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Zheng L, Zheng XL. Animal models for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a narrative review. ANNALS OF BLOOD 2023; 8:23. [PMID: 39148951 PMCID: PMC11326488 DOI: 10.21037/aob-22-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objective Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a potentially fatal blood disorder, resulting from severe deficiency of plasma ADAMTS13 (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeats, 13) activity. ADAMTS13 is crucial for normal hemostasis through proteolytic cleavage of ultra large von Willebrand factor (VWF). Since the discovery of ADAMTS13 in 2001, several animal models for TTP have been established. In this narrative review, we summarize the creation and characterization of the established animal models for TTP to date. Methods We performed a literature search through PubMed from 1969 to 2022 using free text: TTP and animal model. We found 67 peer-reviewed articles but only 33 articles were included for review and 34 articles that did not discuss TTP were excluded. Key Content and Findings There were genetically modified or antibody-mediated TTP models being established and fully characterized in mouse, rat, baboon, and zebrafish. However, we are still in urgent need of a true autoimmune TTP animal model. Conclusions These animal models allowed researchers to further evaluate the contribution of various potential environmental factors and/or genetic modifiers to the pathogenesis, progression, and outcome of TTP; and to help assess the efficacy and safety of novel approaches for prevention and treatment of both hereditary and acquired TTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - X Long Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Gerardo-Nava JL, Jansen J, Günther D, Klasen L, Thiebes AL, Niessing B, Bergerbit C, Meyer AA, Linkhorst J, Barth M, Akhyari P, Stingl J, Nagel S, Stiehl T, Lampert A, Leube R, Wessling M, Santoro F, Ingebrandt S, Jockenhoevel S, Herrmann A, Fischer H, Wagner W, Schmitt RH, Kiessling F, Kramann R, De Laporte L. Transformative Materials to Create 3D Functional Human Tissue Models In Vitro in a Reproducible Manner. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301030. [PMID: 37311209 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recreating human tissues and organs in the petri dish to establish models as tools in biomedical sciences has gained momentum. These models can provide insight into mechanisms of human physiology, disease onset, and progression, and improve drug target validation, as well as the development of new medical therapeutics. Transformative materials play an important role in this evolution, as they can be programmed to direct cell behavior and fate by controlling the activity of bioactive molecules and material properties. Using nature as an inspiration, scientists are creating materials that incorporate specific biological processes observed during human organogenesis and tissue regeneration. This article presents the reader with state-of-the-art developments in the field of in vitro tissue engineering and the challenges related to the design, production, and translation of these transformative materials. Advances regarding (stem) cell sources, expansion, and differentiation, and how novel responsive materials, automated and large-scale fabrication processes, culture conditions, in situ monitoring systems, and computer simulations are required to create functional human tissue models that are relevant and efficient for drug discovery, are described. This paper illustrates how these different technologies need to converge to generate in vitro life-like human tissue models that provide a platform to answer health-based scientific questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Gerardo-Nava
- Advanced Materials for Biomedicine (AMB), Institute of Applied Medical Engineering (AME), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Center for Biohybrid Medical Systems (CMBS), Forckenbeckstraße 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jitske Jansen
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology and Department of Medicine 2, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3584CG, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Günther
- Advanced Materials for Biomedicine (AMB), Institute of Applied Medical Engineering (AME), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Center for Biohybrid Medical Systems (CMBS), Forckenbeckstraße 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC), Advanced Materials for Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura Klasen
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC), Advanced Materials for Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Lena Thiebes
- Department of Biohybrid and Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME - Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastian Niessing
- Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT, Steinbachstraße 17, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cédric Bergerbit
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna A Meyer
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC), Advanced Materials for Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - John Linkhorst
- Department of Chemical Process Engineering (AVT.CVT), RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mareike Barth
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Payam Akhyari
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Stingl
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of RWTH, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Saskia Nagel
- Applied Ethics Group, RWTH Aachen University, Theaterplatz 14, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Stiehl
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine - Disease Modeling, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Angelika Lampert
- Institute of Neurohysiology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52057, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Chemical Process Engineering (AVT.CVT), RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Neuroelectronic Interfaces Research Group, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sven Ingebrandt
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 18, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Jockenhoevel
- Department of Biohybrid and Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME - Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Advanced Materials for Biomedicine (AMB), Institute of Applied Medical Engineering (AME), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Center for Biohybrid Medical Systems (CMBS), Forckenbeckstraße 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC), Advanced Materials for Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Horst Fischer
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert H Schmitt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT, Steinbachstraße 17, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Campus-boulevard 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology and Department of Medicine 2, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3584CG, The Netherlands
| | - Laura De Laporte
- Advanced Materials for Biomedicine (AMB), Institute of Applied Medical Engineering (AME), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Center for Biohybrid Medical Systems (CMBS), Forckenbeckstraße 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC), Advanced Materials for Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Valls R, Wagg J, Paz-Priel I, Man G, Artigas L, Jaccard G, Coma M, Schmitt C. Application of systems biology to identify pharmacological mechanisms of thrombotic microangiopathy evoked by combined activated prothrombin complex concentrate and emicizumab. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10078. [PMID: 37344529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Emicizumab is a bispecific monoclonal antibody that substitutes for the function of missing or deficient factor VIII (FVIII) in people with hemophilia A (PwHA). Long-term safety and efficacy of emicizumab have been demonstrated in several clinical trials. Nevertheless, in the first of these, three cases of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) occurred in PwHA treated with emicizumab receiving high doses of activated prothrombin complex concentrate (aPCC), a bypassing agent used for treating breakthrough bleeds when FVIII neutralizing antibodies (inhibitors) make FVIII replacement ineffective. The aim of the present work is to offer a method to elucidate the pathophysiological and pharmacological mechanisms involved in this treatment-induced TMA. Systems biology and machine learning-based Therapeutic Performance Mapping System is a validated in silico technology that allowed us to construct models of potential mechanisms behind induced TMA. Two drug combinations were modeled and assessed: emicizumab plus aPCC and emicizumab plus recombinant activated factor VII (another bypassing agent). Our models showed that both combinations were related to activation of the coagulation cascade. However, mechanisms involved mainly in platelet activation and possibly in complement activation were detected only for emicizumab plus aPCC, potentially explaining the occurrence of TMA only in this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Wagg
- Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
- AC Immune SA, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ido Paz-Priel
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Graphite Bio Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel Man
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Formeck CL, Manrique-Caballero CL, Gómez H, Kellum JA. Uncommon Causes of Acute Kidney Injury. Crit Care Clin 2022; 38:317-347. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Basu MK, Massicano F, Yu L, Halkidis K, Pillai V, Cao W, Zheng L, Zheng XL. Exome Sequencing Identifies Abnormalities in Glycosylation and ANKRD36C in Patients with Immune-Mediated Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Thromb Haemost 2020; 121:506-517. [PMID: 33184803 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) is a potentially fatal blood disorder, resulting from autoantibodies against ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13). However, the mechanism underlying anti-ADAMTS13 autoantibody formation is not known, nor it is known how genetic aberrations contribute to the pathogenesis of iTTP. METHODS Here we performed whole exome sequencing (WES) of DNA samples from 40 adult patients with iTTP and 15 local healthy subjects with no history of iTTP and other hematological disorders. RESULTS WES revealed variations in the genes involved in protein glycosylation, including O-linked glycosylation, to be a major pathway affected in patients with iTTP. Moreover, variations in the ANKRD gene family, particularly ANKRD36C and its paralogs, were also more prevalent in patients with iTTP than in the healthy controls. The ANKRD36 family of proteins have been implicated in inflammation. Mass spectrometry revealed a dramatic alternation in plasma glycoprotein profile in patients with iTTP compared with the healthy controls. CONCLUSION Altered glycosylation may affect the disease onset and progression in various ways: it may predispose patients to produce ADAMTS13 autoantibodies or affect their binding properties; it may also alter clearance kinetics of hemostatic and inflammatory proteins. Together, our findings provide novel insights into plausible mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of iTTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malay Kumar Basu
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics and Bioinformatics, Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Felipe Massicano
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics and Bioinformatics, Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Lijia Yu
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics and Bioinformatics, Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Konstantine Halkidis
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Vikram Pillai
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Wenjing Cao
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Liang Zheng
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - X Long Zheng
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
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Liu H, Tang D, Zhou X, Yang X, Chen AF. PhospholipaseCγ1/calcium-dependent membranous localization of Gsdmd-N drives endothelial pyroptosis, contributing to lipopolysaccharide-induced fatal outcome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H1482-H1495. [PMID: 33064557 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00731.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple organ perfusion is impaired in sepsis. Clinical studies suggest that persistent perfusion disturbances are prognostic of fatal outcome in sepsis. Pyroptosis occurs upon activation of caspases and their subsequent cleavage of gasdermin D (Gsdmd), resulting in Gsdmd-N (activated NH2-terminal fragment of Gsdmd) that form membrane pores to induce cell death in sepsis. In addition, Gsdmd-/- mice are protected from a lethal dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, how Gsdmd-mediated pyroptosis occurs in endothelial cells and leads to impaired perfusion remain unexplored in endotoxemia. We used transgenic mice with ablation of Gsdmd and determined that mice lacking Gsdmd exhibited reduced breakdown of endothelial barrier, improved organ perfusion, as well as increased survival in endotoxemia. Phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1) contributed to Gsdmd-mediated endothelial pyroptosis in a calcium-dependent fashion, without affecting Gsdmd-N production. Cytosolic calcium signaling promoted Gsdmd-N translocation to the plasma membrane, enhancing endothelial pyroptosis induced by LPS. We used adeno-associated virus (AAV9) vectors carrying a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against murine PLCγ1 mRNA under control of the tie1 core promoter (AAV-tie1-sh-PLCγ1) to uniquely downregulate PLCγ1 expression in the endothelial cells. Here, we showed that unique inhibition of endothelial PLCγ1 attenuated breakdown of endothelial barrier, reduced vascular leakage, and improved perfusion disturbances. Moreover, unique downregulate endothelial PLCγ1 expression markedly decreased mortality of mice in endotoxemia. Thus, we establish that endothelial injury as an important trigger of fatal outcome in endotoxemia. Additionally, these findings suggest that interfering with Gsdmd and PLCγ1-calcium pathway may represent a new treatment strategy for critically ill patients sustaining endotoxemia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study newly reveals that Phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1) contributes to gasdermin D (Gsdmd)-mediated endothelial pyroptosis in a calcium-dependent fashion. Cytosolic calcium signaling promotes activated NH2-terminal fragment of Gsdmd (Gsdmd-N) to translocate to the plasma membrane, enhancing endothelial pyroptosis induced by cytoplasmic LPS. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of endothelial PLCγ1 attenuated breakdown of endothelial barrier, reduced vascular leakage, improve perfusion disturbances, and decrease mortality of mice in endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Center for Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine and Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Da Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Center for Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine and Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Alex F Chen
- Center for Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine and Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Development and Regenerative Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Molecular Biology of Escherichia Coli Shiga Toxins' Effects on Mammalian Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050345. [PMID: 32456125 PMCID: PMC7290813 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs), syn. Vero(cyto)toxins, are potent bacterial exotoxins and the principal virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), a subset of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). EHEC strains, e.g., strains of serovars O157:H7 and O104:H4, may cause individual cases as well as large outbreaks of life-threatening diseases in humans. Stxs primarily exert a ribotoxic activity in the eukaryotic target cells of the mammalian host resulting in rapid protein synthesis inhibition and cell death. Damage of endothelial cells in the kidneys and the central nervous system by Stxs is central in the pathogenesis of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans and edema disease in pigs. Probably even more important, the toxins also are capable of modulating a plethora of essential cellular functions, which eventually disturb intercellular communication. The review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of the time course and the consecutive steps of Stx/cell interactions at the molecular level. Intervention measures deduced from an in-depth understanding of this molecular interplay may foster our basic understanding of cellular biology and microbial pathogenesis and pave the way to the creation of host-directed active compounds to mitigate the pathological conditions of STEC infections in the mammalian body.
