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Preiksaitis J, Allen U, Bollard CM, Dharnidharka VR, Dulek DE, Green M, Martinez OM, Metes DM, Michaels MG, Smets F, Chinnock RE, Comoli P, Danziger-Isakov L, Dipchand AI, Esquivel CO, Ferry JA, Gross TG, Hayashi RJ, Höcker B, L'Huillier AG, Marks SD, Mazariegos GV, Squires J, Swerdlow SH, Trappe RU, Visner G, Webber SA, Wilkinson JD, Maecker-Kolhoff B. The IPTA Nashville Consensus Conference on Post-Transplant lymphoproliferative disorders after solid organ transplantation in children: III - Consensus guidelines for Epstein-Barr virus load and other biomarker monitoring. Pediatr Transplant 2024; 28:e14471. [PMID: 37294621 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The International Pediatric Transplant Association convened an expert consensus conference to assess current evidence and develop recommendations for various aspects of care relating to post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders after solid organ transplantation in children. In this report from the Viral Load and Biomarker Monitoring Working Group, we reviewed the existing literature regarding the role of Epstein-Barr viral load and other biomarkers in peripheral blood for predicting the development of PTLD, for PTLD diagnosis, and for monitoring of response to treatment. Key recommendations from the group highlighted the strong recommendation for use of the term EBV DNAemia instead of "viremia" to describe EBV DNA levels in peripheral blood as well as concerns with comparison of EBV DNAemia measurement results performed at different institutions even when tests are calibrated using the WHO international standard. The working group concluded that either whole blood or plasma could be used as matrices for EBV DNA measurement; optimal specimen type may be clinical context dependent. Whole blood testing has some advantages for surveillance to inform pre-emptive interventions while plasma testing may be preferred in the setting of clinical symptoms and treatment monitoring. However, EBV DNAemia testing alone was not recommended for PTLD diagnosis. Quantitative EBV DNAemia surveillance to identify patients at risk for PTLD and to inform pre-emptive interventions in patients who are EBV seronegative pre-transplant was recommended. In contrast, with the exception of intestinal transplant recipients or those with recent primary EBV infection prior to SOT, surveillance was not recommended in pediatric SOT recipients EBV seropositive pre-transplant. Implications of viral load kinetic parameters including peak load and viral set point on pre-emptive PTLD prevention monitoring algorithms were discussed. Use of additional markers, including measurements of EBV specific cell mediated immunity was discussed but not recommended though the importance of obtaining additional data from prospective multicenter studies was highlighted as a key research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Preiksaitis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Upton Allen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and the Transplant and Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Vikas R Dharnidharka
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Hypertension & Pheresis, Washington University School of Medicine & St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel E Dulek
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael Green
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Olivia M Martinez
- Department of Surgery and Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Diana M Metes
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marian G Michaels
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Françoise Smets
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Patrizia Comoli
- Cell Factory & Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lara Danziger-Isakov
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Anne I Dipchand
- Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Judith A Ferry
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas G Gross
- Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert J Hayashi
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Britta Höcker
- University Children's Hospital, Pediatrics I, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arnaud G L'Huillier
- Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit and Laboratory of Virology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephen D Marks
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - George Vincent Mazariegos
- Department of Surgery, Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James Squires
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven H Swerdlow
- Division of Hematopathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ralf U Trappe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, DIAKO Ev. Diakonie-Krankenhaus Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II: Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gary Visner
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven A Webber
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James D Wilkinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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2
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Kim ET, Kim KD. Topological implications of DNA tumor viral episomes. BMB Rep 2022; 55:587-594. [PMID: 36379513 PMCID: PMC9813422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A persistent DNA tumor virus infection transforms normal cells into cancer cells by either integrating its genome into host chromosomes or retaining it as an extrachromosomal entity called episome. Viruses have evolved mechanisms for attaching episomes to infected host cell chromatin to efficiently segregate the viral genome during mitosis. It has been reported that viral episome can affect the gene expression of the host chromosomes through interactions between viral episomes and epigenetic regulatory host factors. This mini review summarizes our current knowledge of the tethering sites of viral episomes, such as EBV, KSHV, and HBV, on host chromosomes analyzed by three-dimensional genomic tools. [BMB Reports 2022; 55(12): 587-594].
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Tae Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju 63241, Korea,Department of Biomedicine & Drug Development, Jeju National University, Jeju 63241, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Dong Kim
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea,Corresponding author. Tel: +82-31-670-3359; Fax: +82-31-675-3108; E-mail:
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Assing K, Nielsen C, Jakobsen M, Andersen CB, Skogstrand K, Gaini S, Preiss B, Mortensen SB, Skov MN, Rasmussen LD. Potential anti-EBV effects associated with elevated interleukin-21 levels: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:878. [PMID: 33228556 PMCID: PMC7685648 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germinal center derived memory B cells and plasma cells constitute, in health and during EBV reactivation, the largest functional EBV reservoir. Hence, by reducing germinal center derived formation of memory B cells and plasma cells, EBV loads may be reduced. Animal and in-vitro models have shown that IL-21 can support memory B and plasma cell formation and thereby potentially contribute to EBV persistence. However, IL-21 also displays anti-viral effects, as mice models have shown that CD4+ T cell produced IL-21 is critical for the differentiation, function and survival of anti-viral CD8+ T cells able to contain chronic virus infections. CASE PRESENTATION We present immunological work-up (flow-cytometry, ELISA and genetics) related to a patient suffering from a condition resembling B cell chronic active EBV infection, albeit with moderately elevated EBV copy numbers. No mutations in genes associated with EBV disease, common variable immunodeficiency or pertaining to the IL-21 signaling pathway (including hypermorphic IL-21 mutations) were found. Increased (> 5-fold increase 7 days post-vaccination) CD4+ T cell produced (p < 0.01) and extracellular IL-21 levels characterized our patient and coexisted with: CD8+ lymphopenia, B lymphopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia, compromised memory B cell differentiation, absent induction of B-cell lymphoma 6 protein (Bcl-6) dependent peripheral follicular helper T cells (pTFH, p = 0.01), reduced frequencies of peripheral CD4+ Bcl-6+ T cells (p = 0.05), compromised plasmablast differentiation (reduced protein vaccine responses (p < 0.001) as well as reduced Treg frequencies. Supporting IL-21 mediated suppression of pTFH formation, pTFH and CD4+ IL-21+ frequencies were strongly inversely correlated, prior to and after vaccination, in the patient and in controls, Spearman's rho: - 0.86, p < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of elevated CD4+ IL-21+ T cell frequencies in human EBV disease. IL-21 overproduction may, apart from driving T cell mediated anti-EBV responses, disrupt germinal center derived memory B cell and plasma cell formation, and thereby contribute to EBV disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Assing
