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Malik RA, Zhou J, Fredenburgh JC, Crosby J, Revenko AS, Healey JS, Weitz JI. Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein Modulates the Toxic Effects of High-Dose Polyphosphate in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:1658-1670. [PMID: 38752349 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.124.320899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyphosphate (polyP), a procoagulant released from platelets, activates coagulation via the contact system and modulates cardiomyocyte viability. High-dose intravenous polyP is lethal in mice, presumably because of thrombosis. Previously, we showed that HRG (histidine-rich glycoprotein) binds polyP and attenuates its procoagulant effects. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms responsible for the lethality of intravenous polyP in mice and the impact of HRG on this process. METHODS The survival of wild-type or HRG-deficient mice given intravenous synthetic or platelet-derived polyP in doses up to 50 mg/kg or saline was compared. To determine the contribution of thrombosis, the effect of FXII (factor XII) knockdown or enoxaparin on polyP-induced fibrin deposition in the lungs was examined. To assess cardiotoxicity, the ECG was continuously monitored, the levels of troponin I and the myocardial band of creatine kinase were quantified, and the viability of a cultured murine cardiomyocyte cell line exposed to polyP in the absence or presence of HRG was determined. RESULTS In HRG-deficient mice, polyP was lethal at 30 mg/kg, whereas it was lethal in wild-type mice at 50 mg/kg. Although FXII knockdown or enoxaparin administration attenuated polyP-induced fibrin deposition in the lungs, neither affected mortality. PolyP induced dose-dependent ECG abnormalities, including heart block and ST-segment changes, and increased the levels of troponin and myocardial band of creatine kinase, effects that were more pronounced in HRG-deficient mice than in wild-type mice and were attenuated when HRG-deficient mice were given supplemental HRG. Consistent with its cardiotoxicity, polyP reduced the viability of cultured cardiomyocytes in a dose-dependent manner, an effect attenuated with supplemental HRG. CONCLUSIONS High-dose intravenous polyP is cardiotoxic in mice, and HRG modulates this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rida A Malik
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (R.A.M., J.Z., J.C.F., J.I.W.)
- Department of Medical Sciences (R.A.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ji Zhou
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (R.A.M., J.Z., J.C.F., J.I.W.)
- Department of Medicine (J.Z., J.C.F., J.S.H., J.I.W.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James C Fredenburgh
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (R.A.M., J.Z., J.C.F., J.I.W.)
- Department of Medicine (J.Z., J.C.F., J.S.H., J.I.W.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeff Crosby
- Department of Pulmonary and Oncology Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (J.C., A.S.R.)
| | - Alexey S Revenko
- Department of Pulmonary and Oncology Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (J.C., A.S.R.)
| | - Jeff S Healey
- Department of Medicine (J.Z., J.C.F., J.S.H., J.I.W.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.S.H.)
| | - Jeffrey I Weitz
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (R.A.M., J.Z., J.C.F., J.I.W.)