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Manrique-Caballero CL, Peerapornratana S, Formeck C, Del Rio-Pertuz G, Gomez Danies H, Kellum JA. Typical and Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in the Critically Ill. Crit Care Clin 2020; 36:333-356. [PMID: 32172817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome is characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. Disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and hemolytic uremic syndrome have a similar clinical presentation. Diagnostic needs to be prompt to decrease mortality, because identifying the different disorders can help to tailor specific, effective therapies. However, diagnosis is challenging and morbidity and mortality remain high, especially in the critically ill population. Development of clinical prediction scores and rapid diagnostic tests for hemolytic uremic syndrome based on mechanistic knowledge are needed to facilitate early diagnosis and assign timely specific treatments to patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos L Manrique-Caballero
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3347 Forbes Avenue Suite 220, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The CRISMA (Clinical Research, Investigation and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness) Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, Scaife Hall, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sadudee Peerapornratana
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3347 Forbes Avenue Suite 220, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The CRISMA (Clinical Research, Investigation and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness) Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, Scaife Hall, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Cassandra Formeck
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3347 Forbes Avenue Suite 220, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The CRISMA (Clinical Research, Investigation and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness) Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, Scaife Hall, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 4401 Penn Avenue, Floor 3, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Gaspar Del Rio-Pertuz
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3347 Forbes Avenue Suite 220, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The CRISMA (Clinical Research, Investigation and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness) Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, Scaife Hall, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Hernando Gomez Danies
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3347 Forbes Avenue Suite 220, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The CRISMA (Clinical Research, Investigation and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness) Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, Scaife Hall, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - John A Kellum
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3347 Forbes Avenue Suite 220, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The CRISMA (Clinical Research, Investigation and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness) Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, Scaife Hall, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Joseph A, Cointe A, Mariani Kurkdjian P, Rafat C, Hertig A. Shiga Toxin-Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: A Narrative Review. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E67. [PMID: 31973203 PMCID: PMC7076748 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The severity of human infection by one of the many Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is determined by a number of factors: the bacterial genome, the capacity of human societies to prevent foodborne epidemics, the medical condition of infected patients (in particular their hydration status, often compromised by severe diarrhea), and by our capacity to devise new therapeutic approaches, most specifically to combat the bacterial virulence factors, as opposed to our current strategies that essentially aim to palliate organ deficiencies. The last major outbreak in 2011 in Germany, which killed more than 50 people in Europe, was evidence that an effective treatment was still lacking. Herein, we review the current knowledge of STEC virulence, how societies organize the prevention of human disease, and how physicians treat (and, hopefully, will treat) its potentially fatal complications. In particular, we focus on STEC-induced hemolytic and uremic syndrome (HUS), where the intrusion of toxins inside endothelial cells results in massive cell death, activation of the coagulation within capillaries, and eventually organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Joseph
- Department of Nephrology, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, F-75020 Paris, France; (A.J.); (C.R.)
| | - Aurélie Cointe
- Department of Microbiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, F-75019 Paris, France; (A.C.); (P.M.K.)
| | | | - Cédric Rafat
- Department of Nephrology, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, F-75020 Paris, France; (A.J.); (C.R.)
