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da Silva-Diz V, Singh A, Aleksandrova M, Kim O, Thai C, Lancho O, Nunes PR, Affronti H, Su X, Wellen KE, Herranz D. Therapeutic targeting of ACLY in T-ALL in vivo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.03.27.534395. [PMID: 37034581 PMCID: PMC10081278 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.27.534395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL) is a hematological malignancy in need of novel therapeutic approaches. Here, we identify the ATP-citrate lyase ACLY as overexpressed and as a novel therapeutic target in T-ALL. To test the effects of ACLY in leukemia progression, we developed an isogenic model of NOTCH1-induced Acly conditional knockout leukemia. Importantly, we observed intrinsic antileukemic effects upon loss of ACLY, which further synergized with NOTCH1 inhibition in vivo. Metabolomic profiling upon ACLY loss revealed a metabolic crisis with reduced acetyl-CoA levels, as well as a decreased oxygen consumption rate. Gene expression profiling analyses showed that the transcriptional signature of ACLY loss very significantly correlates with the signature of MYC loss in vivo . Mechanistically, the decrease in acetyl-CoA led to reduced H3K27ac levels in Myc , resulting in transcriptional downregulation of Myc and drastically reduced MYC protein levels. Interestingly, our analyses also revealed a reciprocal relationship whereby ACLY itself is a direct transcriptional target of MYC, thus establishing a feedforward loop that is important for leukemia progression. Overall, our results identified a relevant ACLY-MYC axis and unveiled ACLY as a novel promising target for T-ALL treatment.
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Papadakos SP, Argyrou A, Lekakis V, Arvanitakis K, Kalisperati P, Stergiou IE, Konstantinidis I, Schizas D, Koufakis T, Germanidis G, Theocharis S. Metformin in Esophageal Carcinoma: Exploring Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2978. [PMID: 38474224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) remains a formidable malignancy with limited treatment options and high mortality rates, necessitating the exploration of innovative therapeutic avenues. Through a systematic analysis of a multitude of studies, we synthesize the diverse findings related to metformin's influence on EC. This review comprehensively elucidates the intricate metabolic pathways and molecular mechanisms through which metformin may exert its anti-cancer effects. Key focus areas include its impact on insulin signaling, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, and the mTOR pathway, which collectively contribute to its role in mitigating esophageal cancer progression. This review critically examines the body of clinical and preclinical evidence surrounding the potential role of metformin, a widely prescribed anti-diabetic medication, in EC management. Our examination extends to the modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress and angiogenesis, revealing metformin's potential as a metabolic intervention in esophageal cancer pathogenesis. By consolidating epidemiological and clinical data, we assess the evidence that supports metformin's candidacy as an adjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer. By summarizing clinical and preclinical findings, our review aims to enhance our understanding of metformin's role in EC management, potentially improving patient care and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros P Papadakos
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Argyrou
- Academic Department of Gastroenterology, Laikon General Hospital, Athens University Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileios Lekakis
- Academic Department of Gastroenterology, Laikon General Hospital, Athens University Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Arvanitakis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Basic and Translational Research Unit (BTRU), Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education (BRESU), Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Polyxeni Kalisperati
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna E Stergiou
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Schizas
- First Department of Surgery, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Theocharis Koufakis
- Second Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital "Hippokration", Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Germanidis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Basic and Translational Research Unit (BTRU), Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education (BRESU), Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Tsilingiris D, Vallianou NG, Spyrou N, Kounatidis D, Christodoulatos GS, Karampela I, Dalamaga M. Obesity and Leukemia: Biological Mechanisms, Perspectives, and Challenges. Curr Obes Rep 2024; 13:1-34. [PMID: 38159164 PMCID: PMC10933194 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-023-00542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To examine the epidemiological data on obesity and leukemia; evaluate the effect of obesity on leukemia outcomes in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survivors; assess the potential mechanisms through which obesity may increase the risk of leukemia; and provide the effects of obesity management on leukemia. Preventive (diet, physical exercise, obesity pharmacotherapy, bariatric surgery) measures, repurposing drugs, candidate therapeutic agents targeting oncogenic pathways of obesity and insulin resistance in leukemia as well as challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic are also discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Obesity has been implicated in the development of 13 cancers, such as breast, endometrial, colon, renal, esophageal cancers, and multiple myeloma. Leukemia is estimated to account for approximately 2.5% and 3.1% of all new cancer incidence and mortality, respectively, while it represents the most frequent cancer in children younger than 5 years. Current evidence indicates that obesity may have an impact on the risk of leukemia. Increased birthweight may be associated with the development of childhood leukemia. Obesity is also associated with worse outcomes and increased mortality in leukemic patients. However, there are several limitations and challenges in meta-analyses and epidemiological studies. In addition, weight gain may occur in a substantial number of childhood ALL survivors while the majority of studies have documented an increased risk of relapse and mortality among patients with childhood ALL and obesity. The main pathophysiological pathways linking obesity to leukemia include bone marrow adipose tissue; hormones such as insulin and the insulin-like growth factor system as well as sex hormones; pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α; adipocytokines, such as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and visfatin; dyslipidemia and lipid signaling; chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress; and other emerging mechanisms. Obesity represents a risk factor for leukemia, being among the only known risk factors that could be prevented or modified through weight loss, healthy diet, and physical exercise. Pharmacological interventions, repurposing drugs used for cardiometabolic comorbidities, and bariatric surgery may be recommended for leukemia and obesity-related cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsilingiris
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Natalia G Vallianou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelismos General Hospital, 45-47 Ipsilantou str, 10676, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Spyrou
- Tisch Cancer Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1190 One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Dimitris Kounatidis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelismos General Hospital, 45-47 Ipsilantou str, 10676, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Irene Karampela
- 2nd Department of Critical Care, Medical School, University of Athens, Attikon General University Hospital, 1 Rimini Str, 12462, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias str, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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Wang Q, Wei X. Research Progress on the Use of Metformin in Leukemia Treatment. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2024; 25:220-236. [PMID: 38286894 PMCID: PMC10873432 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-024-01179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Metformin is a first-line drug in the clinical treatment of type 2 diabetes. Its main molecular mechanism involves the activation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which regulates cell energy metabolism. Many clinical studies have shown that metformin can reduce the incidence and mortality of cancer in patients with or without diabetes. In vitro studies also confirmed that metformin can inhibit proliferation, promote apoptosis, and enhance the response of cells to chemical drugs and other anticancer effects on a variety of leukemia cells. In recent years, leukemia has become one of the most common malignant diseases. Although great progress has been made in therapeutic approaches for leukemia, novel drugs and better treatments are still needed to improve the therapeutic efficacy of these treatments. This article reviews the application status and possible mechanism of metformin in the treatment of leukemia to further understand the anticancer mechanism of metformin and expand its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Xudong Wei
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
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Gayatri MB, Kancha RK, Behera A, Patchva D, Velugonda N, Gundeti S, Reddy ABM. AMPK-induced novel phosphorylation of RUNX1 inhibits STAT3 activation and overcome imatinib resistance in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) subjects. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:401. [PMID: 37903788 PMCID: PMC10616083 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01700-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Imatinib resistance remains an unresolved problem in CML disease. Activation of JAK2/STAT3 pathway and increased expression of RUNX1 have become one reason for development of imatinib resistance in CML subjects. Metformin has gained attention as an antileukemic drug in recent times. However, the molecular mechanism remains elusive. The present study shows that RUNX1 is a novel substrate of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), where AMPK phosphorylates RUNX1 at Ser 94 position. Activation of AMPK by metformin could lead to increased cytoplasmic retention of RUNX1 due to Ser 94 phosphorylation. RUNX1 Ser 94 phosphorylation resulted in increased interaction with STAT3, which was reflected in reduced transcriptional activity of both RUNX1 and STAT3 due to their cytoplasmic retention. The reduced transcriptional activity of STAT3 and RUNX1 resulted in the down-regulation of their signaling targets involved in proliferation and anti-apoptosis. Our cell proliferation assays using in vitro resistant cell line models and PBMCs isolated from CML clinical patients and normal subjects demonstrate that metformin treatment resulted in reduced growth and improved imatinib sensitivity of resistant subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meher Bolisetti Gayatri
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Rama Krishna Kancha
- Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics Laboratory, CPMB, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Abhayananda Behera
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Dorababu Patchva
- Department of Pharmacology, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, 500033, India
| | - Nagaraj Velugonda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, 500082, India
| | - Sadasivudu Gundeti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, 500082, India
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Gayatri MB, Kancha RK, Patchva D, Velugonda N, Gundeti S, Reddy ABM. Metformin exerts antileukemic effects by modulating lactate metabolism and overcomes imatinib resistance in chronic myelogenous leukemia. FEBS J 2023; 290:4480-4495. [PMID: 37171230 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Imatinib is the frontline treatment option in treating chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Hitherto, some patients relapse following treatment. Biochemical analysis of a panel of clonally derived imatinib-resistant cells revealed enhanced glucose uptake and ATP production, suggesting increased rates of glycolysis. Interestingly, increased lactate export was also observed in imatinib-resistant cell lines. Here, we show that metformin inhibits the growth of imatinib-resistant cell lines as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from patients who relapsed following imatinib treatment. Metformin exerted these antiproliferative effects by inhibiting MCT1 and MCT4, leading to the inhibition of lactate export. Furthermore, glucose uptake and ATP production were also inhibited following metformin treatment due to the inhibition of GLUT1 and HK-II in an AMPK-dependent manner. Our results also confirmed that metformin-mediated inhibition of lactate export and glucose uptake occurs through the regulation of mTORC1 and HIF-1α. These results delineate the molecular mechanisms underlying metabolic reprogramming leading to secondary imatinib resistance and the potential of metformin as a therapeutic option in CML.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate/pharmacology
- Metformin/pharmacology
- Metformin/therapeutic use
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Lactic Acid/metabolism
- Glucose/metabolism
- Adenosine Triphosphate
- Apoptosis
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rama Krishna Kancha
- Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics Laboratory, CPMB, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Dorababu Patchva
- Department of Pharmacology, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nagaraj Velugonda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sadashivudu Gundeti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Aramati B M Reddy
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, India
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7
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Dong Y, Qi Y, Jiang H, Mi T, Zhang Y, Peng C, Li W, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Zang Y, Li J. The development and benefits of metformin in various diseases. Front Med 2023; 17:388-431. [PMID: 37402952 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-0998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Metformin has been used for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus for decades due to its safety, low cost, and outstanding hypoglycemic effect clinically. The mechanisms underlying these benefits are complex and still not fully understood. Inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory-chain complex I is the most described downstream mechanism of metformin, leading to reduced ATP production and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Meanwhile, many novel targets of metformin have been gradually discovered. In recent years, multiple pre-clinical and clinical studies are committed to extend the indications of metformin in addition to diabetes. Herein, we summarized the benefits of metformin in four types of diseases, including metabolic associated diseases, cancer, aging and age-related diseases, neurological disorders. We comprehensively discussed the pharmacokinetic properties and the mechanisms of action, treatment strategies, the clinical application, the potential risk of metformin in various diseases. This review provides a brief summary of the benefits and concerns of metformin, aiming to interest scientists to consider and explore the common and specific mechanisms and guiding for the further research. Although there have been countless studies of metformin, longitudinal research in each field is still much warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yingbei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Haowen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Tian Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yunkai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wanchen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, 528400, China.
