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Zelaya H, Grunz K, Nguyen TS, Habibi A, Witzler C, Reyda S, Gonzalez-Menendez I, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Bosmann M, Weiler H, Ruf W. Nucleic acid sensing promotes inflammatory monocyte migration through biased coagulation factor VIIa signaling. Blood 2024; 143:845-857. [PMID: 38096370 PMCID: PMC10940062 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023021149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Protease activated receptors (PARs) are cleaved by coagulation proteases and thereby connect hemostasis with innate immune responses. Signaling of the tissue factor (TF) complex with factor VIIa (FVIIa) via PAR2 stimulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation and cancer cell migration, but functions of cell autonomous TF-FVIIa signaling in immune cells are unknown. Here, we show that myeloid cell expression of FVII but not of FX is crucial for inflammatory cell recruitment to the alveolar space after challenge with the double-stranded viral RNA mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [Poly(I:C)]. In line with these data, genetically modified mice completely resistant to PAR2 cleavage but not FXa-resistant PAR2-mutant mice are protected from lung inflammation. Poly(I:C)-stimulated migration of monocytes/macrophages is dependent on ERK activation and mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) but independent of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). Monocyte/macrophage-synthesized FVIIa cleaving PAR2 is required for integrin αMβ2-dependent migration on fibrinogen but not for integrin β1-dependent migration on fibronectin. To further dissect the downstream signaling pathway, we generated PAR2S365/T368A-mutant mice deficient in β-arrestin recruitment and ERK scaffolding. This mutation reduces cytosolic, but not nuclear ERK phosphorylation by Poly(I:C) stimulation, and prevents macrophage migration on fibrinogen but not fibronectin after stimulation with Poly(I:C) or CpG-B, a single-stranded DNA TLR9 agonist. In addition, PAR2S365/T368A-mutant mice display markedly reduced immune cell recruitment to the alveolar space after Poly(I:C) challenge. These results identify TF-FVIIa-PAR2-β-arrestin-biased signaling as a driver for lung infiltration in response to viral nucleic acids and suggest potential therapeutic interventions specifically targeting TF-VIIa signaling in thrombo-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hortensia Zelaya
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Kristin Grunz
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - T. Son Nguyen
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anxhela Habibi
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudius Witzler
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Reyda
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irene Gonzalez-Menendez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Bosmann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA
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2
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Martinelli N, Moruzzi S, Udali S, Castagna A, Di Santo L, Ambrosani F, Baroni M, Pattini P, Pizzolo F, Ruzzenente A, Conci S, Grusse M, Campagnaro T, Van Dreden P, Guglielmi A, Bernardi F, Olivieri O, Friso S. Tissue factor pathway-related biomarkers in liver cancer: activated factor VII-antithrombin complex and tissue factor mRNA levels are associated with mortality. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2024; 8:102310. [PMID: 38282902 PMCID: PMC10818084 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.102310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Tissue factor (TF), the main initiator of the coagulation cascade, plays a role in cancer progression and prognosis. Activated factor VII-antithrombin complex (FVIIa-AT) is considered an indirect marker of TF exposure by reflecting TF-FVIIa interaction. Objectives To assess the link between FVIIa-AT plasma levels, TF messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, and survival in cancer. Methods TF pathway-related coagulation biomarkers were assessed in 136 patients with cancer (52 with hepatocellular carcinoma, 41 with cholangiocarcinoma, and 43 with colon cancer) undergoing surgical intervention with curative intent. TF mRNA expression analysis in neoplastic vs nonneoplastic liver tissues was evaluated in a subgroup of 91 patients with primary liver cancer. Results FVIIa-AT levels were higher in patients with cancer than in 136 sex- and age-matched cancer-free controls. In patients with cancer, high levels of FVIIa-AT and total TF pathway inhibitor were associated with an increased mortality risk after adjustment for confounders, but only FVIIa-AT remained a predictor of mortality by including both FVIIa-AT and total TF pathway inhibitor in Cox regression (hazard ratio, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.23-6.39; the highest vs the lowest quartile). This association remained significant even after adjustment for extracellular vesicle-associated TF-dependent procoagulant activity. In the subgroup of patients with primary liver cancer, patients with high TF mRNA levels had an increased mortality risk compared with that for those with low TF mRNA levels (hazard ratio, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.03-3.57), and there was a consistent correlation among high FVIIa-AT levels, high TF mRNA levels, and increased risk of mortality. Conclusion High FVIIa-AT levels may allow the identification of patients with cancer involving high TF expression and predict a higher mortality risk in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Moruzzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Udali
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Laura Di Santo
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Marcello Baroni
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Simone Conci
- Department of Surgery, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Matthieu Grusse
- Clinical Research Department, Diagnostica Stago, Gennevilliers, France
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Bernardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Heidari Z, Naeimzadeh Y, Fallahi J, Savardashtaki A, Razban V, Khajeh S. The Role of Tissue Factor In Signaling Pathways of Pathological Conditions and Angiogenesis. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:1135-1151. [PMID: 37817529 DOI: 10.2174/0115665240258746230919165935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is an integral transmembrane protein associated with the extrinsic coagulation pathway. TF gene expression is regulated in response to inflammatory cytokines, bacterial lipopolysaccharides, and mechanical injuries. TF activity may be affected by phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic domain and alternative splicing. TF acts as the primary initiator of physiological hemostasis, which prevents local bleeding at the injury site. However, aberrant expression of TF, accompanied by the severity of diseases and infections under various pathological conditions, triggers multiple signaling pathways that support thrombosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, and metastasis. Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are central in the downstream signaling pathways of TF. In this study, we have reviewed the TF signaling pathways in different pathological conditions, such as wound injury, asthma, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), viral infections, cancer and pathological angiogenesis. Angiogenic activities of TF are critical in the repair of wound injuries and aggressive behavior of tumors, which are mainly performed by the actions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF1-α). Pro-inflammatory effects of TF have been reported in asthma, CVDs and viral infections, including COVID-19, which result in tissue hypertrophy, inflammation, and thrombosis. TF-FVII induces angiogenesis via clotting-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Clottingdependent angiogenesis is induced via the generation of thrombin and cross-linked fibrin network, which facilitate vessel infiltration and also act as a reservoir for endothelial cells (ECs) growth factors. Expression of TF in tumor cells and ECs triggers clotting-independent angiogenesis through induction of VEGF, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPAR), early growth response 1 (EGR1), IL8, and cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Heidari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Yasaman Naeimzadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jafar Fallahi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vahid Razban
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sahar Khajeh
- Bone and Joint Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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4
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Wang J, Zhang Z, Chen Y. Supramolecular immunotherapy on diversiform immune cells. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:8347-8367. [PMID: 37563947 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00924f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular immunotherapy employs supramolecular materials to stimulate the immune system for inhibiting tumor cell growth and metastasis, reducing the cancer recurrence rate, and improving the quality of the patient's life. Additionally, it can lessen patient suffering and the deterioration of their illness, as well as increase their survival rate. This paper will outline the fundamentals of tumor immunotherapy based on supramolecular materials as well as its current state of development and potential applications. To be more specific, we will first introduce the basic principles of supramolecular immunotherapy, including the processes, advantages and limitations of immunotherapy, the construction of supramolecular material structures, and its benefits in treatment. Second, considering the targeting of supramolecular drugs to immune cells, we comprehensively discuss the unique advantages of applying supramolecular drugs with different types of immune cells in tumor immunotherapy. The current research advances in supramolecular immunotherapy, including laboratory research and clinical applications, are also described in detail. Finally, we reveal the tremendous promise of supramolecular materials in tumor immunotherapy, as well as discuss the opportunities and challenges that may be faced in future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
| | - Yueyue Chen
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
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Ren Z, Xue Y, Liu L, Zhang X, Pei J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Yu K. Tissue factor overexpression in triple-negative breast cancer promotes immune evasion by impeding T-cell infiltration and effector function. Cancer Lett 2023; 565:216221. [PMID: 37192729 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a most deadly human malignancy with limited response to chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Tumor immunoenvironment plays an increasingly important role in therapy outcome. Tissue factor (TF) is the target of the FDA-approved ADC Tivdak. HuSC1-39 is the parent antibody of MRG004A, a clinical stage TF-ADC (NCT04843709). Here, we employed HuSC1-39 (termed "anti-TF") to investigate the role of TF in regulating immune-tolerance in TNBC. We found that patients with aberrant TF expression had a poor prognosis and low immune effector cell infiltration, characterizing as "cold tumor". In the 4T1 TNBC syngeneic mouse model, knockout of tumor cell TF inhibited tumor growth and increased tumor infiltration of effector T cell, which was not dependent on the clotting inhibition. In an immune-reconstituted M-NSG mouse model of TNBC, anti-TF inhibited tumor growth, which was further enhanced by a dual-targeting anti-TF&TGFβR fusion protein. There were diminished P-AKT and P-ERK signaling and profound tumor cell death in treated tumors. Transcriptome analyses and immunohistochemistry revealed a dramatically improved tumor immunoenvironment including the increase of effector T cells, decrease of Treg cells and the transformation of tumor into "hot tumor". Moreover, employing qPCR analysis and T cell culture, we further demonstrated that TF expression in tumor cells is sufficient to block the synthesis and secretion of T cell-recruiting chemokine CXCL9/10/11. Treatment of TF-high TNBC cells with anti-TF or TF-knockout all stimulated CXCL9/10/11 production, promoted T cell migration and effector function. Thus, we have identified a new mechanism of TF in TNBC tumor progression and therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yinyin Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xuesai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jinpeng Pei
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ker Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Cui Q, Wang X, Zhang Y, Shen Y, Qian Y. Macrophage-Derived MMP-9 and MMP-2 are Closely Related to the Rupture of the Fibrous Capsule of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Leading to Tumor Invasion. Biol Proced Online 2023; 25:8. [PMID: 36918768 PMCID: PMC10012540 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-023-00196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive tumor with a poor clinical prognosis. Rupture of the fibrous capsule (FC) is a very important clinical phenomenon in the invasion and metastasis of HCC. FC is mainly composed of type I collagen (COL1A1). However, it is not clear what caused the FC rupture. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the rupture of FC in HCC patients was related to macrophage-derived MMP-9 and MMP-2, and their clinical diagnostic value for FC rupture. RESULTS By performing immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining of ruptured FC and intact FC, the results showed that the ruptured area of FC aggregated a large number of macrophages with MMP-9 and MMP-2. Western blot analysis and Quantitative real-time PCR were used to assess the expression of MMP-9 and MMP-2 in the ruptured and relatively intact area of FC in ruptured FC patients, and the results revealed a significantly different expression of MMP-9 and MMP-2. ELISA experiments show that we could discriminate effectively between ruptured FC and intact FC by MMP-9 and MMP-2. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, macrophage-derived MMP-9 and MMP-2 were closely related to the rupture of the FC of HCC and subsequently led to the migration and invasion of the tumor cells through the ruptured area of FC to the para cancer. It is suggested that when performing surgical resection, it is necessary to expand the range of tumor resection for patients with ruptured FC and hence reduce the possibility of recurrence and metastasis in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanwei Cui
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 JiXi Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Xuben Wang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yongwei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Anqing First People's Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Anqing, Anhui, 246004, China
| | - Yiqing Shen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yeben Qian
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 JiXi Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China.