- Department of Medicine (J.Z., J.C.F., J.S.H., J.I.W.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences (J.I.W.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Tao Y, Ma J, Feng Y, Gao C, Wu T, Xia Y, Cheng Z, Zhang Y, Liu T, Hu Y, Tang LV. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) homozygous Tyr471His mutation associates with thromboembolic disease. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e392. [PMID: 37808270 PMCID: PMC10556205 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) encoded by PLAT is a major mediator that promotes fibrinolysis and prevents thrombosis. Pathogenetic mutations in PLAT associated with venous thromboembolism have rarely been reported. Here, we report the first case of a homozygous point mutation c.1411T>C (p.Y471H) in PLAT leading to thromboembolic events and conduct related functional studies. The corresponding tPA mutant protein (tPA-Y471H) and wild-type tPA (tPA-WT) were synthesized in vitro, and mutant mice (PLATH/H mice) were constructed. The molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance results indicated that the mutation impeded the hydrogen-bonding interactions between the protease domain of tPA and the kringle 4 domain of plasminogen, and the binding affinity of tPA and plasminogen was significantly reduced with a difference of one order of magnitude. mRNA half-life assay showed that the half-life of tPA-Y471H was shortened. The inferior vena cava thrombosis model showed that the rate of venous thrombosis in PLATH/H mice was 80% compared with 53% in wild-type mice. Our data suggested a novel role for the protease domain of tPA in efficient plasminogen activation, and demonstrated that this tPA mutation could reduce the fibrinolysis function of the body and lead to an increased propensity for thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyi Tao
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jiewen Ma
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yuanzheng Feng
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Chenggang Gao
- Department of Critical Care MedicineUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Tingting Wu
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yunqing Xia
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Tingting Liu
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Liang V. Tang
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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3
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Tang LV, Tao Y, Feng Y, Ma J, Lin W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wu T, Cai Y, Lu H, Wei J, Corral J, Hu Y. Gene editing of human iPSCs rescues thrombophilia in hereditary antithrombin deficiency in mice. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabq3202. [PMID: 36449603 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq3202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary antithrombin deficiency is caused by SERPINC1 gene mutations and predisposes to recurrent venous thromboembolism that can be life-threatening. Therefore, lifelong anticoagulation is required, which has side effects and may not be effective. In this study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a patient with severe antithrombin deficiency were reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The mutation was corrected using CRISPR-Cas9 and Cre/LoxP genome editing. iPSCs were differentiated into hepatocytes, which were injected into the spleen of antithrombin knockout mice to restore the activity of antithrombin and reduce the thrombophilic state. Human iPSC-differentiated hepatocytes colonized mice and secreted antithrombin stably, normalizing antithrombin in plasma (activity: from 46.8 ± 5.7% to 88.6 ± 7.6%, P < 0.0001; antigen: from 146.9 ± 19.5 nanograms per milliliter to 390.7 ± 16.1 nanograms per milliliter, P < 0.0001). In venous thrombosis model, the rate of thrombosis in mice treated with edited hepatocytes, parental hepatocytes, and wild-type mice were 60, 90, and 70%, respectively. The thrombus weight was much lighter in mice treated with edited hepatocytes compared with parental hepatocytes (7.25 ± 2.00 milligrams versus 15.32 ± 2.87 milligrams, P = 0.0025) and showed no notable difference compared with that in wild-type mice (10.41 ± 2.91 milligrams). The activity and concentration of antithrombin remained high for 3 weeks after injection. The liver and kidney function markers showed no obvious abnormality during the observation period. This study provides a proof of principle for correction of mutations in patient-derived iPSCs and potential therapeutic applications for hereditary thrombophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang V Tang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yanyi Tao
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuanzheng Feng
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiewen Ma
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wenyi Lin
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yaohua Cai
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hui Lu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jun Wei
- iRegene Therapeutics Co. Ltd., Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Javier Corral
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERER, Ronda de Garay S/N, 30003 Murcia, Spain
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Wei WC, Liaw CC, Tsai KC, Chiou CT, Tseng YH, Chiou WF, Lin YC, Tsai CI, Lin CS, Lin CS, Liou KT, Yu IS, Shen YC, Su YC. Targeting spike protein-induced TLR/NET axis by COVID-19 therapeutic NRICM102 ameliorates pulmonary embolism and fibrosis. Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106424. [PMID: 36064077 PMCID: PMC9443660 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic remains a critical public health threat, as existing vaccines and drugs appear insufficient to halt the rapid transmission. During an outbreak from May to August 2021 in Taiwan, patients with severe COVID-19 were administered NRICM102, which was a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula developed based on its predecessor NRICM101 approved for treating mild cases. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of NRICM102 in ameliorating severe COVID-19-related embolic and fibrotic pulmonary injury. NRICM102 was found to disrupt spike protein/ACE2 interaction, 3CL protease activity, reduce activation of neutrophils, monocytes and expression of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8), chemokines (MCP-1, MIP-1, RANTES) and proinflammatory receptor (TLR4). NRICM102 also inhibited the spread of virus and progression to embolic and fibrotic pulmonary injury through reducing prothrombotic (vWF, PAI-1, NET) and fibrotic (c-Kit, SCF) factors, and reducing alveolar type I (AT1) and type II (AT2) cell apoptosis. NRICM102 may exhibit its protective capability via regulation of TLRs, JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT, and NET signaling pathways. The study demonstrates the ability of NRICM102 to ameliorate severe COVID-19-related embolic and fibrotic pulmonary injury in vitro and in vivo and elucidates the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chi Wei
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 112026, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ching Liaw
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 112026, Taiwan; Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600355, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Chang Tsai
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 112026, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Tang Chiou
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 112026, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hwei Tseng
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 112026, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Fei Chiou
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 112026, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 112026, Taiwan
| | - Chia-I Tsai
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407204, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Shien Lin
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City 424033, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Sung Lin
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City 424033, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Tong Liou
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 112026, Taiwan
| | - I-Shing Yu
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Chiang Shen
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 112026, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chang Su
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 112026, Taiwan.
