their genetic profiles, histology, and clinical features. This has made it difficult to identify a single target or therapy specific to STSs. And while there is no one cell of origin ascribed to all STSs, the cancer stem cell (CSC) principle—that a subpopulation of tumor cells possesses stem cell-like properties underlying tumor initiation, therapeutic resistance, disease recurrence, and metastasis—predicts that ultimately it should be possible to identify a feature common to all STSs that could function as a therapeutic Achilles' heel. Here we review the published evidence for CSCs in each of the most common STSs, then focus on the methods used to study CSCs, the developmental signaling pathways usurped by CSCs, and the epigenetic alterations critical for CSC identity that may be useful for further study of STS biology. We conclude with discussion of some challenges to the field and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia C Genadry
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Silvia Pietrobono
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Rota
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Corinne M Linardic
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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49
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Skvortsova EV, Sinenko SA, Tomilin AN. Immortalized murine fibroblast cell lines are refractory to reprogramming to pluripotent state. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35241-35250. [PMID: 30443291 PMCID: PMC6219659 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To date different cell types of various mammalian species have been reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using Yamanaka's cocktail of transcription factors (Oct4, Klf4, Sox2, and cMyc). It has been shown that several primary human cancer cell lines could be reprogrammed to iPSCs. We sought if immortalized mouse fibroblast cell lines could also be reprogrammed to iPSCs. The approach of generating iPSCs from such cells should be valuable in different experimental settings as it allows clonally derive cell lines carrying mutations whose impact on reprogramming could be next evaluated. Therefore, we investigated reprogramming of widely used immortalized cell lines (NIH3T and STO), as well as of de novo immortalized fibroblast line (tKM) with the use of highly effective lentiviral polycistronic OKSM expression system. Our reprogramming experiments have shown that in contrast to mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), none of the immortalized cell lines can be reprogrammed to pluripotent state. Contrary to colonies derived from MEFs, those derived from the immortalized cells lines (1) developed much later, (2) contained large round cells, not typical for iPSCs, and (3) were negative for trusted markers of matured iPSCs, Nanog and SSEA1. Immortalized cell lines NIH3T and STO are known to be mostly aneuploid, whereas tKM population includes cells with normal karyotype, however, neither cell type can be reprogrammed. Thus our data argue that aneuploidy per se is not a reason for the observed refractoriness of mouse immortalized cells to reprogramming to pluripotent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Skvortsova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey A Sinenko
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russian Federation.,Division of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, NRC "Kurchatov Institute", Orlova Roscha, Gatchina, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey N Tomilin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russian Federation.,St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
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50
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Hirashima K, Yue F, Kobayashi M, Uchida Y, Nakamura S, Tomotsune D, Matsumoto K, Takizawa-Shirasawa S, Yokoyama T, Kanno H, Sasaki K. Cell biological profiling of reprogrammed cancer stem cell-like colon cancer cells maintained in culture. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:697-707. [PMID: 30284085 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2933-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are specific targets for therapeutic applications, but the rarity of CSCs within tumors makes the isolation of CSCs difficult. To overcome these problems, we generated CSCs in vitro using established reprogramming techniques. We transduced four previously established reprogramming factors, Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and L-myc, into the colon cancer cell lines LoVo and OUMS-23, and investigated the biological characteristics of these lines. Tra-1-60+ cells were obtained from reprogrammed induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-like colonies and showed CSC properties, including colony formation, maintenance of colonies by repeated passages, and feeder cell dependency, as well as increased expressions of CSC markers such as CD133 and ALDH1. The CSC-like cells showed increased chemoresistance to 5-fluorouracil and elevated tumorigenicity upon transplantation into kidneys of immune-deficient mice. These tumors shifted to a poorly differentiated stage with many atypical cells, cytoplasmic mucin, and focal papillary components, with demonstrated dedifferentiation. The principal component analysis from DNA microarrays showed that though both cell lines moved to iPS cells after reprogramming, they were not completely identical to iPS cells. Significantly elevated gene expression of Decorin and CD90 was observed in CSC-like cells. Together, these results show that reprogramming of cancer cells produced not pluripotent stem cells but CSC-like cells, and these findings will provide biological information about genuine CSCs and help establish new CSC-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Hirashima
- Department of Anatomy and Organ Technology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Fengming Yue
- Department of Anatomy and Organ Technology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yuriko Uchida
- Department of Anatomy and Organ Technology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nakamura
- Department of Anatomy and Organ Technology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Daihachiro Tomotsune
- Department of Anatomy and Organ Technology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Ken Matsumoto
- Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1075-2 Hokunanmoro, Yuki, Ibaraki, 307-0036, Japan
| | | | - Tadayuki Yokoyama
- Bourbon Corporation, 4-2-14 Matsunami, Kashiwazaki, Niigata, 945-8611, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kanno
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Katsunori Sasaki
- Department of Anatomy and Organ Technology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
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