| | - Yi Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, 264117, China.
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Lee YC, Chiou JT, Chang LS. AMPK inhibition induces MCL1 mRNA destabilization via the p38 MAPK/miR-22/HuR axis in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 209:115442. [PMID: 36720359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles of AMPK in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are controvertible. This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effects of the AMPK inhibitor Compound C in the CML cell lines K562, KU812, and MEG-01. Compared to K562 cells, KU812 and MEG-01 cells were more sensitive to Compound C-mediated cytotoxicity. Moreover, Compound C induced SIRT3 upregulation in K562 cells but not in KU812 or MEG-01 cells. SIRT3 silencing increased the sensitivity of K562 cells to Compound C. Additionally; Compound C-induced autophagy attenuated its induced apoptosis in KU812 and MEG-01 cells. Compound C-induced ROS-mediated AMPKα inactivation resulted in the downregulation of apoptotic regulator MCL1 in KU812 and MEG-01 cells. Mechanistically, AMPK inhibition activated p38 MAPK-mediated miR-22 expression, which in turn inhibited HuR expression, thereby reducing MCL1 mRNA stability. Overexpression of constitutively active AMPKα1 and abolishment of the activation of p38 MAPK inhibited Compound C-induced cell death and MCL1 downregulation. Furthermore, Compound C synergistically enhanced the cytotoxicity of BCR-ABL inhibitors and the BCL2 inhibitor ABT-199. Collectively, this study indicates that Compound C induces MCL1 downregulation through the AMPK/p38 MAPK/miR-22/HuR pathway, thereby inducing apoptosis of KU812 and MEG-01 cells. Furthermore, our findings suggest that AMPK inhibition is a promising strategy for improving CML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chin Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ting Chiou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Long-Sen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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9
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Muselli F, Mourgues L, Rochet N, Nebout M, Guerci A, Verhoeyen E, Krug A, Legros L, Peyron JF, Mary D. Repurposing the Bis-Biguanide Alexidine in Combination with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors to Eliminate Leukemic Stem/Progenitor Cells in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030995. [PMID: 36765952 PMCID: PMC9913472 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In CML, Leukemic Stem Cells (LSCs) that are insensitive to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors are responsible for leukemia maintenance and relapses upon TKI treatment arrest. We previously showed that downregulation of the BMI1 polycomb protein that is crucial for stem/progenitor cells self-renewal induced a CCNG2/dependent proliferation arrest leading to elimination of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) cells. Unfortunately, as of today, pharmacological inhibition of BMI1 has not made its way to the clinic. METHODS We used the Connectivity Map bioinformatic database to identify pharmacological molecules that could mimick BMI1 silencing, to induce CML cell death. We selected the bis-biguanide Alexidin (ALX) that produced a transcriptomic profile positively correlating with the one obtained after BMI silencing in K562 CML cells. We then evaluated the efficiency of ALX in combination with TKI on CML cells. RESULTS Here we report that cell growth and clonogenic activity of K562 and LAMA-84 CML cell lines were strongly inhibited by ALX. ALX didn't modify BCR::ABL1 phosphorylation and didn't affect BMI1 expression but was able to increase CCNG2 expression leading to autophagic processes that preceed cell death. Besides, ALX could enhance the apoptotic response induced by any Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKI) of the three generations. We also noted a strong synergism between ALX and TKIs to increase expression of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and induce PARP cleavage, Bad expression and significantly decreased Bcl-xL family member expression. We also observed that the blockage of the mitochondrial respiratory chain by ALX can be associated with inhibition of glycolysis by 2-DG to achieve an enhanced inhibition of K562 proliferation and clonogenicity. ALX specifically affected the differentiation of BCR::ABL1-transduced healthy CD34+ cells but not of mock-infected healthy CD34+ control cells. Importantly, ALX strongly synergized with TKIs to inhibit clonogenicity of primary CML CD34+ cells from diagnosed patients. Long Term Culture of Initiating Cell (LTC-IC) and dilution of the fluorescent marker CFSE allowed us to observe that ALX and Imatinib (IM) partially reduced the number of LSCs by themselves but that the ALX/IM combination drastically reduced this cell compartment. Using an in vivo model of NSG mice intravenously injected with K562-Luciferase transduced CML cells, we showed that ALX combined with IM improved mice survival. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results validate the use of ALX bis-biguanide to potentiate the action of conventional TKI treatment as a potential new therapeutic solution to eradicate CML LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Muselli
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Team 4, CEDEX 03, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Lucas Mourgues
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Team 4, CEDEX 03, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Nathalie Rochet
- Institut de Biologie Valrose, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR 7277, Inserm U1091, CEDEX 02, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Marielle Nebout
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Team 4, CEDEX 03, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Agnès Guerci
- Hematology Department, University Hospital, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Team 4, CEDEX 03, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Adrien Krug
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Team 4, CEDEX 03, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Laurence Legros
- Department of Hematology, Paul Brousse Hospital, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Jean-François Peyron
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Team 4, CEDEX 03, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Didier Mary
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Team 4, CEDEX 03, 06204 Nice, France
- Correspondence:
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10
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Zhang Y, Zhou F, Guan J, Zhou L, Chen B. Action Mechanism of Metformin and Its Application in Hematological Malignancy Treatments: A Review. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020250. [PMID: 36830619 PMCID: PMC9953052 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies (HMs) mainly include acute and chronic leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma and other heterogeneous tumors that seriously threaten human life and health. The common effective treatments are radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), which have limited options and are prone to tumor recurrence and (or) drug resistance. Metformin is the first-line drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Recently, studies identified the potential anti-cancer ability of metformin in both T2DM patients and patients that are non-diabetic. The latest epidemiological and preclinical studies suggested a potential benefit of metformin in the prevention and treatment of patients with HM. The mechanism may involve the activation of the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway by metformin as well as other AMPK-independent pathways to exert anti-cancer properties. In addition, combining current conventional anti-cancer drugs with metformin may improve the efficacy and reduce adverse drug reactions. Therefore, metformin can also be used as an adjuvant therapeutic agent for HM. This paper highlights the anti-hyperglycemic effects and potential anti-cancer effects of metformin, and also compiles the in vitro and clinical trials of metformin as an anti-cancer and chemosensitizing agent for the treatment of HM. The need for future research on the use of metformin in the treatment of HM is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Baoan Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-8327-2006
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11
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Patel SB, Nemkov T, D'Alessandro A, Welner RS. Deciphering Metabolic Adaptability of Leukemic Stem Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:846149. [PMID: 35756656 PMCID: PMC9213881 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.846149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting of leukemic stem cells is widely studied to control leukemia. An emerging approach gaining popularity is altering metabolism as a potential therapeutic opportunity. Studies have been carried out on hematopoietic and leukemic stem cells to identify vulnerable pathways without impacting the non-transformed, healthy counterparts. While many metabolic studies have been conducted using stem cells, most have been carried out in vitro or on a larger population of progenitor cells due to challenges imposed by the low frequency of stem cells found in vivo. This creates artifacts in the studies carried out, making it difficult to interpret and correlate the findings to stem cells directly. This review discusses the metabolic difference seen between hematopoietic stem cells and leukemic stem cells across different leukemic models. Moreover, we also shed light on the advancements of metabolic techniques and current limitations and areas for additional research of the field to study stem cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta B Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Divison of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Robert S Welner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at, Birmingham, AL, United States
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12
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Hydroxycitric Acid Inhibits Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Growth through Activation of AMPK and mTOR Pathway. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132669. [PMID: 35807850 PMCID: PMC9268148 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic regulation of cancer cell growth via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation is a widely studied strategy for cancer treatment, including leukemias. Recent notions that naturally occurring compounds might have AMPK activity led to the search for nutraceuticals with potential AMPK-stimulating activity. We found that hydroxycitric acid (HCA), a natural, safe bioactive from the plant Garcinia gummi-gutta (cambogia), has potent AMPK activity in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cell line K562. HCA is a known competitive inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) and is widely used as a weight loss inducer. We found that HCA was able to inhibit the growth of K562 cells in in vitro and in vivo xenograft models. At the mechanistic level, we identified a direct interaction between AMPK and ACLY that seems to be sensitive to HCA treatment. Additionally, HCA treatment resulted in the co-activation of AMPK and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. Moreover, we found an enhanced unfolded protein response as observed by activation of the eIF2α/ATF4 pathway that could explain the induction of cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and DNA fragmentation upon HCA treatment in K562 cells. Overall, these findings suggest HCA as a nutraceutical approach for the treatment of CMLs.