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5
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Karpov AA, Vaulina DD, Smirnov SS, Moiseeva OM, Galagudza MM. Rodent models of pulmonary embolism and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09014. [PMID: 35295664 PMCID: PMC8919224 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the third most prevalent cardiovascular disease. It is associated with high in-hospital mortality and the development of acute and chronic complications. New approaches aimed at improving the prognosis of patients with PE are largely dependent on reliable animal models. Mice, rats, hamsters, and rabbits, are currently most commonly used for PE modeling because of their ethical acceptability and economic feasibility. This article provides an overview of the main approaches to PE modeling, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Special attention is paid to experimental endpoints, including morphological, functional, and molecular endpoints. All approaches to PE modeling can be broadly divided into three main groups: 1) induction of thromboembolism, either by thrombus formation in vivo or by injection of in vitro prepared blood clots; 2) introduction of particles of non-thrombotic origin; and 3) surgical procedures. The choice of a specific model and animal species is determined based on the objectives of the study. Rodent models of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), which is the most devastating complication of PE, are also described. CTEPH models are especially challenging because of insufficient knowledge about the pathogenesis and high fibrinolytic activity of rodent plasma. The CTEPH model should demonstrate a persistent increase in pulmonary artery pressure and stable reduction of the vascular bed due to recurrent embolism. Based on the analysis of available evidence, one might conclude that currently, there is no single optimal method for modeling PE and CTEPH.
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6
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Polyphosphate-induced thrombosis in mice is factor XII dependent and is attenuated by histidine-rich glycoprotein. Blood Adv 2021; 5:3540-3551. [PMID: 34474475 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) is an abundant plasma protein that binds factor XIIa (FXIIa) and inhibits factor XII (FXII) autoactivation and FXIIa-mediated activation of FXI. Polyphosphate (polyP), a potent procoagulant released from activated platelets, may serve as a physiological activator of the contact system. Previously, we showed that HRG binds DNA and neutralizes its procoagulant activity. Consequently, our goal was to determine whether the capacity of HRG to bind polyanions enables it to regulate polyP-induced thrombosis. In a plate-based assay, immobilized polyP bound HRG, FXII, and FXIIa in a zinc-dependent manner. Basal and polyP-induced thrombin generation was greater in plasma from HRG-deficient mice than in plasma from wild-type mice. Intraperitoneal injection of polyP shortened the activated partial thromboplastin time, enhanced thrombin generation, increased thrombin-antithrombin levels, reduced lung perfusion, and promoted pulmonary fibrin deposition to a greater extent in HRG-deficient mice than in wild-type mice, effects that were abrogated with FXII knockdown. HRG thus attenuates the procoagulant and prothrombotic effects of polyP in an FXII-dependent manner by modulating the contact system.
