1
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Chen C, Han P, Qing Y. Metabolic heterogeneity in tumor microenvironment - A novel landmark for immunotherapy. Autoimmun Rev 2024:103579. [PMID: 39004158 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The surrounding non-cancer cells and tumor cells that make up the tumor microenvironment (TME) have various metabolic rhythms. TME metabolic heterogeneity is influenced by the intricate network of metabolic control within and between cells. DNA, protein, transport, and microbial levels are important regulators of TME metabolic homeostasis. The effectiveness of immunotherapy is also closely correlated with alterations in TME metabolism. The response of a tumor patient to immunotherapy is influenced by a variety of variables, including intracellular metabolic reprogramming, metabolic interaction between cells, ecological changes within and between tumors, and general dietary preferences. Although immunotherapy and targeted therapy have made great strides, their use in the accurate identification and treatment of tumors still has several limitations. The function of TME metabolic heterogeneity in tumor immunotherapy is summarized in this article. It focuses on how metabolic heterogeneity develops and is regulated as a tumor progresses, the precise molecular mechanisms and potential clinical significance of imbalances in intracellular metabolic homeostasis and intercellular metabolic coupling and interaction, as well as the benefits and drawbacks of targeted metabolism used in conjunction with immunotherapy. This offers insightful knowledge and important implications for individualized tumor patient diagnosis and treatment plans in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Han
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Yanping Qing
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.
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2
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Moraes B, Martins R, Lopes C, Martins R, Arcanjo A, Nascimento J, Konnai S, da Silva Vaz I, Logullo C. G6PDH as a key immunometabolic and redox trigger in arthropods. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1287090. [PMID: 38046951 PMCID: PMC10693429 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1287090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) plays crucial roles in glucose homeostasis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), being also involved in redox metabolism. The PPP is an important metabolic pathway that produces ribose and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which are essential for several physiologic and biochemical processes, such as the synthesis of fatty acids and nucleic acids. As a rate-limiting step in PPP, G6PDH is a highly conserved enzyme and its deficiency can lead to severe consequences for the organism, in particular for cell growth. Insufficient G6PDH activity can lead to cell growth arrest, impaired embryonic development, as well as a reduction in insulin sensitivity, inflammation, diabetes, and hypertension. While research on G6PDH and PPP has historically focused on mammalian models, particularly human disorders, recent studies have shed light on the regulation of this enzyme in arthropods, where new functions were discovered. This review will discuss the role of arthropod G6PDH in regulating redox homeostasis and immunometabolism and explore potential avenues for further research on this enzyme in various metabolic adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Moraes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular–INCT, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Martins
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular–INCT, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cintia Lopes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular–INCT, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ronald Martins
- Programa de Computação Científica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Angélica Arcanjo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular–INCT, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jhenifer Nascimento
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular–INCT, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular–INCT, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Biotecnologia and Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos Logullo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular–INCT, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Glucose 6-P Dehydrogenase—An Antioxidant Enzyme with Regulatory Functions in Skeletal Muscle during Exercise. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193041. [PMID: 36231003 PMCID: PMC9563910 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypomorphic Glucose 6-P dehydrogenase (G6PD) alleles, which cause G6PD deficiency, affect around one in twenty people worldwide. The high incidence of G6PD deficiency may reflect an evolutionary adaptation to the widespread prevalence of malaria, as G6PD-deficient red blood cells (RBCs) are hostile to the malaria parasites that infect humans. Although medical interest in this enzyme deficiency has been mainly focused on RBCs, more recent evidence suggests that there are broader implications for G6PD deficiency in health, including in skeletal muscle diseases. G6PD catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), which provides the precursors of nucleotide synthesis for DNA replication as well as reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). NADPH is involved in the detoxification of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and de novo lipid synthesis. An association between increased PPP activity and the stimulation of cell growth has been reported in different tissues including the skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney. PPP activity is increased in skeletal muscle during embryogenesis, denervation, ischemia, mechanical overload, the injection of myonecrotic agents, and physical exercise. In fact, the highest relative increase in the activity of skeletal muscle enzymes after one bout of exhaustive exercise is that of G6PD, suggesting that the activation of the PPP occurs in skeletal muscle to provide substrates for muscle repair. The age-associated loss in muscle mass and strength leads to a decrease in G6PD activity and protein content in skeletal muscle. G6PD overexpression in Drosophila Melanogaster and mice protects against metabolic stress, oxidative damage, and age-associated functional decline, and results in an extended median lifespan. This review discusses whether the well-known positive effects of exercise training in skeletal muscle are mediated through an increase in G6PD.