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13
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Glamoclija U, Mahmutovic L, Bilajac E, Soljic V, Vukojevic K, Suljagic M. Metformin and Thymoquinone Synergistically Inhibit Proliferation of Imatinib-Resistant Human Leukemic Cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:867133. [PMID: 35496297 PMCID: PMC9043685 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.867133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance is one of the major challenges in cancer treatment, including leukemia. A massive array of research is evaluating combinations of drugs directed against different intracellular signaling molecules to overcome cancer resistance, increase therapy effectiveness, and decrease its adverse effects. Combining chemicals with proven safety profiles, such as drugs already used in therapy and active substances isolated from natural sources, could potentially have superior effects compared to monotherapies. In this study, we evaluated the effects of metformin and thymoquinone (TQ) as monotherapy and combinatorial treatments in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell lines sensitive and resistant to imatinib therapy. The effects were also evaluated in primary monocytic acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. Both compounds induced a dose- and time-dependent decrease of viability and proliferation in tested cells. Metformin had similar IC50 values in imatinib-sensitive and imatinib-resistant cell lines. IC50 values of TQ were significantly higher in imatinib-resistant cells, but with a limited resistance index (2.4). Synergistic effects of combinatorial treatments were observed in all tested cell lines, as well as in primary cells. The strongest synergistic effects were observed in the inhibition of imatinib-resistant cell line proliferation. Metformin and TQ inhibited the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling and induced apoptosis in tested cell lines and primary cells. The enhanced effects of combinatorial treatments on the induction of apoptosis were more dominant in imatinib-resistant compared to imatinib-sensitive CML cells. Primary cells were more sensitive to combinatorial treatments compared to cell lines. A combination of 1.25 mM metformin and 0.625 µM TQ increased the levels of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), decreased the levels of proliferation regulatory proteins, and inhibited protein kinase B (Akt) and NF-κB signaling in primary CLL cells. This study demonstrates that combinatorial treatments of imatinib-resistant malignant clones with metformin and TQ by complementary intracellular multi-targeting represents a promising approach in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Glamoclija
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, University of Sarajevo-Faculty of Pharmacy, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Scientific Research Unit, Bosnalijek JSC, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Lejla Mahmutovic
- Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Esma Bilajac
- Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Violeta Soljic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Katarina Vukojevic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Mirza Suljagic
- 3D BioLabs, FabLab Bosnia and Herzegovina, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- *Correspondence: Mirza Suljagic,
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14
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Soltani M, Zhao Y, Xia Z, Ganjalikhani Hakemi M, Bazhin AV. The Importance of Cellular Metabolic Pathways in Pathogenesis and Selective Treatments of Hematological Malignancies. Front Oncol 2021; 11:767026. [PMID: 34868994 PMCID: PMC8636012 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.767026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advancements in the treatment of hematologic malignancies and the emergence of newer and more sophisticated therapeutic approaches such as immunotherapy, long-term overall survival remains unsatisfactory. Metabolic alteration, as an important hallmark of cancer cells, not only contributes to the malignant transformation of cells, but also promotes tumor progression and metastasis. As an immune-escape mechanism, the metabolic adaptation of the bone marrow microenvironment and leukemic cells is a major player in the suppression of anti-leukemia immune responses. Therefore, metabolic rewiring in leukemia would provide promising opportunities for newer therapeutic interventions. Several therapeutic agents which affect essential bioenergetic pathways in cancer cells including glycolysis, β-oxidation of fatty acids and Krebs cycle, or anabolic pathways such as lipid biosynthesis and pentose phosphate pathway, are being tested in various types of cancers. So far, numerous preclinical or clinical trial studies using such metabolic agents alone or in combination with other remedies such as immunotherapy are in progress and have demonstrated promising outcomes. In this review, we aim to argue the importance of metabolic alterations and bioenergetic pathways in different types of leukemia and their vital roles in disease development. Designing treatments based on targeting leukemic cells vulnerabilities, particularly in nonresponsive leukemia patients, should be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojdeh Soltani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhijia Xia
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Alexandr V Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
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15
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Sanches LJ, Marinello PC, da Silva Brito WA, Lopes NMD, Luiz RC, Cecchini R, Cecchini AL. Metformin pretreatment reduces effect to dacarbazine and suppresses melanoma cell resistance. Cell Biol Int 2021; 46:73-82. [PMID: 34506671 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress role on metformin process of dacarbazine (DTIC) inducing resistance of B16F10 melanoma murine cells are investigated. To induce resistance to DTIC, murine melanoma cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of dacarabazine (DTIC-res group). Metformin was administered before and during the induction of resistance to DTIC (MET-DTIC). The oxidative stress parameters of the DTIC-res group showed increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), thiol, and reduced nuclear p53, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-DG), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ĸB), and Nrf2. In presence of metformin in the resistant induction process to DTIC, (MET-DTIC) cells had increased antioxidant thiols, MDA, nuclear p53, 8-OH-DG, Nrf2, and reducing NF-ĸB, weakening the DTIC-resistant phenotype. The exclusive administration of metformin (MET group) also induced the cellular resistance to DTIC. The MET group presented high levels of total thiols, MDA, and reduced percentage of nuclear p53. It also presented reduced nuclear 8-OH-DG, NF-ĸB, and Nrf2 when compared with the control. Oxidative stress and the studied biomarkers seem to be part of the alterations evidenced in DTIC-resistant B16F10 cells. In addition, metformin administration is able to play a dual role according to the experimental protocol, preventing or inducing a DTIC-resistant phenotype. These findings should help future research with the aim of investigating DTIC resistance in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa J Sanches
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Londrina State University, UEL, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Poliana C Marinello
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Londrina State University, UEL, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Walison A da Silva Brito
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Londrina State University, UEL, Londrina, Parana, Brazil.,Leibniz-Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald), ZIK plasmatis "Plasma Redox Effects", Greifswald, Germany
| | - Natália M D Lopes
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Londrina State University, UEL, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C Luiz
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Free radicals, Londrina State University, UEL, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Rubens Cecchini
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Free radicals, Londrina State University, UEL, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Alessandra L Cecchini
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Londrina State University, UEL, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
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16
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Marini C, Cossu V, Bauckneht M, Lanfranchi F, Raffa S, Orengo AM, Ravera S, Bruno S, Sambuceti G. Metformin and Cancer Glucose Metabolism: At the Bench or at the Bedside? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081231. [PMID: 34439897 PMCID: PMC8392176 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies reported that metformin, the most widely used drug for type 2 diabetes, might affect cancer aggressiveness. The biguanide seems to directly impair cancer energy asset, with the consequent phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibiting cell proliferation and tumor growth. This action is most often attributed to a well-documented blockage of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) caused by a direct interference of metformin on Complex I function. Nevertheless, several other pleiotropic actions seem to contribute to the anticancer potential of this biguanide. In particular, in vitro and in vivo experimental studies recently documented that metformin selectively inhibits the uptake of 2-[18F]-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose (FDG), via an impaired catalytic function of the enzyme hexose-6P-dehydrogenase (H6PD). H6PD triggers a still largely uncharacterized pentose-phosphate pathway (PPP) within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that has been found to play a pivotal role in feeding the NADPH reductive power for both cellular proliferation and antioxidant responses. Regardless of its exploitability in the clinical setting, this metformin action might configure the ER metabolism as a potential target for innovative therapeutic strategies in patients with solid cancers and potentially modifies the current interpretative model of FDG uptake, attributing PET/CT capability to predict cancer aggressiveness to the activation of H6PD catalytic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Marini
- CNR Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), 20054 Milan, Italy;
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (A.M.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-010-555-4812
| | - Vanessa Cossu
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (V.C.); (F.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Matteo Bauckneht
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (A.M.O.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (V.C.); (F.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Francesco Lanfranchi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (V.C.); (F.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Stefano Raffa
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (V.C.); (F.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Anna Maria Orengo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (A.M.O.)
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Human Anatomy, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Silvia Bruno
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Human Anatomy, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Gianmario Sambuceti
- CNR Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), 20054 Milan, Italy;
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (A.M.O.)
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17
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Višnjić D, Lalić H, Dembitz V, Tomić B, Smoljo T. AICAr, a Widely Used AMPK Activator with Important AMPK-Independent Effects: A Systematic Review. Cells 2021. [PMID: 34064363 DOI: 10.3390/cellsl0051095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAr) has been one of the most commonly used pharmacological modulators of AMPK activity. The majority of early studies on the role of AMPK, both in the physiological regulation of metabolism and in cancer pathogenesis, were based solely on the use of AICAr as an AMPK-activator. Even with more complex models of AMPK downregulation and knockout being introduced, AICAr remained a regular starting point for many studies focusing on AMPK biology. However, there is an increasing number of studies showing that numerous AICAr effects, previously attributed to AMPK activation, are in fact AMPK-independent. This review aims to give an overview of the present knowledge on AMPK-dependent and AMPK-independent effects of AICAr on metabolism, hypoxia, exercise, nucleotide synthesis, and cancer, calling for caution in the interpretation of AICAr-based studies in the context of understanding AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Višnjić
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Physiology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Lalić
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Physiology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vilma Dembitz
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Physiology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Barbara Tomić
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Physiology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Smoljo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Physiology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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18
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AICAr, a Widely Used AMPK Activator with Important AMPK-Independent Effects: A Systematic Review. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051095. [PMID: 34064363 PMCID: PMC8147799 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAr) has been one of the most commonly used pharmacological modulators of AMPK activity. The majority of early studies on the role of AMPK, both in the physiological regulation of metabolism and in cancer pathogenesis, were based solely on the use of AICAr as an AMPK-activator. Even with more complex models of AMPK downregulation and knockout being introduced, AICAr remained a regular starting point for many studies focusing on AMPK biology. However, there is an increasing number of studies showing that numerous AICAr effects, previously attributed to AMPK activation, are in fact AMPK-independent. This review aims to give an overview of the present knowledge on AMPK-dependent and AMPK-independent effects of AICAr on metabolism, hypoxia, exercise, nucleotide synthesis, and cancer, calling for caution in the interpretation of AICAr-based studies in the context of understanding AMPK signaling pathway.
