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Kathari YK, An M, Dougherty C, Emadi A. Long-Term Follow up of Blinatumomab in Older Patients with B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:335. [PMID: 38543121 PMCID: PMC10974126 DOI: 10.3390/ph17030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Older adults who are diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and are treated with chemotherapy generally have poor outcomes. Blinatumomab is a CD19/CD3 bispecific T-cell engager that has been approved for the treatment of B-cell ALL in the relapsed/refractory setting or in patients with minimal residual disease (MRD) positivity. We previously reported on a small cohort of older adults with newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome negative B-cell ALL who were treated with blinatumomab monotherapy in the first line setting. This is a long-term follow up of those patients and their clinical courses. All five patients achieved complete remission (CR) after one cycle of blinatumomab, and three were MRD-negative. Two patients completed three cycles of blinatumomab, two patients completed four cycles of blinatumomab, and one patient completed 17 cycles of blinatumomab total. In the last four years, four of these patients had relapsed disease requiring additional therapy. Two patients are alive after 61 months and 57 months since their first cycle of blinatumomab. Two of the patients died at 10 months and one died at 20 months. Here we describe the long-term clinical courses of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini K. Kathari
- Departments of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Max An
- Departments of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Christine Dougherty
- Departments of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ashkan Emadi
- Departments of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Bailly C, Thuru X. Targeting of Tetraspanin CD81 with Monoclonal Antibodies and Small Molecules to Combat Cancers and Viral Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072186. [PMID: 37046846 PMCID: PMC10093296 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanin CD81 plays major roles in cell-cell interactions and the regulation of cellular trafficking. This cholesterol-embarking transmembrane protein is a co-receptor for several viruses, including HCV, HIV-1 and Chikungunya virus, which exploits the large extracellular loop EC2 for cell entry. CD81 is also an anticancer target implicated in cancer cell proliferation and mobility, and in tumor metastasis. CD81 signaling contributes to the development of solid tumors (notably colorectal, liver and gastric cancers) and has been implicated in the aggressivity of B-cell lymphomas. A variety of protein partners can interact with CD81, either to regulate attachment and uptake of viruses (HCV E2, claudin-1, IFIM1) or to contribute to tumor growth and dissemination (CD19, CD44, EWI-2). CD81-protein interactions can be modulated with molecules targeting the extracellular domain of CD81, investigated as antiviral and/or anticancer agents. Several monoclonal antibodies anti-CD81 have been developed, notably mAb 5A6 active against invasion and metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer cells. CD81-EC2 can also be targeted with natural products (trachelogenin and harzianoic acids A-B) and synthetic compounds (such as benzothiazole-quinoline derivatives). They are weak CD81 binders but offer templates for the design of new compounds targeting the open EC2 loop. There is no anti-CD81 compound in clinical development at present, but this structurally well-characterized tetraspanin warrants more substantial considerations as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- OncoWitan, Scientific Consulting Office, F-59290 Lille, France
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lille, F-59006 Lille, France
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, OncoLille Institut, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Xavier Thuru
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, OncoLille Institut, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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Xue G, Zheng N, Fang J, Jin G, Li X, Dotti G, Yi Q, Lu Y. Adoptive cell therapy with tumor-specific Th9 cells induces viral mimicry to eliminate antigen-loss-variant tumor cells. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:1610-1622.e9. [PMID: 34678150 PMCID: PMC8678313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Resistance can occur in patients receiving adoptive cell therapy (ACT) due to antigen-loss-variant (ALV) cancer cell outgrowth. Here we demonstrate that murine and human T helper (Th) 9 cells, but not Th1/Tc1 or Th17 cells, expressing tumor-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), eradicate advanced tumors that contain ALVs. This unprecedented antitumor capacity of Th9 cells is attributed to both enhanced direct tumor cell killing and bystander antitumor effects promoted by intratumor release of interferon (IFN) α/β. Mechanistically, tumor-specific Th9 cells increase the intratumor accumulation of extracellular ATP (eATP; released from dying tumor cells), because of a unique feature of Th9 cells that lack the expression of ATP degrading ectoenzyme cluster of differentiation (CD) 39. Intratumor enrichment of eATP promotes the monocyte infiltration and stimulates their production of IFNα/β by inducing eATP-endogenous retrovirus-Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)/mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway activation. These results identify tumor-specific Th9 cells as a unique T cell subset endowed with the unprecedented capacity to eliminate ALVs for curative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xue
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Ningbo Zheng
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Jing Fang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Guangxu Jin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Xiaoyin Li
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, St. Cloud State University, St Cloud, MN 56301, USA
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Qing Yi
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Yong Lu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA.