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Meng Q, Zhang Y, Hao S, Sun H, Liu B, Zhou H, Wang Y, Xu ZX. Recent findings in the regulation of G6PD and its role in diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:932154. [PMID: 36091812 PMCID: PMC9448902 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.932154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the only rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Rapidly proliferating cells require metabolites from PPP to synthesize ribonucleotides and maintain intracellular redox homeostasis. G6PD expression can be abnormally elevated in a variety of cancers. In addition, G6PD may act as a regulator of viral replication and vascular smooth muscle function. Therefore, G6PD-mediated activation of PPP may promote tumor and non-neoplastic disease progression. Recently, studies have identified post-translational modifications (PTMs) as an important mechanism for regulating G6PD function. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of various PTMs (e.g., phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, and glutarylation), which are identified in the regulation of G6PD structure, expression and enzymatic activity. In addition, we review signaling pathways that regulate G6PD and evaluate the role of oncogenic signals that lead to the reprogramming of PPP in tumor and non-neoplastic diseases as well as summarize the inhibitors that target G6PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Meng
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanghe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shiming Hao
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huihui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Honglan Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Honglan Zhou, ; Yishu Wang, ; Zhi-Xiang Xu,
| | - Yishu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Honglan Zhou, ; Yishu Wang, ; Zhi-Xiang Xu,
| | - Zhi-Xiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Honglan Zhou, ; Yishu Wang, ; Zhi-Xiang Xu,
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The Transcription Coregulator RIP140 Inhibits Cancer Cell Proliferation by Targeting the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137419. [PMID: 35806424 PMCID: PMC9267222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells switch their metabolism toward glucose metabolism to sustain their uncontrolled proliferation. Consequently, glycolytic intermediates are diverted into the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to produce macromolecules necessary for cell growth. The transcription regulator RIP140 controls glucose metabolism in tumor cells, but its role in cancer-associated reprogramming of cell metabolism remains poorly understood. Here, we show that, in human breast cancer cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts, RIP140 inhibits the expression of the gene-encoding G6PD, the first enzyme of the PPP. RIP140 deficiency increases G6PD activity as well as the level of NADPH, a reducing cofactor essential for macromolecule synthesis. Moreover, G6PD knock-down inhibits the gain of proliferation observed when RIP140 expression is reduced. Importantly, RIP140-deficient cells are more sensitive to G6PD inhibition in cell proliferation assays and tumor growth experiments. Altogether, this study describes a novel role for RIP140 in regulating G6PD levels, which links its effect on breast cancer cell proliferation to metabolic rewiring.
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Wang X, Xia Z, He Y, Zhou X, Zhang H, Gao C, Ge Y, Cai X, Zhou Y, Guo Q. Newborn Screening for G6PD Deficiency in Xiamen, China: Prevalence, Variant Spectrum, and Genotype-Phenotype Correlations. Front Genet 2021; 12:718503. [PMID: 34659341 PMCID: PMC8517332 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.718503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a common inherited enzymatic defect. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the profile of G6PD deficiency and investigate the factors associated with the accuracy of newborn screening (NBS) in Xiamen, China. Methods: A total of 99,546 newborns were screened by modified fluorescent spot test at the Women and Children’s Hospital, Xiamen University. High-risk neonates were recalled for diagnosis by either a measurement of G6PD activity or genetic testing for the presence of pathogenic G6PD variants using a quantitative G6PD enzymatic assay or the MeltPro® G6PD assay, respectively. Results: In the first-tier screening, 1,256 newborns were categorized as high risk. Of these, 1,051 were diagnosed with G6PD deficiency, indicating a prevalence of 1.39% in Xiamen, China. Among the 1,013 neonates who underwent genotyping, 851 carried hemizygous, heterozygous, homozygous, or compound heterozygous variants, for a positive predictive value (PPV) of 84.01%. In total, 12 variants and 32 genotypes were identified, and the six most common variants were c.1376G>T, c.1388G>A, c.95A>G, c.1024C>T, c.871G>A, and c.392G>T, which accounted for approximately 94% of the identified alleles. Different variants showed characteristic enzymatic activities, although high phenotypic heterogeneity was observed for each variant. The use of cold-chain transportation significantly improved the PPV of NBS. Conclusions: We determined the profile of G6PD deficiency in Xiamen, including the prevalence, variant spectrum, and genotype-phenotype correlations and confirmed that maintaining a low temperature during sample transport is essential to ensure the high screening accuracy of NBS. Our data provides epidemiological, genotypic, phenotypic, and clinical practice references to standardize future interventions for G6PD deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Wang
- United Diagnostic and Research Center for Clinical Genetics, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Xiamen Newborn Screening Center, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhongmin Xia
- United Diagnostic and Research Center for Clinical Genetics, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ying He
- Xiamen Newborn Screening Center, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaoman Zhou
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chunliu Gao