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19
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Podhorecka M. Metformin - its anti-cancer effects in hematologic malignancies. Oncol Rev 2021; 15:514. [PMID: 33747367 PMCID: PMC7967492 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2021.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The main anti-diabetic effect of metformin mediated through stimulation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis and triggering glucose uptake in skeletal muscles. Additionally, some new pathways, besides the AMPK activation, were discovered, that can explain wide-range properties of metformin. All these properties are now attracting the attention of researchers in the fields other than diabetes and the drug has been reported to have anti-cancer, immunoregulatory and anti-aging effects. Among others, the beneficial effects of metformin in hematological disorders like leukemias, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma were reported. Despite a great progress in therapy, these diseases are still incurable in most cases. Thus, there is an urgent need to discover novel, less toxic and more effective drugs especially for older or chemotherapy-resistant patients. In this review article, the current findings on the anti-cancer effect of metformin together with underlying possible mechanisms in blood cancers are discussed. However. to evaluate precisely these promising effects of metformin, more studies are required, because many of the published results are preclinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Podhorecka
- Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Medical University of Lublin, Poland
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20
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Koyama D, Kikuchi J, Kuroda Y, Ohta M, Furukawa Y. AMP-activated protein kinase activation primes cytoplasmic translocation and autophagic degradation of the BCR-ABL protein in CML cells. Cancer Sci 2020; 112:194-204. [PMID: 33070465 PMCID: PMC7780059 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia is driven by the BCR‐ABL oncoprotein, a constitutively active protein tyrosine kinase. Although tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have greatly improved the prognosis of CML patients, the emergence of TKI resistance is an important clinical problem, which deserves additional treatment options based on unique biological properties to CML cells. In this study, we show that metabolic homeostasis is critical for survival of CML cells, especially when the disease is in advanced stages. The BCR‐ABL protein activates AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) for ATP production and the mTOR pathway to suppress autophagy. BCR‐ABL is detected in the nuclei of advanced‐stage CML cells, in which ATP is sufficiently supplied by enhanced glucose metabolism. AMP‐activated protein kinase is further activated under energy‐deprived conditions and triggers autophagy through ULK1 phosphorylation and mTOR inhibition. In addition, AMPK phosphorylates 14‐3‐3 and Beclin 1 to facilitate cytoplasmic translocation of nuclear BCR‐ABL in a BCR‐ABL/14‐3‐3τ/Beclin1/XPO1 complex. Cytoplasmic BCR‐ABL protein undergoes autophagic degradation when intracellular ATP is exhausted by disruption of the energy balance or forced autophagy flux with AMP mimetics, mTOR inhibitors, or arsenic trioxide, leading to apoptotic cell death. This pathway represents a novel therapeutic vulnerability that could be useful for treating TKI‐resistant CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Koyama
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Fukushima Prefectural Miyashita Hospital, Mishima, Japan
| | - Jiro Kikuchi
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kuroda
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ohta
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University Aizu Medical Center, Aizuwakamatsu, Japan
| | - Yusuke Furukawa
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
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21
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Dembitz V, Lalic H, Kodvanj I, Tomic B, Batinic J, Dubravcic K, Batinic D, Bedalov A, Visnjic D. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside induces differentiation in a subset of primary acute myeloid leukemia blasts. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:1090. [PMID: 33176741 PMCID: PMC7657321 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is the most successful pharmacological treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Recent development of inhibitors of mutated isocitrate dehydrogenase and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) has revived interest in differentiation therapy of non-APL AML. Our previous studies demonstrated that 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAr) induced differentiation of monocytic cell lines by activating the ATR/Chk1 via pyrimidine depletion. In the present study, the effects of AICAr on the viability and differentiation of primary AML blasts isolated from bone marrow of patients with non-APL AML were tested and compared with the effects of DHODH inhibitor brequinar and ATRA. Methods Bone marrow samples were obtained from 35 patients and leukemia blasts were cultured ex vivo. The cell viability was assessed by MTT assay and AML cell differentiation was determined by flow cytometry and morphological analyses. RNA sequencing and partial data analysis were conducted using ClusterProfiler package. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 6.0. Results AICAr is capable of triggering differentiation in samples of bone marrow blasts cultured ex vivo that were resistant to ATRA. AICAr-induced differentiation correlates with proliferation and sensitivity to DHODH inhibition. RNA-seq data obtained in primary AML blasts confirmed that AICAr treatment induced downregulation of pyrimidine metabolism pathways together with an upregulation of gene set involved in hematopoietic cell lineage. Conclusion AICAr induces differentiation in a subset of primary non-APL AML blasts, and these effects correlate with sensitivity to a well-known, potent DHODH inhibitor. Supplementary information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s12885-020-07533-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Dembitz
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Physiology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Lalic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Physiology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Kodvanj
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Physiology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Barbara Tomic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Physiology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josip Batinic
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Klara Dubravcic
- Department of Laboratory Immunology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Drago Batinic
- Department of Physiology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Laboratory Immunology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Bedalov
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dora Visnjic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia. .,Department of Physiology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
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22
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Rodríguez-Hernández MA, de la Cruz-Ojeda P, López-Grueso MJ, Navarro-Villarán E, Requejo-Aguilar R, Castejón-Vega B, Negrete M, Gallego P, Vega-Ochoa Á, Victor VM, Cordero MD, Del Campo JA, Bárcena JA, Padilla CA, Muntané J. Integrated molecular signaling involving mitochondrial dysfunction and alteration of cell metabolism induced by tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101510. [PMID: 32593127 PMCID: PMC7322178 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have unlimited replicative potential, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, evasion of apoptosis, cellular stress, and sustained angiogenesis, invasiveness and metastatic potential. Cancer cells adequately adapt cell metabolism and integrate several intracellular and redox signaling to promote cell survival in an inflammatory and hypoxic microenvironment in order to maintain/expand tumor phenotype. The administration of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) constitutes the recommended therapeutic strategy in different malignancies at advanced stages. There are important interrelationships between cell stress, redox status, mitochondrial function, metabolism and cellular signaling pathways leading to cell survival/death. The induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest widely related to the antitumoral properties of TKIs result from tightly controlled events involving different cellular compartments and signaling pathways. The aim of the present review is to update the most relevant studies dealing with the impact of TKI treatment on cell function. The induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and Ca2+ disturbances, leading to alteration of mitochondrial function, redox status and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways that involve cell metabolism reprogramming in cancer cells will be covered. Emphasis will be given to studies that identify key components of the integrated molecular pattern including receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) downstream signaling, cell death and mitochondria-related events that appear to be involved in the resistance of cancer cells to TKI treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Rodríguez-Hernández
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - P de la Cruz-Ojeda
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Mª José López-Grueso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Elena Navarro-Villarán
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Requejo-Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Beatriz Castejón-Vega
- Research Laboratory, Oral Medicine Department, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - María Negrete
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Paloma Gallego
- Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital University "Nuestra Señora de Valme", Sevilla, Spain
| | - Álvaro Vega-Ochoa
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Victor M Victor
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain; Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital University "Doctor Peset", Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mario D Cordero
- Research Laboratory, Oral Medicine Department, University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Armilla, Spain
| | - José A Del Campo
- Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital University "Nuestra Señora de Valme", Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Antonio Bárcena
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - C Alicia Padilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Jordi Muntané
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain; Department of General Surgery, Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/IBiS/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
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Effect of metformin on the mortality of colorectal cancer patients with T2DM: meta-analysis of sex differences. Int J Colorectal Dis 2020; 35:827-835. [PMID: 32100113 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-020-03539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of metformin as a treatment for the mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS We searched Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, Clinical Trials.gov (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov), and the Cochrane Collaboration Library from inception to November 2019. To analyze the relationship between metformin and the overall mortality, specific mortality, and sex differences in CRC patients with T2DM, hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used. Egger's test and Begg's test were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS We included 8 cohort studies in our meta-analysis. CRC patients with T2DM treated with metformin had a lower overall mortality than CRC patients with T2DM who did not receive metformin (HR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.67-0.95). There was no significant difference in CRC-specific mortality between CRC patients with T2DM who used metformin and those who did not (HR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.65-1.08). However, females had a lower CRC-specific mortality among CRC patients with T2DM than males (HR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.41-0.97). CONCLUSION Metformin reduced the overall mortality of CRC patients with T2DM. Moreover, female CRC patients with T2DM using metformin had lower CRC-specific mortality than male CRC patients with T2DM.
