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Lorenzatti A, Piga EJ, Gismondi M, Binolfi A, Margarit E, Calcaterra N, Armas P. Genetic variations in G-quadruplex forming sequences affect the transcription of human disease-related genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:12124-12139. [PMID: 37930868 PMCID: PMC10711447 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanine-rich DNA strands can fold into non-canonical four-stranded secondary structures named G-quadruplexes (G4s). G4s folded in proximal promoter regions (PPR) are associated either with positive or negative transcriptional regulation. Given that single nucleotide variants (SNVs) affecting G4 folding (G4-Vars) may alter gene transcription, and that SNVs are associated with the human diseases' onset, we undertook a novel comprehensive study of the G4-Vars genome-wide (G4-variome) to find disease-associated G4-Vars located into PPRs. We developed a bioinformatics strategy to find disease-related SNVs located into PPRs simultaneously overlapping with putative G4-forming sequences (PQSs). We studied five G4-Vars disturbing in vitro the folding and stability of the G4s located into PPRs, which had been formerly associated with sporadic Alzheimer's disease (GRIN2B), a severe familiar coagulopathy (F7), atopic dermatitis (CSF2), myocardial infarction (SIRT1) and deafness (LHFPL5). Results obtained in cultured cells for these five G4-Vars suggest that the changes in the G4s affect the transcription, potentially contributing to the development of the mentioned diseases. Collectively, data reinforce the general idea that G4-Vars may impact on the different susceptibilities to human genetic diseases' onset, and could be novel targets for diagnosis and drug design in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Lorenzatti
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario S2000EZP, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ernesto J Piga
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario S2000EZP, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mauro Gismondi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 531, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Andrés Binolfi
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario S2000EZP, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Plataforma Argentina de Biología Estructural y Metabolómica (PLABEM), Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario S200EZP, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Margarit
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 531, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Nora B Calcaterra
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario S2000EZP, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Pablo Armas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario S2000EZP, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Pshenichnikova O, Selivanova D, Shchemeleva E, Abramova T, Zozulya N, Surin V. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Russian Patients with Coagulation Factor FVII Deficiency. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1767. [PMID: 37761907 PMCID: PMC10531009 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulation factor VII (proconvertin) is one of the proteins starting the blood coagulation cascade. Plasma FVII concentration is regulated by different factors. A low level of FVII could also be a result of FVII deficiency (MIM# 227500), the rare autosomal recessive inherited disease caused by pathogenic variants in the F7 gene. The aim of this study was to describe a mutation spectrum of the F7 gene and genotype-phenotype relationship in patients with FVII deficiency in Russia for the first time. We studied the primary structure of the F7 gene of 54 unrelated patients with FVII deficiency by direct Sanger sequencing. Pathogenic variants in the F7 gene were detected in 37 (68.5%) of them. We identified 24 different mutations located mostly in the serine protease domain. Five pathogenic variants had never been reported before. A major mutation in the Russian population was c.1391delC (p. Pro464Hisfs*32), linked with rs36209567 and rs6046 functional polymorphisms, that is widely distributed in East Europe. As in other countries, the F7 genotypes poorly correlated with the severity of clinical manifestations but were quite well associated with FVII levels. Minor alleles of functional polymorphisms rs510335, rs5742910, rs561241, rs36209567, and rs6046 could also participate in the F7 genotype and influence FVII levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya Pshenichnikova
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering of National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Novy Zykovski lane 4a, 125167 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria Selivanova
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering of National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Novy Zykovski lane 4a, 125167 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Shchemeleva
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering of National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Novy Zykovski lane 4a, 125167 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Abramova
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering of National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Novy Zykovski lane 4a, 125167 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Zozulya
- Coagulopathies Department of National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Novy Zykovski lane 4a, 125167 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Surin