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7
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Hassan N, Efing J, Kiesel L, Bendas G, Götte M. The Tissue Factor Pathway in Cancer: Overview and Role of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051524. [PMID: 36900315 PMCID: PMC10001432 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, the only focus on tissue factor (TF) in clinical pathophysiology has been on its function as the initiation of the extrinsic coagulation cascade. This obsolete vessel-wall TF dogma is now being challenged by the findings that TF circulates throughout the body as a soluble form, a cell-associated protein, and a binding microparticle. Furthermore, it has been observed that TF is expressed by various cell types, including T-lymphocytes and platelets, and that certain pathological situations, such as chronic and acute inflammatory states, and cancer, may increase its expression and activity. Transmembrane G protein-coupled protease-activated receptors can be proteolytically cleaved by the TF:FVIIa complex that develops when TF binds to Factor VII (PARs). The TF:FVIIa complex can activate integrins, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), and PARs in addition to PARs. Cancer cells use these signaling pathways to promote cell division, angiogenesis, metastasis, and the maintenance of cancer stem-like cells. Proteoglycans play a crucial role in the biochemical and mechanical properties of the cellular extracellular matrix, where they control cellular behavior via interacting with transmembrane receptors. For TFPI.fXa complexes, heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) may serve as the primary receptor for uptake and degradation. The regulation of TF expression, TF signaling mechanisms, their pathogenic effects, and their therapeutic targeting in cancer are all covered in detail here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourhan Hassan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Domagkstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Biotechnology/Biomolecular Chemistry Program, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Janes Efing
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Domagkstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ludwig Kiesel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Domagkstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerd Bendas
- Pharmaceutical Department, University Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53225 Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Domagkstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Genetic duplication of tissue factor reveals subfunctionalization in venous and arterial hemostasis. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010534. [PMID: 36449521 PMCID: PMC9744294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is an evolutionarily conserved protein necessary for initiation of hemostasis. Zebrafish have two copies of the tissue factor gene (f3a and f3b) as the result of an ancestral teleost fish duplication event (so called ohnologs). In vivo physiologic studies of TF function have been difficult given early lethality of TF knockout in the mouse. We used genome editing to produce knockouts of both f3a and f3b in zebrafish. Since ohnologs arose through sub- or neofunctionalization, they can unmask unknown functions of non-teleost genes and could reveal whether mammalian TF has developmental functions distinct from coagulation. Here we show that a single copy of either f3a or f3b is necessary and sufficient for normal lifespan. Complete loss of TF results in lethal hemorrhage by 2-4 months despite normal embryonic and vascular development. Larval vascular endothelial injury reveals predominant roles for TFa in venous circulation and TFb in arterial circulation. Finally, we demonstrate that loss of TF predisposes to a stress-induced cardiac tamponade independent of its role in fibrin formation. Overall, our data suggest partial subfunctionalization of TFa and TFb. This multigenic zebrafish model has the potential to facilitate study of the role of TF in different vascular beds.
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Li X, Cao D, Zheng X, Wang G, Liu M. Tissue factor as a new target for tumor therapy-killing two birds with one stone: a narrative review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:1250. [PMID: 36544632 PMCID: PMC9761121 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-5067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Cancer is an important disease and can occur anywhere in the body. It is caused by uncontrolled cell growth that spreads to other body parts. This study extensively investigated the transmembrane receptor tissue factor (TF), which is the key motivator of the clotting cascade and plays an essential role in cancer-associated coagulation. TF is considered to be aberrantly expressed in various tumors and appears to promote tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Therefore, this study was performed to explain the pathological characteristics of TF expression and to discuss future cancer therapies that target TF. Methods We extensively reviewed the literature on TF published in PubMed, and discussed the effect of TF on tumor progression and TF-targeted therapeutics. Key Content and Findings This review aimed to uncover how TFs contribute to tumor progression and cancer-associated thrombosis and summarize TF-based targeted therapy. Multiple functions and mechanisms of the TF in cancer-associated thrombosis and tumor progression were discussed. Conclusions The current literature has confirmed that the TF is involved in the hypercoagulable state of tumors and promotes malignant tumors through coagulation-dependent or non-coagulation-dependent pathways. TF-dependent signaling is also involved in divergent cancer progression. Thus, TF-targeted therapeutics could have broad clinical applicability for the treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Li
- Gastric Cancer Center/Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Cao
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiufeng Zheng
- Gastric Cancer Center/Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Gastric Cancer Center/Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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10
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An Insight into GPCR and G-Proteins as Cancer Drivers. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123288. [PMID: 34943797 PMCID: PMC8699078 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface signaling receptors known to play a crucial role in various physiological functions, including tumor growth and metastasis. Various molecules such as hormones, lipids, peptides, and neurotransmitters activate GPCRs that enable the coupling of these receptors to highly specialized transducer proteins, called G-proteins, and initiate multiple signaling pathways. Integration of these intricate networks of signaling cascades leads to numerous biochemical responses involved in diverse pathophysiological activities, including cancer development. While several studies indicate the role of GPCRs in controlling various aspects of cancer progression such as tumor growth, invasion, migration, survival, and metastasis through its aberrant overexpression, mutations, or increased release of agonists, the explicit mechanisms of the involvement of GPCRs in cancer progression is still puzzling. This review provides an insight into the various responses mediated by GPCRs in the development of cancers, the molecular mechanisms involved and the novel pharmacological approaches currently preferred for the treatment of cancer. Thus, these findings extend the knowledge of GPCRs in cancer cells and help in the identification of therapeutics for cancer patients.
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11
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Ruf W, Graf C. Coagulation signaling and cancer immunotherapy. Thromb Res 2021; 191 Suppl 1:S106-S111. [PMID: 32736766 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(20)30406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The last decades have delineated many interactions of the hemostatic system with cancer cells that are pivotal for cancer-associated thrombosis, angiogenesis and metastasis. Expanding evidence shows that platelets, the tissue factor pathway, and proteolytic signaling involving protease-activated receptors (PARs) are also central players in innate and adaptive immunity. Recent studies in immune-competent mice have uncovered new immune-evasive roles of coagulation signaling networks in the development and growth of different preclinical tumor models. Tumor-type specific PAR1 signaling facilitates the escape from immune surveillance by cytotoxic T cells. In addition, tumor-associated macrophages produce factor X (FX) and cell autonomous FXa-PAR2 signaling emerges as a central mechanism for tumor-promoting macrophage polarization in the tumor microenvironment. Pharmacological targeting of this signaling pathway with tissue penetrating oral FXa inhibitor reprograms macrophage phenotypes, enhances tumor antigen presentation, and expands tumor-killing cytotoxic lymphocytes. Importantly, by specifically targeting innate immune cells, the oral FXa inhibitor rivaroxaban synergizes with checkpoint inhibitor therapy in enhancing antigen-specific antitumor immunity. In similar experiments, anticoagulation with heparin is inefficient to block extravascular coagulation signaling. Thus, antithrombotic therapy with oral FXa inhibitors may contribute to reversing tumor immune-evasive mechanisms and enhance the clinical outcome of targeted immuno-therapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Claudine Graf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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12
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Vizovisek M, Ristanovic D, Menghini S, Christiansen MG, Schuerle S. The Tumor Proteolytic Landscape: A Challenging Frontier in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052514. [PMID: 33802262 PMCID: PMC7958950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, dysregulation of proteases and atypical proteolysis have become increasingly recognized as important hallmarks of cancer, driving community-wide efforts to explore the proteolytic landscape of oncologic disease. With more than 100 proteases currently associated with different aspects of cancer development and progression, there is a clear impetus to harness their potential in the context of oncology. Advances in the protease field have yielded technologies enabling sensitive protease detection in various settings, paving the way towards diagnostic profiling of disease-related protease activity patterns. Methods including activity-based probes and substrates, antibodies, and various nanosystems that generate reporter signals, i.e., for PET or MRI, after interaction with the target protease have shown potential for clinical translation. Nevertheless, these technologies are costly, not easily multiplexed, and require advanced imaging technologies. While the current clinical applications of protease-responsive technologies in oncologic settings are still limited, emerging technologies and protease sensors are poised to enable comprehensive exploration of the tumor proteolytic landscape as a diagnostic and therapeutic frontier. This review aims to give an overview of the most relevant classes of proteases as indicators for tumor diagnosis, current approaches to detect and monitor their activity in vivo, and associated therapeutic applications.