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yunsheng Ge
- United Diagnostic and Research Center for Clinical Genetics, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaofang Cai
- Xiamen Newborn Screening Center, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yulin Zhou
- United Diagnostic and Research Center for Clinical Genetics, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Xiamen Newborn Screening Center, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiwei Guo
- United Diagnostic and Research Center for Clinical Genetics, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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7
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Garcia AA, Koperniku A, Ferreira JCB, Mochly-Rosen D. Treatment strategies for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: past and future perspectives. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:829-844. [PMID: 34389161 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) maintains redox balance in a variety of cell types and is essential for erythrocyte resistance to oxidative stress. G6PD deficiency, caused by mutations in the G6PD gene, is present in ~400 million people worldwide, and can cause acute hemolytic anemia. Currently, there are no therapeutics for G6PD deficiency. We discuss the role of G6PD in hemolytic and nonhemolytic disorders, treatment strategies attempted over the years, and potential reasons for their failure. We also discuss potential pharmacological pathways, including glutathione (GSH) metabolism, compensatory NADPH production routes, transcriptional upregulation of the G6PD gene, highlighting potential drug targets. The needs and opportunities described here may motivate the development of a therapeutic for hematological and other chronic diseases associated with G6PD deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana A Garcia
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ana Koperniku
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julio C B Ferreira
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Yang X, Liu Q, Zou J, Li YK, Xie X. Identification of a Prognostic Index Based on a Metabolic-Genomic Landscape Analysis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:5683-5698. [PMID: 34295189 PMCID: PMC8290353 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s316588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic disorders have attracted increasing attention from scientists who conduct research on various tumours, especially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The purpose of this study was to assess the prognostic significance of metabolism in HCC. Methods The expression profiles of metabolism-related genes (MRGs) of 349 surviving HCC patients were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Subsequently, a series of biomedical computational algorithms were used to identify a seven-MRG signature as a prognostic model. GSEA indicated the function and pathway enrichment of these MRGs. Then, drug sensitivity analysis was used to identify the hub gene, which was tested using IHC staining. Results A total of 420 differential MRGs and 116 differentially expressed transcription factors (TFs) were identified in HCC patients based on data from the TCGA database. The GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that metabolic disturbance might be involved in the development of HCC. LASSO regression analysis was used to construct a seven-MRG signature (DHDH, ENO1, G6PD, LPCAT1, PDE6D, PIGU and PPAT) that could predict the prognosis of HCC patients. GSEA revealed the functional and pathway enrichment of these seven MRGs. Then, drug sensitivity analysis indicated that G6PD might play a key role in the prognosis of HCC by promoting chemoresistance. Finally, we used IHC staining to demonstrate the relationship between G6PD expression levels and clinical parameters in HCC patients. Conclusion The results of this study provide a potential method for predicting the prognosis of HCC patients and avenues for further studies of HCC metabolism. Moreover, the function of G6PD may play a key role in the development and progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Heng Yang, Hunan, 421000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Heng Yang, Hunan, 421000, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Heng Yang, Hunan, 421000, People's Republic of China
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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Blood 2021; 136:1225-1240. [PMID: 32702756 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is 1 of the commonest human enzymopathies, caused by inherited mutations of the X-linked gene G6PD. G6PD deficiency makes red cells highly vulnerable to oxidative damage, and therefore susceptible to hemolysis. Over 200 G6PD mutations are known: approximately one-half are polymorphic and therefore common in various populations. Some 500 million persons with any of these mutations are mostly asymptomatic throughout their lifetime; however, any of them may develop acute and sometimes very severe hemolytic anemia when triggered by ingestion of fava beans, by any of a number of drugs (for example, primaquine, rasburicase), or, more rarely, by infection. Approximately one-half of the G6PD mutations are instead sporadic: rare patients with these mutations present with chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. Almost all G6PD mutations are missense mutations, causing amino acid replacements that entail deficiency of G6PD enzyme activity: they compromise the stability of the protein, the catalytic activity is decreased, or a combination of both mechanisms occurs. Thus, genotype-phenotype correlations have been reasonably well clarified in many cases. G6PD deficiency correlates remarkably, in its geographic distribution, with past/present malaria endemicity: indeed, it is a unique example of an X-linked human polymorphism balanced through protection of heterozygotes from malaria mortality. Acute hemolytic anemia can be managed effectively provided it is promptly diagnosed. Reliable diagnostic procedures are available, with point-of-care tests becoming increasingly important where primaquine and its recently introduced analog tafenoquine are required for the elimination of malaria.