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24
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Ghoneum A, Abdulfattah AY, Warren BO, Shu J, Said N. Redox Homeostasis and Metabolism in Cancer: A Complex Mechanism and Potential Targeted Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3100. [PMID: 32354000 PMCID: PMC7247161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive Oxygen Species or "ROS" encompass several molecules derived from oxygen that can oxidize other molecules and subsequently transition rapidly between species. The key roles of ROS in biological processes are cell signaling, biosynthetic processes, and host defense. In cancer cells, increased ROS production and oxidative stress are instigated by carcinogens, oncogenic mutations, and importantly, metabolic reprograming of the rapidly proliferating cancer cells. Increased ROS production activates myriad downstream survival pathways that further cancer progression and metastasis. In this review, we highlight the relation between ROS, the metabolic programing of cancer, and stromal and immune cells with emphasis on and the transcription machinery involved in redox homeostasis, metabolic programing and malignant phenotype. We also shed light on the therapeutic targeting of metabolic pathways generating ROS as we investigate: Orlistat, Biguandes, AICAR, 2 Deoxyglucose, CPI-613, and Etomoxir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Ghoneum
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Ammar Yasser Abdulfattah
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Bailey Olivia Warren
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Junjun Shu
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Neveen Said
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Departments of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
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25
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Acadesine Circumvents Azacitidine Resistance in Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010164. [PMID: 31881723 PMCID: PMC6981810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) defines a group of heterogeneous hematologic malignancies that often progresses to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The leading treatment for high-risk MDS patients is azacitidine (Aza, Vidaza®), but a significant proportion of patients are refractory and all patients eventually relapse after an undefined time period. Therefore, new therapies for MDS are urgently needed. We present here evidence that acadesine (Aca, Acadra®), a nucleoside analog exerts potent anti-leukemic effects in both Aza-sensitive (OCI-M2S) and resistant (OCI-M2R) MDS/AML cell lines in vitro. Aca also exerts potent anti-leukemic effect on bone marrow cells from MDS/AML patients ex-vivo. The effect of Aca on MDS/AML cell line proliferation does not rely on apoptosis induction. It is also noteworthy that Aca is efficient to kill MDS cells in a co-culture model with human medullary stromal cell lines, that mimics better the interaction occurring in the bone marrow. These initial findings led us to initiate a phase I/II clinical trial using Acadra® in 12 Aza refractory MDS/AML patients. Despite a very good response in one out 4 patients, we stopped this trial because the highest Aca dose (210 mg/kg) caused serious renal side effects in several patients. In conclusion, the side effects of high Aca doses preclude its use in patients with strong comorbidities.
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Abstract
In this Review, Rashkovan et al. discuss the role of cancer metabolic circuitries feeding anabolism and redox potential in leukemia development and recent progress in translating these important findings to the clinic. Leukemia cell proliferation requires up-regulation and rewiring of metabolic pathways to feed anabolic cell growth. Oncogenic drivers directly and indirectly regulate metabolic pathways, and aberrant metabolism is central not only for leukemia proliferation and survival, but also mediates oncogene addiction with significant implications for the development of targeted therapies. This review explores leukemia metabolic circuitries feeding anabolism, redox potential, and energy required for tumor propagation with an emphasis on emerging therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Rashkovan
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Adolfo Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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27
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Dembitz V, Tomic B, Kodvanj I, Simon JA, Bedalov A, Visnjic D. The ribonucleoside AICAr induces differentiation of myeloid leukemia by activating the ATR/Chk1 via pyrimidine depletion. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15257-15270. [PMID: 31431503 PMCID: PMC6802504 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic pathways play important roles in proliferation and differentiation of malignant cells. 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAr), a precursor in purine biosynthesis and a well-established activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), induces widespread metabolic alterations and is commonly used for dissecting the role of metabolism in cancer. We have previously reported that AICAr promotes differentiation and inhibits proliferation of myeloid leukemia cells. Here, using metabolic assays, immunoblotting, flow cytometry analyses, and siRNA-mediated gene silencing in leukemia cell lines, we show that AICAr-mediated differentiation was independent of the known metabolic effects of AMPK, including glucose consumption, but instead depends on the activation of the DNA damage–associated enzyme checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) induced by pyrimidine depletion. LC/MS/MS metabolomics analysis revealed that AICAr increases orotate levels and decreases uridine monophosphate (UMP) levels, consistent with inhibition of UMP synthesis at a step downstream of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). AICAr and the DHODH inhibitor brequinar had similar effects on differentiation markers and S-phase arrest, and genetic or pharmacological Chk1 inactivation abrogated both of these effects. Our results delineate an AMPK-independent effect of AICAr on myeloid leukemia differentiation that involves perturbation of pyrimidine biosynthesis and activation of the DNA damage response network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Dembitz
- Department of Physiology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Barbara Tomic
- Department of Physiology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Kodvanj
- Department of Physiology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Julian A Simon
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Antonio Bedalov
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Dora Visnjic
- Department of Physiology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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28
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Visnjic D, Dembitz V, Lalic H. The Role of AMPK/mTOR Modulators in the Therapy of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2208-2229. [PMID: 29345570 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180117105522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia with all-trans retinoic acid represents the most successful pharmacological therapy of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Numerous studies demonstrate that drugs that inhibit mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and activate AMP-kinase (AMPK) have beneficial effects in promoting differentiation and blocking proliferation of AML. Most of these drugs are already in use for other purposes; rapalogs as immunosuppressants, biguanides as oral antidiabetics, and 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAr, acadesine) as an exercise mimetic. Although most of these pharmacological modulators have been widely used for decades, their mechanism of action is only partially understood. In this review, we summarize the role of AMPK and mTOR in hematological malignancies and discuss the possible role of pharmacological modulators in proliferation and differentiation of leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Visnjic
- Department of Physiology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 12, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vilma Dembitz
- Department of Physiology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 12, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Lalic
- Department of Physiology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 12, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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29
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Du L, Yang F, Fang H, Sun H, Chen Y, Xu Y, Li H, Zheng L, Zhou BBS. AICAr suppresses cell proliferation by inducing NTP and dNTP pool imbalances in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. FASEB J 2019; 33:4525-4537. [PMID: 30702927 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801559rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside (AICAr) can inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. Although AICAr could regulate cellular energy metabolism by activating AMPK, the cytotoxic mechanisms of AICAr are still unclear. Here, we knocked out TP53 or PRKAA1 gene (encoding AMPKα1) in NALM-6 and Reh cells by using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 system and found that AICAr-induced proliferation inhibition was independent of AMPK activation but dependent on p53. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of nucleotide metabolites indicated that AICAr caused an increase in adenosine triphosphate, deoxyadenosine triphosphate, and deoxyguanosine triphosphate levels by up-regulating purine biosynthesis, while AICAr led to a decrease in cytidine triphosphate, uridine triphosphate, deoxycytidine triphosphate, and deoxythymidine triphosphate levels because of reduced phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate production, which consequently impaired the pyrimidine biosynthesis. Ribonucleoside triphosphate (NTP) pool imbalances suppressed the rRNA transcription efficiency. Furthermore, deoxy-ribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pool imbalances induced DNA replication stress and DNA double-strand breaks, followed by cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in ALL cells. Exogenous uridine could rebalance the NTP and dNTP pools by supplementing pyrimidine and then attenuate AICAr-induced cytotoxicity. Our data indicate that RNA transcription inhibition and DNA replication stress induced by NTP and dNTP pool imbalances might play a key role in AICAr-mediated cytotoxic effects on ALL cells, suggesting a potential clinical application of AICAr in future ALL therapy.-Du, L., Yang, F., Fang, H., Sun, H., Chen, Y., Xu, Y., Li, H., Zheng, L., Zhou, B.-B. S. AICAr suppresses cell proliferation by inducing NTP and dNTP pool imbalances in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Du
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Houshun Fang
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin-Bing S Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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30
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Implication and Regulation of AMPK during Physiological and Pathological Myeloid Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102991. [PMID: 30274374 PMCID: PMC6213055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a heterotrimeric serine/threonine kinase consisting of the arrangement of various α β, and γ isoforms that are expressed differently depending on the tissue or the cell lineage. AMPK is one of the major sensors of energy status in mammalian cells and as such plays essential roles in the regulation of cellular homeostasis, metabolism, cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and autophagy. AMPK is activated by two upstream kinases, the tumor suppressor liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK2) through phosphorylation of the kinase on Thr172, leading to its activation. In addition, AMPK inhibits the mTOR pathway through phosphorylation and activation of tuberous sclerosis protein 2 (TSC2) and causes direct activation of unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) via phosphorylation of Ser555, thus promoting initiation of autophagy. Although it is well established that AMPK can control the differentiation of different cell lineages, including hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), progenitors, and mature hematopoietic cells, the role of AMPK regarding myeloid cell differentiation is less documented. The differentiation of monocytes into macrophages triggered by colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), a process during which both caspase activation (independently of apoptosis induction) and AMPK-dependent stimulation of autophagy are necessary, is one noticeable example of the involvement of AMPK in the physiological differentiation of myeloid cells. The present review focuses on the role of AMPK in the regulation of the physiological and pathological differentiation of myeloid cells. The mechanisms of autophagy induction by AMPK will also be addressed, as autophagy has been shown to be important for differentiation of hematopoietic cells. In addition, myeloid malignancies (myeloid leukemia or dysplasia) are characterized by profound defects in the establishment of proper differentiation programs. Reinduction of a normal differentiation process in myeloid malignancies has thus emerged as a valuable and promising therapeutic strategy. As AMPK seems to exert a key role in the differentiation of myeloid cells, notably through induction of autophagy, we will also discuss the potential to target this pathway as a pro-differentiating and anti-leukemic strategy in myeloid malignancies.