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13
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Jiang Y, Lim J, Wu KC, Xu W, Suen JY, Fairlie DP. PAR2 induces ovarian cancer cell motility by merging three signalling pathways to transactivate EGFR. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:913-932. [PMID: 33226635 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Specific cellular functions mediated by GPCRs are often associated with signalling through a particular G protein or β-arrestin. Here, we examine signalling through a GPCR, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), in a high-grade serous ovarian cancer cell line (OV90). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human ovarian cancer tissues (n = 1,200) and nine human ovarian cancer cell lines were assessed for PAR2 expression. PAR2 signalling mechanisms leading to cell migration and invasion were dissected using cellular assays, western blots, CRISPR-Cas9 gene knockouts, pharmacological inhibitors of PAR2 and downstream signalling proteins in OV90 cancer cells. KEY RESULTS PAR2 was significantly overexpressed in clinical ovarian cancer tissues and in OV90 ovarian cancer cells. PAR2 agonists, an endogenous protease (trypsin) and a synthetic peptide (2f-LIGRL-NH2 ), induced migration and invasion of OV90 ovarian cancer cells through activating a combination of Gαq/11 , Gα12/13 and β-arrestin1/2, but not Gαs or Gαi . This novel cooperative rather than parallel signalling resulted in downstream serial activation of Src kinases, then transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), followed by downstream MEK-ERK1/2-FOS/MYC/STAT3-COX2 signalling. Either a PAR2 antagonist (I-191), CRISPR-Cas9 gene knockouts (PAR2 or Gα proteins or β-arrestin1/2), or inhibitors of each downstream protein attenuated human ovarian cancer cell motility. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS This study highlights a novel shared signalling cascade, requiring each of Gαq/11 , Gα12/13 and β-arrestin1/2 for PAR2-induced ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion. This mechanism controlling a cellular function is unusual in not being linked to a specific individual G protein or β-arrestin-mediated signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Jiang
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kai-Chen Wu
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Weijun Xu
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacky Y Suen
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Kappes L, Amer RL, Sommerlatte S, Bashir G, Plattfaut C, Gieseler F, Gemoll T, Busch H, Altahrawi A, Al-Sbiei A, Haneefa SM, Arafat K, Schimke LF, Khawanky NE, Schulze-Forster K, Heidecke H, Kerstein-Staehle A, Marschner G, Pitann S, Ochs HD, Mueller A, Attoub S, Fernandez-Cabezudo MJ, Riemekasten G, Al-Ramadi BK, Cabral-Marques O. Ambrisentan, an endothelin receptor type A-selective antagonist, inhibits cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15931. [PMID: 32985601 PMCID: PMC7522204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72960-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies reported a central role of the endothelin type A receptor (ETAR) in tumor progression leading to the formation of metastasis. Here, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor effects of the FDA-approved ETAR antagonist, Ambrisentan, which is currently used to treat patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. In vitro, Ambrisentan inhibited both spontaneous and induced migration/invasion capacity of different tumor cells (COLO-357 metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma, OvCar3 ovarian carcinoma, MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma, and HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia). Whole transcriptome analysis using RNAseq indicated Ambrisentan's inhibitory effects on the whole transcriptome of resting and PAR2-activated COLO-357 cells, which tended to normalize to an unstimulated profile. Finally, in a pre-clinical murine model of metastatic breast cancer, treatment with Ambrisentan was effective in decreasing metastasis into the lungs and liver. Importantly, this was associated with a significant enhancement in animal survival. Taken together, our work suggests a new therapeutic application for Ambrisentan in the treatment of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Kappes
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ruba L Amer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sabine Sommerlatte
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ghada Bashir
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Corinna Plattfaut
- Section Experimental Oncology, University Hospital and Medical School (UKSH), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Frank Gieseler
- Section Experimental Oncology, University Hospital and Medical School (UKSH), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Timo Gemoll
- Section for Translational Surgical Oncology and Biobanking, Department of Surgery, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Lübeck Institute for Experimental Dermatology (LIED) and Institute of Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Abeer Altahrawi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ashraf Al-Sbiei
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shoja M Haneefa
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kholoud Arafat
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lena F Schimke
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nadia El Khawanky
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai Schulze-Forster
- CellTrend GmbH, Luckenwalde, Brandenburg, Germany
- Department of Urology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Anja Kerstein-Staehle
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gabriele Marschner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Silke Pitann
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hans D Ochs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Antje Mueller
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Samir Attoub
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maria J Fernandez-Cabezudo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gabriela Riemekasten
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Basel K Al-Ramadi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Otavio Cabral-Marques
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Lineu Prestes Avenue, 1730, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), São Paulo, Brazil.
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15
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Unruh D, Horbinski C. Beyond thrombosis: the impact of tissue factor signaling in cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:93. [PMID: 32665005 PMCID: PMC7362520 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is the primary initiator of the coagulation cascade, though its effects extend well beyond hemostasis. When TF binds to Factor VII, the resulting TF:FVIIa complex can proteolytically cleave transmembrane G protein-coupled protease-activated receptors (PARs). In addition to activating PARs, TF:FVIIa complex can also activate receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and integrins. These signaling pathways are utilized by tumors to increase cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and cancer stem-like cell maintenance. Herein, we review in detail the regulation of TF expression, mechanisms of TF signaling, their pathological consequences, and how it is being targeted in experimental cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusten Unruh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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16
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Klösel I, Schmidt MF, Kaindl J, Hübner H, Weikert D, Gmeiner P. Discovery of Novel Nonpeptidic PAR2 Ligands. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1316-1323. [PMID: 32551018 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a class A G protein-coupled receptor whose activation has been associated with inflammatory diseases and cancer, thus representing a valuable therapeutic target. Pathophysiological roles of PAR2 are often characterized using peptidic PAR2 agonists. Peptidic ligands are frequently unstable in vivo and show poor bioavailability, and only a few approaches toward drug-like nonpeptidic PAR2 ligands have been described. The herein-described ligand 5a (IK187) is a nonpeptidic PAR2 agonist with submicromolar potency in a functional assay reflecting G protein activation. The ligand also showed substantial β-arrestin recruitment. The development of the compound was guided by the crystal structure of PAR2, when the C-terminal end of peptidic agonists was replaced by a small molecule based on a disubstituted phenylene scaffold. IK187 shows preferable metabolic stability and may serve as a lead compound for the development of nonpeptidic drugs addressing PAR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Klösel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian F. Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonas Kaindl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Weikert
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Graf C, Wilgenbus P, Pagel S, Pott J, Marini F, Reyda S, Kitano M, Macher-Göppinger S, Weiler H, Ruf W. Myeloid cell-synthesized coagulation factor X dampens antitumor immunity. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/39/eaaw8405. [PMID: 31541031 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaw8405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune evasion in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a crucial barrier for effective cancer therapy, and plasticity of innate immune cells may contribute to failures of targeted immunotherapies. Here, we show that rivaroxaban, a direct inhibitor of activated coagulation factor X (FX), promotes antitumor immunity by enhancing infiltration of dendritic cells and cytotoxic T cells at the tumor site. Profiling FX expression in the TME identifies monocytes and macrophages as crucial sources of extravascular FX. By generating mice with immune cells lacking the ability to produce FX, we show that myeloid cell-derived FX plays a pivotal role in promoting tumor immune evasion. In mouse models of cancer, we report that the efficacy of rivaroxaban is comparable with anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) therapy and that rivaroxaban synergizes with anti-PD-L1 in improving antitumor immunity. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that FXa promotes immune evasion by signaling through protease-activated receptor 2 and that rivaroxaban specifically targets this cell-autonomous signaling pathway to reprogram tumor-associated macrophages. Collectively, our results have uncovered the importance of FX produced in the TME as a regulator of immune cell activation and suggest translational potential of direct oral anticoagulants to remove persisting roadblocks for immunotherapy and provide extravascular benefits in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Graf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine III, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Wilgenbus
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven Pagel
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Pott
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Federico Marini
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Reyda
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maki Kitano
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Hartmut Weiler
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany. .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
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18
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Kinnunen PT, Murto MO, Artama M, Pukkala E, Visvanathan K, Murtola TJ. Anticoagulants and Breast Cancer Survival: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 29:208-215. [PMID: 31653681 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various components of the coagulation cascade have been linked to breast cancer progression. In vivo results suggest that anticoagulants possess anticancer properties, but there are virtually no studies in human populations. Our nationwide study explored the association between anticoagulant use and breast cancer survival. METHODS All anticoagulants used from 1995 to 2015 in women (n = 73,170) diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in Finland between 1995 and 2013 were identified from the national prescription database; women were identified from the Finnish Cancer Registry. Cox regressions were performed to analyze breast cancer survival as a function of pre- and postdiagnostic anticoagulant use; analyses were conducted for different anticoagulant subtypes and overall. Models were adjusted for age, mammography screening, tumor clinical characteristics, comorbidities, statin use, antidiabetic use, and antihypertensive use. To control for immortal time bias, postdiagnostic anticoagulant use was analyzed as a time-dependent variable. RESULTS At a median of 5.8 years after breast cancer diagnosis, 10,900 (15%) women had died from breast cancer. In total, 25,622 (35%) women had used anticoagulants during the study period. Postdiagnostic anticoagulant use increased the risk of breast cancer death (HR = 1.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.33-1.49). The risk was especially high for low-molecular weight heparin, although the effect disappeared in long-term users. CONCLUSIONS Anticoagulant use provides no clinical benefit for breast cancer survival; however, the association between thrombosis and cancer might mask potential survival benefits. IMPACT Future pharmacoepidemiologic studies should adjust for anticoagulant use. Research should focus on the use of new oral anticoagulants because these are rarely studied and might be associated with improved breast cancer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete T Kinnunen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Mika O Murto
- Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Miia Artama
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eero Pukkala
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Finnish Cancer Registry - Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kala Visvanathan
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Teemu J Murtola
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Department of Surgery, Seinäjoki, Finland
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19