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7
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Shi C, Yang L, Braun A, Anders HJ. Extracellular DNA-A Danger Signal Triggering Immunothrombosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:568513. [PMID: 33117353 PMCID: PMC7575749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.568513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clotting and inflammation are effective danger response patterns positively selected by evolution to limit fatal bleeding and pathogen invasion upon traumatic injuries. As a trade-off, thrombotic, and thromboembolic events complicate severe forms of infectious and non-infectious states of acute and chronic inflammation, i.e., immunothrombosis. Factors linked to thrombosis and inflammation include mediators released by platelet granules, complement, and lipid mediators and certain integrins. Extracellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was a previously unrecognized cellular component in the blood, which elicits profound proinflammatory and prothrombotic effects. Pathogens trigger the release of extracellular DNA together with other pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Dying cells in the inflamed or infected tissue release extracellular DNA together with other danger associated molecular pattern (DAMPs). Neutrophils release DNA by forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) during infection, trauma or other forms of vascular injury. Fluorescence tissue imaging localized extracellular DNA to sites of injury and to intravascular thrombi. Functional studies using deoxyribonuclease (DNase)-deficient mouse strains or recombinant DNase show that extracellular DNA contributes to the process of immunothrombosis. Here, we review rodent models of immunothrombosis and the evolving evidence for extracellular DNA as a driver of immunothrombosis and discuss challenges and prospects for extracellular DNA as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxu Shi
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Luying Yang
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Braun
- German Center for Lung Research, Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Diaz JA, Saha P, Cooley B, Palmer OR, Grover SP, Mackman N, Wakefield TW, Henke PK, Smith A, Lal BK. Choosing a Mouse Model of Venous Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 39:311-318. [PMID: 30786739 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Murine models are widely used valuable tools to study deep vein thrombosis. Leading experts in venous thrombosis research came together through the American Venous Forum to develop a consensus on maximizing the utility and application of available mouse models of venous thrombosis. In this work, we provide an algorithm for model selection, with discussion of the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of the main mouse models of venous thrombosis. Additionally, we provide a detailed surgical description of the models with guidelines to validate surgical technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Diaz
- From the Department of Surgery, Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (J.A.D., O.R.P., T.W.W., P.K.H.)
| | - Prakash Saha
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, King's College London, UK (P.S., A.S.)
| | - Brian Cooley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (B.C., S.P.G., N.M.)
| | - Olivia R Palmer
- From the Department of Surgery, Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (J.A.D., O.R.P., T.W.W., P.K.H.)
| | - Steven P Grover
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (B.C., S.P.G., N.M.)
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (B.C., S.P.G., N.M.)
| | - Thomas W Wakefield
- From the Department of Surgery, Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (J.A.D., O.R.P., T.W.W., P.K.H.)
| | - Peter K Henke
- From the Department of Surgery, Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (J.A.D., O.R.P., T.W.W., P.K.H.)
| | - Alberto Smith
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, King's College London, UK (P.S., A.S.)
| | - Brajesh K Lal
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, College Park (B.K.L.)
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Abstract
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a disease with high prevalence and morbidity. It can lead to pulmonary embolism with severe respiratory insufficiency and risk of death. Mechanisms behind all stages of DVT, such as thrombosis commencement, propagation, and resolution, remain incompletely understood. Animal models represent an invaluable tool to explore these problems and identify new targets for DVT prevention and treatment. In this review, we discuss existing models of venous thrombosis, their advantages and disadvantages, and applicability to studying different aspects of DVT pathophysiology. We also speculate about requirements for an "ideal model" that would best recapitulate features of human DVT and discuss readouts of various models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Campos
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
| | - Alexander Brill
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK.,Department of Pathophysiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) , Moscow, Russia.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham , The Midlands, UK
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10
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Diaz JA, Saha P, Cooley B, Palmer OR, Grover SP, Mackman N, Wakefield TW, Henke PK, Smith A, Lal BK. Choosing a mouse model of venous thrombosis: a consensus assessment of utility and application. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:699-707. [PMID: 30927321 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Murine models are widely used valuable tools to study deep vein thrombosis (VT). Leading experts in VT research came together through the American Venous Forum to develop a consensus on maximizing the utility and application of available mouse models of VT. In this work, we provide an algorithm for model selection, with discussion of the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of the main mouse models of VT. Additionally, we provide a detailed surgical description of the models with guidelines to validate surgical technique.