| | - Alexandre Hertig
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
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Zheng L, Zhang D, Cao W, Song WC, Zheng XL. Synergistic effects of ADAMTS13 deficiency and complement activation in pathogenesis of thrombotic microangiopathy. Blood 2019; 134:1095-1105. [PMID: 31409673 PMCID: PMC6764266 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019001040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe deficiency of plasma ADAMTS13 activity is the primary cause of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) whereas overwhelming activation of complement via an alternative pathway results in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), the prototypes of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). However, clinical and pathogenic distinctions between TTP and aHUS are often quite challenging. Clinical reports have suggested that complement activation may play a role in the development of TTP, which is caused by severe deficiency of plasma ADAMTS13 activity. However, the experimental evidence to support this hypothesis is still lacking. Here, we show that mice with either Adamts13 -/- or a heterozygous mutation of complement factor H (cfh) at amino acid residue of 1206 (ie, cfh W/R ) alone remain asymptomatic despite the presence of occasional microvascular thrombi in various organ tissues. However, mice carrying both Adamts13 -/- and cfh W/R exhibit thrombocytopenia, low haptoglobin, increased fragmentation of erythrocytes in peripheral blood smear, increased plasma levels of lactate dehydrogenase activity, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine, as well as an increased mortality rate, consistent with the development of TMA. Moreover, mice with a homozygous mutation of cfh (ie, cfh R/R ) with or without Adamts13 -/- developed severe TMA. The mortality rate in mice with Adamts13 -/- cfh R/R was significantly higher than that in mice with cfh R/R alone. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated the presence of disseminated platelet-rich thrombi in terminal arterioles and capillaries of major organ tissues in these mice that were either euthanized or died. Together, our results support a synergistic effect of severe ADAMTS13 deficiency and complement activation in pathogenesis of TMA in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zheng
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
| | - Di Zhang
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
| | - Wenjing Cao
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
| | - Wen-Chao Song
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - X Long Zheng
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
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11
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Iba T, Watanabe E, Umemura Y, Wada T, Hayashida K, Kushimoto S, Wada H. Sepsis-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation and its differential diagnoses. J Intensive Care 2019; 7:32. [PMID: 31139417 PMCID: PMC6528221 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-019-0387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a common complication in sepsis. Since DIC not only promotes organ dysfunction but also is a strong prognostic factor, its diagnosis at the earliest possible timing is important. Thrombocytopenia is often present in patients with DIC but can also occur in a number of other critical conditions. Of note, many of the rare thrombocytopenic diseases require prompt diagnoses and specific treatments. To differentiate these diseases correctly, the phenotypic expressions must be considered and the different disease pathophysiologies must be understood. There are three major players in the background characteristics of thrombocytopenia: platelets, the coagulation system, and vascular endothelial cells. For example, the activation of coagulation is at the core of the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated DIC, while platelet aggregation is the essential mechanism in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and endothelial damage is the hallmark of hemolytic uremic syndrome. Though each of the three players is important in all thrombocytopenic diseases, one of the three dominant players typically establishes the individual features of each disease. In this review, we introduce the pathogeneses, symptoms, diagnostic measures, and recent therapeutic advances for the major diseases that should be immediately differentiated from DIC in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Iba
- 1Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421 Japan
| | - Eizo Watanabe
- 2Department of General Medical Science Graduate School of Medicine Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine Eastern Chiba Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Umemura
- 4Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Wada
- 5Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kei Hayashida
- 6Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kushimoto
- 7Division of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Hideo Wada
- 8Department of Molecular and Laboratory Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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12
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Uddin J, Hossain K, Hossain S, Saha K, Jubyda FT, Haque R, Billah B, Talukder AA, Parvez AK, Dey SK. Bacteriological assessments of foodborne pathogens in poultry meat at different super shops in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Ital J Food Saf 2019; 8:6720. [PMID: 31008079 PMCID: PMC6452097 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2019.6720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry is now considered as a major fast-growing source of meat in the world. The consumers demand safe and hygienic products without contamination with pathogenic microorganisms when the production and consumption of poultry meat is gradually increasing. The present study was conducted to assess the bacterial contamination of dressed chicken collected from different supershops in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The chicken samples from S1, S2, M1, M2 and A supershops were analyzed to determine the enteropathogenic bacteria in poultry meat. Three genera of bacteria were isolated from all of the chicken meat samples. These enteropathogens from various organs of dressing chickens were also enumerated. The isolates were presumptively identified as E. coli, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp. by conventional culture method. The three enteropathogens were subjected to PCR assay for their confirmation as virulent enteropathogens. Only E. coli isolates were confirmed as pathogenic E. coli (Enterotoxigenic), other isolates were not confirmed as virulent Salmonella spp., Shigella spp.. Results of this study demonstrated that more cautions are recommended for personnel hygiene in processing and handling of poultry and poultry products to prevent occurrence of enterotoxigenic E. coli in dressed poultry meat sold by the supershops in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Baki Billah
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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13
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Schillemans M, Karampini E, Kat M, Bierings R. Exocytosis of Weibel-Palade bodies: how to unpack a vascular emergency kit. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:6-18. [PMID: 30375718 PMCID: PMC7379738 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The blood vessel wall has a number of self-healing properties, enabling it to minimize blood loss and prevent or overcome infections in the event of vascular trauma. Endothelial cells prepackage a cocktail of hemostatic, inflammatory and angiogenic mediators in their unique secretory organelles, the Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs), which can be immediately released on demand. Secretion of their contents into the vascular lumen through a process called exocytosis enables the endothelium to actively participate in the arrest of bleeding and to slow down and direct leukocytes to areas of inflammation. Owing to their remarkable elongated morphology and their secretory contents, which span the entire size spectrum of small chemokines all the way up to ultralarge von Willebrand factor multimers, WPBs constitute an ideal model system for studying the molecular mechanisms of secretory organelle biogenesis, exocytosis, and content expulsion. Recent studies have now shown that, during exocytosis, WPBs can undergo several distinct modes of fusion, and can utilize fundamentally different mechanisms to expel their contents. In this article, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the composition of the WPB exocytotic machinery and how, because of its configuration, it is able to support WPB release in its various forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Schillemans
- Molecular and Cellular HemostasisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - E. Karampini
- Molecular and Cellular HemostasisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - M. Kat
- Molecular and Cellular HemostasisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - R. Bierings
- Molecular and Cellular HemostasisSanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- HematologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
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14
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Escherichia coli O157:H7 suppresses host autophagy and promotes epithelial adhesion via Tir-mediated and cAMP-independent activation of protein kinase A. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17055. [PMID: 28975041 PMCID: PMC5624281 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a pivotal innate immune response that not only degrades cytosolic components, but also serves as one of the critical antimicrobial mechanisms eliminating intracellular pathogens. However, its role in host defense against extracellular pathogens is largely unknown. Here we showed that E. coli O157:H7 altered autophagy to evade host defense and facilitate adhesion. Enhancing host cell autophagy with tumor necrosis factor (TNF), host starvation or rapamycin reduced the adherence of E. coli O157:H7 to HT-29 cells. As a key regulator of autophagy, protein kinase A (PKA) was activated by E. coli O157:H7 infection. PKA inhibition by H89 abrogated E. coli O157:H7 inhibition of autophagy and prevented bacterial epithelial adhesion. Thus, PKA had a mediatory role in blocking autophagy and E. coli O157:H7 epithelial adhesion. Furthermore, deletion of translocated intimin receptor (tir) prevented PKA activation, whereas ectopic tir expression in a Δtir mutant strain restored its ability to activate PKA and inhibited autophagy in host cells. This indicated that Tir and PKA played pivotal roles in manipulating host autophagy during infection. Consistent with autophagy inhibition, E. coli O157:H7 infection inhibited endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in HT-29 cells, which was reversed by TNF, starvation, or H89 treatment. Additionally, E. coli O157:H7-induced PKA activation suppressed extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation and enhanced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) signaling, thereby repressing autophagic signaling. Conversely, PKA inhibition prevented downregulation of ERK1/2 signaling due to E. coli O157:H7 infection. In summary, E. coli O157:H7 inhibited host autophagy via Tir-mediated PKA activation that favored bacterial persistence on intestinal epithelial cell surfaces.