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Hisada Y, Mackman N. Tissue Factor and Cancer: Regulation, Tumor Growth, and Metastasis. Semin Thromb Hemost 2019; 45:385-395. [PMID: 31096306 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1687894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a strong relationship between tissue factor (TF) and cancer. Many cancer cells express high levels of both full-length TF and alternatively spliced (as) TF. TF expression in cancer is associated with poor prognosis. In this review, the authors summarize the regulation of TF expression in cancer cells and the roles of TF and asTF in tumor growth and metastasis. A variety of different signaling pathways, transcription factors and micro ribonucleic acids regulate TF gene expression in cancer cells. The TF/factor VIIa complex enhances tumor growth by activating protease-activated receptor 2 signaling and by increasing the expression of angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor. AsTF increases tumor growth by enhancing integrin β1 signaling. TF and asTF also contribute to metastasis via multiple thrombin-dependent and independent mechanisms that include protecting tumor cells from natural killer cells. Finally, a novel anticancer therapy is using tumor TF as a target to deliver cytotoxic drugs to the tumor. TF may be useful in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Hisada
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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20
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Heuberger DM, Franchini AG, Madon J, Schuepbach RA. Thrombin cleaves and activates the protease-activated receptor 2 dependent on thrombomodulin co-receptor availability. Thromb Res 2019; 177:91-101. [PMID: 30861432 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protease-activated receptors (PARs) evolved to react to extracellular proteolytic activity. In mammals, three of the four PARs (PAR1, PAR3, and PAR4) that are expressed respond to the prototypical procoagulant enzyme thrombin, whereas PAR2 was assumed to resist activation by thrombin. To date, involvement of cell surface thrombin-recruiting co-receptors such as thrombomodulin (TM), which potentially facilitates PAR2 cleavage, has not been addressed. Thus, we examined whether TM-bound thrombin cleaved PAR2 and tested biological responses such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) DNA binding activity and cytokine release. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined 293T cells overexpressing PAR2 and TM for thrombin recruitment by TM promoting PAR2 cleavage. To test for the TM-thrombin interactions required for PAR2 cleavage and to map cleavage sites on PAR2, mutant constructs of TM or PAR2 were engineered. Biological effects because of PAR2 activation were investigated using an NF-κB reporter system and cytokine release. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We identified that, at low to moderate concentrations, thrombin cleaved PAR2 in a TM co-receptor-dependent manner with cleavage efficiency comparable to that of trypsin. In TM's presence, thrombin efficiently cleaved both, PAR1 and PAR2, albeit kinetics differed. Whereas the majority of surface expressed PAR1 was immediately cleaved off, prolonged exposure to thrombin resulted in few additional cleavage. In contrast, PAR2 cleavage was sustained upon prolonged exposure to thrombin. However, TM EGF-like domain 5 was required and TM chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan sites serine 490 and serine 492 assisted in PAR2 cleavage, while thrombin preferentially cleaved at arginine 36 on PAR2's N-terminus. Note that thrombin-induced activation of NF-κB via PAR2 resulted in release of interleukin-8. Thus, we provide a novel concept of how thrombin efficiently cleaves PAR2 in a TM-dependent manner, resulting in pro-inflammatory interleukin-8 release. This unexpected pro-inflammatory role of TM, promoting cleavage and activation of PAR2 by thrombin, may lead to novel therapeutic options for treating inflammatory and malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea M Heuberger
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Surgical Research Division, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro G Franchini
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jerzy Madon
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto A Schuepbach
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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21
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Pawar NR, Buzza MS, Antalis TM. Membrane-Anchored Serine Proteases and Protease-Activated Receptor-2-Mediated Signaling: Co-Conspirators in Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2019; 79:301-310. [PMID: 30610085 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pericellular proteolysis provides a significant advantage to developing tumors through the ability to remodel the extracellular matrix, promote cell invasion and migration, and facilitate angiogenesis. Recent advances demonstrate that pericellular proteases can also communicate directly to cells by activation of a unique group of transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) known as protease-activated receptors (PAR). In this review, we discuss the specific roles of one of four mammalian PARs, namely PAR-2, which is overexpressed in advanced stage tumors and is activated by trypsin-like serine proteases that are highly expressed or otherwise dysregulated in many cancers. We highlight recent insights into the ability of different protease agonists to bias PAR-2 signaling and the newly emerging evidence for an interplay between PAR-2 and membrane-anchored serine proteases, which may co-conspire to promote tumor progression and metastasis. Interfering with these pathways might provide unique opportunities for the development of new mechanism-based strategies for the treatment of advanced and metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha R Pawar
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marguerite S Buzza
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Toni M Antalis
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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22
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Leal AD, Krishnamurthy A, Head L, Messersmith WA. Antibody drug conjugates under investigation in phase I and phase II clinical trials for gastrointestinal cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:901-916. [PMID: 30359534 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1541085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a developing class of anticancer therapeutics which are designed to selectively deliver a cytotoxic payload to tumors, while limiting systemic toxicity to healthy tissues. There are several ADCs which are currently in various stages of clinical development for the treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies. AREAS COVERED We discuss the biologic rationale and review the clinical experience with ADCs in the treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies, summarizing the pre-clinical and phase I/II clinical trial data that have been completed or are ongoing. EXPERT OPINION While there have been significant advances in the development of ADCs since they were first introduced, several challenges remain. These challenges include (i) the selection of an ideal antigen target which is tumor specific and internalized upon binding, (ii) selection of an antibody which has high affinity for its antigen target and low immunogenicity, (iii) selection of a potent payload which is cytotoxic at sub-nanomolar concentrations, and (iv) optimal design of a linker to confer ADC stability with limited off-site toxicity. Efforts are ongoing to address these issues and innovate the ADC technology to improve the safety and efficacy of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis D Leal
- a Division of Medical Oncology , University of Colorado , Aurora , CO , USA
| | | | - Lia Head
- b Department of Internal Medicine , University of Colorado , Aurora , CO , USA
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Transcriptional Landscape of PARs in Epithelial Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113451. [PMID: 30400241 PMCID: PMC6275037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of cell receptors, act as important regulators of diverse signaling pathways. Our understanding of the impact of GPCRs in tumors is emerging, yet there is no therapeutic platform based on GPCR driver genes. As cancer progresses, it disrupts normal epithelial organization and maintains the cells outside their normal niche. The dynamic and flexible microenvironment of a tumor contains both soluble and matrix-immobilized proteases that contribute to the process of cancer advancement. An example is the activation of cell surface protease-activated receptors (PARs). Mammalian PARs are a subgroup of GPCRs that form a family of four members, PAR1–4, which are uniquely activated by proteases found in the microenvironment. PAR1 and PAR2 play central roles in tumor biology, and PAR3 acts as a coreceptor. The significance of PAR4 in neoplasia is just beginning to emerge. PAR1 has been shown to be overexpressed in malignant epithelia, in direct correlation with tumor aggressiveness, but there is no expression in normal epithelium. In this review, the involvement of key transcription factors such as Egr1, p53, Twist, AP2, and Sp1 that control PAR1 expression levels specifically, as well as hormone transcriptional regulation by both estrogen receptors (ER) and androgen receptors (AR) are discussed. The cloning of the human protease-activated receptor 2; Par2 (hPar2) promoter region and transcriptional regulation of estrogen (E2) via binding of the E2–ER complex to estrogen response elements (ERE) are shown. In addition, evidence that TEA domain 4 (TEAD4) motifs are present within the hPar2 promoter is presented since the YAP oncogene, which plays a central part in tumor etiology, acts via the TEAD4 transcription factor. As of now, no information is available on regulation of the hPar3 promoter. With regard to hPar4, only data showing CpG methylation promoter regulation is available. Characterization of the PAR transcriptional landscape may identify powerful targets for cancer therapies.
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Zelaya H, Rothmeier AS, Ruf W. Tissue factor at the crossroad of coagulation and cell signaling. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:1941-1952. [PMID: 30030891 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The tissue factor (TF) pathway plays a central role in hemostasis and thrombo-inflammatory diseases. Although structure-function relationships of the TF initiation complex are elucidated, new facets of the dynamic regulation of TF's activities in cells continue to emerge. Cellular pathways that render TF non-coagulant participate in signaling of distinct TF complexes with associated proteases through the protease-activated receptor (PAR) family of G protein-coupled receptors. Additional co-receptors, including the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) and integrins, confer signaling specificity by directing subcellular localization and trafficking. We here review how TF is switched between its role in coagulation and cell signaling through thiol-disulfide exchange reactions in the context of physiologically relevant lipid microdomains. Inflammatory mediators, including reactive oxygen species, activators of the inflammasome, and the complement cascade play pivotal roles in TF procoagulant activation on monocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells. We furthermore discuss how TF, intracellular ligands, co-receptors and associated proteases are integrated in PAR-dependent cell signaling pathways controlling innate immunity, cancer and metabolic inflammation. Knowledge of the precise interactions of TF in coagulation and cell signaling is important for understanding effects of new anticoagulants beyond thrombosis and identification of new applications of these drugs for potential additional therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zelaya
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and National University of Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - A S Rothmeier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - W Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partnersite Rhein-Main, Mainz, Germany
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25
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Cimmino G, Cirillo P. Tissue factor: newer concepts in thrombosis and its role beyond thrombosis and hemostasis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2018; 8:581-593. [PMID: 30498683 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2018.10.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For many years, the attention on tissue factor (TF) in human pathophysiology has been limited to its role as initiator of extrinsic coagulation pathway. Moreover, it was described as a glycoprotein located in several tissue including vascular wall and atherosclerotic plaque. However, in the last two decades, the discovery that TF circulates in the blood as cell-associated protein, microparticles (MPs) bound and as soluble form, is changing this old vessel-wall TF dogma. Moreover, it has been reported that TF is expressed by different cell types, even T lymphocytes and platelets, and different pathological conditions, such as acute and chronic inflammatory status, and cancer, may enhance its expression and activity. Thus, recent advances in the biology of TF have clearly indicated that beyond its known effects on blood coagulation, it is a "true surface receptor" involved in many intracellular signaling, cell-survival, gene and protein expression, proliferation, angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. Finally, therapeutic modulation of TF expression and/or activity has been tested with controversial results. This report, starting from the old point of view about TF as initiator of extrinsic coagulation pathway, briefly illustrates the more recent concepts about TF and thrombosis and finally gives an overview about its role beyond thrombosis and haemostasis focusing on the different intracellular mechanisms triggered by its activation and potentially involved in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cimmino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Division of Cardiology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy
| | - Plinio Cirillo
- Department of Advance Biomedical Science, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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26