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31
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Abstract
Metformin is a lipophilic biguanide which inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis and improves peripheral utilization of glucose. It is the first line pharmacotherapy for glucose control in patients with Type 2 diabetes due to its safety, efficacy and tolerability. Metformin exhibits pleotropic effects, which may have beneficial effects on a variety of tissues independent of glucose control. A potential anti-tumourigenic effect of metformin may be mediated by its role in activating AMP-kinase, which in turn inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Non-AMPK dependent protective pathways may include reduction of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, leptin, inflammatory pathways and potentiation of adiponectin, all of which may have a role in tumourigenesis. A role in inhibiting cancer stem cells is also postulated. A number of large scale observational and cohort studies suggest metformin is associated with a reduced risk of a number of cancers, although the data is not conclusive. Recent randomised studies reporting use of metformin in treatment of cancer have revealed mixed results, and the results of much larger randomised trials of metformin as an adjuvant therapy in breast and colorectal cancers are awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritwika Mallik
- (a)International Training Fellow in Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Tahseen A Chowdhury
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
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32
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Machado-Neto JA, Fenerich BA, Scopim-Ribeiro R, Eide CA, Coelho-Silva JL, Dechandt CRP, Fernandes JC, Rodrigues Alves APN, Scheucher PS, Simões BP, Alberici LC, de Figueiredo Pontes LL, Tognon CE, Druker BJ, Rego EM, Traina F. Metformin exerts multitarget antileukemia activity in JAK2 V617F-positive myeloproliferative neoplasms. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:311. [PMID: 29472557 PMCID: PMC5833553 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The recurrent gain-of-function JAK2V617F mutation confers growth factor-independent proliferation for hematopoietic cells and is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). The lack of complete response in most patients treated with the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib indicates the need for identifying novel therapeutic strategies. Metformin is a biguanide that exerts selective antineoplastic activity in hematological malignancies. In the present study, we investigate and compare effects of metformin and ruxolitinib alone and in combination on cell signaling and cellular functions in JAK2V617F-positive cells. In JAK2V617F-expressing cell lines, metformin treatment significantly reduced cell viability, cell proliferation, clonogenicity, and cellular oxygen consumption and delayed cell cycle progression. Metformin reduced cyclin D1 expression and RB, STAT3, STAT5, ERK1/2 and p70S6K phosphorylation. Metformin plus ruxolitinib demonstrated more intense reduction of cell viability and induction of apoptosis compared to monotherapy. Notably, metformin reduced Ba/F3 JAK2V617F tumor burden and splenomegaly in Jak2V617F knock-in-induced MPN mice and spontaneous erythroid colony formation in primary cells from polycythemia vera patients. In conclusion, metformin exerts multitarget antileukemia activity in MPN: downregulation of JAK2/STAT signaling and mitochondrial activity. Our exploratory study establishes novel molecular mechanisms of metformin and ruxolitinib action and provides insights for development of alternative/complementary therapeutic strategies for MPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Agostinho Machado-Neto
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Alves Fenerich
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Scopim-Ribeiro
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christopher A Eide
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Juan Luiz Coelho-Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Porto Dechandt
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Cristina Fernandes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Nunes Rodrigues Alves
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Santos Scheucher
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Belinda Pinto Simões
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciane Carla Alberici
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Cristina E Tognon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Brian J Druker
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Eduardo Magalhães Rego
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiola Traina
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Biondani G, Peyron JF. Metformin, an Anti-diabetic Drug to Target Leukemia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:446. [PMID: 30147674 PMCID: PMC6095966 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin, a widely used anti-diabetic molecule, has attracted a strong interest in the last 10 years as a possible new anti-cancer molecule. Metformin acts by interfering with mitochondrial respiration, leading to an activation of the AMPK tumor-suppressive pathway to promote catabolic-energy saving reactions and block anabolic ones that are associated with abnormal cell proliferation. Metformin also acts at the organism level. In type 2 diabetes patients, metformin reduces hyperglycemia and increases insulin sensitivity by enhancing insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscles, liver, and adipose tissue and by reducing glucose output by the liver. Lowering insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels that stimulate cancer growth could be important features of metformin's mode of action. Despite continuous progress in treatments with the use of targeted therapies and now immunotherapies, acute leukemias are still of very poor prognosis for relapse patients, demonstrating an important need for new treatments deriving from the identification of their pathological supportive mechanisms. In the last decade, it has been realized that if cancer cells modify and reprogram their metabolism to feed their intense biochemical needs associated with their runaway proliferation, they develop metabolic addictions that could represent attractive targets for new therapeutic strategies that intend to starve and kill cancer cells. This Mini Review explores the anti-leukemic potential of metformin and its mode of action on leukemia metabolism.
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Hirao T, Yamaguchi M, Kikuya M, Chibana H, Ito K, Aoki S. Altered intracellular signaling by imatinib increases the anti-cancer effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. Cancer Sci 2017; 109:121-131. [PMID: 29121435 PMCID: PMC5765287 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), including imatinib (IM), improve the outcome of CML therapy. However, TKI treatment is long‐term and can induce resistance to TKI, which often leads to a poor clinical outcome in CML patients. Here, we examined the effect of continuous IM exposure on intracellular energy metabolism in K562 cells, a human Philadelphia chromosome‐positive CML cell line, and its subsequent sensitivity to anti‐cancer agents. Contrary to our expectations, we found that continuous IM exposure increased sensitivity to TKI. Cancer energy metabolism, characterized by abnormal glycolysis, is linked to cancer cell survival. Interestingly, glycolytic activity was suppressed by continuous exposure to IM, and autophagy increased to maintain cell viability by compensating for glycolytic suppression. Notably, increased sensitivity to TKI was not caused by glycolytic inhibition but by altered intracellular signaling, causing glycolytic suppression and increased autophagy, as evidenced by suppression of p70 S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and activation of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK). Using another human CML cell line (KCL22 cells) and BCR/ABL+ Ba/F3 cells (mimicking Philadelphia chromosome‐positive CML cells) confirmed that suppressing S6K1 and activating AMPK increased sensitivity to TKI. Furthermore, suppressing S6K1 and activating AMPK had a synergistic anti‐cancer effect by inhibiting autophagy in the presence of TKI. The present study provides new insight into the importance of signaling pathways that affect cellular energy metabolism, and suggests that co‐treatment with agents that disrupt energy metabolic signaling (using S6K1 suppressors and AMPK activators) plus blockade of autophagy may be strategies for TKI‐based CML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Hirao
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Megumi Kikuya
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kousei Ito
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeki Aoki
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Chen SY, Lin CH, Lin JT, Cheng YF, Chen HM, Kao SH. Adenine causes cell cycle arrest and autophagy of chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells via AMP-activated protein kinase signaling. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:5575-5580. [PMID: 29113185 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is known as a pivotal regulator of cellular metabolism. Mounting evidences have demonstrated that AMPK activation exerts tumor suppressive activity on leukemia cells. The present study reported that adenine, an AMPK activator, triggers cell cycle arrest and autophagy of human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells consequently suppressing cell viability. The present findings revealed that adenine treatment (4.0-8.0 mM) significantly inhibited the viability of K562 cells to 69.3±2.5% (24 h) and 53.4±2.1% (48 h) of the control. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that there was a significant accumulation in G2/M phase, but not sub-G1 phase K562 cells following exposure to adenine. Additional investigation demonstrated that adenine treatments significantly increased the number of acidic vesicular organelles and the level of autophagosomal microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 α (LC3) marker. By contrast, cleavage of caspase-9, caspase-3 and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase was insignificantly affected in K562 cells following adenine treatment. In K562 cells, adenine was able to markedly promote the phosphorylation of AMPKα and suppress the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a downstream target of AMPK. In addition, inhibiting AMPK phosphorylation using dorsomorphin restored mTOR phosphorylation, inhibited the accumulation of LC3 and significantly recovered the suppressed cell viability in response to adenine. Taken together, the present results demonstrated that adenine induced G2/M phase arrest and autophagic cell death, consequently suppressing the viability of K562 cells, which may attribute to the AMPK activation triggered by adenine. These findings provide evidence that adenine may be beneficial to chronic myelogenous leukemia therapy by suppressing excessive cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Yuan Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Chun-Hsiang Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Jiun-Tsai Lin
- Institute of Applied Science and Engineering, Catholic Fu Jen University, New Taipei 242, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Yi-Fang Cheng
- Energenesis Biomedical Co. Ltd., New Taipei 235, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Han-Min Chen
- Institute of Applied Science and Engineering, Catholic Fu Jen University, New Taipei 242, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Shao-Hsuan Kao
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan R.O.C.,Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan R.O.C
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Starkova J, Hermanova I, Hlozkova K, Hararova A, Trka J. Altered Metabolism of Leukemic Cells: New Therapeutic Opportunity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 336:93-147. [PMID: 29413894 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cancer metabolic program alters bioenergetic processes to meet the higher demands of tumor cells for biomass production, nucleotide synthesis, and NADPH-balancing redox homeostasis. It is widely accepted that cancer cells mostly utilize glycolysis, as opposed to normal cells, in which oxidative phosphorylation is the most employed bioenergetic process. Still, studies examining cancer metabolism had been overlooked for many decades, and it was only recently discovered that metabolic alterations affect both the oncogenic potential and therapeutic response. Since most of the published works concern solid tumors, in this comprehensive review, we aim to summarize knowledge about the metabolism of leukemia cells. Leukemia is a malignant disease that ranks first and fifth in cancer-related deaths in children and adults, respectively. Current treatment has reached its limits due to toxicity, and there has been a need for new therapeutic approaches. One of the possible scenarios is improved use of established drugs and another is to introduce new druggable targets. Herein, we aim to describe the complexity of leukemia metabolism and highlight cellular processes that could be targeted therapeutically and enhance the effectiveness of current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Starkova
- CLIP-Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivana Hermanova
- CLIP-Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Hlozkova
- CLIP-Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alzbeta Hararova
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Trka
- CLIP-Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