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Geng SL, Zhang XS, Xu WH. COXIV and SIRT2-mediated G6PD deacetylation modulate ROS homeostasis to extend pupal lifespan. FEBS J 2020; 288:2436-2453. [PMID: 33058529 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that high physiological levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain promote pupal diapause, which extends the pupal lifespan. However, the molecular mechanisms of ROS generation are unclear. In this paper, we found that mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) levels in the brains of Helicoverpa armigera diapause-destined pupae (DP) were higher and that the expression of cytochrome oxidase subunit IV (COXIV) was lower than in NP. In addition, downregulating COXIV caused mitochondrial dysfunction which elevated mtROS levels. Protein kinase A (PKA) was downregulated in DP, which led to the downregulated expression of the mitochondrial transcription factor TFAM. Low TFAM activity failed to promote COXIV expression and resulted in the high ROS levels that induced diapause. In addition, low sirtuin 2 expression suppressed glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deacetylation at K382, which led to reduced G6PD activity and low NADPH levels, thereby maintaining high levels of ROS. Two proteins, COXIV and G6PD, thus play key roles in the elevated accumulation of ROS that induce diapause and extend the pupal lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Lei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Sun Q, Zhang BY, Zhang PA, Hu J, Zhang HH, Xu GY. Downregulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase contributes to diabetic neuropathic pain through upregulation of toll-like receptor 4 in rats. Mol Pain 2019; 15:1744806919838659. [PMID: 30838902 PMCID: PMC6487759 DOI: 10.1177/1744806919838659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Diabetic neuropathic pain is a refractory and disabling complication of diabetes mellitus. The pathogenesis of the diabetic neuropathic pain is still unclear, and treatment is insufficient. The aim of this study is to investigate the roles of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in neuropathic pain in rats with diabetes. Methods Type 1 diabetes model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 75 mg/kg) in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. Paw withdrawal threshold and paw withdrawal latency of rats were measured by von Frey filaments and thermal radiation, respectively. The expressions of G6PD and TLR4 in L4-L6 dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) were measured by western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Fluorescent immunohistochemistry was employed to detect expressions of G6PD and TLR4 and co-location of G6PD with TLR4. Results The mRNA and protein expression levels of G6PD in DRGs were significantly decreased in diabetic rats when compared with age-matched control rats. Upregulation of G6PD by intrathecal injection of G6PD overexpression adenovirus markedly attenuated hindpaw pain hypersensitivity of diabetic rats. The mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR4 in DRGs of diabetic rats were significantly increased when compared with control rats. Intrathecal injection of TLR4-selective inhibitor CLI-095 attenuated diabetic pain in dose- and time-dependent manners. Furthermore, G6PD and TLR4 were co-localized in DRG neurons. Intrathecal injection of G6PD overexpression adenovirus greatly reduced TLR4 expression, while intrathecal injection of CLI-095 had no significant effect on G6PD expression in diabetic rats. Conclusions Our results suggest that decrease in G6PD expression was involved in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain, which was most likely through upregulation of TLR4 expression in the DRGs of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China.,2 Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Yu Zhang
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ping-An Zhang
- 2 Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ji Hu
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Hong Zhang
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- 2 Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
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12