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloevs Vej 4, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Christian Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloevs Vej 4, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Marianne Jakobsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloevs Vej 4, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Kristin Skogstrand
- Department of Congenital Disorders, Center for Neonatal Screening, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shahin Gaini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Preiss
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sussi Bagge Mortensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsloevs Vej 4, 5000, Odense, Denmark
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Fujiwara S, Nakamura H. Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus Infection: Is It Immunodeficiency, Malignancy, or Both? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113202. [PMID: 33143184 PMCID: PMC7692233 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chronic active Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection (CAEBV) is a rare syndrome of unknown etiology characterized by prolonged infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms and proliferation of EBV-infected T and/or natural killer cells. CAEBV has been primarily reported in East Asia and Latin America, suggesting a genetic predisposition in its pathogenesis. The clinical course of CAEBV is heterogeneous ranging from an indolent and occasionally self-limiting disease to an aggressive and fatal condition, but its prognosis is generally poor. This heterogeneous clinical picture does not suggest a simple etiology for the syndrome. Clinicopathological investigations of CAEBV suggest that it has aspects of both malignant neoplasm and immunodeficiency. This article summarizes the latest findings on CAEBV and discusses critical unsolved questions regarding its pathogenesis and disease concept. Abstract Chronic active Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection (CAEBV) is a rare syndrome characterized by prolonged infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms and elevated peripheral blood EBV DNA load in apparently immunocompetent persons. CAEBV has been primarily reported in East Asia and Latin America, suggesting a genetic predisposition in its pathogenesis. In most cases of CAEBV, EBV induces proliferation of its unusual host cells, T or natural killer (NK) cells. The clinical course of CAEBV is heterogeneous; some patients show an indolent course, remaining in a stable condition for years, whereas others show an aggressive course with a fatal outcome due to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, multiple organ failure, or progression to leukemia/lymphoma. The pathogenesis of CAEBV is unclear and clinicopathological investigations suggest that it has aspects of both malignant neoplasm and immunodeficiency. Recent genetic analyses of both viral and host genomes in CAEBV patients have led to discoveries that are improving our understanding of the nature of this syndrome. This article summarizes the latest findings on CAEBV and discusses critical unsolved questions regarding its pathogenesis and disease concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyoshi Fujiwara
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan;
- Correspondence:
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan;
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Cohen JI, Iwatsuki K, Ko YH, Kimura H, Manoli I, Ohshima K, Pittaluga S, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Jaffe ES. Epstein-Barr virus NK and T cell lymphoproliferative disease: report of a 2018 international meeting. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 61:808-819. [PMID: 31833428 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1699080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) normally infects B cells, but in some persons the virus infects T or NK cells. Infection of B cells can result in infectious mononucleosis, and the virus is associated with several B cell malignancies including Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, and diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Infection of T or NK cells with EBV is associated with extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, aggressive NK-cell leukemia, systemic EBV-associated T-cell lymphoma, and chronic active EBV disease, which in some cases can include hydroa vacciniforme-like lymphoproliferative disease and severe mosquito bite allergy. While NK and T cell lymphoproliferative disease is more common in Asia and Latin America, increasing numbers of cases are being reported from the United States and Europe. This review focuses on classification, clinical findings, pathogenesis, and recent genetic advances in NK and T cell lymphoproliferative diseases associated with EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keiji Iwatsuki
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Young-Hyeh Ko
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Irini Manoli
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Elaine S Jaffe
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Chattopadhyay PK, Winters AF, Lomas WE, Laino AS, Woods DM. High-Parameter Single-Cell Analysis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:411-430. [PMID: 30699035 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of transcripts and proteins confer function and discriminate cell types in the body. Using high-parameter technologies, we can now measure many of these markers at once, and multiple platforms are now capable of analysis on a cell-by-cell basis. Three high-parameter single-cell technologies have particular potential for discovering new biomarkers, revealing disease mechanisms, and increasing our fundamental understanding of cell biology. We review these three platforms (high-parameter flow cytometry, mass cytometry, and a new class of technologies called integrated molecular cytometry platforms) in this article. We describe the underlying hardware and instrumentation, the reagents involved, and the limitations and advantages of each platform. We also highlight the emerging field of high-parameter single-cell data analysis, providing an accessible overview of the data analysis process and choice of tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratip K Chattopadhyay
- Precision Immunology Laboratory, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Aidan F Winters
- Precision Immunology Laboratory, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Woodrow E Lomas
- Precision Immunology Laboratory, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Andressa S Laino
- Precision Immunology Laboratory, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - David M Woods
- Precision Immunology Laboratory, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA;
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Zhang P, Zeng C, Cheng J, Zhou J, Gu J, Mao X, Zhang W, Cao Y, Luo H, Xu B, Li Q, Xiao M, Zhou J. Determination of Epstein-Barr Virus-Infected Lymphocyte Cell Types in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells as a Valuable Diagnostic Tool in Hematological Diseases. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz171. [PMID: 31065564 PMCID: PMC6499900 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High loads of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can be indicative of a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from asymptomatic infection to fatal cancers. Methods We retrospectively investigated the EBV-infected cell types in PBMCs among 291 patients. Based on EBV-infected cell types, the clinical features and prognoses of 93 patients with EBV-associated (EBV+) T/natural killer (NK)–cell lymphoproliferative diseases (LPDs) T/NK-LPDs) were investigated over a 5-year period. Results Although B-cell-type infection was found in immunocompromised patients and patients with asymptomatic high EBV carriage, infectious mononucleosis, EBV+ B-cell LPDs and B-cell lymphomas, T-cell, NK-cell or multiple-cell-type infection in immunocompetent hosts were highly suggestive of EBV+ T/NK-LPDs, EBV+ T/NK-cell lymphomas, and aggressive NK-cell leukemia. Patients with non–B-cell infection had a poorer prognosis than those with B-cell-type infection. In our cohort, 79.6% of patients with EBV+ T/NK-LPDs were >18 years old, and NK cells were identified as EBV-infected cell type in 54.8%. Nearly half of patients with EBV+ T/NK-LPDs had genetic defects associated with immunodeficiency. However, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and not genetic defects, was the only parameter correlated with poor prognosis of EBV+ T/NK-LPDs. Conclusions Determination of EBV-infected cell types among PBMCs is a valuable tool for the differential diagnosis of EBV+ hematological diseases. In this study, determination of Epstein-Barr virus-infected cell types in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 291 patients with high Epstein-Barr virus loads were retrospectively investigated, which indicate it is a valuable tool for Epstein-Barr virus-associated hematological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiling Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan.,Immunotherapy Research Center of Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan