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Geramita MA, Hofer J, Cooper J, Moritz ML. Decreased severity of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli haemolytic uraemic syndrome (STEC-HUS) in a child with type 1 von Willebrand disease. BMJ Case Rep 2017; 2017:bcr-2017-221043. [PMID: 28855217 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-221043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli-associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome (STEC-HUS) is characterised by haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and acute kidney injury. Von Willebrand Factor (vWF) is an important mediator of normal thrombi formation and indirect evidence suggests that vWF may play an important role in Shiga toxin-induced thrombi formation. Clinical evidence supporting the role of vWF in STEC-HUS is lacking. A 10-year-old girl with type 1 von Willebrand Disease (vWD) had a mild case of STEC-HUS, with nadir haemoglobin 7.3 g/dL and platelet count 105×109 cells/L and peak serum creatinine 0.56 mg/L and lactate dehydrogenase 741 U/L. This is the first report of STEC-HUS in a patient with vWD. We speculate that the quantitative deficiency of vWF associated with type 1 vWD may have attenuated the course of disease by reducing platelet aggregation, complement activation and thrombi formation. This case adds to a growing literature supporting a link between vWF and STEC-HUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Geramita
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Johannes Hofer
- Department Zahn Mund und Kieferheilkunde und Mund Kiefer und Gesichtschirurgie, Medizinische Universitat Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tirol, Austria
| | - James Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael L Moritz
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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16
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Protein kinase A activation by the anti-cancer drugs ABT-737 and thymoquinone is caspase-3-dependent and correlates with platelet inhibition and apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2898. [PMID: 28661475 PMCID: PMC5520940 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia is a common bleeding risk in cancer patients and limits chemotherapy dose and frequency. Recent data from mouse and human platelets revealed that activation of protein kinase A/G (PKA/PKG) not only inhibited thrombin/convulxin-induced platelet activation but also prevented the platelet pro-coagulant state. Here we investigated whether or not PKA/PKG activation could attenuate caspase-dependent apoptosis induced by the anti-cancer drugs ABT-737 (the precursor of navitoclax) and thymoquinone (TQ), thereby potentially limiting chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia. This is particularly relevant as activation of cyclic nucleotide signalling in combination chemotherapy is an emerging strategy in cancer treatment. However, PKA/PKG-activation, as monitored by phosphorylation of Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), did not block caspase-3-dependent platelet apoptosis induced by the compounds. In contrast, both substances induced PKA activation themselves and PKA activation correlated with platelet inhibition and apoptosis. Surprisingly, ABT-737- and TQ-induced VASP-phosphorylation was independent of cAMP levels and neither cyclases nor phosphatases were affected by the drugs. In contrast, however, ABT-737- and TQ-induced PKA activation was blocked by caspase-3 inhibitors. In conclusion, we show that ABT-737 and TQ activate PKA in a caspase-3-dependent manner, which correlates with platelet inhibition and apoptosis and therefore potentially contributes to the bleeding risk in chemotherapy patients.
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17
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Klokk TI, Kavaliauskiene S, Sandvig K. Cross-linking of glycosphingolipids at the plasma membrane: consequences for intracellular signaling and traffic. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1301-16. [PMID: 26407609 PMCID: PMC11108300 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are predominantly found in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, where they play a role in important processes such as cell adhesion, migration and signaling. However, by which mechanisms GSLs regulate these processes remains elusive. In this study, we therefore took advantage of the fact that some GSLs also serve as receptors for certain protein toxins, which rely on receptor binding for internalization and intoxication. Here, we demonstrate that Shiga and cholera toxins, which both possess multivalent GSL-binding capacity, induce dissociation of the cytosolic cPLA2α-AnxA1 complex in HeLa and HMEC-1 cells. The dissociation is mediated through an increase in cytosolic calcium levels and activation of the tyrosine kinase Syk. Ricin, a protein toxin that does not cross-link surface molecules, has no effect on the same complex. Importantly, we find that antibody-mediated cross-linking of Gb3 and GM1, the GSL receptors for Shiga and cholera toxin, respectively, also induces dissociation. These data demonstrate that cross-linking of GSLs at the plasma membrane mediates the intracellular signaling events resulting in dissociation of the complex. After dissociation, cPLA2α and AnxA1 are translocated to intracellular membranes where they are known to function in regulating membrane transport processes. In conclusion, we have characterized a novel mechanism for cell surface-induced initiation of intracellular signaling and transport events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Irene Klokk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0379, Oslo, Norway.