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Tabe Y, Tafuri A, Sekihara K, Yang H, Konopleva M. Inhibition of mTOR kinase as a therapeutic target for acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:705-714. [PMID: 28537457 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1333600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the most common acute leukemia in adults, remains a therapeutic challenge. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) signaling pathway is one of the key aberrant intracellular axes involved in AML. Areas covered: mTOR plays a critical role in sensing and responding to environmental determinants such as nutrient availability, stress, and growth factor concentrations; and in modulating key cellular functions such as proliferation, metabolism, and survival. Although abnormalities of mTOR signaling are strongly associated with neoplastic leukemic proliferation, the role of pharmacologic inhibitors of mTOR in the treatment of AML has not been established. Expert opinion: Inhibition of mTOR signaling has in general modest growth-inhibitory effects in preclinical AML models and clinical trials. Yet, combination of allosteric mTOR inhibitors with standard chemotherapy or targeted agents has a greater anti-leukemia efficacy. In turn, dual mTORC1/2 inhibitors, and dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors show greater activity in pre-clinical AML models. Further, understanding the role of mTOR signaling in stemness of leukemias is important because AML stem cells may become chemoresistant by displaying aberrant signaling molecules, modifying epigenetic mechanisms, and altering the components of the bone marrow microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Tabe
- a Department of Next Generation Hematology Laboratory Medicine , Juntendo University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan.,b Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Agostino Tafuri
- c Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare , "Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Kazumasa Sekihara
- d Leading Center for the Development and Research of Cancer Medicine , Juntendo University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Haeun Yang
- d Leading Center for the Development and Research of Cancer Medicine , Juntendo University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Marina Konopleva
- b Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
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Finley J. Elimination of cancer stem cells and reactivation of latent HIV-1 via AMPK activation: Common mechanism of action linking inhibition of tumorigenesis and the potential eradication of HIV-1. Med Hypotheses 2017; 104:133-146. [PMID: 28673572 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although promising treatments are currently in development to slow disease progression and increase patient survival, cancer remains the second leading cause of death in the United States. Cancer treatment modalities commonly include chemoradiation and therapies that target components of aberrantly activated signaling pathways. However, treatment resistance is a common occurrence and recent evidence indicates that the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) may underlie the limited efficacy and inability of current treatments to effectuate a cure. CSCs, which are largely resistant to chemoradiation therapy, are a subpopulation of cancer cells that exhibit characteristics similar to embryonic stem cells (ESCs), including self-renewal, multi-lineage differentiation, and the ability to initiate tumorigenesis. Interestingly, intracellular mechanisms that sustain quiescence and promote self-renewal in adult stem cells (ASCs) and CSCs likely also function to maintain latency of HIV-1 in CD4+ memory T cells. Although antiretroviral therapy is highly effective in controlling HIV-1 replication, the persistence of latent but replication-competent proviruses necessitates the development of compounds that are capable of selectively reactivating the latent virus, a method known as the "shock and kill" approach. Homeostatic proliferation in central CD4+ memory T (TCM) cells, a memory T cell subset that exhibits limited self-renewal and differentiation and is a primary reservoir for latent HIV-1, has been shown to reinforce and stabilize the latent reservoir in the absence of T cell activation and differentiation. HIV-1 has also been found to establish durable and long-lasting latency in a recently discovered subset of CD4+ T cells known as T memory stem (TSCM) cells. TSCM cells, compared to TCM cells, exhibit stem cell properties that more closely match those of ESCs and ASCs, including self-renewal and differentiation into all memory T cell subsets. It is our hypothesis that activation of AMPK, a master regulator of cellular metabolism that plays a critical role in T cell activation and differentiation of ESCs and ASCs, will lead to both T cell activation-induced latent HIV-1 reactivation, facilitating virus destruction, as well as "activation", differentiation, and/or apoptosis of CSCs, thus inhibiting tumorigenesis. We also propose the novel observation that compounds that have been shown to both facilitate latent HIV-1 reactivation and promote CSC differentiation/apoptosis (e.g. bryostatin-1, JQ1, metformin, butyrate, etc.) likely do so through a common mechanism of AMPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahahreeh Finley
- Finley BioSciences, 9900 Richmond Avenue, #823, Houston, TX 77042-4539, United States.
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Lei Y, Yi Y, Liu Y, Liu X, Keller ET, Qian CN, Zhang J, Lu Y. Metformin targets multiple signaling pathways in cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2017; 36:17. [PMID: 28126011 PMCID: PMC5270304 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-017-0184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metformin, an inexpensive and well-tolerated oral agent commonly used in the first-line treatment of type 2 diabetes, has become the focus of intense research as a candidate anticancer agent. Here, we discuss the potential of metformin in cancer therapeutics, particularly its functions in multiple signaling pathways, including AMP-activated protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, insulin-like growth factor, c-Jun N-terminal kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), human epidermal growth factor receptor-2, and nuclear factor kappaB pathways. In addition, cutting-edge targeting of cancer stem cells by metformin is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, P. R. China.,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 14th Floor, Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences Building, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Yanhua Yi
- School for International Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, P. R. China.,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 14th Floor, Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences Building, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, P. R. China.,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 14th Floor, Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences Building, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Evan T Keller
- Department of Urology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Chao-Nan Qian
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, P. R. China. .,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 14th Floor, Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences Building, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, P. R. China. .,Department of Urology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, P. R. China. .,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 14th Floor, Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences Building, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, P. R. China.
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Metformin inhibits JAK2V617F activity in MPN cells by activating AMPK and PP2A complexes containing the B56α subunit. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:1156-1165.e4. [PMID: 27576133 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metformin suppresses the growth of a variety of malignant hematologic cells. It is widely accepted that metformin inhibits the growth of malignant cells primarily by suppressing the mTOR pathway or regulating autophagy. In contrast, we found another possible mechanism that inhibits the growth of malignant cells, suppression of the activity of the oncogenic kinase JAK2V617F. We identified at least two distinct mechanisms involved in metformin-induced JAK2V617F inhibition. First, metformin increases reactive oxygen species levels in these cells, leading to the inhibition of SHP-2, a positive regulator of JAK2V617F. These effects of metformin require AMPK. Second, metformin activates protein tyrosine phosphatase PP2A, a negative regulator of JAK2V617F. Furthermore, we determined that among the numerous PP2A subfamily members, the PP2A complex containing the B56α subunit is responsible for the inhibition of JAK2V617F. In contrast, the B56α-containing PP2A complex functions as a positive regulator of JAK2V617F by inhibiting AMPK. Finally, we determined that metformin enhances the antileukemic action of ruxolitinib in HEL and SET-2 cells. Our present observations suggest that the combination of metformin with ruxolitinib might be a new therapeutic option for treating JAK2V617F-induced myeloproliferative neoplasms. In addition, activators specific for PP2A complexes containing the B56α subunit may be useful for the treatment of JAK2V617F-induced myeloproliferative neoplasms.
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Montraveta A, Xargay-Torrent S, Rosich L, López-Guerra M, Roldán J, Rodríguez V, Lee-Vergés E, de Frías M, Campàs C, Campo E, Roué G, Colomer D. Bcl-2high mantle cell lymphoma cells are sensitized to acadesine with ABT-199. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21159-72. [PMID: 26110568 PMCID: PMC4673257 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acadesine is a nucleoside analogue with known activity against B-cell malignancies. Herein, we showed that in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cells acadesine induced caspase-dependent apoptosis through turning on the mitochondrial apoptotic machinery. At the molecular level, the compound triggered the activation of the AMPK pathway, consequently modulating known downstream targets, such as mTOR and the cell motility-related vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). VASP phosphorylation by acadesine was concomitant with a blockade of CXCL12-induced migration. The inhibition of the mTOR cascade by acadesine, committed MCL cells to enter in apoptosis by a translational downregulation of the antiapoptotic Mcl-1 protein. In contrast, Bcl-2 protein levels were unaffected by acadesine and MCL samples expressing high levels of Bcl-2 tended to have a reduced response to the drug. Targeting Bcl-2 with the selective BH3-mimetic agent ABT-199 sensitized Bcl-2 high MCL cells to acadesine. This effect was validated in vivo, where the combination of both agents displayed a more marked inhibition of tumor outgrowth than each drug alone. These findings support the notions that antiapoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family regulate MCL cell sensitivity to acadesine and that the combination of this agent with Bcl-2 inhibitors might be an interesting therapeutic option to treat MCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Montraveta
- Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Xargay-Torrent
- Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Rosich
- Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica López-Guerra
- Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Unitat d'Hematopatologia, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jocabed Roldán
- Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanina Rodríguez
- Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eriong Lee-Vergés
- Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè de Frías
- Advancell-Advanced In Vitro Cell Technologies S.A., Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Campàs
- Advancell-Advanced In Vitro Cell Technologies S.A., Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elias Campo
- Unitat d'Hematopatologia, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gaël Roué
- Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors Colomer
- Experimental Therapeutics in Lymphoid Malignancies Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Unitat d'Hematopatologia, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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Activation of Adenosine Monophosphate-activated Protein Kinase Suppresses Neuroinflammation and Ameliorates Bone Cancer Pain: Involvement of Inhibition on Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase. Anesthesiology 2016; 123:1170-85. [PMID: 26378398 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) has been associated with the inhibition of inflammatory nociception and the attenuation of morphine antinociceptive tolerance. In this study, the authors investigated the impact of AMPK activation through resveratrol treatment on bone cancer pain. METHODS The nociception was assessed by measuring the incidence of foot withdrawal in response to mechanical indentation in rats (n = 8). Cytokine expression was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (n = 8). Cell signalings were assayed by western blot (n = 4) and immunohistochemistry (n = 5). The microglial cell line BV-2, primary astrocytes, and neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells were cultured to investigate the in vitro effects. RESULTS Resveratrol and 5-amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide, the AMPK activators, significantly attenuated bone cancer pain in rats with tumor cell implantation (TCI; threshold of mechanical withdrawal, resveratrol vs. vehicle: 10.1 ± 0.56 vs. 4.1 ± 0.37; 5-amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide vs. vehicle: 8.2 ± 0.17 vs. 4.1 ± 0.37, mean ± SEM); these effects were reversed by the AMPK inhibitor compound C (compound C vs. resveratrol: 6.2 ± 1.35 vs. 10.1 ± 0.56, mean ± SEM). Resveratrol has an AMPK-dependent inhibitory effect on TCI-evoked astrocyte and microglial activation. The antinociceptive effects of resveratrol were partially mediated by the reduced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines in an AMPK-dependent manner. Furthermore, resveratrol potently inhibited inflammatory factors-mediated protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in neurons. Acute pain evoked by proinflammatory cytokines in the spinal cord was significantly attenuated by resveratrol. CONCLUSIONS AMPK activation in the spinal glia by resveratrol may have utility in the treatment of TCI-induced neuroinflammation, and our results further implicate AMPK as a novel target for the attenuation of bone cancer pain.