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Zhao X, Cheng C, Gou J, Yi T, Qian Y, Du X, Zhao X. Expression of tissue factor in human cervical carcinoma tissue. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:4075-4081. [PMID: 30402151 PMCID: PMC6200962 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate tissue factor (TF) expression in cervical cancer and explore its association with disease progression. A total of 258 cervical cancer tissues and their adjacent normal tissues were collected between September 2014 and September 2016. TF expression was detected in the tissue samples by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Associations between the expression of TF and clinical stage, differentiation status and metastasis of cancer cells were examined. The mean immunohistochemistry score of TF expression in cervical cancer tissues was 2.86±1.76, which was significantly increased compared with the adjacent normal tissues (0.28±0.45). The expression of TF was also significantly associated with the clinical stage, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis of cancer cells. Immunohistochemistry staining and western blot analysis demonstrated that TF expression in cervical cancer tissues significantly increased as the clinical stage increased. TF expression in tumor tissues from patients with lymph node metastasis was significantly increased compared with samples from patients without lymph node metastasis. TF expression was also significantly increased in patients with distant metastasis compared with those without. In conclusion, TF is highly expressed in cervical cancer tissues and high expression of TF may enhance the invasion and metastasis of cervical cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, The Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Chu Cheng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, The Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jinhai Gou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, The Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Tao Yi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, The Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Qian
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, The Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xue Du
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, The Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, The Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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27
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Das K, Prasad R, Singh A, Bhattacharya A, Roy A, Mallik S, Mukherjee A, Sen P. Protease-activated receptor 2 promotes actomyosin dependent transforming microvesicles generation from human breast cancer. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:1707-1722. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Das
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Kolkata India
| | - Ramesh Prasad
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Kolkata India
| | - Arpana Singh
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Kolkata India
| | - Anindita Bhattacharya
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Kolkata India
| | - Abhishek Roy
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Kolkata India
| | - Suman Mallik
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Kolkata India
| | - Ashis Mukherjee
- A Unit of Himadri Memorial Cancer Welfare Trust; Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Cancer Research Institute; Kolkata India
| | - Prosenjit Sen
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Kolkata India
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28
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Jiang P, De Li S, Li ZG, Zhu YC, Yi XJ, Li SM. The expression of protease-activated receptors in esophageal carcinoma cells: the relationship between changes in gene expression and cell proliferation, apoptosis in vitro and growing ability in vivo. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:81. [PMID: 29977156 PMCID: PMC5992767 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of four G protein-coupled receptors expressed widely in many types of cells. PAR1, 2, and 4 have been shown to play an important role in many of the physiological activities of cells and many types of cancer cells. Esophageal carcinoma has become the fourth most common clinically diagnosed cancer and one of the top three leading causes of cancer-related deaths in China. The functions and expression patterns of PAR1, 2, and 4 in esophageal carcinoma have not published previously. Methods Here, we systematically studied the expression of PAR1, 2, and 4 in clinical esophageal carcinoma patients and determined their role in esophageal carcinoma in vivo and in vitro through the overexpression or knockdown of PAR1, 2, and 4. Results We found that the expression of PAR1 and 2 expressed higher in esophageal carcinoma than in the paracarcinoma tissues on clinical patients. PAR1 and 2 enhanced cell proliferation both in vivo and in vitro and reduced apoptosis to strengthen cancer cell vitality in TE-1 cells. In contrast, the expression of PAR4 expressed decreased in esophageal carcinoma, and its expression induced apoptosis in vivo and vitro. Conclusion In our previous studies and the present study, we noted that the expression of PAR1, 2, and 4 was almost absent in different stages of esophageal carcinoma. PAR1 and 2 might be potential molecular markers for esophageal carcinoma, and PAR4 might be an effective treatment target for esophageal carcinoma prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jiang
- 1Department of Pathology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Shu De Li
- 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Zhi Gang Li
- 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Yue Chun Zhu
- 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Xiao Jia Yi
- 3Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650000 China
| | - Si Man Li
- 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
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29
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Kurakula K, Koenis DS, Herzik MA, Liu Y, Craft JW, van Loenen PB, Vos M, Tran MK, Versteeg HH, Goumans MJTH, Ruf W, de Vries CJM, Şen M. Structural and cellular mechanisms of peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1-mediated enhancement of Tissue Factor gene expression, protein half-life, and pro-coagulant activity. Haematologica 2018; 103:1073-1082. [PMID: 29545340 PMCID: PMC6058786 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.183087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue Factor is a cell-surface glycoprotein expressed in various cells of the vasculature and is the principal regulator of the blood coagulation cascade and hemostasis. Notably, aberrant expression of Tissue Factor is associated with cardiovascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Here, we sought to identify factors that regulate Tissue Factor gene expression and activity. Tissue Factor gene expression is regulated by various transcription factors, including activating protein-1 and nuclear factor-κ B. The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 is known to modulate the activity of these two transcription factors, and we now show that Pin1 augments Tissue Factor gene expression in both vascular smooth muscle cells and activated endothelial cells via activating protein-1 and nuclear factor-κ B signaling. Furthermore, the cytoplasmic domain of Tissue Factor contains a well-conserved phospho-Ser258-Pro259 amino-acid motif recognized by Pin1. Using co-immunoprecipitation and solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we show that the WW-domain of Pin1 directly binds the cytoplasmic domain of Tissue Factor. This interaction occurs via the phospho-Ser258-Pro259 sequence in the Tissue Factor cytoplasmic domain and results in increased protein half-life and pro-coagulant activity. Taken together, our results establish Pin1 as an upstream regulator of Tissue Factor-mediated coagulation, thereby opening up new avenues for research into the use of specific Pin1 inhibitors for the treatment of diseases characterized by pathological coagulation, such as thrombosis and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kondababu Kurakula
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Duco S Koenis
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark A Herzik
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Chemical Biology Interdisciplinary Program, University of Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yanyun Liu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Chemical Biology Interdisciplinary Program, University of Houston, TX, USA
| | - John W Craft
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Chemical Biology Interdisciplinary Program, University of Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pieter B van Loenen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mariska Vos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Khang Tran
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henri H Versteeg
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-José T H Goumans
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carlie J M de Vries
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mehmet Şen
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Chemical Biology Interdisciplinary Program, University of Houston, TX, USA
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30
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Sun L, Li PB, Yao YF, Xiu AY, Peng Z, Bai YH, Gao YJ. Proteinase-activated receptor 2 promotes tumor cell proliferation and metastasis by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and predicts poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1120-1133. [PMID: 29563756 PMCID: PMC5850131 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i10.1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To clarify the role of proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in hepatocellular carcinoma, especially in the process of metastasis.
METHODS PAR2 expression levels were assessed by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in patient tissues and in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines SMMC-7721 and HepG2. Cell proliferation and metastasis were assessed both in vitro and in vitro. Immunoblotting was carried out to monitor the levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers.
RESULTS The prognosis was significantly poorer in patients with high PAR2 levels than in those with low PAR2 levels. Patients with high PAR2 levels had advanced tumor stage (P = 0.001, chi-square test), larger tumor size (P = 0.032, chi-square test), and high microvascular invasion rate (P = 0.037, chi-square test). The proliferation and metastasis ability of SMMC-7721 and HepG2 cells was increased after PAR2 overexpression, while knockdown of PAR2 decreased the proliferation and metastasis ability of SMMC-7721 and HepG2 cells. Knockdown of PAR2 also inhibited hepatocellular carcinoma tumor cell growth and liver metastasis in nude mice. Mechanistically, PAR2 increased the proliferation ability of SMMC-7721 and HepG2 cells via ERK activation. Activated ERK further promoted the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of these cells, which endowed them with enhanced migration and invasion ability.
CONCLUSION These data suggest that PAR2 plays an important role in the proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, targeting PAR2 may present a favorable target for treatment of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Sun
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Traffic Hospital, Jinan 250000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Pi-Bao Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Traffic Hospital, Jinan 250000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan-Fen Yao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Traffic Hospital, Jinan 250000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ai-Yuan Xiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhi Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yu-Huan Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan-Jing Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
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31
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Graf C, Ruf W. Tissue factor as a mediator of coagulation and signaling in cancer and chronic inflammation. Thromb Res 2018; 164 Suppl 1:S143-S147. [PMID: 29703473 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis is frequently diagnosed as a first symptom in tumor patients and the clinical management of hypercoagulability in cancer patients remains challenging due to concomitant changes in risk factors for severe bleeding. It therefore remains a priority to better understand interactions of the hemostatic system with cancer biology. Specifically, further research is needed to elucidate the details and effects of new anticoagulants on extravascular coagulation and the interplay between cancer progression and chronic inflammation. In addition, it will be important to identify subgroups of cancer patients benefiting from specific modulations of the coagulation system without increasing the bleeding risk. Here, we review recent findings on tissue factor (TF) regulation, its procoagulant activity and TF signaling in the various cell types of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Graf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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32
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Identification of the integrin-binding site on coagulation factor VIIa required for proangiogenic PAR2 signaling. Blood 2017; 131:674-685. [PMID: 29246902 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-02-768218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue factor (TF) pathway serves both hemostasis and cell signaling, but how cells control these divergent functions of TF remains incompletely understood. TF is the receptor and scaffold of coagulation proteases cleaving protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) that plays pivotal roles in angiogenesis and tumor development. Here we demonstrate that coagulation factor VIIa (FVIIa) elicits TF cytoplasmic domain-dependent proangiogenic cell signaling independent of the alternative PAR2 activator matriptase. We identify a Lys-Gly-Glu (KGE) integrin-binding motif in the FVIIa protease domain that is required for association of the TF-FVIIa complex with the active conformer of integrin β1. A point mutation in this motif markedly reduces TF-FVIIa association with integrins, attenuates integrin translocation into early endosomes, and reduces delayed mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation required for the induction of proangiogenic cytokines. Pharmacologic or genetic blockade of the small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (arf6) that regulates integrin trafficking increases availability of TF-FVIIa with procoagulant activity on the cell surface, while inhibiting TF-FVIIa signaling that leads to proangiogenic cytokine expression and tumor cell migration. These experiments delineate the structural basis for the crosstalk of the TF-FVIIa complex with integrin trafficking and suggest a crucial role for endosomal PAR2 signaling in pathways of tissue repair and tumor biology.