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Simona Kavaliauskiene
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0379, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0379, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
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18
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Picard C, Burtey S, Bornet C, Curti C, Montana M, Vanelle P. Pathophysiology and treatment of typical and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 63:136-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Möller K, Adolph O, Grünow J, Elrod J, Popa M, Ghosh S, Schwarz M, Schwale C, Grässle S, Huck V, Bruehl C, Wieland T, Schneider SW, Nobiling R, Wagner AH, Hecker M. Mechanism and functional impact of CD40 ligand-induced von Willebrand factor release from endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost 2015; 113:1095-108. [PMID: 25608503 DOI: 10.1160/th14-04-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Co-stimulation via CD154 binding to CD40, pivotal for both innate and adaptive immunity, may also link haemostasis to vascular remodelling. Here we demonstrate that human platelet-bound or recombinant soluble CD154 (sCD154) elicit the release from and tethering of ultra-large (UL) von Willebrand factor (vWF) multimers to the surface of human cultured endothelial cells (ECs) exposed to shear stress. This CD40-mediated ULVWF multimer release from the Weibel-Palade bodies was triggered by consecutive activation of TRAF6, the tyrosine kinase c-Src and phospholipase Cγ1 followed by inositol-1,4,5 trisphosphate-mediated calcium mobilisation. Subsequent exposure to human washed platelets caused ULVWF multimer-platelet string formation on the EC surface in a shear stress-dependent manner. Platelets tethered to these ULVWF multimers exhibited P-selectin on their surface and captured labelled monocytes from the superfusate. When exposed to shear stress and sCD154, native ECs from wild-type but not CD40 or vWF-deficient mice revealed a comparable release of ULVWF multimers to which murine washed platelets rapidly adhered, turning P-selectin-positive and subsequently capturing monocytes from the perfusate. This novel CD154-provoked ULVWF multimer-platelet string formation at normal to fast flow may contribute to vascular remodelling processes requiring the perivascular or intravascular accumulation of pro-inflammatory macrophages such as arteriogenesis or atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Markus Hecker
- Markus Hecker, PhD DSc, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Tel.: +49 6221 54 4035, Fax +49 6221 54 4038, E-mail:
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20
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Zhu Q, Yamakuchi M, Ture S, de la Luz Garcia-Hernandez M, Ko KA, Modjeski KL, LoMonaco MB, Johnson AD, O'Donnell CJ, Takai Y, Morrell CN, Lowenstein CJ. Syntaxin-binding protein STXBP5 inhibits endothelial exocytosis and promotes platelet secretion. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4503-16. [PMID: 25244095 DOI: 10.1172/jci71245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, vWF levels predict the risk of myocardial infarction and thrombosis; however, the factors that influence vWF levels are not completely understood. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified syntaxin-binding protein 5 (STXBP5) as a candidate gene linked to changes in vWF plasma levels, though the functional relationship between STXBP5 and vWF is unknown. We hypothesized that STXBP5 inhibits endothelial cell exocytosis. We found that STXBP5 is expressed in human endothelial cells and colocalizes with and interacts with syntaxin 4. In human endothelial cells reduction of STXBP5 increased exocytosis of vWF and P-selectin. Mice lacking Stxbp5 had higher levels of vWF in the plasma, increased P-selectin translocation, and more platelet-endothelial interactions, which suggests that STXBP5 inhibits endothelial exocytosis. However, Stxbp5 KO mice also displayed hemostasis defects, including prolonged tail bleeding times and impaired mesenteric arteriole and carotid artery thrombosis. Furthermore, platelets from Stxbp5 KO mice had defects in platelet secretion and activation; thus, STXBP5 inhibits endothelial exocytosis but promotes platelet secretion. Our study reveals a vascular function for STXBP5, validates the functional relevance of a candidate gene identified by GWAS, and suggests that variation within STXBP5 is a genetic risk for venous thromboembolic disease.
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21
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Phosphorylation-related modification at the dimer interface of 14-3-3ω dramatically alters monomer interaction dynamics. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 541:1-12. [PMID: 24211434 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins are generally believed to function as dimers in a broad range of eukaryotic signaling pathways. The consequences of altering dimer stability are not fully understood. Phosphorylation at Ser58 in the dimer interface of mammalian 14-3-3 isoforms has been reported to destabilise dimers. An equivalent residue, Ser62, is present across most Arabidopsis isoforms but the effects of phosphorylation have not been studied in plants. Here, we assessed the effects of phosphorylation at the dimer interface of Arabidopsis 14-3-3ω. Protein kinase A phosphorylated 14-3-3ω at Ser62 and also at a previously unreported residue, Ser67, resulting in a monomer-sized band on native-PAGE. Phosphorylation at Ser62 alone, or with additional Ser67 phosphorylation, was investigated using phosphomimetic versions of 14-3-3ω. In electrophoretic and chromatographic analyses, these mutants showed mobilities intermediate between dimers and monomers. Mobility was increased by detergents, by reducing protein concentration, or by increasing pH or temperature. Urea gradient gels showed complex structural transitions associated with alterations of dimer stability, including a previously unreported 14-3-3 aggregation phenomenon. Overall, our analyses showed that dimer interface modifications such as phosphorylation reduce dimer stability, dramatically affecting the monomer-dimer equilibrium and denaturation trajectory. These findings may have dramatic implications for 14-3-3 structure and function in vivo.