| | - Chen Zeng
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Jiali Cheng
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Jia Gu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Xia Mao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Qinlu Li
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Min Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan.,Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Moreno MA, Or-Geva N, Aftab BT, Khanna R, Croze E, Steinman L, Han MH. Molecular signature of Epstein-Barr virus infection in MS brain lesions. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2018; 5:e466. [PMID: 29892607 PMCID: PMC5994704 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective We sought to confirm the presence and frequency of B cells and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (latent and lytic phase) antigens in archived MS and non-MS brain tissue by immunohistochemistry. Methods We quantified the type and location of B-cell subsets within active and chronic MS brain lesions in relation to viral antigen expression. The presence of EBV-infected cells was further confirmed by in situ hybridization to detect the EBV RNA transcript, EBV-encoded RNA-1 (EBER-1). Results We report the presence of EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) in 93% of MS and 78% of control brains, with a greater percentage of MS brains containing CD138+ plasma cells and LMP-1–rich populations. Notably, 78% of chronic MS lesions and 33.3% of non-MS brains contained parenchymal CD138+ plasma cells. EBV early lytic protein, EBV immediate-early lytic gene (BZLF1), was also observed in 46% of MS, primarily in association with chronic lesions and 44% of non-MS brain tissue. Furthermore, 85% of MS brains revealed frequent EBER-positive cells, whereas non-MS brains seldom contained EBER-positive cells. EBV infection was detectable, by immunohistochemistry and by in situ hybridization, in both MS and non-MS brains, although latent virus was more prevalent in MS brains, while lytic virus was restricted to chronic MS lesions. Conclusions Together, our observations suggest an uncharacterized link between the EBV virus life cycle and MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A Moreno
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (M.A.M., N.O., L.S., M.H.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Multiple Sclerosis Center; Interdepartmental Program in Immunology (M.A.M., N.O., L.S., M.H.H.), Stanford; Atara Biotherapeutics (B.T.A., E.C.), San Francisco, CA; and Queensland Institute of Medical Research (R.K.), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Noga Or-Geva
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (M.A.M., N.O., L.S., M.H.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Multiple Sclerosis Center; Interdepartmental Program in Immunology (M.A.M., N.O., L.S., M.H.H.), Stanford; Atara Biotherapeutics (B.T.A., E.C.), San Francisco, CA; and Queensland Institute of Medical Research (R.K.), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Blake T Aftab
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (M.A.M., N.O., L.S., M.H.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Multiple Sclerosis Center; Interdepartmental Program in Immunology (M.A.M., N.O., L.S., M.H.H.), Stanford; Atara Biotherapeutics (B.T.A., E.C.), San Francisco, CA; and Queensland Institute of Medical Research (R.K.), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (M.A.M., N.O., L.S., M.H.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Multiple Sclerosis Center; Interdepartmental Program in Immunology (M.A.M., N.O., L.S., M.H.H.), Stanford; Atara Biotherapeutics (B.T.A., E.C.), San Francisco, CA; and Queensland Institute of Medical Research (R.K.), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ed Croze
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (M.A.M., N.O., L.S., M.H.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Multiple Sclerosis Center; Interdepartmental Program in Immunology (M.A.M., N.O., L.S., M.H.H.), Stanford; Atara Biotherapeutics (B.T.A., E.C.), San Francisco, CA; and Queensland Institute of Medical Research (R.K.), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (M.A.M., N.O., L.S., M.H.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Multiple Sclerosis Center; Interdepartmental Program in Immunology (M.A.M., N.O., L.S., M.H.H.), Stanford; Atara Biotherapeutics (B.T.A., E.C.), San Francisco, CA; and Queensland Institute of Medical Research (R.K.), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - May H Han
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (M.A.M., N.O., L.S., M.H.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Multiple Sclerosis Center; Interdepartmental Program in Immunology (M.A.M., N.O., L.S., M.H.H.), Stanford; Atara Biotherapeutics (B.T.A., E.C.), San Francisco, CA; and Queensland Institute of Medical Research (R.K.), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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How I treat T-cell chronic active Epstein-Barr virus disease. Blood 2018; 131:2899-2905. [PMID: 29712633 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-03-785931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (CAEBV) is a rare disease in which EBV is present predominantly in T cells that infiltrate the tissues; patients have high levels of EBV in the blood. If untreated, patients often develop liver failure, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, coronary artery aneurysms, EBV infiltrating T cells impairing organ function, or T-cell lymphomas refractory to treatment. At present, hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation is the only curative therapy, and it is critical to make a proper diagnosis and initiate transplantation before the disease progresses to an irreversible stage. Specific medications such as high-dose systemic corticosteroids or ganciclovir combined with either histone deacetylase inhibitors or bortezomib may temporarily reduce systemic toxicity associated with T-cell CAEBV and allow the patient time to receive a transplant. Relapses of the disease after transplantation have also occurred, and the use of donor-derived virus-specific T cells may help to treat these relapses.
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10
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Lv DW, Zhang K, Li R. Interferon regulatory factor 8 regulates caspase-1 expression to facilitate Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in response to B cell receptor stimulation and chemical induction. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006868. [PMID: 29357389 PMCID: PMC5794192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8), also known as interferon consensus sequence-binding protein (ICSBP), is a transcription factor of the IRF family. IRF8 plays a key role in normal B cell differentiation, a cellular process that is intrinsically associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation. However, whether IRF8 regulates EBV lytic replication remains unknown. In this study, we utilized a CRISPR/Cas9 genomic editing approach to deplete IRF8 and found that IRF8 depletion dramatically inhibits the reactivation of EBV upon lytic induction. We demonstrated that IRF8 depletion suppresses the expression of a group of genes involved in apoptosis and thus inhibits apoptosis induction upon lytic induction by B cell receptor (BCR) stimulation or chemical induction. The protein levels of caspase-1, caspase-3 and caspase-8 all dramatically decreased in IRF8-depleted cells, which led to reduced caspase activation and the stabilization of KAP1, PAX5 and DNMT3A upon BCR stimulation. Interestingly, caspase inhibition blocked the degradation of KAP1, PAX5 and DNMT3A, suppressed EBV lytic gene expression and viral DNA replication upon lytic induction, suggesting that the reduced caspase expression in IRF8-depleted cells contributes to the suppression of EBV lytic replication. We further demonstrated that IRF8 directly regulates CASP1 (caspase-1) gene expression through targeting its gene promoter and knockdown of caspase-1 abrogates EBV reactivation upon lytic induction, partially through the stabilization of KAP1. Together our study suggested that, by modulating the activation of caspases and the subsequent cleavage of KAP1 upon lytic induction, IRF8 plays a critical role in EBV lytic reactivation. Infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is closely associated with human cancers of both B cell and epithelial cell origin. The EBV life cycle is tightly regulated by both viral and cellular factors. Here, we demonstrate that interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is required for EBV lytic replication. Mechanistically, IRF8 directly regulates caspase-1 expression and hence caspase activation upon B cell receptor (BCR) stimulation and chemical induction, which leads to the cleavage and de-stabilization of several host factors suppressing lytic replication, including KAP1. Caspase-1 depletion blocks EBV reactivation while KAP1 depletion facilitates reactivation in caspase-1 depleted cells. These results together establish a IRF8/caspase-1/KAP1 axis important for EBV reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wen Lv