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11
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The endothelial tumor suppressor p53 is essential for venous thrombus formation in aged mice. Blood Adv 2019; 2:1300-1314. [PMID: 29891592 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017014050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly people. Increased expression of tumor suppressor protein 53 (p53) has been implicated in vascular senescence. Here, we examined the importance of endothelial p53 for venous thrombosis and whether endothelial senescence and p53 overexpression are involved in the exponential increase of VTE with age. Mice with conditional, endothelial-specific deletion of p53 (End.p53-KO) and their wild-type littermates (End.p53-WT) underwent subtotal inferior vena cava (IVC) ligation to induce venous thrombosis. IVC ligation in aged (12-month-old) End.p53-WT mice resulted in higher rates of thrombus formation and greater mean thrombus size vs adult (12-week-old) End.p53-WT mice, whereas aged End.p53-KO mice were protected from vein thrombosis. Analysis of primary endothelial cells from aged mice or human vein endothelial cells after induction of replicative senescence revealed significantly increased early growth response gene-1 (Egr1) and heparanase expression, and plasma factor Xa levels were elevated in aged End.p53-WT, but not in End.p53-KO mice. Increased endothelial Egr1 and heparanase expression also was observed after doxorubicin-induced p53 overexpression, whereas p53 inhibition using pifithrin-α reduced tissue factor (TF) expression. Importantly, inhibition of heparanase activity using TF pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI2) peptides prevented the enhanced venous thrombus formation in aged mice and restored it to the thrombotic phenotype of adult mice. Our findings suggest that p53 accumulation and heparanase overexpression in senescent endothelial cells are critically involved in mediating the increased risk of venous thrombosis with age and that heparanase antagonization may be explored as strategy to ameliorate the prothrombotic endothelial phenotype with age.
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12
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Rego S, Dagan-Rosenfeld O, Zhou W, Sailani MR, Limcaoco P, Colbert E, Avina M, Wheeler J, Craig C, Salins D, Röst HL, Dunn J, McLaughlin T, Steinmetz LM, Bernstein JA, Snyder MP. High-frequency actionable pathogenic exome variants in an average-risk cohort. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2018; 4:mcs.a003178. [PMID: 30487145 PMCID: PMC6318774 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a003178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exome sequencing is increasingly utilized in both clinical and nonclinical settings, but little is known about its utility in healthy individuals. Most previous studies on this topic have examined a small subset of genes known to be implicated in human disease and/or have used automated pipelines to assess pathogenicity of known variants. To determine the frequency of both medically actionable and nonactionable but medically relevant exome findings in the general population we assessed the exomes of 70 participants who have been extensively characterized over the past several years as part of a longitudinal integrated multiomics profiling study. We analyzed exomes by identifying rare likely pathogenic and pathogenic variants in genes associated with Mendelian disease in the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database. We then used American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) guidelines for the classification of rare sequence variants. Additionally, we assessed pharmacogenetic variants. Twelve out of 70 (17%) participants had medically actionable findings in Mendelian disease genes. Five had phenotypes or family histories associated with their genetic variants. The frequency of actionable variants is higher than that reported in most previous studies and suggests added benefit from utilizing expanded gene lists and manual curation to assess actionable findings. A total of 63 participants (90%) had additional nonactionable findings, including 60 who were found to be carriers for recessive diseases and 21 who have increased Alzheimer's disease risk because of heterozygous or homozygous APOE e4 alleles (18 participants had both). Our results suggest that exome sequencing may have considerably more utility for health management in the general population than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Rego
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Orit Dagan-Rosenfeld
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Wenyu Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M Reza Sailani
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Patricia Limcaoco
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Elizabeth Colbert
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Monika Avina
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jessica Wheeler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Colleen Craig
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Denis Salins
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Hannes L Röst
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jessilyn Dunn
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Mobilize Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Tracey McLaughlin
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Lars M Steinmetz
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonathan A Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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13