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22
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Lo NC, Turner NA, Cruz MA, Moake J. Interaction of Shiga toxin with the A-domains and multimers of von Willebrand Factor. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:33118-23. [PMID: 24097977 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.487413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli causes diarrhea-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome (DHUS), a severe renal thrombotic microangiopathy. We investigated the interaction between Stx and von Willebrand Factor (VWF), a multimeric plasma glycoprotein that mediates platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation. Stx bound to ultra-large VWF (ULVWF) secreted from and anchored to stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells, as well as to immobilized VWF-rich human umbilical vein endothelial cell supernatant. This Stx binding was localized to the A1 and A2 domain of VWF monomeric subunits and reduced the rate of ADAMTS-13-mediated cleavage of the Tyr(1605)-Met(1606) peptide bond in the A2 domain. Stx-VWF interaction and the associated delay in ADAMTS-13-mediated cleavage of VWF may contribute to the pathophysiology of DHUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Lo
- From the Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
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23
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cAMP-induced secretion of endothelial von Willebrand factor is regulated by a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation switch in annexin A2. Blood 2013; 122:1042-51. [PMID: 23757730 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-12-475251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The large multimeric glyocoprotein von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a crucial component of both primary and secondary hemostasis. It is stored in secretory granules of vascular endothelial cells, the Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs), and is released following stimulation by agonists that raise intracellular Ca(2+) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. cAMP-induced exocytosis of WPBs requires protein kinase A activity, but downstream factors that are regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation are not known. Here we identify the complex consisting of the lipid-binding protein annexin A2 (AnxA2) and S100A10 as such a factor. Knockdown and specific rescue approaches reveal that a functional AnxA2-S100A10 complex is required for the forskolin-induced, cAMP-dependent release of VWF. Forskolin triggers dephosphorylation of AnxA2 that is mediated by a calcineurin-like phosphatase and stabilizes the AnxA2-S100A10 complex, thereby promoting VWF release. Serine 11 of AnxA2 was identified as the target residue of this phosphorylation switch because a phosphomimicking mutation at this site prevents complex formation with S100A10 and, in contrast to wild-type or S11A-AnxA2, is unable to restore cAMP-dependent VWF secretion in AnxA2-depleted cells. Thus, complex formation of AnxA2 with S100A10 is a central regulatory mechanism in the acute release of VWF in response to cAMP-elevating agonists.
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24
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Bhakta V, Jenkins C, Ramirez-Arcos S, Sheffield WP. Stability of relevant plasma protein activities in cryosupernatant plasma units during refrigerated storage for up to 5 days postthaw. Transfusion 2013; 54:418-25. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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25
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Bauwens A, Betz J, Meisen I, Kemper B, Karch H, Müthing J. Facing glycosphingolipid-Shiga toxin interaction: dire straits for endothelial cells of the human vasculature. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:425-57. [PMID: 22766973 PMCID: PMC11113656 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The two major Shiga toxin (Stx) types, Stx1 and Stx2, produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) in particular injure renal and cerebral microvascular endothelial cells after transfer from the human intestine into the circulation. Stxs are AB(5) toxins composed of an enzymatically active A subunit and the pentameric B subunit, which preferentially binds to the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer/CD77). This review summarizes the current knowledge on Stx-caused cellular injury and the structural diversity of Stx receptors as well as the initial molecular interaction of Stxs with the human endothelium of different vascular beds. The varying lipoforms of Stx receptors and their spatial organization in lipid rafts suggest a central role in different modes of receptor-mediated endocytosis and intracellular destiny of the toxins. The design and development of tailored Stx neutralizers targeting the oligosaccharide-toxin recognition event has become a very real prospect to ameliorate or prevent life-threatening renal and neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bauwens
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Josefine Betz
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Iris Meisen
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Domagkstr. 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Björn Kemper
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Domagkstr. 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
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The B subunit of an AB5 toxin produced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi up-regulates chemokines, cytokines, and adhesion molecules in human macrophage, colonic epithelial, and brain microvascular endothelial cell lines. Infect Immun 2012; 81:673-83. [PMID: 23250951 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01043-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal function of bacterial AB5 toxin B subunits is to interact with glycan receptors on the surfaces of target cells and mediate the internalization of holotoxin. However, B subunit-receptor interactions also have the potential to impact cell signaling pathways and, in so doing, contribute to pathogenesis independently of the catalytic (toxic) A subunits. Various Salmonella enterica serovars, including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, encode an AB5 toxin (ArtAB), the A subunit of which is an ADP-ribosyltransferase related to the S1 subunit of pertussis toxin. However, although the A subunit is able to catalyze ADP-ribosylation of host G proteins, a cytotoxic phenotype has yet to be identified for the holotoxin. We therefore examined the capacity of the purified B subunit (ArtB) from S. Typhi to elicit cytokine, chemokine, and adhesion molecule responses in human macrophage (U937), colonic epithelial (HCT-8) cell, and brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMEC) lines. Secretion of the chemokines monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) was increased in all three tested cell lines, with macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α), MIP-1β, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) also significantly increased in U937 cells. ArtB also upregulated the cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6 in HBMECs and HCT-8 cells, but not in U937 cells, while intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) was upregulated in HCT-8 and U937 cells and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) was upregulated in HBMECs. Thus, ArtB may contribute to pathogenesis independently of the A subunit by promoting and maintaining a strong inflammatory response at the site of infection.