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology and Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology and Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Renfeng Li
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology and Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Kimura H, Cohen JI. Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1867. [PMID: 29375552 PMCID: PMC5770746 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic active Epstein–Barr virus (CAEBV) disease is a rare disorder in which persons are unable to control infection with the virus. The disease is progressive with markedly elevated levels of EBV DNA in the blood and infiltration of organs by EBV-positive lymphocytes. Patients often present with fever, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, EBV hepatitis, or pancytopenia. Over time, these patients develop progressive immunodeficiency and if not treated, succumb to opportunistic infections, hemophagocytosis, multiorgan failure, or EBV-positive lymphomas. Patients with CAEBV in the United States most often present with disease involving B or T cells, while in Asia, the disease usually involves T or NK cells. The only proven effective treatment for the disease is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Current studies to find a cause of this disease focus on immune defects and genetic abnormalities associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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12
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Torii Y, Kawada JI, Murata T, Yoshiyama H, Kimura H, Ito Y. Epstein-Barr virus infection-induced inflammasome activation in human monocytes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175053. [PMID: 28369146 PMCID: PMC5378412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytoplasmic sensors that regulate the activity of caspase-1 and the secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or interleukin-18 (IL-18) in response to foreign molecules, including viral pathogens. They are considered to be an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the mechanism by which inflammasome activation occurs during primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection remains unknown. Human B lymphocytes and epithelial cells are major targets of EBV, although it can also infect a variety of other cell types. In this study, we found that EBV could infect primary human monocytes and the monocyte cell line, THP-1, inducing inflammasome activation. We incubated cell-free EBV with THP-1 cells or primary human monocytes, then confirmed EBV infection using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Lytic and latent EBV genes were detected by real-time RT-PCR in EBV-infected monocytes. EBV infection of THP-1 cells and primary human monocytes induced caspase-dependent IL-1β production, while EBV infection of B-cell or T-cell lines did not induce IL-1β production. To identify the sensor molecule responsible for inflammasome activation during EBV infection, we examined the mRNA and the protein levels of NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), and interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16). Increased AIM2 levels were observed in EBV-infected THP-1 cells and primary human monocytes, whereas levels of IFI16 and NLRP3 did not show remarkable change. Furthermore, knockdown of AIM2 by small interfering RNA attenuated caspase-1 activation. Taken together, our results suggest that EBV infection of human monocytes induces caspase-1-dependent IL-1β production, and that AIM2, acting as an inflammasome, is involved in this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Torii
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kawada
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hironori Yoshiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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13
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common human herpes virus known to infect the majority of the world population. Infection with EBV is often asymptomatic but can manifest in a range of pathologies from infectious mononucleosis to severe cancers of epithelial and lymphocytic origin. Indeed, in the past decade, EBV has been linked to nearly 10% of all gastric cancers. Furthermore, recent advances in high-throughput next-generation sequencing and the development of humanized mice, which effectively model EBV pathogenesis, have led to a wealth of knowledge pertaining to strain variation and host-pathogen interaction. This review highlights some recent advances in our understanding of EBV biology, focusing on new findings on the early events of infection, the role EBV plays in gastric cancer, new strain variation, and humanized mouse models of EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A Stanfield
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Micah A Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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14
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Eriksen W. The spread of EBV to ectopic lymphoid aggregates may be the final common pathway in the pathogenesis of ME/CFS. Med Hypotheses 2017; 102:8-15. [PMID: 28478837 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
According to the hypothesis presented here, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) develops over 3 steps: Step 1 is characterized by the aggregation of lymphoid cells in dorsal root ganglia or other nervous structures. The cause of this formation of ectopic lymphoid aggregates may be an acute infection, asymptomatic reactivations of a common neurotropic virus, exposure to a neurotoxin, or physical injury to peripheral nerves. In step 2, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected lymphocytes or monocytes bring EBV from the circulation to one or several of these lymphoid aggregates, whereupon cell-to-cell transmission of EBV and proliferation of latently EBV-infected lymphocytes lead to the presence of many EBV-infected cells in the lymphoid aggregates. The EBV-infected cells in the aggregates ignite an inflammation in the surrounding nervous tissue. This local inflammation elicits, in turn, a wave of glial cell activation that spreads from the EBV-infected area to parts of the nervous system that are not EBV-infected, disturbing the neuron-glial interaction in both the peripheral - and central nervous system. In step 3, immune cell exhaustion contributes to a consolidation of the pathological processes. There might be a cure: Infusions of autologous EBV-specific T-lymphocytes can perhaps remove the EBV-infected cells from the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy Eriksen
- Domain for Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway.
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15
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Lomonte P. Herpesvirus Latency: On the Importance of Positioning Oneself. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2017; 223:95-117. [PMID: 28528441 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53168-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus is composed of multiple compartments and domains, which directly or indirectly influence many cellular processes including gene expression, RNA splicing and maturation, protein post-translational modifications, and chromosome segregation. Nuclear-replicating viruses, especially herpesviruses, have co-evolved with the cell, adopting strategies to counteract and eventually hijack this hostile environment for their own benefit. This allows them to persist in the host for the entire life of an individual and to ensure their maintenance in the target species. Herpesviruses establish latency in dividing or postmitotic cells from which they can efficiently reactivate after sometimes years of a seemingly dormant state. Therefore, herpesviruses circumvent the threat of permanent silencing by reactivating their dormant genomes just enough to escape extinction, but not too much to avoid life-threatening damage to the host. In addition, herpesviruses that establish latency in dividing cells must adopt strategies to maintain their genomes in the daughter cells to avoid extinction by dilution of their genomes following multiple cell divisions. From a biochemical point of view, reactivation and maintenance of viral genomes in dividing cells occur successfully because the viral genomes interact with the nuclear architecture in a way that allows the genomes to be transmitted faithfully and to benefit from the nuclear micro-environments that allow reactivation following specific stimuli. Therefore, spatial positioning of the viral genomes within the nucleus is likely to be essential for the success of the latent infection and, beyond that, for the maintenance of herpesviruses in their respective hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lomonte
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), team Chromatin Assembly, Nuclear Domains, Virus, 69008, Lyon, France.