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Zhang Y, Lee JH, Paull TT, Gehrke S, D'Alessandro A, Dou Q, Gladyshev VN, Schroeder EA, Steyl SK, Christian BE, Shadel GS. Mitochondrial redox sensing by the kinase ATM maintains cellular antioxidant capacity. Sci Signal 2018; 11:eaaq0702. [PMID: 29991649 PMCID: PMC6042875 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaq0702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are integral to cellular energy metabolism and ATP production and are involved in regulating many cellular processes. Mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which not only can damage cellular components but also participate in signal transduction. The kinase ATM, which is mutated in the neurodegenerative, autosomal recessive disease ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), is a key player in the nuclear DNA damage response. However, ATM also performs a redox-sensing function mediated through formation of ROS-dependent disulfide-linked dimers. We found that mitochondria-derived hydrogen peroxide promoted ATM dimerization. In HeLa cells, ATM dimers were localized to the nucleus and inhibited by the redox regulatory protein thioredoxin 1 (TRX1), suggesting the existence of a ROS-mediated, stress-signaling relay from mitochondria to the nucleus. ATM dimer formation did not affect its association with chromatin in the absence or presence of nuclear DNA damage, consistent with the separation of its redox and DNA damage signaling functions. Comparative analysis of U2OS cells expressing either wild-type ATM or the redox sensing-deficient C2991L mutant revealed that one function of ATM redox sensing is to promote glucose flux through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) by increasing the abundance and activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), thereby increasing cellular antioxidant capacity. The PPP produces the coenzyme NADPH needed for a robust antioxidant response, including the regeneration of TRX1, indicating the existence of a regulatory feedback loop involving ATM and TRX1. We propose that loss of the mitochondrial ROS-sensing function of ATM may cause cellular ROS accumulation and oxidative stress in A-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichong Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Tanya T Paull
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Sarah Gehrke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Qianhui Dou
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | - Vadim N Gladyshev
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | | | - Samantha K Steyl
- Department of Chemistry, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Brooke E Christian
- Department of Chemistry, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
| | - Gerald S Shadel
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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13
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IRF5 is elevated in childhood-onset SLE and regulated by histone acetyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors. Oncotarget 2018; 8:47184-47194. [PMID: 28525378 PMCID: PMC5564555 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) plays a critical role in the induction of type I interferon, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and participates in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the relationship between IRF5 and childhood-onset SLE remains elusive. In the present study, we demonstrated that levels of mRNA expression of IRF5, IFN-α, and Sp1 were significantly increased in childhood-onset SLE, as seen on quantitative real-time PCR, and the expression of Sp1 and IFN-α was positively correlated with IRF5. In addition to being used as antitumor drugs, a number of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) display potent anti-inflammatory properties; however, their effects on IRF5 expression remain unclear. In this study, we identified that HDACi trichostatin A (TSA) and histone acetyltransferase (HAT)-p300 downregulated IRF5 promoter activity, mRNA expression, and protein level, whereas the HAT-p300/CBP-associated factor had no effect. Moreover, TSA inhibited the production of TNF-α and IL-6 in differentiated THP-1cells. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that TSA inhibited DNA binding of Sp1, RNA polymerase II, HDAC3, and p300 to the core promoter region of IRF5. Our results suggest that HDACi may have therapeutic potential in patients with autoimmune diseases such as SLE through repression of IRF5 expression.