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33
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Hernandez R, England CG, Yang Y, Valdovinos HF, Liu B, Wong HC, Barnhart TE, Cai W. ImmunoPET imaging of tissue factor expression in pancreatic cancer with 89Zr-Df-ALT-836. J Control Release 2017; 264:160-168. [PMID: 28843831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of tissue factor (TF) has been associated with increased tumor growth, tumor angiogenesis, and metastatic potential in many malignancies, including pancreatic cancer. Additionally, high TF expression was shown to strongly correlate with poor prognoses and decreased survival in pancreatic cancer patients. Herein, we exploited the potential targeting of TF for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of pancreatic cancer. The TF-targeted tracer was developed through radiolabeling of the anti-human TF monoclonal antibody (ALT-836) with 89Zr. The tracer was characterized by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry assays in BXPC-3 and PANC-1 cells, two pancreatic cancer cell lines with high and low TF expression levels, respectively. Non-invasive PET scans were acquired in tumor-bearing mice injected with 89Zr-Df-ALT-836. Additionally, ex vivo biodistribution, blocking, and histological studies were performed to establish the affinity and specificity of 89Zr-Df-ALT-836 for TF in vivo. 89Zr-labeling of Df-ALT-836 was achieved in high yield and good specific activity. Flow cytometry and microscopy studies revealed no detectable difference in TF-binding affinity between ALT-836 and Df-ALT-836 in vitro. Longitudinal PET scans unveiled a lasting and prominent 89Zr-Df-ALT-836 uptake in BXPC-3 tumors (peak at 31.5±6.0%ID/g at 48h post-injection; n=3), which was significantly abrogated (2.3±0.5%ID/g at 48h post-injection; n=3) when mice were pre-injected with a blocking dose (50mg/kg) of unlabeled ALT-836. Ex vivo biodistribution data confirmed the accuracy of the PET results, and histological analysis correlated high tumor uptake with in situ TF expression. Taken together, these results attest to the excellent affinity and TF-specificity of 89Zr-Df-ALT-836. With elevated, persistent, and specific accumulation in TF-positive BXPC-3 tumors, PET imaging using 89Zr-Df-ALT-836 promises to open new avenues for improving future diagnosis, stratification, and treatment response assessment in pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinier Hernandez
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | | | - Yunan Yang
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Hector F Valdovinos
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Bai Liu
- Altor Bioscience Corporation, Miramar, FL 33025, USA
| | - Hing C Wong
- Altor Bioscience Corporation, Miramar, FL 33025, USA
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI 53705, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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34
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Zhang X, Li Q, Zhao H, Ma L, Meng T, Qian J, Jin R, Shen J, Yu K. Pathological expression of tissue factor confers promising antitumor response to a novel therapeutic antibody SC1 in triple negative breast cancer and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:59086-59102. [PMID: 28938620 PMCID: PMC5601716 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological presence of tissue factor (TF) in cancer cells promotes tumor-initiated thrombosis and cancer metastasis. We found that TF is aberrantly present in large percentage of aggressive triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PaC), two most lethal forms of malignancy that urgently need effective treatment. TF expression in TNBC clustered with higher levels of vimentin, basal-type keratins KRT5/14 and caveolin-1 but lower levels of luminal-type biomarkers. We developed a novel and specific anti-TF therapeutic antibody SC1, which displayed an exceedingly high potency against TF extracellular domain (EC50: 0.019 nM), TF-positive TNBC- or PaC cells (EC50: 2.5 nM), intracellular protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) signaling (IC50: 2-3 nM) and tumor-initiated coagulation (IC50: <10 nM). Depletion of TF or SC1-treatment in TNBC or PaC cells inhibited TF-induced cell migration, lung metastasis and tumor growth in vivo, accompanied by diminished levels of tumor angiogenesis and stromal fibrosis. We further propose TF as a promising target for antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) development based on its rapid and efficient internalization of SC1-drug conjugate. Both SC1-DM1 and SC1-MMAE elicited exquisite cytotoxicity in TF-positive TNBC and PaC cells (IC50: 0.02-0.1 nM) but not in TF-negative cells (>100 nM) achieving >5000 fold target selectivity. Following a weekly intravenous administration, SC1-MMAE and its humanized hSC1-MMAE inhibited TNBC- and PaC tumor growth achieving MED of 0.3-1 mg/kg and were both well tolerated. Thus, the prevalent TF expression in TNBC and PaC renders these challenging tumors highly susceptible to TF-targeted treatment and may offer new opportunity in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingrou Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Lanping Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Meng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianchang Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingkang Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ker Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
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Crispel Y, Ghanem S, Attias J, Kogan I, Brenner B, Nadir Y. Involvement of the heparanase procoagulant domain in bleeding and wound healing. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:1463-1472. [PMID: 28439967 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Heparanase forms a complex with tissue factor and enhances the generation of factor Xa. The present study was aimed to identify the procoagulant domain of heparanase. Procoagulant peptides significantly shortened bleeding time and enhanced wound healing. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)-2 derived peptides inhibited the procoagulant peptides. SUMMARY Background Heparanase, which is known to be involved in angiogenesis and metastasis, was shown to form a complex with tissue factor (TF) and to enhance the generation of activated factor X (FXa). Our study demonstrated that peptides derived from TF pathway inhibitor (TFPI)-2 impeded the procoagulant effect of heparanase, and attenuated inflammation, tumor growth, and vascularization. Aims To identify the procoagulant domain in the heparanase molecule, and to evaluate its effects in a model of wound healing that involves inflammation and angiogenesis. Methods Twenty-four potential peptides derived from heparanase were generated, and their effect was studied in an assay of FXa generation. Peptides 14 and 16, which showed the best procoagulant effect, were studied in a bleeding mouse model and in a wound-healing mouse model. Results Peptides 14 and 16 increased FXa levels by two-fold to three-fold, and, at high levels, caused consumption coagulopathy. The TFPI-2-derived peptides explored in our previous study were found to inhibit the procoagulant effect induced by peptides 14 and 16. In the bleeding model, time to clot formation was shortened by 50% when peptide 14 or peptide 16 was topically applied or injected subcutaneously. In the wound-healing model, the wound became more vascular, and its size was reduced to one-fifth as compared with controls, upon 1 week of exposure to peptide 14 or peptide 16 applied topically or injected subcutaneously. Conclusions The putative heparanase procoagulant domain was identified. Peptides derived from this domain significantly shortened bleeding time and enhanced wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Crispel
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - S Ghanem
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - J Attias
- Stat Laboratory Rambam Health Care Campus, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - I Kogan
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - B Brenner
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Y Nadir
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Haifa, Israel
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Rothmeier AS, Marchese P, Langer F, Kamikubo Y, Schaffner F, Cantor J, Ginsberg MH, Ruggeri ZM, Ruf W. Tissue Factor Prothrombotic Activity Is Regulated by Integrin-arf6 Trafficking. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1323-1331. [PMID: 28495929 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coagulation initiation by tissue factor (TF) is regulated by cellular inhibitors, cell surface availability of procoagulant phosphatidylserine, and thiol-disulfide exchange. How these mechanisms contribute to keeping TF in a noncoagulant state and to generating prothrombotic TF remain incompletely understood. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we study the activation of TF in primary macrophages by a combination of pharmacological, genetic, and biochemical approaches. We demonstrate that primed macrophages effectively control TF cell surface activity by receptor internalization. After cell injury, ATP signals through the purinergic receptor P2rx7 induce release of TF+ microvesicles. TF cell surface availability for release onto microvesicles is regulated by the GTPase arf6 associated with integrin α4β1. Furthermore, microvesicles proteome analysis identifies activation of Gαi2 as a participating factor in the release of microvesicles with prothrombotic activity in flowing blood. ATP not only prevents TF and phosphatidylserine internalization but also induces TF conversion to a conformation with high affinity for its ligand, coagulation factor VII. Although inhibition of dynamin-dependent internalization also exposes outer membrane procoagulant phosphatidylserine, the resulting TF+ microvesicles distinctly lack protein disulfide isomerase and high affinity TF and fail to produce fibrin strands typical for microvesicles generated by thrombo-inflammatory P2rx7 activation. CONCLUSIONS These data show that procoagulant phospholipid exposure is not sufficient and that TF affinity maturation is required to generate prothrombotic microvesicles from a variety of cell types. These findings are significant for understanding TF-initiated thrombosis and should be considered in designing functional microvesicles-based diagnostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Rothmeier
- From the Department of Immunology and Microbiology (A.S.R., F.S., W.R.) and Molecular Medicine (P.M., Y.K., Z.M.R.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; II. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (F.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.C., M.H.G.); Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (W.R.)
| | - Patrizia Marchese
- From the Department of Immunology and Microbiology (A.S.R., F.S., W.R.) and Molecular Medicine (P.M., Y.K., Z.M.R.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; II. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (F.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.C., M.H.G.); Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (W.R.)
| | - Florian Langer
- From the Department of Immunology and Microbiology (A.S.R., F.S., W.R.) and Molecular Medicine (P.M., Y.K., Z.M.R.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; II. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (F.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.C., M.H.G.); Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (W.R.)
| | - Yuichi Kamikubo
- From the Department of Immunology and Microbiology (A.S.R., F.S., W.R.) and Molecular Medicine (P.M., Y.K., Z.M.R.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; II. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (F.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.C., M.H.G.); Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (W.R.)
| | - Florence Schaffner
- From the Department of Immunology and Microbiology (A.S.R., F.S., W.R.) and Molecular Medicine (P.M., Y.K., Z.M.R.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; II. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (F.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.C., M.H.G.); Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (W.R.)
| | - Joseph Cantor
- From the Department of Immunology and Microbiology (A.S.R., F.S., W.R.) and Molecular Medicine (P.M., Y.K., Z.M.R.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; II. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (F.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.C., M.H.G.); Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (W.R.)
| | - Mark H Ginsberg
- From the Department of Immunology and Microbiology (A.S.R., F.S., W.R.) and Molecular Medicine (P.M., Y.K., Z.M.R.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; II. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (F.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.C., M.H.G.); Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (W.R.)
| | - Zaverio M Ruggeri
- From the Department of Immunology and Microbiology (A.S.R., F.S., W.R.) and Molecular Medicine (P.M., Y.K., Z.M.R.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; II. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (F.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.C., M.H.G.); Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (W.R.)
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- From the Department of Immunology and Microbiology (A.S.R., F.S., W.R.) and Molecular Medicine (P.M., Y.K., Z.M.R.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; II. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (F.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.C., M.H.G.); Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (W.R.).
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Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) and cancer are strongly associated, and present a major challenge in cancer patient treatment. Cancer patients have a higher risk of developing VTE, although the risk differs widely between tumour types. VTE prophylaxis is routinely given to cancer patients, in the form of vitamin K antagonists (VKA) or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). Several studies have reported that cancer patients receiving anticoagulants show prolonged survival and this effect was more pronounced in patients with a good prognosis, although the mechanism is poorly understood. Tissue Factor (TF) is the initiator of extrinsic coagulation, but its non-haemostatic signalling via protease-activated receptors (PARs) is a potent driver of tumour angiogenesis. Furthermore, coagulation activation is strongly implicated in tumour cell migration and metastasis. This review discusses the effects of anticoagulants on cancer progression in patients, tumour cell behaviour, angiogenesis, and metastasis in in vitro and in vivo models. Inhibition of TF signalling shows great promise in curbing angiogenesis and in vivo tumour growth, but whether this translates to patients is not yet known. Furthermore, non-haemostatic properties of coagulation factors in cancer progression are discussed, which provide exciting opportunities on limiting oncologic processes without affecting blood coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Tieken
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henri H Versteeg
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Although many studies have demonstrated that components of the hemostatic system may be involved in signaling leading to cancer progression, the potential mechanisms by which they contribute to cancer dissemination are not yet precisely understood. Among known coagulant factors, tissue factor (TF) and thrombin play a pivotal role in cancer invasion. They may be generated in the tumor microenvironment independently of blood coagulation and can induce cell signaling through activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs). PARs are transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by a unique proteolytic mechanism. They play important roles in vascular physiology, neural tube closure, hemostasis, and inflammation. All of these agents (TF, thrombin, PARs—mainly PAR-1 and PAR-2) are thought to promote cancer invasion and metastasis at least in part by facilitating tumor cell migration, angiogenesis, and interactions with host vascular cells, including platelets, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells lining blood vessels. Here, we discuss the role of PARs and their activators in cancer progression, focusing on TF- and thrombin-mediated actions. Therapeutic options tailored specifically to inhibit PAR-induced signaling in cancer patients are presented as well.