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16
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High Epstein-Barr Virus Load and Genomic Diversity Are Associated with Generation of gp350-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies following Acute Infectious Mononucleosis. J Virol 2016; 91:JVI.01562-16. [PMID: 27733645 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01562-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) gp350 glycoprotein interacts with the cellular receptor to mediate viral entry and is thought to be the major target for neutralizing antibodies. To better understand the role of EBV-specific antibodies in the control of viral replication and the evolution of sequence diversity, we measured EBV gp350-specific antibody responses and sequenced the gp350 gene in samples obtained from individuals experiencing primary EBV infection (acute infectious mononucleosis [AIM]) and again 6 months later (during convalescence [CONV]). EBV gp350-specific IgG was detected in the sera of 17 (71%) of 24 individuals at the time of AIM and all 24 (100%) individuals during CONV; binding antibody titers increased from AIM through CONV, reaching levels equivalent to those in age-matched, chronically infected individuals. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) was rarely detected during AIM (4 of 24 individuals; 17%) but was commonly detected during CONV (19 of 24 individuals; 79%). The majority (83%) of samples taken during AIM neutralized infection of primary B cells; all samples obtained at 6 months postdiagnosis neutralized EBV infection of cultured and primary target cells. Deep sequencing revealed interpatient gp350 sequence variation but conservation of the CR2-binding site. The levels of gp350-specific neutralizing activity directly correlated with higher peripheral blood EBV DNA levels during AIM and a greater evolution of diversity in gp350 nucleotide sequences from AIM to CONV. In summary, we conclude that the viral load and EBV gp350 diversity during early infection are associated with the development of neutralizing antibody responses following AIM. IMPORTANCE Antibodies against viral surface proteins can blunt the spread of viral infection by coating viral particles, mediating uptake by immune cells, or blocking interaction with host cell receptors, making them a desirable component of a sterilizing vaccine. The EBV surface protein gp350 is a major target for antibodies. We report the detection of EBV gp350-specific antibodies capable of neutralizing EBV infection in vitro The majority of gp350-directed vaccines focus on glycoproteins from lab-adapted strains, which may poorly reflect primary viral envelope diversity. We report some of the first primary gp350 sequences, noting that the gp350 host receptor binding site is remarkably stable across patients and time. However, changes in overall gene diversity were detectable during infection. Patients with higher peripheral blood viral loads in primary infection and greater changes in viral diversity generated more efficient antibodies. Our findings provide insight into the generation of functional antibodies, necessary for vaccine development.
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17
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Fink S, Tsai MH, Schnitzler P, Zeier M, Dreger P, Wuchter P, Bulut OC, Behrends U, Delecluse HJ. The Epstein-Barr virus DNA load in the peripheral blood of transplant recipients does not accurately reflect the burden of infected cells. Transpl Int 2016; 30:57-67. [PMID: 27717030 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Transplant recipients frequently exhibit an increased Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) load in the peripheral blood. Here, we quantitated the EBV-infected cells in the peripheral blood of these patients and defined the mode of viral infection, latent or lytic. These data indicated that there is no strong correlation between the number of infected cells and the EBV load (EBVL). This can be explained by a highly variable number of EBV copies per infected cell and by lytic replication in some cells. The plasma of these patients did not contain any free infectious viruses, but contained nevertheless EBV DNA, sometimes in large amounts, that probably originates from cell debris and contributed to the total EBVL. Some of the investigated samples carried a highly variable number of infected cells in active latency, characterized by an expression of the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigens (EBNA2) protein. However, a third of the samples expressed neither EBNA2 nor lytic proteins. Patients with an increased EBVL represent a heterogeneous group of patients whose infection cannot be characterized by this method alone. Precise characterization of the origin of an increased EBVL, in particular, in terms of the number of EBV-infected cells, requires additional investigations including the number of EBV-encoded small RNA-positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Fink
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) Unit F100, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany.,German center for infection research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany.,Nierenzentrum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ming-Han Tsai
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) Unit F100, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany.,German center for infection research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Schnitzler
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Dreger
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Wuchter
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olcay C Bulut
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uta Behrends
- Children's Hospital Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Henri-Jacques Delecluse
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) Unit F100, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany.,German center for infection research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Shatzer A, Ali MA, Chavez M, Dowdell K, Lee MJ, Tomita Y, El-Hariry I, Trepel JB, Proia DA, Cohen JI. Ganetespib, an HSP90 inhibitor, kills Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected B and T cells and reduces the percentage of EBV-infected cells in the blood. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 58:923-931. [PMID: 27686857 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1213823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
HSP90 inhibitors have been shown to kill Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected cells by reducing the level of EBV EBNA-1 and/or LMP1. We treated virus-infected cells with ganetespib, an HSP90 inhibitor currently being evaluated in multiple clinical trials for cancer and found that the drug killed EBV-positive B and T cells and reduced the level of both EBV EBNA-1 and LMP1. Treatment of cells with ganetespib also reduced the level of pAkt. Ganetespib delayed the onset of EBV-positive lymphomas and prolonged survival in SCID mice inoculated with one EBV-transformed B-cell line, but not another B-cell line. The former cell line showed lower levels of EBNA-1 after treatment with ganetespib in vitro. Treatment of a patient with T-cell chronic active EBV with ganetespib reduced the percentage of EBV-positive cells in the peripheral blood. These data indicate that HSP90 inhibitors may have a role in the therapy of certain EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Shatzer
- a Laboratory of Infectious Diseases , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Mir A Ali
- a Laboratory of Infectious Diseases , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Mayra Chavez
- a Laboratory of Infectious Diseases , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Kennichi Dowdell
- a Laboratory of Infectious Diseases , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Min-Jung Lee
- b Developmental Therapeutics Branch , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Yusuke Tomita
- b Developmental Therapeutics Branch , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | | | - Jane B Trepel
- b Developmental Therapeutics Branch , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | | | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- a Laboratory of Infectious Diseases , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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19
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The clinical significance of EBV DNA in the plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with or without EBV diseases. Blood 2016; 127:2007-17. [PMID: 26744460 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-09-672030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous virus that establishes a latent infection within the host and in some cases can lead to the development of EBV-associated lymphomas, lymphoproliferative disorders, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, solid tumors, and other diseases. We studied the clinical significance of detecting EBV DNA in the plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 2146 patients who had blood specimens sent to the Johns Hopkins Hospital clinical laboratory for viral quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay over a 5-year period. Within this largely immunocompromised and hospitalized cohort, 535 patients (25%) had EBV detected in plasma or PBMCs. When EBV was detected in the absence of an EBV(+)disease (n = 402), it was present only in PBMCs in 69% of cases. Immunocompromised patients were less likely to have EBV in plasma than in PBMCs in the absence of EBV(+)disease. In patients with active, systemic EBV(+)diseases (n = 105), EBV was detected in plasma in 99% of cases but detected in PBMCs in only 54%. Across a range of copy number cutoffs, EBV in plasma had higher specificity and sensitivity for EBV(+)disease as compared with EBV in PBMCs. EBV copy number in plasma distinguished untreated, EBV(+)lymphoma from EBV(+)lymphoma in remission and EBV(-)lymphoma, and also distinguished untreated, EBV(+)posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) from EBV(+)PTLD in remission and EBV(-)PTLD. EBV copy number quantification is a useful diagnostic marker across the spectrum of EBV(+)diseases, even among immunocompromised patients, with plasma specimens more indicative of EBV(+)disease than PBMCs.