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14
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Belisário AR, Silva CM, Velloso-Rodrigues C, Viana MB. Genetic, laboratory and clinical risk factors in the development of overt ischemic stroke in children with sickle cell disease. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2018; 40:166-181. [PMID: 30057991 PMCID: PMC6003005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjhh.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease, particularly stroke, is one of the most severe clinical complications associated with sickle cell disease and is a significant cause of morbidity in both children and adults. Over the past two decades, considerable advances have been made in the understanding of its natural history and enabled early identification and treatment of children at the highest risk. Transcranial Doppler screening and regular blood transfusions have markedly reduced the risk of stroke in children. However, transcranial Doppler has a limited positive predictive value and the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular disease is not completely understood. In this review, we will focus on the current state of knowledge about risk factors associated with ischemic stroke in patients with sickle cell disease. A search of PubMed was performed to identify studies. Full texts of the included articles were reviewed and data were summarized in a table. The coinheritance of alpha-thalassemia plays a protective role against ischemic stroke. The influence of other genetic risk factors is controversial, still preliminary, and requires confirmatory studies. Recent advances have established the reticulocyte count as the most important laboratory risk factor. Clinical features associated with acute hypoxemia as well as silent infarcts seem to influence the development of strokes in children. However, transcranial Doppler remains the only available clinical prognostic tool to have been validated. If our understanding of the many risk factors associated with stroke advances further, it may be possible to develop useful tools to detect patients at the highest risk early, improving the selection of children requiring intensification therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Rolim Belisário
- Centro de Tecidos Biológicos de Minas Gerais, Fundação Hemominas, Lagoa Santa, MG, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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15
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Pharmacogenomics and Hematologic Diseases. Hematology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35762-3.00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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16
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Debeb BG, Lacerda L, Larson R, Wolfe AR, Krishnamurthy S, Reuben JM, Ueno NT, Gilcrease M, Woodward WA. Histone deacetylase inhibitor-induced cancer stem cells exhibit high pentose phosphate pathway metabolism. Oncotarget 2017; 7:28329-39. [PMID: 27078845 PMCID: PMC5053589 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We recently demonstrated that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors can "reprogram" differentiated triple-negative breast cancer cells to become quiescent stem-like cancer cells. We hypothesized that the metabolic state of such cells differs from that of their differentiated progeny. RESULTS In untreated cells, glucose uptake was higher in ALDH+ cells than in ALDH- cells (p = 0.01) but lactate production was not different; treating ALDH- or ALDH+ cells with VA or SAHA similarly increased glucose uptake without changing lactate production but upregulated G6PD, a rate-limiting enzyme in pentose phosphate pathway metabolism. NADPH production was higher in HDAC inhibitor-treated stem-like cells than in vehicle-treated cells (p < 0.05). Two G6PD inhibitors, 6-aminonicotinamide and dehydroepiandrosterone, decreased mammosphere formation efficiency and ALDH activity and 6-aminonicotinamide reduced the VA-induced increase in ALDH+ cells. Finally, patients expressing high G6PD mRNA had significantly worse overall survival (p < 0.001), and patients with high G6PD protein showed a similar trend towards worse disease-specific survival (p = 0.06). METHODS Glucose consumption, lactate and NADPH production, and reactive oxygen species generation were compared in aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)-positive and -negative cells in the presence or absence of the HDAC inhibitors valproic acid (VA) or suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) expression was evaluated in a tissue microarray from 94 patients with node-positive invasive breast carcinoma and in two publically available databases and correlated with overall survival. CONCLUSIONS Energy metabolism in HDAC inhibitor-induced stem-like cancer cells differed sharply from that of differentiated cell types. HDAC inhibitor-induced dedifferentiation promoted metabolic reprogramming into the pentose phosphate pathway, which is targeted effectively by G6PD inhibition. These findings highlight a potential dual-therapy approach to targeting bulk differentiated cells with HDAC inhibitors and CSCs with G6PD inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisrat G Debeb
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lara Lacerda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard Larson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Adam R Wolfe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Savitri Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James M Reuben
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Naoto T Ueno
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael Gilcrease
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wendy A Woodward
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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17