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Sullivan K, Cramer-Morales K, McElroy DL, Ostrov DA, Haas K, Childers W, Hromas R, Skorski T. Identification of a Small Molecule Inhibitor of RAD52 by Structure-Based Selection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147230. [PMID: 26784987 PMCID: PMC4718542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that inhibition of RAD52 either by specific shRNA or a small peptide aptamer induced synthetic lethality in tumor cell lines carrying BRCA1 and BRCA2 inactivating mutations. Molecular docking was used to screen two chemical libraries: 1) 1,217 FDA approved drugs, and 2) 139,735 drug-like compounds to identify candidates for interacting with DNA binding domain of human RAD52. Thirty six lead candidate compounds were identified that were predicted to interfere with RAD52 –DNA binding. Further biological testing confirmed that 9 of 36 candidate compounds were able to inhibit the binding of RAD52 to single-stranded DNA in vitro. Based on molecular binding combined with functional assays, we propose a model in which the active compounds bind to a critical “hotspot” in RAD52 DNA binding domain 1. In addition, one of the 9 active compounds, adenosine 5’-monophosphate (A5MP), and also its mimic 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) 5’ phosphate (ZMP) inhibited RAD52 activity in vivo and exerted synthetic lethality against BRCA1 and BRCA2–mutated carcinomas. These data suggest that active, inhibitory RAD52 binding compounds could be further refined for efficacy and safety to develop drugs inducing synthetic lethality in tumors displaying deficiencies in BRCA1/2-mediated homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Cramer-Morales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. McElroy
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida & Shands, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States of America
| | - David A. Ostrov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida & Shands, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Haas
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States of America
| | - Wayne Childers
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States of America
| | - Robert Hromas
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida & Shands, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States of America
| | - Tomasz Skorski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bost F, Decoux-Poullot AG, Tanti JF, Clavel S. Energy disruptors: rising stars in anticancer therapy? Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e188. [PMID: 26779810 PMCID: PMC4728676 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2015.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic features of tumor cells diverge from those of normal cells. Otto Warburg was the first to observe that cancer cells dramatically increase their glucose consumption to generate ATP. He also claimed that cancer cells do not have functional mitochondria or oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) but simply rely on glycolysis to provide ATP to the cell, even in the presence of oxygen (aerobic glycolysis). Several studies have revisited this observation and demonstrated that most cancer cells contain metabolically efficient mitochondria. Indeed, to sustain high proliferation rates, cancer cells require functional mitochondria to provide ATP and intermediate metabolites, such as citrate and cofactors, for anabolic reactions. This difference in metabolism between normal and tumors cells causes the latter to be more sensitive to agents that can disrupt energy homeostasis. In this review, we focus on energy disruptors, such as biguanides, 2-deoxyglucose and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide, that interfere with the main metabolic pathways of the cells, OXPHOS, glycolysis and glutamine metabolism. We discuss the preclinical data and the mechanisms of action of these disruptors at the cellular and molecular levels. Finally, we consider whether these drugs can reasonably contribute to the antitumoral therapeutic arsenal in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bost
- INSERM, C3M, U1065, Team Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes, Nice, France.,Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, C3M, U1065, Nice, France
| | - A-G Decoux-Poullot
- INSERM, C3M, U1065, Team Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes, Nice, France.,Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, C3M, U1065, Nice, France
| | - J F Tanti
- INSERM, C3M, U1065, Team Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes, Nice, France.,Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, C3M, U1065, Nice, France
| | - S Clavel
- INSERM, C3M, U1065, Team Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes, Nice, France.,Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, C3M, U1065, Nice, France
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Hauge M, Bruserud Ø, Hatfield KJ. Targeting of cell metabolism in human acute myeloid leukemia - more than targeting of isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling? Eur J Haematol 2015; 96:211-21. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Hauge
- Department of Medicine; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- Department of Medicine; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
- Department of Clinical Science; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
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The antileukemia effect of metformin in the Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia cell line and patient primary leukemia cell. Anticancer Drugs 2015; 26:913-22. [PMID: 26186064 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there have been considerable research advances on the antileukemic mechanisms of the antidiabetic drug metformin. Our current studies have shown that metformin suppresses cell viability, induces apoptosis, and downregulates the mTORC1 signaling pathway both in the Ph+ALL cell line and primary blasts from Ph+ ALL patients, as well as the CML cell lines K562 (imatinib-sensitive) and K562R (imatinib-resistance). We have also shown that metformin activates the ERK pathway in Ph+ALL cells, SUP-B15, a side effect that can be overcome by U0126 (MEK1/2 inhibitor) or imatinib. Moreover, this activation of ERK signaling in SUP-B15 induces autophagy. Inhibition of the autophagic process by 3-MA, promoting the death of these cells, suggests that autophagy may be a cytoprotective factor in cell survival after metformin treatment. Finally, metformin is shown to potentiate the anticancer efficacy of imatinib in Ph+ALL and CML cells, resensitizing the CML imatinib-resistance cells to imatinib. Overall, our data suggest that metformin represents a promising and attractive agent for Ph+ALL or CML therapy.
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Kawashima I, Mitsumori T, Nozaki Y, Yamamoto T, Shobu-Sueki Y, Nakajima K, Kirito K. Negative regulation of the LKB1/AMPK pathway by ERK in human acute myeloid leukemia cells. Exp Hematol 2015; 43:524-33.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Bertacchini J, Heidari N, Mediani L, Capitani S, Shahjahani M, Ahmadzadeh A, Saki N. Targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR network for treatment of leukemia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2337-47. [PMID: 25712020 PMCID: PMC11113278 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased activity of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway has been observed in a huge number of malignancies. This pathway can function as a prosurvival factor in leukemia stem cells and early committed leukemic precursors and its inhibition is regarded as a therapeutic approach. Accordingly, the aim of this review is to evaluate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors used in leukemia models. DISCUSSION Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway has been reported to have beneficial therapeutic effects in leukemias, both in vitro in leukemia cell lines and in vivo in animal models. Overall, the use of dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, dual Akt/RTK inhibitor, Akt inhibitor, selective inhibitor of PI3K, mTOR inhibitor and dual PI3K/PDK1 inhibitor in CML, AML, APL, CLL, B-ALL and T-ALL has a better therapeutic effect than conventional treatments. CONCLUSIONS Targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway may have pro-apoptotic and antiproliferative effects on hematological malignancies. Furthermore, modulation of miRNA can be used as a novel therapeutic approach to regulate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. However, both aspects require further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Bertacchini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nazanin Heidari
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Laura Mediani
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvano Capitani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mohammad Shahjahani
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ahmadzadeh
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Ge YQ, Xu XF, Yang B, Chen Z, Cheng RB. Saponins from Rubus parvifolius L. induce apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia cells through AMPK activation and STAT3 inhibition. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:5455-61. [PMID: 25041018 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.13.5455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saponins are a major active component for the traditional Chinese medicine, Rubus parvifolius L., which has shown clear antitumor activities. However, the specific effects and mechanisms of saponins of Rubus parvifolius L. (SRP) remain unclear with regard to human chronic myeloid leukemia cells. The aim of this study was to investigate inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis induction effects of SRP in K562 cells and further elucidate its regulatory mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS K562 cells were treated with different concentrations of SRP and MTT assays were performed to determine cell viability. Apoptosis induction by SRP was determined with FACS and DAPI staining analysis. Western blotting was used to detect expression of apoptosis and survival related genes. Specific inhibitors were added to confirm roles of STAT3 and AMPK pathways in SRP induction of apoptosis. RESULTS Our results indicated that SRP exhibited obvious inhibitory effects on the growth of K562 cells, and significantly induced apoptosis. Cleavage of pro-apoptotic proteins was dramatically increased after SRP exposure. SRP treatment also increased the activities of AMPK and JNK pathways, and inhibited the phosphorylation expression level of STAT3 in K562 cells. Inhibition of the AMPK pathway blocked the activation of JNK by SRP, indicating that SRP regulated the expression of JNK dependent on the AMPK pathway. Furthermore, inhibition of the latter significantly conferred resistance to SRP pro- apoptotic activity, suggesting involvement of the AMPK pathway in induction of apoptosis. Pretreatment with a STAT3 inhibitor also augmented SRP induced growth inhibition and cell apoptosis, further confirming roles of the STAT3 pathway after SRP treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that SRP induce cell apoptosis through AMPK activation and STAT3 inhibition in K562 cells. This suggests the possibility of further developing SRP as an alternative treatment option, or perhaps using it as adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent for chronic myeloid leukemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Ge
- Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China E-mail :
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Reikvam H, Hauge M, Brenner AK, Hatfield KJ, Bruserud Ø. Emerging therapeutic targets for the treatment of human acute myeloid leukemia (part 1) - gene transcription, cell cycle regulation, metabolism and intercellular communication. Expert Rev Hematol 2015; 8:299-313. [PMID: 25835070 DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2015.1032935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human acute myeloid leukemia is a heterogeneous disease and the effect of therapeutic targeting of specific molecular mechanisms will probably vary between patient subsets. Cell cycle regulators are among the emerging targets (e.g., aurora and polo-like kinases, cyclin-dependent kinases). Inhibition of communication between acute myeloid leukemia and stromal cells is also considered; among the most promising of these strategies are inhibition of hedgehog-initiated, CXCR4-CXCL12 and Axl-Gas6 signaling. Finally, targeting of energy and protein metabolism is considered, the most promising strategy being inhibition of isocitrate dehydrogenase in patients with IDH mutations. Thus, several strategies are now considered, and a major common challenge for all of them is to clarify how they should be combined with each other or with conventional chemotherapy, and whether their use should be limited to certain subsets of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkon Reikvam
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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