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20
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Burns DM, Tierney R, Shannon-Lowe C, Croudace J, Inman C, Abbotts B, Nagra S, Fox CP, Chaganti S, Craddock CF, Moss P, Rickinson AB, Rowe M, Bell AI. Memory B-cell reconstitution following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is an EBV-associated transformation event. Blood 2015; 126:2665-75. [PMID: 26450987 PMCID: PMC4732759 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-08-665000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) provides a unique opportunity to track Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in the context of the reconstituting B-cell system. Although many allo-HSCT recipients maintain low or undetectable levels of EBV DNA posttransplant, a significant proportion exhibit elevated and rapidly increasing EBV loads which, if left untreated, may lead to potentially fatal EBV-associated posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease. Intriguingly, this high-level EBV reactivation typically arises in the first 3 months posttransplant, at a time when the peripheral blood contains low numbers of CD27+ memory cells which are the site of EBV persistence in healthy immunocompetent donors. To investigate this apparent paradox, we prospectively monitored EBV levels and B-cell reconstitution in a cohort of allo-HSCT patients for up to 12 months posttransplant. In patients with low or undetectable levels of EBV, the circulating B-cell pool consisted predominantly of transitional and naive cells, with a marked deficiency of CD27+ memory cells which lasted >12 months. However, among patients with high EBV loads, there was a significant increase in both the proportion and number of CD27+ memory B cells. Analysis of sorted CD27+ memory B cells from these patients revealed that this population was preferentially infected with EBV, expressed EBV latent transcripts associated with B-cell growth transformation, had a plasmablastic phenotype, and frequently expressed the proliferation marker Ki-67. These findings suggest that high-level EBV reactivation following allo-HSCT may drive the expansion of latently infected CD27+ B lymphoblasts in the peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Burns
- School for Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rose Tierney
- School for Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Shannon-Lowe
- School for Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Croudace
- School for Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Inman
- School for Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Abbotts
- School for Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sandeep Nagra
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christopher P Fox
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sridhar Chaganti
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Charles F Craddock
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Paul Moss
- School for Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alan B Rickinson
- School for Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Rowe
- School for Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew I Bell
- School for Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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21
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Accardi R, Gruffat H, Sirand C, Fusil F, Gheit T, Hernandez-Vargas H, Le Calvez-Kelm F, Traverse-Glehen A, Cosset FL, Manet E, Wild CP, Tommasino M. The mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 stimulates Epstein-Barr virus-induced B-cell transformation in in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:1440-51. [PMID: 26424750 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is widely distributed, certain EBV-driven malignancies are geographically restricted. EBV-associated Burkitt's lymphoma (eBL) is endemic in children living in sub-Saharan Africa. This population is heavily exposed to food contaminated with the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Here, we show that exposure to AFB1 in in vitro and in vivo models induces activation of the EBV lytic cycle and increases EBV load, two events that are associated with an increased risk of eBL in vivo. AFB1 treatment leads to the alteration of cellular gene expression, with consequent activations of signaling pathways, e.g. PI3K, that in turn mediate reactivation of the EBV life cycle. Finally, we show that AFB1 triggers EBV-driven cellular transformation both in primary human B cells and in a humanized animal model. In summary, our data provide evidence for a role of AFB1 as a cofactor in EBV-mediated carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Accardi
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon 69372, France,
| | - Henri Gruffat
- EVIR and Oncogenic Herpesviruses Teams, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France, INSERM, U1111, Lyon 69007, France, Human Virology, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69007, France and
| | - Cécilia Sirand
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon 69372, France
| | - Floriane Fusil
- EVIR and Oncogenic Herpesviruses Teams, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France, INSERM, U1111, Lyon 69007, France, Human Virology, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69007, France and
| | - Tarik Gheit
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon 69372, France
| | - Hector Hernandez-Vargas
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon 69372, France
| | - Florence Le Calvez-Kelm
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon 69372, France
| | | | - François-Loïc Cosset
- EVIR and Oncogenic Herpesviruses Teams, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France, INSERM, U1111, Lyon 69007, France, Human Virology, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69007, France and
| | - Evelyne Manet
- EVIR and Oncogenic Herpesviruses Teams, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France, INSERM, U1111, Lyon 69007, France, Human Virology, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1, Lyon 69007, France and
| | - Christopher P Wild
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon 69372, France
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon 69372, France
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Kanakry J, Ambinder R. The Biology and Clinical Utility of EBV Monitoring in Blood. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 391:475-99. [PMID: 26428386 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22834-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in blood can be quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in circulating cell-free (CCF) DNA specimens, or in whole blood. CCF viral DNA may be actively released or extruded from viable cells, packaged in virions or passively shed from cells during apoptosis or necrosis. In infectious mononucleosis, viral DNA is detected in each of these kinds of specimens, although it is only transiently detected in CCF specimens. In nasopharyngeal carcinoma, CCF EBV DNA is an established tumor marker. In EBV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma and in EBV-associated extranodal NK-/T-cell lymphoma, there is growing evidence for the utility of CCF DNA as a tumor marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kanakry
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 389 CRB1 1650 Orleans, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Richard Ambinder
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 389 CRB1 1650 Orleans, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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23
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Epstein-Barr virus type 2 latently infects T cells, inducing an atypical activation characterized by expression of lymphotactic cytokines. J Virol 2014; 89:2301-12. [PMID: 25505080 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03001-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a well-established B-cell-tropic virus associated with various lymphoproliferative diseases of both B-cell and non-B-cell origin. EBV is associated with a number of T-cell lymphomas; however, in vitro studies utilizing prototypical EBV type 1 (EBV-1) laboratory strains have generally failed to readily infect mature T cells in culture. The difficulties in performing in vitro T-cell experiments have left questions regarding the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of EBV-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative diseases largely unresolved. We report here that the EBV type 2 (EBV-2) strain displays a unique cell tropism for T cells. In remarkable contrast to EBV-1, EBV-2 readily infects primary T cells in vitro, demonstrating a propensity for CD8(+) T cells. EBV-2 infection of purified T cells results in expression of latency genes and ultimately leads to T-cell activation, substantial proliferation, and profound alteration of cytokine expression. The pattern of cytokine production is strikingly skewed toward chemokines with roles in lymphocyte migration, demonstrating that EBV-2 has the ability to modulate normal T-cell processes. Collectively, these novel findings identify a previously unknown cell population potentially utilized by EBV-2 to establish latency and lay the foundation for further studies to elucidate the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of T-cell lymphoproliferative diseases. IMPORTANCE The ability of EBV to infect T cells is made apparent by its association with a variety of T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. However, studies to elucidate the pathogenic role of EBV in these diseases have been limited by the inability to conduct in vitro T-cell infection experiments. Here, we report that EBV-2 isolates, compromised in the capacity to immortalize B cells, infect CD3(+) T cells ex vivo and propose a working model of EBV-2 persistence where alteration of T-cell functions resulting from EBV-2 infection enhances the establishment of latency in B cells. If indeed EBV-2 utilizes T cells to establish a persistent infection, this could provide one mechanism for the association of EBV with T-cell lymphomas. The novel finding that EBV-2 infects T cells in culture will provide a model to understand the role EBV plays in the development of T-cell lymphomas.