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering of National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Novy Zykovski lane 4a, 125167 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Yerra VG, Drosatos K. Specificity Proteins (SP) and Krüppel-like Factors (KLF) in Liver Physiology and Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4682. [PMID: 36902112 PMCID: PMC10003758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver acts as a central hub that controls several essential physiological processes ranging from metabolism to detoxification of xenobiotics. At the cellular level, these pleiotropic functions are facilitated through transcriptional regulation in hepatocytes. Defects in hepatocyte function and its transcriptional regulatory mechanisms have a detrimental influence on liver function leading to the development of hepatic diseases. In recent years, increased intake of alcohol and western diet also resulted in a significantly increasing number of people predisposed to the incidence of hepatic diseases. Liver diseases constitute one of the serious contributors to global deaths, constituting the cause of approximately two million deaths worldwide. Understanding hepatocyte transcriptional mechanisms and gene regulation is essential to delineate pathophysiology during disease progression. The current review summarizes the contribution of a family of zinc finger family transcription factors, named specificity protein (SP) and Krüppel-like factors (KLF), in physiological hepatocyte functions, as well as how they are involved in the onset and development of hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantinos Drosatos
- Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Cardiovascular Center, Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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4
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Roos D, de Boer M. Mutations in cis that affect mRNA synthesis, processing and translation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166166. [PMID: 33971252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetic mutations that cause hereditary diseases usually affect the composition of the transcribed mRNA and its encoded protein, leading to instability of the mRNA and/or the protein. Sometimes, however, such mutations affect the synthesis, the processing or the translation of the mRNA, with similar disastrous effects. We here present an overview of mRNA synthesis, its posttranscriptional modification and its translation into protein. We then indicate which elements in these processes are known to be affected by pathogenic mutations, but we restrict our review to mutations in cis, in the DNA of the gene that encodes the affected protein. These mutations can be in enhancer or promoter regions of the gene, which act as binding sites for transcription factors involved in pre-mRNA synthesis. We also describe mutations in polyadenylation sequences and in splice site regions, exonic and intronic, involved in intron removal. Finally, we include mutations in the Kozak sequence in mRNA, which is involved in protein synthesis. We provide examples of genetic diseases caused by mutations in these DNA regions and refer to databases to help identify these regions. The over-all knowledge of mRNA synthesis, processing and translation is essential for improvement of the diagnosis of patients with genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Roos
- Sanquin Blood Supply Organization, Dept. of Blood Cell Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Martin de Boer
- Sanquin Blood Supply Organization, Dept. of Blood Cell Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Balestra D, Branchini A. Molecular Mechanisms and Determinants of Innovative Correction Approaches in Coagulation Factor Deficiencies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123036. [PMID: 31234407 PMCID: PMC6627357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular strategies tailored to promote/correct the expression and/or processing of defective coagulation factors would represent innovative therapeutic approaches beyond standard substitutive therapy. Here, we focus on the molecular mechanisms and determinants underlying innovative approaches acting at DNA, mRNA and protein levels in inherited coagulation factor deficiencies, and in particular on: (i) gene editing approaches, which have permitted intervention at the DNA level through the specific recognition, cleavage, repair/correction or activation of target sequences, even in mutated gene contexts; (ii) the rescue of altered pre-mRNA processing through the engineering of key spliceosome components able to promote correct exon recognition and, in turn, the synthesis and secretion of functional factors, as well as the effects on the splicing of missense changes affecting exonic splicing elements; this section includes antisense oligonucleotide- or siRNA-mediated approaches to down-regulate target genes; (iii) the rescue of protein synthesis/function through the induction of ribosome readthrough targeting nonsense variants or the correction of folding defects caused by amino acid substitutions. Overall, these approaches have shown the ability to rescue the expression and/or function of potentially therapeutic levels of coagulation factors in different disease models, thus supporting further studies in the future aimed at evaluating the clinical translatability of these new strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Balestra
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Alessio Branchini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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6
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Pignani S, Zappaterra F, Barbon E, Follenzi A, Bovolenta M, Bernardi F, Branchini A, Pinotti M. Tailoring the CRISPR system to transactivate coagulation gene promoters in normal and mutated contexts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2019; 1862:619-624. [PMID: 31005673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Engineered transcription factors (TF) have expanded our ability to modulate gene expression and hold great promise as bio-therapeutics. The first-generation TF, based on Zinc Fingers or Transcription-Activator-like Effectors (TALE), required complex and time-consuming assembly protocols, and were indeed replaced in recent years by the CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) technology. Here, with coagulation F7/F8 gene promoters as models, we exploited a CRISPRa system based on deactivated (d)Cas9, fused with a transcriptional activator (VPR), which is driven to its target by a single guide (sg)RNA. Reporter gene assays in hepatoma cells identified a sgRNA (sgRNAF7.5) triggering a ~35-fold increase in the activity of F7 promoter, either wild-type, or defective due to the c.-61T>G mutation. The effect was higher (~15-fold) than that of an engineered TALE-TF (TF4) targeting the same promoter region. Noticeably, when challenged on the endogenous F7 gene, the dCas9-VPR/sgRNAF7.5 combination was more efficient (~6.5-fold) in promoting factor VII (FVII) protein secretion/activity than TF4 (~3.8-fold). The approach was translated to the promoter of F8, whose reduced expression causes hemophilia A. Reporter gene assays in hepatic and endothelial cells identified sgRNAs that, respectively, appreciably increased F8 promoter activity (sgRNAF8.1, ~8-fold and 3-fold; sgRNAF8.2, ~19-fold and 2-fold) with synergistic effects (~38-fold and 2.7-fold). Since modest increases in F7/F8 expression would ameliorate patients' phenotype, the CRISPRa-mediated transactivation extent might approach the low therapeutic threshold. Through this pioneer study we demonstrated that the CRISPRa system is easily tailorable to increase expression, or rescue disease-causing mutations, of different promoters, with potential intriguing implications for human disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pignani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont Amedeo Avogadro, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Elena Barbon