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Hypercalcemia induces a proinflammatory phenotype in rat leukocytes and endothelial cells. J Physiol Biochem 2012; 69:199-205. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-012-0202-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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The B subunits of Shiga-like toxins induce regulated VWF secretion in a phospholipase D1-dependent manner. Blood 2012; 120:1143-9. [PMID: 22718838 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-01-408096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) causes diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome by damaging renal microvascular endothelium. The pentameric B subunits of Stx types 1 and 2 (Stx1B and Stx2B) are sufficient to stimulate acute VWF secretion from endothelial cells, but Stx1B and Stx2B exert distinct effects on Ca(2+) and cAMP pathways. Therefore, we investigated other signaling components in StxB-induced VWF exocytosis. Incubation of HUVECs with StxB transiently increased phospholipase D (PLD) activity. Inhibition of PLD activity or shRNA-mediated PLD1 knockdown abolished StxB-induced VWF secretion. In addition, treatment with StxB triggered actin polymerization, enhanced endothelial monolayer permeability, and activated RhoA. PLD activation and VWF secretion induced by Stx1B were abolished on protein kinase Cα (PKCα) inhibition or gene silencing but were only moderately reduced by Rho or Rho kinase inhibitors. Conversely, PLD activation and VWF exocytosis induced by Stx2B were reduced by Rho/Rho kinase inhibitors and dominant-negative RhoA, whereas attenuation of PKCα did not affect either process. Another PLD1 activator, ADP-ribosylation factor 6, was involved in VWF secretion induced by Stx1B or Stx2B, but not histamine. These data indicate that Stx1B and Stx2B induce acute VWF secretion in a PLD1-dependent manner but do so by differentially modulating PKCα, RhoA, and ADP-ribosylation factor 6.
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Gallegos KM, Conrady DG, Karve SS, Gunasekera TS, Herr AB, Weiss AA. Shiga toxin binding to glycolipids and glycans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30368. [PMID: 22348006 PMCID: PMC3278406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunologically distinct forms of Shiga toxin (Stx1 and Stx2) display different potencies and disease outcomes, likely due to differences in host cell binding. The glycolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) has been reported to be the receptor for both toxins. While there is considerable data to suggest that Gb3 can bind Stx1, binding of Stx2 to Gb3 is variable. METHODOLOGY We used isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to examine binding of Stx1 and Stx2 to various glycans, glycosphingolipids, and glycosphingolipid mixtures in the presence or absence of membrane components, phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol. We have also assessed the ability of glycolipids mixtures to neutralize Stx-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis in Vero kidney cells. RESULTS By ITC, Stx1 bound both Pk (the trisaccharide on Gb3) and P (the tetrasaccharide on globotetraosylceramide, Gb4), while Stx2 did not bind to either glycan. Binding to neutral glycolipids individually and in combination was assessed by ELISA. Stx1 bound to glycolipids Gb3 and Gb4, and Gb3 mixed with other neural glycolipids, while Stx2 only bound to Gb3 mixtures. In the presence of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, both Stx1 and Stx2 bound well to Gb3 or Gb4 alone or mixed with other neutral glycolipids. Pre-incubation with Gb3 in the presence of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol neutralized Stx1, but not Stx2 toxicity to Vero cells. CONCLUSIONS Stx1 binds primarily to the glycan, but Stx2 binding is influenced by residues in the ceramide portion of Gb3 and the lipid environment. Nanomolar affinities were obtained for both toxins to immobilized glycolipids mixtures, while the effective dose for 50% inhibition (ED(50)) of protein synthesis was about 10(-11) M. The failure of preincubation with Gb3 to protect cells from Stx2 suggests that in addition to glycolipid expression, other cellular components contribute to toxin potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Gallegos
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Deborah G. Conrady
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sayali S. Karve
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Thusitha S. Gunasekera
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Andrew B. Herr
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Alison A. Weiss
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Van Laecke S, Nagler EVT, Vanholder R. Thrombotic microangiopathy: a role for magnesium? Thromb Haemost 2012; 107:399-408. [PMID: 22274299 DOI: 10.1160/th11-08-0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in more recent years, the pathophysiology and especially treatment modalities of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) largely remain enigmatic. Disruption of endothelial homeostasis plays an essential role in TMA. Considering the proven causal association between magnesium and both endothelial function and platelet aggregability, we speculate that a magnesium deficit could influence the course of TMA and the related haemolytic uraemic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. A predisposition towards TMA is seen in many conditions with both extracellular and intracellular magnesium deficiency. We propose a rationale for magnesium supplementation in TMA, in analogy with its evidence-based therapeutic application in pre-eclampsia and suggest, based on theoretical grounds, that it might attenuate the development of TMA, minimise its severity and prevent its recurrence. This is based on several lines of evidence from both in vitro and in vivo data showing dose-dependent effects of magnesium supplementation on nitric oxide production, platelet aggregability and inflammation. Our hypothesis, which is further amenable to assessment in animal models before therapeutic applications in humans are implemented, could be explored both in vitro and in vivo to decipher the potential role of magnesium deficit in TMA and of the effects of its supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Van Laecke
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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