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Park YJ, Choe SS, Sohn JH, Kim JB. The role of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in adipose tissue inflammation in obesity. Adipocyte 2017; 6:147-153. [PMID: 28425844 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2017.1288321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is closely associated with metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes. One hallmark characteristics of obesity is chronic inflammation that is coordinately controlled by complex signaling networks in adipose tissues. Compelling evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and its related signaling pathways play crucial roles in the progression of chronic inflammation in obesity. The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is an anabolic pathway that utilizes the glucoses to generate molecular building blocks and reducing equivalents in the form of NADPH. In particular, NADPH acts as one of the key modulators in the control of ROS through providing an electron for both ROS generation and scavenging. Recently, we have reported that glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), a rate-limiting enzyme of the PPP, is implicated in adipose tissue inflammation and systemic insulin resistance in obesity. Mechanistically, G6PD potentiates generation of ROS that augments pro-inflammatory responses in adipose tissue macrophages, leading to systemic insulin resistance. Here, we provide an overview of cell type- specific roles of G6PD in the regulation of ROS balance as well as additional details on the significance of G6PD that contributes to pro-oxidant NADPH generation in obesity-related chronic inflammation and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jeong Park
- Department of Biological Science, Institute of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Sik Choe
- Department of Biological Science, Institute of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Hyung Sohn
- Department of Biological Science, Institute of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Bum Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Institute of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Segura-Ulate I, Yang B, Vargas-Medrano J, Perez RG. FTY720 (Fingolimod) reverses α-synuclein-induced downregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in OLN-93 oligodendroglial cells. Neuropharmacology 2017; 117:149-157. [PMID: 28153532 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a demyelinating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by accumulation of aggregated α-synuclein (aSyn) inside oligodendrocyte precursors, mature oligodendroglia, and neurons. MSA dysfunction is associated with loss of trophic factor production by glial and neuronal cells. Here, we report that recombinant wild type human aSyn uptake by OLN-93, an oligodendroglia cell-line, reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. Furthermore, OLN-93 cells stably transfected with human wild type or an MSA-associated mutant aSyn, A53E that produces neuronal and glial inclusions, reduced BDNF mRNA to nearly unmeasurable qPCR levels. Curiously, another MSA-associated aSyn mutant, G51D that also produces neuronal and glial inclusions, caused only a trend toward BDNF mRNA reduction in transfected OLN-93 cells. This suggests that oligodendrocyte-associated BDNF loss occurs in response to specific aSyn types. Treating OLN-93 cells with 160 nM FTY720 (Fingolimod, Gilenya®), a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved therapeutic for multiple sclerosis, counteracted BDNF downregulation in all aSyn OLN-93 cells. FTY720 also restored BDNF mRNA in OLN-93 cells treated with recombinant aSyn, as measured by qPCR or semiquantitatively on agarose gels. Immunoblots confirmed that FTY720 increased histone 3 acetylation in OLN-93, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed increased acetylated histone 3 at BDNF promoter 1 after FTY720. Moreover, OLN-93 cells treated with valproic acid, a classic histone deacetylase inhibitor, confirmed that increasing acetylated histone 3 levels increases BDNF expression. Cumulatively, the data suggest that FTY720-associated histone deacetylase inhibition stimulates BDNF expression in oligodendroglial cells, raising the possibility that MSA patients may also benefit by treatment with FTY720.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Segura-Ulate
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, 5001 El Paso Dr, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Barbara Yang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, 5001 El Paso Dr, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Javier Vargas-Medrano
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, 5001 El Paso Dr, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Ruth G Perez
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, 5001 El Paso Dr, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
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19
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Yang HC, Wu YH, Liu HY, Stern A, Chiu DTY. What has passed is prolog: new cellular and physiological roles of G6PD. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:1047-1064. [PMID: 27684214 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2016.1223296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
G6PD deficiency has been the most pervasive inherited disorder in the world since having been discovered. G6PD has an antioxidant role by functioning as a major nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) provider to reduce excessive oxidative stress. NADPH can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) mediated by NADPH oxidase (NOX) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), respectively. Hence, G6PD also has a pro-oxidant role. Research in the past has focused on the enhanced susceptibility of G6PD-deficient cells or individuals to oxidative challenge. The cytoregulatory role of G6PD has largely been overlooked. By using a metabolomic approach, it is noted that upon oxidant challenge, G6PD-deficient cells will reprogram the GSH metabolism from regeneration to synthesis with exhaustive energy consumption. Recently, new cellular/physiologic roles of G6PD have been discovered. By using a proteomic approach, it has been found that G6PD plays a regulatory role in xenobiotic metabolism possibly via NOX and the redox-sensitive Nrf2-signaling pathway to modulate the expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. Since G6PD is a key regulator responsible for intracellular redox homeostasis, G6PD deficiency can alter redox balance leading to many abnormal cellular effects such as the cellular inflammatory and immune response against viral infection. G6PD may play an important role in embryogenesis as G6PD-knockdown mouse cannot produce offspring and G6PD-deficient C. elegans with defective egg production and hatching. This array of findings indicates that the cellular and physiologic roles of G6PD, other than the classical role as an antioxidant enzyme, deserve further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chi Yang