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy; Genethon and INSERM U951, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Antonia Follenzi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont Amedeo Avogadro, Novara, Italy
| | - Matteo Bovolenta
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy; Genethon and INSERM U951, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Francesco Bernardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessio Branchini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Mirko Pinotti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy
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7
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Barbon E, Pignani S, Branchini A, Bernardi F, Pinotti M, Bovolenta M. An engineered tale-transcription factor rescues transcription of factor VII impaired by promoter mutations and enhances its endogenous expression in hepatocytes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28304. [PMID: 27341548 PMCID: PMC4920032 DOI: 10.1038/srep28304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tailored approaches to restore defective transcription responsible for severe diseases have been poorly explored. We tested transcription activator-like effectors fused to an activation domain (TALE-TFs) in a coagulation factor VII (FVII) deficiency model. In this model, the deficiency is caused by the −94C > G or −61T > G mutation, which abrogate the binding of Sp1 or HNF-4 transcription factors. Reporter assays in hepatoma HepG2 cells naturally expressing FVII identified a single TALE-TF (TF4) that, by targeting the region between mutations, specifically trans-activated both the variant (>100-fold) and wild-type (20–40-fold) F7 promoters. Importantly, in the genomic context of transfected HepG2 and transduced primary hepatocytes, TF4 increased F7 mRNA and protein levels (2- to 3-fold) without detectable off-target effects, even for the homologous F10 gene. The ectopic F7 expression in renal HEK293 cells was modestly affected by TF4 or by TALE-TF combinations. These results provide experimental evidence for TALE-TFs as gene-specific tools useful to counteract disease-causing promoter mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Barbon
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Pignani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessio Branchini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy.,LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Bernardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy.,LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mirko Pinotti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy.,LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Bovolenta
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy
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8
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Salloum-Asfar S, Arroyo AB, Teruel-Montoya R, García-Barberá N, Roldán V, Vicente V, Martínez C, González-Conejero R. MiRNA-Based Regulation of Hemostatic Factors through Hepatic Nuclear Factor-4 Alpha. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154751. [PMID: 27135744 PMCID: PMC4852917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
MiRNAs have been reported as CIS-acting elements of several hemostatic factors, however, their mechanism as TRANS-acting elements mediated by a transcription factor is little known and could have important effects. HNF4α has a direct and important role in the regulation of multiple hepatic coagulation genes. Previous in vitro studies have demonstrated that miR-24-3p and miR-34a-5p regulate HNF4A expression. Here we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of miR-24 and miR-34a on coagulation through HNF4A. Transfections with miR-24 and miR-34a in HepG2 cells decreased not only HNF4A but also F10, F12, SERPINC1, PROS1, PROC, and PROZ transcripts levels. Positive and significant correlations were observed between levels of HNF4A and several hemostatic factors (F5, F8, F9, F11, F12, SERPINC1, PROC, and PROS1) in human liver samples (N = 104). However, miR-24 and miR-34a levels of the low (10th) and high (90th) percentiles of those liver samples were inversely correlated with HNF4A and almost all hemostatic factors expression levels. These outcomes suggest that miR-24 and miR-34a might be two indirect elements of regulation of several hemostatic factors. Additionally, variations in miRNA expression profiles could justify, at least in part, changes in HNF4A expression levels and its downstream targets of coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salam Salloum-Asfar
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana B. Arroyo
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Raúl Teruel-Montoya
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nuria García-Barberá
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vanessa Roldán
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente Vicente
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Constantino Martínez