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Yang Y, Liu XR, Greenberg ZJ, Zhou F, He P, Fan L, Liu S, Shen G, Egawa T, Gross ML, Schuettpelz LG, Li W. Open conformation of tetraspanins shapes interaction partner networks on cell membranes. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105246. [PMID: 32974937 PMCID: PMC7507038 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanins, including CD53 and CD81, regulate a multitude of cellular processes through organizing an interaction network on cell membranes. Here, we report the crystal structure of CD53 in an open conformation poised for partner interaction. The large extracellular domain (EC2) of CD53 protrudes away from the membrane surface and exposes a variable region, which is identified by hydrogen-deuterium exchange as the common interface for CD53 and CD81 to bind partners. The EC2 orientation in CD53 is supported by an extracellular loop (EC1). At the closed conformation of CD81, however, EC2 disengages from EC1 and rotates toward the membrane, thereby preventing partner interaction. Structural simulation shows that EC1-EC2 interaction also supports the open conformation of CD81. Disrupting this interaction in CD81 impairs the accurate glycosylation of its CD19 partner, the target for leukemia immunotherapies. Moreover, EC1 mutations in CD53 prevent the chemotaxis of pre-B cells toward a chemokine that supports B-cell trafficking and homing within the bone marrow, a major CD53 function identified here. Overall, an open conformation is required for tetraspanin-partner interactions to support myriad cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiophysicsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | | | - Zev J Greenberg
- Division of Hematology and OncologyDepartment of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Fengbo Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiophysicsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Peng He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiophysicsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Lingling Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiophysicsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Shixuan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiophysicsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Guomin Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiophysicsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Takeshi Egawa
- Department of Pediatrics Pathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | | | - Laura G Schuettpelz
- Division of Hematology and OncologyDepartment of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Weikai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiophysicsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
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Banihashemi SR, Hosseini AZ, Rahbarizadeh F, Ahmadvand D. Development of specific nanobodies (VHH) for CD19 immuno-targeting of human B-lymphocytes. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018; 21:455-464. [PMID: 29922424 PMCID: PMC6000210 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2018.26778.6557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES CD19 is a transmembrane glycoprotein of immunoglobulin superfamily. In order to treat lymphoma, monoclonal antibodies (mAb) can target different antigens, including CD19, CD20 and CD22 on the surface of B-cells. Along with biotechnology progress, a new generation of antibodies is introduced, with the purpose of eliminating the defects of the previous generation. Among the most developed one are nanobodies (Nb). Nbs are a unique kind of camelid single domain antibody fragments with a broad range of medical applications. Unique physicochemical properties of Nbs have made them ideal candidates for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS An immune gene library was created, and several CD19 specific Nbs were selected through antigen panning process, and their molecular properties as well as specificity, sensitivity, affinity and immunoreactivity against CD19 positive and negative cells were evaluated. RESULTS The Nb library was prepared with 7.2 x107 members. We managed to isolate a panel of CD19-specific Nbs after the last round of selection with the affinity of isolated Nbs being estimated at the standard range of 15-35 nM. Sequence analysis of positive clones was indicative of the fact that 12 variable sequences were confirmed. Of all these 12 clones, 2 clones with the greatest level signal in ELISA underwent subsequent analysis. Our sequencing results indicated high sequence homology (approximately 90%) between the Nb and Homa variable immunoglobulin domains. CONCLUSION Specific Nbs possess the potential to be used as novel therapeutic approaches in order to treat autoimmune diseases and B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Reza Banihashemi
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Zavaran Hosseini
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davoud Ahmadvand
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Papayannidis C, Martinelli G. Blinatumomab in Ph+ B-ALL: present and perspectives. Oncotarget 2017; 8:93309-93310. [PMID: 29212147 PMCID: PMC5706793 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Papayannidis
- Cristina Papayannidis: Institute of Hematology and Medical Oncology "L. and A. Seràgnoli", Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Cristina Papayannidis: Institute of Hematology and Medical Oncology "L. and A. Seràgnoli", Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
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Promises and limitations of nanoparticles in the era of cell therapy: Example with CD19-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells. Int J Pharm 2017; 532:813-824. [PMID: 28764981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A number of nanoparticles has been developed by chemists for biomedical applications to meet imaging and targeting needs. In parallel, adoptive T therapy with chimeric antigen receptor engineered T cells (CART cells) has recently held great promise in B-cell malignancy treatments thanks to the development of anti-CD19 CAR T cells. Indeed, CD19 is a reliable B cell marker and a validated target protein for therapy. In this perspective article, we propose to discuss the advantages, limits and challenges of nanoparticles and CAR T cells, focusing on CD19 targeting objects: anti-CD19 nanoparticles and anti-CD19 CAR T cells, because those genetically-modified cells are the most widely developed in clinical setting. In the first part, we will introduce B cell malignancies and the CD19 surface marker. Then we will present the positioning of nanomedicine in the topic of B cell malignancy, before exposing CAR T technology. Finally, we will discuss the complementary approaches between nanoparticles and CAR T cells.
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