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences , College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan.,b Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Wu
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences , College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ya Liu
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences , College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Arnold Stern
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Daniel Tsun-Yee Chiu
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences , College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan.,b Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan.,d Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Linkou , Taiwan
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20
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Ota C, Yamada M, Fujino N, Motohashi H, Tando Y, Takei Y, Suzuki T, Takahashi T, Kamata S, Makiguchi T, Yamaya M, Kubo H. Histone deacetylase inhibitor restores surfactant protein-C expression in alveolar-epithelial type II cells and attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in vivo. Exp Lung Res 2015; 41:422-34. [PMID: 26151196 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2015.1060275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM Surfactant protein-C (SP-C) of alveolar epithelial type II cells (ATII) plays a key role in maintaining alveolar integrity and repair. Mutations or decreased expression of SFTPC, the gene encoding SP-C, causes ATII injury and aberrant repair of the lung tissue to develop pulmonary fibrosis. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) epigenetically remove acetyl groups from acetylated histones and regulate transcription. HDAC inhibitors attenuated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibrotic disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate whether Trichostatin A (TSA), a pan-HDAC inhibitor, epigenetically exerts a protective effect on ATII against fibrotic changes via the restoration of SFTPC expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS We treated A549 cells with TGF-β1 to induce EMT, followed by TSA treatment. We evaluated SFTPC mRNA, histone acetylation levels in the SFTPC gene promoter region, and pro-SP-C protein. C57BL6/J mice were treated with intratracheal bleomycin instillation followed by TSA administration. Histological changes and Sftpc mRNA expression in isolated ATII were evaluated. RESULTS TGF-β1 treatment decreased SFTPC mRNA in A549 cells. TSA restored SFTPC mRNA, and increased histone H4 acetylation in the SFTPC promoter region in vitro. The administration of TSA partially attenuated BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis and increased the Sftpc mRNA expression in isolated ATII from bleomycin-treated lungs in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Decreased expression of SFTPC by TGF-β1 treatment was restored by TSA via hyperacetylation of histone H4 in the promoter region. TSA partially attenuated pulmonary fibrosis and increased Sftpc mRNA in ATII. Our findings suggest that the epigenetic restoration of SP-C would be a therapeutic target for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Ota
- a Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , 2-1 Seiryoumachi, Aobaku , Sendai , Japan.,b Department of Pediatrics , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , 1-1 Seiryoumachi, Aobaku , Sendai , Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yamada
- c Department of Respiratory Medicine , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , 1-1 Seiryoumachi, Aobaku , Sendai , Japan
| | - Naoya Fujino
- a Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , 2-1 Seiryoumachi, Aobaku , Sendai , Japan
| | - Hozumi Motohashi
- d Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer , Tohoku University , 4-1 Seiryoumachi, Aobaku , Sendai , Japan
| | - Yukiko Tando
- a Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , 2-1 Seiryoumachi, Aobaku , Sendai , Japan
| | - Yusuke Takei
- a Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , 2-1 Seiryoumachi, Aobaku , Sendai , Japan.,e Department of Anesthesiology , Tohoku University Hospital , 1-1 Seiryoumachi, Aobaku , Sendai , Japan
| | - Takaya Suzuki
- f Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer , Tohoku University , 4-1 Seiryoumachi, Aobaku , Sendai , Japan
| | - Toru Takahashi
- a Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , 2-1 Seiryoumachi, Aobaku , Sendai , Japan.,e Department of Anesthesiology , Tohoku University Hospital , 1-1 Seiryoumachi, Aobaku , Sendai , Japan
| | - Satoshi Kamata
- a Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , 2-1 Seiryoumachi, Aobaku , Sendai , Japan.,f Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer , Tohoku University , 4-1 Seiryoumachi, Aobaku , Sendai , Japan
| | - Tomonori Makiguchi
- c Department of Respiratory Medicine , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , 1-1 Seiryoumachi, Aobaku , Sendai , Japan
| | - Mutsuo Yamaya
- a Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , 2-1 Seiryoumachi, Aobaku , Sendai , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kubo
- a Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , 2-1 Seiryoumachi, Aobaku , Sendai , Japan
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21
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Abstract
In this issue of Blood, Makarona et al demonstrate that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACis) in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient cells reinstates enzyme activity by boosting gene transcription. This therapeutic approach opens new avenues for preclinical and clinical studies to treat not only chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia caused by severe G6PD variants, but also other genetic diseases.
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