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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PONOMARENKO JULIA, ORLOVA GALINA, MERKULOVA TATYANA, VASILIEV GENNADY, PONOMARENKO MIKHAIL. MINING GENOME VARIATION TO ASSOCIATE GENETIC DISEASE WITH MUTATION ALTERATIONS AND ORTHO/PARALOGOUS POLIMORPHYSMS IN TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING SITE. INT J ARTIF INTELL T 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218213005002284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a system rSNP_Guide, , predicting the transcription factor (TF) binding sites on DNA, which mutation-caused alterations may explain disease penetration. rSNP_Guide uses the detected alterations in the mutant DNA binding to unknown TF caused by diseases and, upon the DNA sequences, calculates the alterations in known TF sites so that to select only the known ones with calculated alterations in the best consistence with those detected. Our system has been control tested on the SNP's with known site-disease relationships. For practical aims, two TF sites associated with diseases were predicted and confirmed by the immune assay with anti-TF antibodies. In the case of tumor susceptibility, the GATA site in the second intron of mouse K-ras gene was truly predicted, whereas mutation damage of this site causes tumor resistance. In the case of alcohol dependencies and others behavioral diseases, the mutation-caused spurious YY1 site in the sixth intron of human tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) gene was successfully predicted. Finally, sixteen non-documented TF sites localizable at both orthologous and paralogous genes were first characterized by three rates "present", "weakened" or "absent", with significance estimated by rSNP_Guide relatively to six TF sites with known mutation-caused alterations in DNA/TF-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- JULIA PONOMARENKO
- Laboratory of Genome Structure, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - GALINA ORLOVA
- Laboratory of Theoretical Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - TATYANA MERKULOVA
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - GENNADY VASILIEV
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - MIKHAIL PONOMARENKO
- Laboratory of Theoretical Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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Asymptomatic factor VII deficiency: gene analysis and structure–function relationships. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2010; 21:91-4. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e328331e708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Min BR, Kim S, Park JH, Chae JN, Choi WI. A Case of Pulmonary Embolism in a Patient with a Factor VII Gene Promoter -401G/A Polymorphism. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2008. [DOI: 10.4046/trd.2008.64.6.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ram Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Shin Kim
- Department of Immunology, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji Hae Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jin Nyeong Chae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Won Il Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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12
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Dai L, Cutler JA, Savidge GF, Mitchell MJ. Characterization of a causative mutation of hemophilia A identified in the promoter region of the factor VIII gene (F8). J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:193-5. [PMID: 17944985 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02806.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Jackson AA, Cronin KR, Zachariah R, Carew JA. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-beta participates in insulin-responsive expression of the factor VII gene. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:31156-65. [PMID: 17675296 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704694200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the human coagulation factor VII (FVII) gene by hepatoma cells was modulated in concert with levels of glucose and insulin in the culture medium. In low glucose medium without insulin, amounts of both FVII mRNA and secreted FVII protein were coordinately increased; in the presence of glucose with insulin, both were decreased. Analysis of the FVII promoter showed that these effects could be reproduced in a reporter-gene system, and a small promoter element immediately upstream of the translation start site of the gene, which mediated these effects, was identified. Mutation of this element largely abrogated the glucose/insulin-responsive change in expression of the reporter gene. Several members of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein family were found to be capable of binding the identified sequence element but not the mutated element. The expression of a FVII minigene directed by a segment of the native FVII promoter responded to co-expressed activating and inhibiting forms of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey A Jackson
- Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts 02132, USA
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14
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Stepanova M, Tiazhelova T, Skoblov M, Baranova A. Potential regulatory SNPs in promoters of human genes: a systematic approach. Mol Cell Probes 2006; 20:348-58. [PMID: 16806810 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Revised: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can significantly contribute to the cellular level of the mRNA transcripts encoded by human disease related genes. DNA variations between individuals can be an indication of predisposition to disease or affect the response to treatment. An algorithm allowing in silico extraction of SNPs with the high probability of influencing the level of gene expression is highly desirable. We performed a whole-genome analysis of SNP markers in regulatory areas of the human genes. Computational criteria were applied to predict an influence of the nucleotide replacement on the individual gene's expression. We formed a list of 14127 regulatory SNPs corresponding to 8555 regulatory areas suitable for future association studies. A catalogue of 1859 SNP entries, confirmed by analysis in populations, and allocated to 1607 human regulatory areas was created. We also revealed 13 cases of overlapped promoters corresponding to the human genes transcribed from opposite DNA strands and containing the regulatory SNP markers validated in populations. A population-validated set of regulatory SNP markers is organized in a database available in open access as a Supplementary file and by ftp://194.67.85.195/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stepanova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Gubkina 3, GSP-1 119991, Moscow, Russia.