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Maruyama K, Akiyama M, Miyata T, Kokame K. Protein S K196E mutation reduces its cofactor activity for APC but not for TFPI. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2018; 2:751-756. [PMID: 30349894 PMCID: PMC6178719 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein S (PS) is an anticoagulant molecule that functions as a cofactor for activated protein C (APC) in the inactivation of activated coagulation factors Va (FVa) and VIIIa. It also serves as a cofactor for tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) in the efficient inhibition of factor Xa (FXa). The Lys196-to-Glu (K196E, Tokushima) mutation in the EGF-2 domain of PS is a genetic risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE) in the Japanese population. OBJECTIVES To investigate the molecular basis of the thrombophilic phenotype of Japanese patients carrying the PS K196E mutation. METHODS We expressed recombinant human PS wild-type (PS-K) and K196E-mutant (PS-E) in CHO cells, and purified them by Ni2+-affinity and anion exchange column chromatography. We investigated the anticoagulant functions of PS-K and PS-E by measuring APC cofactor activity, TFPI cofactor activity, affinity for the β chain of complement component C4b-binding protein (C4BP), and cleavage by thrombin. RESULTS PS-E had approximately 40% APC cofactor activity compared with PS-K in a clotting-based assay and a FVa inactivation assay. The TFPI cofactor activity of PS-E in the FXa inactivation assay was equivalent to that of PS-K in the absence and presence of coagulation factor V. The strengths of PS-E and PS-K binding to the β chain of C4BP were comparable, and both were equally cleaved by thrombin. CONCLUSIONS The PS K196E mutation increases the risk of VTE because of reduced APC cofactor activity but does not alter various other properties, including the TFPI cofactor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Maruyama
- Department of Molecular PathogenesisNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuitaJapan
| | - Masashi Akiyama
- Department of Molecular PathogenesisNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuitaJapan
| | - Toshiyuki Miyata
- Department of Cerebrovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuitaJapan
| | - Koichi Kokame
- Department of Molecular PathogenesisNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuitaJapan
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14
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Palmer OR, Shaydakov ME, Rainey JP, Lawrence DA, Greve JM, Diaz JA. Update on the electrolytic IVC model for pre-clinical studies of venous thrombosis. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2018; 2:266-273. [PMID: 30046728 PMCID: PMC6055493 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The electrolytic inferior vena cava model (EIM) is a murine venous thrombosis (VT) model that produces a non-occlusive thrombus. The thrombus forms in the direction of blood flow, as observed in patients. The EIM is valuable for investigations of therapeutics due to the presence of continuous blood flow. However, the equipment used to induce thrombosis in the original model description was expensive and has since been discontinued. Further, the fibrinolytic system had not been previously studied in the EIM. OBJECTIVES We aimed to provide an equipment alternative. Additionally, we further characterized the model through mapping the current and time dependency of thrombus resolution dynamics, and investigated the fibrinolytic system from acute to chronic VT. RESULTS A voltage to current converter powered by a direct current power supply was constructed and validated, providing an added benefit of significantly reducing costs. The current and time dependency of thrombus volume dynamics was assessed by MRI, demonstrating the flexibility of the EIM to investigate both pro-thrombotic and anti-thrombotic conditions. Additionally, the fibrinolytic system was characterized in EIM. Centripetal distribution of plasminogen was observed over time, with peak staining at day 6 post thrombus induction. Both active circulating plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and vein wall gene expression of PAI-1 peaked at day 2, coinciding with a relative decrease in tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase plasminogen activator. CONCLUSIONS The EIM is a valuable model of VT that can now be performed at low cost and may be beneficial in investigations of the fibrinolytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia R. Palmer
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of Surgery, Vascular SurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Maxim E. Shaydakov
- Department of SurgeryUT Health San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
- Department of Surgery, Vascular SurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Joshua P. Rainey
- Department of Surgery, Vascular SurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | | | - Joan M. Greve
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - José A. Diaz
- Department of Surgery, Vascular SurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
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15
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Trégouët DA, Morange PE. What is currently known about the genetics of venous thromboembolism at the dawn of next generation sequencing technologies. Br J Haematol 2018; 180:335-345. [PMID: 29082522 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) has a strong genetic component. This review summarizes what is known at the seventeen genes that are now well established to harbour VTE-associated genetic variants. In addition, it discusses additional candidate genes that deserve further validation before being claimed as VTE associated genes. Finally, several research strategies are briefly described to identify other molecular determinants of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David-Alexandre Trégouët