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Mußbach F, Ungefroren H, Günther B, Katenkamp K, Henklein P, Westermann M, Settmacher U, Lenk L, Sebens S, Müller JP, Böhmer FD, Kaufmann R. Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in hepatic stellate cells - evidence for a role in hepatocellular carcinoma growth in vivo. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:54. [PMID: 27473374 PMCID: PMC4966804 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have established that proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) promotes migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, suggesting a role in HCC progression. Here, we assessed the impact of PAR2 in HCC stromal cells on HCC growth using LX-2 hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and Hep3B cells as model. METHODS PAR2 expression and function in LX-2 cells was analysed by RT-PCR, confocal immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and [Ca(2+)]i measurements, respectively. The impact of LX-2-expressed PAR2 on tumour growth in vivo was monitored using HCC xenotransplantation experiments in SCID mice, in which HCC-like tumours were induced by coinjection of LX-2 cells and Hep3B cells. To characterise the effects of PAR2 activation in LX-2 cells, various signalling pathways were analysed by immunoblotting and proteome profiler arrays. RESULTS Following verification of functional PAR2 expression in LX-2 cells, in vivo studies showed that these cells promoted tumour growth and angiogenesis of HCC xenografts in mice. These effects were significantly reduced when F2RL1 (encoding PAR2) was downregulated by RNA interference (RNAi). In vitro studies confirmed these results demonstrating RNAi mediated inhibition of PAR2 attenuated Smad2/3 activation in response to TGF-β1 stimulation in LX-2 cells and blocked the pro-mitotic effect of LX-2 derived conditioned medium on Hep3B cells. Furthermore, PAR2 stimulation with trypsin or a PAR2-selective activating peptide (PAR2-AP) led to activation of different intracellular signalling pathways, an increased secretion of pro-angiogenic and pro-mitotic factors and proteinases, and an enhanced migration rate across a collagen-coated membrane barrier. Silencing F2RL1 by RNAi or pharmacological inhibition of Src, hepatocyte growth factor receptor (Met), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), p42/p44 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) or matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) blocked PAR2-AP-induced migration. CONCLUSION PAR2 in HSCs plays a crucial role in promoting HCC growth presumably by mediating migration and secretion of pro-angiogenic and pro-mitotic factors. Therefore, PAR2 in stromal HSCs may have relevance as a therapeutic target of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Mußbach
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Hendrik Ungefroren
- First Department of Medicine, UKSH and University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Bernd Günther
- Service Unit Small Animal, Research Center Lobeda (FZL), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Utz Settmacher
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Lennart Lenk
- Group Inflammatory Carcinogenesis, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Group Inflammatory Carcinogenesis, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jörg P Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank-Dietmar Böhmer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747, Jena, Germany.
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Matriptase activation connects tissue factor-dependent coagulation initiation to epithelial proteolysis and signaling. Blood 2016; 127:3260-9. [PMID: 27114461 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-11-683110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The coagulation cascade is designed to sense tissue injury by physical separation of the membrane-anchored cofactor tissue factor (TF) from inactive precursors of coagulation proteases circulating in plasma. Once TF on epithelial and other extravascular cells is exposed to plasma, sequential activation of coagulation proteases coordinates hemostasis and contributes to host defense and tissue repair. Membrane-anchored serine proteases (MASPs) play critical roles in the development and homeostasis of epithelial barrier tissues; how MASPs are activated in mature epithelia is unknown. We here report that proteases of the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation transactivate the MASP matriptase, thus connecting coagulation initiation to epithelial proteolysis and signaling. Exposure of TF-expressing cells to factors (F) VIIa and Xa triggered the conversion of latent pro-matriptase to an active protease, which in turn cleaved the pericellular substrates protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) and pro-urokinase. An activation pathway-selective PAR2 mutant resistant to direct cleavage by TF:FVIIa and FXa was activated by these proteases when cells co-expressed pro-matriptase, and matriptase transactivation was necessary for efficient cleavage and activation of wild-type PAR2 by physiological concentrations of TF:FVIIa and FXa. The coagulation initiation complex induced rapid and prolonged enhancement of the barrier function of epithelial monolayers that was dependent on matriptase transactivation and PAR2 signaling. These observations suggest that the coagulation cascade engages matriptase to help coordinate epithelial defense and repair programs after injury or infection, and that matriptase may contribute to TF-driven pathogenesis in cancer and inflammation.
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Abstract
Cancer-associated thrombosis remains a significant complication in the clinical management of cancer and interactions of the hemostatic system with cancer biology continue to be elucidated. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of tissue factor (TF) regulation and procoagulant activation, TF signaling in cancer and immune cells, and the expanding roles of the coagulation system in stem cell niches and the tumor microenvironment. The extravascular functions of coagulant and anti-coagulant pathways have significant implications not only for tumor progression, but also for the selection of appropriate target specific anticoagulants in the therapy of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Andrea S Rothmeier
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Claudine Graf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; 3(rd) Medical Department, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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Yau MK, Lim J, Liu L, Fairlie DP. Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) modulators: a patent review (2010-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:471-83. [PMID: 26936077 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1154540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a self-activated G protein-coupled receptor that has been implicated in several diseases, including inflammatory, gastrointestinal, respiratory, metabolic diseases, cancers and others, making it an important prospective drug target. No known endogenous ligands are available for PAR2, so having potent exogenous agonists and antagonists can be helpful for studying physiological functions of PAR2. AREAS COVERED This review covers agonist-, antagonist-, antibody- and pepducin-based modulators of PAR2 reported in patent applications between 2010-2015, along with their available structure-activity relationships, biological activities and potential uses for studying PAR2. EXPERT OPINION In the last six years, substantial efforts were made towards developing PAR2 modulators, but most lack potency or selectivity or have poor pharmacokinetic profiles. Many PAR2 modulators were assessed by measuring Gαq protein-mediated calcium release in cells. This may be insufficient to fully characterize ligand function, since different ligands signal through PAR2 via multiple signaling pathways. It may be feasible to develop biased ligands as drugs that can selectively modulate one or more specific signaling pathways linking PAR2 to a specific diseased state. Accordingly, potent, orally bioavailable, pathway- and receptor-selective PAR2 modulators may be an achievable goal to realizing effective drugs that can treat PAR2-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Kwan Yau
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
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Andrade SS, Gouvea IE, Silva MCC, Castro ED, de Paula CAA, Okamoto D, Oliveira L, Peres GB, Ottaiano T, Facina G, Nazário ACP, Campos AHJFM, Paredes-Gamero EJ, Juliano M, da Silva IDCG, Oliva MLV, Girão MJBC. Cathepsin K induces platelet dysfunction and affects cell signaling in breast cancer - molecularly distinct behavior of cathepsin K in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:173. [PMID: 26931461 PMCID: PMC4774035 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer comprises clinically and molecularly distinct tumor subgroups that differ in cell histology and biology and show divergent clinical phenotypes that impede phase III trials, such as those utilizing cathepsin K inhibitors. Here we correlate the epithelial-mesenchymal-like transition breast cancer cells and cathepsin K secretion with activation and aggregation of platelets. Cathepsin K is up-regulated in cancer cells that proteolyze extracellular matrix and contributes to invasiveness. Although proteolytically activated receptors (PARs) are activated by proteases, the direct interaction of cysteine cathepsins with PARs is poorly understood. In human platelets, PAR-1 and −4 are highly expressed, but PAR-3 shows low expression and unclear functions. Methods Platelet aggregation was monitored by measuring changes in turbidity. Platelets were immunoblotted with anti-phospho and total p38, Src-Tyr-416, FAK-Tyr-397, and TGFβ monoclonal antibody. Activation was measured in a flow cytometer and calcium mobilization in a confocal microscope. Mammary epithelial cells were prepared from the primary breast cancer samples of 15 women with Luminal-B subtype to produce primary cells. Results We demonstrate that platelets are aggregated by cathepsin K in a dose-dependent manner, but not by other cysteine cathepsins. PARs-3 and −4 were confirmed as the cathepsin K target by immunodetection and specific antagonists using a fibroblast cell line derived from PARs deficient mice. Moreover, through co-culture experiments, we show that platelets activated by cathepsin K mediated the up-regulation of SHH, PTHrP, OPN, and TGFβ in epithelial-mesenchymal-like cells from patients with Luminal B breast cancer. Conclusions Cathepsin K induces platelet dysfunction and affects signaling in breast cancer cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2203-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Siqueira Andrade
- Departments of Gynecology of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil. .,Charitable Association of Blood Collection - COLSAN, São Paulo, SP, 04080-006, Brazil. .,Department of Gynecology, Cellular Gynecology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 608, CEP 04024-002, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Iuri Estrada Gouvea
- Biophysics of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
| | | | - Eloísa Dognani Castro
- Biochemistry of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
| | - Cláudia A A de Paula
- Biochemistry of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
| | - Debora Okamoto
- Biophysics of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
| | - Lilian Oliveira
- Biophysics of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
| | - Giovani Bravin Peres
- Biochemistry of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
| | - Tatiana Ottaiano
- Biochemistry of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
| | - Gil Facina
- Departments of Gynecology of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
| | | | - Antonio Hugo J F M Campos
- Department of Pathology, AC Camargo Hospital Biobank, A C Camargo Cancer Center - Antonio Prudente Foundation, São Paulo, SP, 01509-010, Brazil.
| | | | - Maria Juliano
- Biophysics of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
| | - Ismael D C G da Silva
- Departments of Gynecology of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
| | - Maria Luiza V Oliva
- Biochemistry of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
| | - Manoel J B C Girão
- Departments of Gynecology of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil. .,Charitable Association of Blood Collection - COLSAN, São Paulo, SP, 04080-006, Brazil.