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24
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Duval C, de Tayrac M, Sanschagrin F, Michaud K, Gould PV, Saikali S. ImmunoFISH is a reliable technique for the assessment of 1p and 19q status in oligodendrogliomas. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100342. [PMID: 24949947 PMCID: PMC4065070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To develop a new ImmunoFISH technique for the study of oligodendrogliomas by combining a standard immunohistochemical stain using MIB-1 antibody with a standard FISH technique using commercial 1p36 and 19q13 chromosomal probes. Methods Validation was performed by two observers on a series of 36 pre-selected oligodendrogliomas and compared to the results previously determined by FISH alone. Results The ImFISH technique is easy to perform and to analyze and is no more time-consuming than the usual FISH technique. Our results show that the inter-observer reliability of ImFISH is high (κ = 0.86 and 0.95 respectively for 1p and 19q). Compared to FISH, the ImFISH exhibits a very high sensitivity (∼100%) and specificity (∼90%) for 1p and/or 19q deleted cases. The sensitivity is high for normal cases (∼85%) and imbalanced cases (∼90%) with a specificity ranging between 50 and 85%. Finally, there were no significant differences between FISH and ImFISH results calculated on 60, 40 or 20 cells. Conclusion Our study demonstrates the reliability of the ImFISH technique in oligodendrogliomas and emphasizes its advantage in poorly cellular tumoral specimen.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/genetics
- Brain Neoplasms/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Observer Variation
- Oligodendroglioma/genetics
- Oligodendroglioma/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Duval
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie de Tayrac
- Department of genomic and molecular genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - François Sanschagrin
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Karine Michaud
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Peter Vincent Gould
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphan Saikali
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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25
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Chen YP, Jones D, Chen TY, Chang KC. Epstein–Barr virus present in T cells or B cells shows differential effects on hemophagocytic symptoms associated with outcome in T-cell lymphomas. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 55:2038-47. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.861068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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KIMURA HIROSHI, KAWADA JUNICHI, ITO YOSHINORI. Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoid malignancies: the expanding spectrum of hematopoietic neoplasms. NAGOYA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE 2013; 75:169-79. [PMID: 24640173 PMCID: PMC4345668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitous Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects not only B cells but also T and NK cells, and is associated with various lymphoid malignancies. The spectrum of EBV-associated lymphoid malignancies is expanding from Burkitt lymphoma to the newly defined systemic EBV+ T cell lymphoproliferative disease of childhood and hydroa vacciniforme-like lymphoma. However, some EBV-associated malignancies are not defined well and overlap other diseases. Furthermore, the role of EBV in tumorigenesis of lymphoid malignancies is still not clear. Further studies are necessary to clarify the pathogenesis of EBV-associated lymphoid malignancies for a better classification of each disease and for the establishment of effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- HIROSHI KIMURA
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - JUN-ICHI KAWADA
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - YOSHINORI ITO
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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27
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Chaigne-Delalande B, Li FY, O'Connor GM, Lukacs MJ, Jiang P, Zheng L, Shatzer A, Biancalana M, Pittaluga S, Matthews HF, Jancel TJ, Bleesing JJ, Marsh RA, Kuijpers TW, Nichols KE, Lucas CL, Nagpal S, Mehmet H, Su HC, Cohen JI, Uzel G, Lenardo MJ. Mg2+ regulates cytotoxic functions of NK and CD8 T cells in chronic EBV infection through NKG2D. Science 2013; 341:186-91. [PMID: 23846901 DOI: 10.1126/science.1240094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The magnesium transporter 1 (MAGT1) is a critical regulator of basal intracellular free magnesium (Mg(2+)) concentrations. Individuals with genetic deficiencies in MAGT1 have high levels of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and a predisposition to lymphoma. We show that decreased intracellular free Mg(2+) causes defective expression of the natural killer activating receptor NKG2D in natural killer (NK) and CD8(+) T cells and impairs cytolytic responses against EBV. Notably, magnesium supplementation in MAGT1-deficient patients restores intracellular free Mg(2+) and NKG2D while concurrently reducing EBV-infected cells in vivo, demonstrating a link between NKG2D cytolytic activity and EBV antiviral immunity in humans. Moreover, these findings reveal a specific molecular function of free basal intracellular Mg(2+) in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Chaigne-Delalande
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Lymphocyte Molecular Genetics Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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28
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Human complement receptor type 1/CD35 is an Epstein-Barr Virus receptor. Cell Rep 2013; 3:371-85. [PMID: 23416052 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) attachment to primary B cells initiates virus entry. Although CD21 is the only known receptor for EBVgp350/220, a recent report documents EBV-infected B cells from a patient genetically deficient in CD21. On normal resting B cells, CD21 forms two membrane complexes: one with CD19 and another with CD35. Whereas the CD21/CD19 complex is widely retained on immortalized and B cell tumor lines, the related complement-regulatory protein CD35 is lost. To determine the role(s) of CD35 in initial infection, we transduced a CD21-negative pre-B cell and myeloid leukemia line with CD35, CD21, or both. Cells expressing CD35 alone bound gp350/220 and became latently infected when the fusion receptor HLA II was coexpressed. Temporal, biophysical, and structural characteristics of CD35-mediated infection were distinct from CD21. Identification of CD35 as an EBV receptor uncovers a salient role in primary infection, addresses unsettled questions of virus tropism, and underscores the importance of EBVgp350/220 for vaccine development.
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29
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Kawabe S, Ito Y, Gotoh K, Kojima S, Matsumoto K, Kinoshita T, Iwata S, Nishiyama Y, Kimura H. Application of flow cytometric in situ hybridization assay to Epstein-Barr virus-associated T/natural killer cell lymphoproliferative diseases. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:1481-8. [PMID: 22497716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects various types of lymphocytes and is associated with not only B cell-origin lymphoma, but also T or natural killer cell lymphoproliferative diseases (T/NK LPD). Recently, we established a novel assay to identify EBV-infected cells using FISH. Using this assay, dual staining with antibodies to both surface antigens and an EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER) probe can be performed. In the present study, we applied this recently developed FISH assay to EBV-associated T/NK LPD to confirm its diagnostic utility. Using FISH, we prospectively analyzed peripheral blood from patients with suspected EBV-associated T/NK LPD. The results were compared with those obtained using immunobead sorting followed by quantitative PCR. In all, 26 patients were included study. Using FISH, 0.15-67.0% of peripheral blood lymphocytes were found to be positive for EBER. Dual staining was used to determine EBER-positive cell phenotypes in 23 of 26 subjects (88.5%). In five of seven patients with hydroa vacciniforme-like lymphoma (an EBV-positive cutaneous T cell lymphoma), EBER-positive cells were identified as CD3(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) TCRγδ(+) T cells. Furthermore, in a 25-year-old male patient with systemic EBV-positive T cell LPD, two lymphocyte lineages were positive for EBER: CD4(+) CD8(-) and CD4(-) CD8(+) T cells. Thus, we confirmed that our newly developed assay is useful for quantifying and characterizing EBV-infected lymphocytes in EBV-associated T/NK LPD and that it can be used not only to complement the pathological diagnosis, but also to clarify the pathogenesis and to expand the spectrum of EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kawabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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30
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van Montfrans JM, Hoepelman AIM, Otto S, van Gijn M, van de Corput L, de Weger RA, Monaco-Shawver L, Banerjee PP, Sanders EAM, Jol-van der Zijde CM, Betts MR, Orange JS, Bloem AC, Tesselaar K. CD27 deficiency is associated with combined immunodeficiency and persistent symptomatic EBV viremia. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:787-793.e6. [PMID: 22197273 PMCID: PMC3294016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD27 is a lymphocyte costimulatory molecule that regulates T-cell, natural killer (NK) cell, B-cell, and plasma cell function, survival, and differentiation. On the basis of its function and expression pattern, we considered CD27 a candidate gene in patients with hypogammaglobulinemia. OBJECTIVE We sought to describe the clinical and immunologic phenotypes of patients with genetic CD27 deficiency. METHODS A molecular and extended immunologic analysis was performed on 2 patients lacking CD27 expression. RESULTS We identified 2 brothers with a homozygous mutation in CD27 leading to absence of CD27 expression. Both patients had persistent symptomatic EBV viremia. The index patient was hypogammaglobulinemic, and immunoglobulin replacement therapy was initiated. His brother had aplastic anemia in the course of his EBV infection and died from fulminant gram-positive bacterial sepsis. Immunologically, lack of CD27 expression was associated with impaired T cell-dependent B-cell responses and T-cell dysfunction. CONCLUSION Our findings identify a role for CD27 in human subjects and suggest that this deficiency can explain particular cases of persistent symptomatic EBV viremia with hypogammaglobulinemia and impaired T cell-dependent antibody generation.