- Department of Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Institut National pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMR_S) 1166, Paris, France
- ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Morange
- Laboratory of Haematology, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
- INSERM UMR_S 1062, Nutrition Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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16
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Tashima Y, Banno F, Kita T, Matsuda Y, Yanamoto H, Miyata T. Plasminogen Tochigi mice exhibit phenotypes similar to wild-type mice under experimental thrombotic conditions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180981. [PMID: 28686706 PMCID: PMC5501636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen (Plg) is a precursor of plasmin that degrades fibrin. A race-specific A620T mutation in Plg, also known as Plg-Tochigi, originally identified in a patient with recurrent venous thromboembolism, causes dysplasminogenemia with reduced plasmin activity. The Plg-A620T mutation is present in 3–4% of individuals in East Asian populations, and as many as 50,000 Japanese are estimated to be homozygous for the mutant 620T allele. In the present study, to understand the changes of thrombotic phenotypes in individuals with the mutant 620T allele, we generated knock-in mice carrying the homozygous Plg-A622T mutation (PlgT/T), an equivalent to the A620T mutation in human Plg. PlgT/T mice grew normally but showed severely reduced plasmin activity activated by urokinase, equivalent to ~8% of that in wild-type mice. In vitro fibrin clot lysis in plasma was significantly slower in PlgT/T mice than in wild-type mice. However, all experimental models of electrolytic deep vein thrombosis, tissue factor-induced pulmonary embolism, transient focal brain ischaemic stroke, or skin-wound healing showed largely similar phenotypes between PlgT/T mice and wild-type mice. Protein S-K196E mutation (Pros1E/E) is a race-specific genetic risk factor for venous thromboembolism. Coexistence in mice of PlgT/T and Pros1E/E did not affect pulmonary embolism symptoms, compared with those in Pros1E/E mice. Hence, the present study showed that the Plg-A622T mutation, which confers ~8% plasmin activity, does not increase the risk of thrombotic diseases in mice under experimental thrombotic conditions and does not modify the thrombotic phenotype observed in Pros1E/E mice. PlgT/T mice can be used to investigate the potential pathophysiological impact of the Plg-A620T mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tashima
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Banno
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kita
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Matsuda
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroji Yanamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Neurology and Neurosurgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Miyata
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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17
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Miyata T, Maruyama K, Banno F, Neki R. Thrombophilia in East Asian countries: are there any genetic differences in these countries? Thromb J 2016; 14:25. [PMID: 27766051 PMCID: PMC5056495 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-016-0109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, genetic analyses of congenital deficiencies of three anticoagulant proteins, antithrombin, protein C (PC) and protein S (PS), in East Asian patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) have greatly increased. The PS-K196E mutation is often identified in the Japanese population with an allelic frequency of 0.86 %, and a total of approximately 10,000 Japanese are estimated to be homozygotes. The heterozygotes show PS anticoagulant activities ranging from 40 to 110 %, and 16 % lower mean anticoagulant activity than that in wild-type individuals. Specific assay methods to identify carriers of this mutation have recently been developed. The mutation carriers are at risk of thrombosis during pregnancy but do not appear to be at risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. To promote future research into this mutation and its relation to thrombosis, a thrombosis-prone mouse strain with the PS K196E mutation has been developed. We found the PS-K196E mutation and the heterozygous PS-deficiency in mice caused increased VTE, but did not cause aggravation of ischemic stroke, unlike factor V Leiden mutation. Importantly, the PS-K196E mutation is only identified in Japanese. This suggests that although East Asian populations including Japanese, Chinese, and Koreans are geographically and genetically close, the PS-K196E mutation seems to be Japanese-specific, suggesting that the mutation is a recent occurrence and fixed within the Japanese population. Some recurrent genetic mutations predisposing to VTE have been reported in Chinese and Korean populations. Although the genetic background for VTE is known to differ between populations with Caucasian descent and East Asian populations, some of the recurrent mutations differ even within the East Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Miyata
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, 5658565 Japan
| | - Keiko Maruyama
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, 5658565 Japan
| | - Fumiaki Banno
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Koriyama Women's University, Koriyama, 9638503 Japan
| | - Reiko Neki
- Division of Counseling for Medical Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, 5658565 Japan ; Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, 5658565 Japan
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