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Tieken C, Verboom MC, Ruf W, Gelderblom H, Bovée JVMG, Reitsma PH, Cleton-Jansen AM, Versteeg HH. Tissue factor associates with survival and regulates tumour progression in osteosarcoma. Thromb Haemost 2016; 115:1025-33. [PMID: 26763081 DOI: 10.1160/th15-07-0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumour. Patients often develop lung metastasis and have a poor prognosis despite extensive chemotherapy and surgical resections. Tissue Factor is associated with poor clinical outcome in a wide range of cancer types, and promotes angiogenesis and metastasis. The role of Tissue Factor in OS tumourigenesis is unknown. Fifty-three osteosarcoma pre-treatment biopsies and four osteosarcoma cell lines were evaluated for Tissue Factor expression, and a possible association with clinical parameters was investigated. Tissue Factor function was inhibited in an osteosarcoma cell line (143B) by shRNA knockdown or specific antibodies, and pro-tumourigenic gene expression, proliferation, matrigel invasion and transwell migration was examined. 143B cells were implanted in mice in the presence of Tissue Factor-blocking antibodies, and tumour volume, micro-vessel density and metastases in the lung were evaluated. Tissue Factor was highly expressed in 73.6 % of osteosarcoma biopsies, and expression associated significantly with disease-free survival. Tissue Factor was expressed in all four investigated cell lines. Tissue Factor was knocked down in 143B cells, which led to reduced expression of IL-8, CXCL-1, SNAIL and MMP2, but not MMP9. Tissue Factor knockdown or inhibition with antibodies reduced matrigel invasion. Tissue Factor antibodies limited 143B tumour growth in vivo, and resulted in decreased intra-tumoural micro-vessel density. Furthermore, lung metastasis from the primary tumour was significantly reduced. Thus, Tissue Factor expression in osteosarcoma reduces metastasis-free survival in patients, and increases pro-tumourigenic behaviour both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Henri H Versteeg
- Henri H. Versteeg, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands, Tel.: +31 715263872, Fax: +31 71526755, E-mail:
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Tsai MC, Chen KD, Wang CC, Huang KT, Wu CH, Kuo IY, Chen LY, Hu TH, Goto S, Nakano T, Dorling A, McVey JH, Chen CL, Lin CC. Factor VII promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression through ERK-TSC signaling. Cell Death Discov 2015; 1:15051. [PMID: 27551480 PMCID: PMC4993037 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2015.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated PAR2 starts upstreamed with tissue factor (TF) and factor VII (FVII), inhibited autophagy via mTOR signaling in HCC. However, the mechanism underlying for merging functions of PAR2 with the coagulation system in HCC progression remained unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the role of TF, FVII and PAR2 in tumor progression of HCC. The expressions of TF, FVII and PAR2 from HCC specimens were evaluated by immunohistochemical stains and western blotting. We found that the expression of FVII, but not TF and PAR2, directly related to the vascular invasion and the clinical staging. Importantly, a lower level of FVII expression was significantly associated with the longer disease-free survival. The addition of FVII but not TF induced the expression of PAR2 and phosphorylation of ERK1/2, whereas knockdown of FVII decreased PAR2 expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in HCC cell lines. Furthermore, levels of phosphor-TSC2 (Ser664) were increased after treatment with FVII and PAR2 agonist whereas these were significantly abolished in the presence of a potent and specific MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126. Moreover, mTOR knockdown highly reduced Hep3B migration, which could be reverted by FVII but not TF and PAR2. These results indicated that FVII/PAR2 signaling through MEK/ERK and TSC2 axis for mTOR activation has potent effects on the migration of HCC cells. In addition, FVII/PAR2 signaling elicits an mTOR-independent signaling, which promotes hepatoma cell migration in consistent with the clinical observations. Our study indicates that levels of FVII, but not TF, are associated with tumor migration and invasiveness in HCC, and provides clues that evaluation of FVII expression in HCC may be useful as a prognostic indicator in patients with HCC and may form an alternative target for further therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-C Tsai
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - K-D Chen
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Liver Transplantation Program and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C-C Wang
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Liver Transplantation Program and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - K-T Huang
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Liver Transplantation Program and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C-H Wu
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Liver Transplantation Program and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I-Y Kuo
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Liver Transplantation Program and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - L-Y Chen
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Liver Transplantation Program and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - T-H Hu
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - S Goto
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Liver Transplantation Program and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Fukuoka Institution of Occupational Health, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Nakano
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - A Dorling
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, MRC Centre for Transplantation , London, UK
| | - J H McVey
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, UK
| | - C-L Chen
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Liver Transplantation Program and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C-C Lin
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Liver Transplantation Program and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Koizume S, Miyagi Y. Tissue Factor-Factor VII Complex As a Key Regulator of Ovarian Cancer Phenotypes. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2015; 7:1-13. [PMID: 26396550 PMCID: PMC4562604 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s29318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is an integral membrane protein widely expressed in normal human cells. Blood coagulation factor VII (fVII) is a key enzyme in the extrinsic coagulation cascade that is predominantly secreted by hepatocytes and released into the bloodstream. The TF–fVII complex is aberrantly expressed on the surface of cancer cells, including ovarian cancer cells. This procoagulant complex can initiate intracellular signaling mechanisms, resulting in malignant phenotypes. Cancer tissues are chronically exposed to hypoxia. TF and fVII can be induced in response to hypoxia in ovarian cancer cells at the gene expression level, leading to the autonomous production of the TF–fVII complex. Here, we discuss the roles of the TF–fVII complex in the induction of malignant phenotypes in ovarian cancer cells. The hypoxic nature of ovarian cancer tissues and the roles of TF expression in endometriosis are discussed. Arguments will be extended to potential strategies to treat ovarian cancers based on our current knowledge of TF–fVII function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Koizume
- Molecular Pathology and Genetics Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyagi
- Molecular Pathology and Genetics Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
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Adams GN, Rosenfeldt L, Frederick M, Miller W, Waltz D, Kombrinck K, McElhinney KE, Flick MJ, Monia BP, Revenko AS, Palumbo JS. Colon Cancer Growth and Dissemination Relies upon Thrombin, Stromal PAR-1, and Fibrinogen. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4235-43. [PMID: 26238780 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin-mediated proteolysis is a major determinant of metastasis, but is not universally important for primary tumor growth. Here, we report that colorectal adenocarcinoma represents one important exception whereby thrombin-mediated functions support both primary tumor growth and metastasis. In contrast with studies of multiple nongastrointestinal cancers, we found that the growth of primary tumors formed by murine and human colon cancer cells was reduced in mice by genetic or pharmacologic reduction of circulating prothrombin. Reduced prothrombin expression was associated with lower mitotic indices and invasion of surrounding tissue. Mechanistic investigations revealed that thrombin-driven colonic adenocarcinoma growth relied upon at least two targets of thrombin-mediated proteolysis, protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) expressed by stromal cells and the extracellular matrix protein, fibrinogen. Colonic adenocarcinoma growth was reduced in PAR-1-deficient mice, implicating stromal cell-associated PAR-1 as one thrombin target important for tumor outgrowth. Furthermore, tumor growth was dramatically impeded in fibrinogen-deficient mice, offering the first direct evidence of a critical functional role for fibrinogen in malignant tumor growth. Tumors harvested from fibrinogen-deficient mice displayed a relative reduction in cell proliferative indices, as well as increased tumor necrosis and decreased tumor vascular density. Collectively, our findings established a functional role for thrombin and its targets PAR-1 and fibrinogen in the pathogenesis of colonic adenocarcinoma, supporting tumor growth as well as local invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N Adams
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Leah Rosenfeldt
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Malinda Frederick
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Whitney Miller
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Dusty Waltz
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Keith Kombrinck
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kathryn E McElhinney
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Matthew J Flick
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Brett P Monia
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California
| | - Alexey S Revenko
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California
| | - Joseph S Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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48
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Spek CA, Versteeg HH, Borensztajn KS. Anticoagulant therapy of cancer patients: Will patient selection increase overall survival? Thromb Haemost 2015; 114:530-6. [PMID: 25994568 DOI: 10.1160/th15-02-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Already since the early 1800s, it has been recognised that malignancies may provoke thromboembolic complications, and indeed cancer patients are at increased risk of developing venous thrombosis. Interestingly, case control studies of deep-vein thrombosis suggested that low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) improved survival of cancer patients. This led to the hypothesis that cancer cells might 'take advantage' of a hypercoagulable state to more efficiently metastasise. Initial randomised placebo control trials showed that LMWH improve overall survival of cancer patients, especially in those patients with a relatively good prognosis. The failure of recent phase III trials, however, tempers enthusiasm for anticoagulant treatment in cancer patients despite an overwhelming body of literature showing beneficial effects of anticoagulants in preclinical models. Instead of discarding LMWH as potential (co)treatment modality in cancer patients, these disappointing recent trials should guide future preclinical research on anticoagulants in cancer biology. Most and for all, the underlying mechanisms by which coagulation drives tumour progression need to be elucidated. This could ultimately allow selection of cancer patients most likely to benefit from anticoagulant treatment and/or from targeted therapy downstream of coagulation factor signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arnold Spek
- C. Arnold Spek, H2-157, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Tel.: +31 20 5668750, E-mail:
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Abstract
The hemostatic system plays pleiotropic roles in cancer progression by shaping the tumor microenvironment and metastatic niches through thrombin-dependent fibrin deposition and platelet activation. Expanding experimental evidence implicates coagulation protease receptors expressed by tumor cells as additional players that directly influence tumor biology. Pro-angiogenic G protein-coupled signaling of TF through protease activated receptor 2 and regulation of tumor cell and vascular integrins through ligation by alternative spliced TF are established pathways driving tumor progression. Our recent work shows that the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), a stem cell marker in hematopoietic, neuronal and epithelial cells, is also crucial for breast cancer growth in the orthotopic microenvironment of the mammary gland. In aggressive triple-negative breast cancer cells, EPCR expression is a characteristic of cancer stem cell-like populations that have tumor initiating properties in vivo. Blocking antibodies to EPCR attenuate in vivo tumor growth and proliferation specifically of EPCR(+) cells on defined integrin matrices in vitro. We also showed that tumor-associated macrophages are a source for upstream coagulation proteases that can activate TF- and EPCR-dependent cellular responses, suggesting that tumor cells utilize the tumor microenvironment for tumor promoting coagulation protease signaling.
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Kakarala KK, Jamil K. Protease activated receptor-2 (PAR2): possible target of phytochemicals. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2014; 33:2003-22. [PMID: 25386994 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.986197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of phytochemicals either singly or in combination with other anticancer drugs comes with an advantage of less toxicity and minimal side effects. Signaling pathways play central role in cell cycle, cell growth, metabolism, etc. Thus, the identification of phytochemicals with promising antagonistic effect on the receptor/s playing key role in single transduction may have better therapeutic application. With this background, phytochemicals were screened against protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). PAR2 belongs to the superfamily of GPCRs and is an important target for breast cancer. Using in silico methods, this study was able to identify the phytochemicals with promising binding affinity suggesting their therapeutic potential in the treatment of breast cancer. The findings from this study acquires importance as the information on the possible agonists and antagonists of PAR2 is limited due its unique mechanism of activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Kumari Kakarala
- a Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (CBB), School of Life Sciences , Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Advanced Studies (JNIAS) , 6th Floor, Buddha Bhawan, M.G. Road, Secunderabad 500003 , Andhra Pradesh , India
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