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MESH Headings
- Agammaglobulinemia/etiology
- Anemia, Aplastic/complications
- Anemia, Aplastic/genetics
- Anemia, Aplastic/immunology
- Anemia, Aplastic/physiopathology
- Anemia, Aplastic/virology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Consanguinity
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/immunology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/physiopathology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology
- Fatal Outcome
- Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/complications
- Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/genetics
- Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/immunology
- Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/physiopathology
- Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/virology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Immunity, Humoral/genetics
- Male
- Mutation/genetics
- Pedigree
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/complications
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/genetics
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/immunology
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/physiopathology
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/virology
- Siblings
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/genetics
- Viremia/genetics
- Viremia/immunology
- Viremia/virology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris M van Montfrans
- Departments of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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31
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Exploiting the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity to improve immunotherapeutic strategies for Epstein-Barr-virus-driven disorders. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:931952. [PMID: 22319542 PMCID: PMC3272797 DOI: 10.1155/2012/931952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The recent demonstration that immunotherapeutic approaches may be clinically effective for cancer patients has renewed the interest for this strategy of intervention. In particular, clinical trials using adoptive T-cell therapies disclosed encouraging results, particularly in the context of Epstein-Barr-virus- (EBV-) related tumors. Nevertheless, the rate of complete clinical responses is still limited, thus stimulating the development of more effective therapeutic protocols. Considering the relevance of innate immunity in controlling both infections and cancers, innovative immunotherapeutic approaches should take into account also this compartment to improve clinical efficacy. Evidence accumulated so far indicates that innate immunity effectors, particularly NK cells, can be exploited with therapeutic purposes and new targets have been recently identified. We herein review the complex interactions between EBV and innate immunity and summarize the therapeutic strategies involving both adaptive and innate immune system, in the light of a fruitful integration between these immunotherapeutic modalities for a better control of EBV-driven tumors.
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32
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Ito Y, Kawabe S, Kojima S, Nakamura F, Nishiyama Y, Kaneko K, Kiuchi T, Ando H, Kimura H. Identification of Epstein–Barr virus-infected CD27+ memory B-cells in liver or stem cell transplant patients. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2590-2595. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.033712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyse the phenotype of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-infected lymphocytes in EBV-associated infections, cells from eight haematopoietic stem cell/liver transplantation recipients with elevated EBV viral loads were examined by a novel quantitative assay designed to identify EBV-infected cells by using a flow cytometric detection of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) assay. By this assay, 0.05–0.78 % of peripheral blood lymphocytes tested positive for EBV, and the EBV-infected cells were CD20+ B-cells in all eight patients. Of the CD20+ EBV-infected lymphocytes, 48–83 % of cells tested IgD positive and 49–100 % of cells tested CD27 positive. Additionally, the number of EBV-infected cells assayed by using FISH was significantly correlated with the EBV-DNA load, as determined by real-time PCR (r
2 = 0.88, P<0.0001). The FISH assay enabled us to characterize EBV-infected cells and perform a quantitative analysis in patients with EBV infection after stem cell/liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Kawabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Seiji Kojima
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Yukihiro Nishiyama
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kaneko
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kiuchi
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hisami Ando
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tenri Hospital, Tenri, Japan
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Characterization and treatment of chronic active Epstein-Barr virus disease: a 28-year experience in the United States. Blood 2011; 117:5835-49. [PMID: 21454450 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-11-316745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic active EBV disease (CAEBV) is a lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by markedly elevated levels of antibody to EBV or EBV DNA in the blood and EBV RNA or protein in lymphocytes in tissues. We present our experience with CAEBV during the last 28 years, including the first 8 cases treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the United States. Most cases of CAEBV have been reported from Japan. Unlike CAEBV in Japan, where EBV is nearly always found in T or natural killer (NK) cells in tissues, EBV was usually detected in B cells in tissues from our patients. Most patients presented with lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly; fever, hepatitis, and pancytopenia were common. Most patients died of infection or progressive lymphoproliferation. Unlike cases reported from Japan, our patients often showed a progressive loss of B cells and hypogammaglobulinemia. Although patients with CAEBV from Japan have normal or increased numbers of NK cells, many of our patients had reduced NK-cell numbers. Although immunosuppressive agents, rituximab, autologous cytotoxic T cells, or cytotoxic chemotherapy often resulted in short-term remissions, they were not curative. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was often curative for CAEBV, even in patients with active lymphoproliferative disease that was unresponsive to chemotherapy. These studies are registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00032513 for CAEBV, NCT00062868 and NCT00058812 for EBV-specific T-cell studies, and NCT00578539 for the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation protocol.
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34
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Ma L, Katz Y, Sharan KP, Schwarting R, Kim AS. Epstein-Barr virus positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma: myth or reality? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2010; 4:100-110. [PMID: 21228932 PMCID: PMC3016108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissue, 2008 edition, states that anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is "consistently negative for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)". The statement made by the WHO has led to the widespread belief that EBV can have no pathogenic role in ALCL. Herein we report a case of an immunocompetent 35-year-old male who presented with hemophagocytic syndrome secondary to lymphoma for which diagnostic material consisted solely of a bone marrow biopsy. The biopsy demonstrated large anaplastic cells which were uniformly positive for surface CD3, CD30 (strong membranous and Golgi expression), CD45, TIA-1 and Granzyme B but negative for ALK-1. In-situ hybridization was strongly positive for EBER in the large neoplastic cells. The uniformity of CD30 expression and positivity for cytotoxic markers on the anaplastic tumor cells raised the diagnostic possibility of an EBV-associated ALCL, ALK-. Discussion of this case as well as a retrospective review of 64 cases of reported of EBV+ ALCL are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ly Ma
- Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson, USA
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