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15
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Hahn MW, Rockman MV, Soranzo N, Goldstein DB, Wray GA. Population genetic and phylogenetic evidence for positive selection on regulatory mutations at the factor VII locus in humans. Genetics 2005; 167:867-77. [PMID: 15238535 PMCID: PMC1470926 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.103.025726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundance of cis-regulatory polymorphisms in humans suggests that many may have been important in human evolution, but evidence for their role is relatively rare. Four common polymorphisms in the 5' promoter region of factor VII (F7), a coagulation factor, have been shown to affect its transcription and protein abundance both in vitro and in vivo. Three of these polymorphisms have low-frequency alleles that decrease expression of F7 and may provide protection against myocardial infarction (heart attacks). The fourth polymorphism has a minor allele that increases the level of transcription. To look for evidence of natural selection on the cis-regulatory variants flanking F7, we genotyped three of the polymorphisms in six Old World populations for which we also have data from a group of putatively neutral SNPs. Our population genetic analysis shows evidence for selection within humans; surprisingly, the strongest evidence is due to a large increase in frequency of the high-expression variant in Singaporean Chinese. Further characterization of a Japanese population shows that at least part of the increase in frequency of the high-expression allele is found in other East Asian populations. In addition, to examine interspecific patterns of selection we sequenced the homologous 5' noncoding region in chimpanzees, bonobos, a gorilla, an orangutan, and a baboon. Analysis of these data reveals an excess of fixed differences within transcription factor binding sites along the human lineage. Our results thus further support the hypothesis that regulatory mutations have been important in human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Hahn
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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16
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Knight JC. Regulatory polymorphisms underlying complex disease traits. J Mol Med (Berl) 2005; 83:97-109. [PMID: 15592805 PMCID: PMC3132451 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-004-0603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that genetic variation plays an important role in the determination of individual susceptibility to complex disease traits. In contrast to coding sequence polymorphisms, where the consequences of non-synonymous variation may be resolved at the level of the protein phenotype, defining specific functional regulatory polymorphisms has proved problematic. This has arisen for a number of reasons, including difficulties with fine mapping due to linkage disequilibrium, together with a paucity of experimental tools to resolve the effects of non-coding sequence variation on gene expression. Recent studies have shown that variation in gene expression is heritable and can be mapped as a quantitative trait. Allele-specific effects on gene expression appear relatively common, typically of modest magnitude and context specific. The role of regulatory polymorphisms in determining susceptibility to a number of complex disease traits is discussed, including variation at the VNTR of INS, encoding insulin, in type 1 diabetes and polymorphism of CTLA4, encoding cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen, in autoimmune disease. Examples where regulatory polymorphisms have been found to play a role in mongenic traits such as factor VII deficiency are discussed, and contrasted with those polymorphisms associated with ischaemic heart disease at the same gene locus. Molecular mechanisms operating in an allele-specific manner at the level of transcription are illustrated, with examples including the role of Duffy binding protein in malaria. The difficulty of resolving specific functional regulatory variants arising from linkage disequilibrium is demonstrated using a number of examples including polymorphism of CCR5, encoding CC chemokine receptor 5, and HIV-1 infection. The importance of understanding haplotypic structure to the design and interpretation of functional assays of putative regulatory variation is highlighted, together with discussion of the strategic use of experimental tools to resolve regulatory polymorphisms at a transcriptional level. A number of examples are discussed including work on the TNF locus which demonstrate biological and experimental context specificity. Regulatory variation may also operate at other levels of control of gene expression and the modulation of splicing at PTPRC, encoding protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-type C, and of translational efficiency at F12, encoding factor XII, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian C Knight
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
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17
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de Lucas S, López-Alcorocho JM, Bartolomé J, Carreño V. Nitric oxide and TGF-beta1 inhibit HNF-4alpha function in HEPG2 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 321:688-94. [PMID: 15358161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzes if the profibrogenic factors nitric oxide and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) affect hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha (HNF-4alpha) function. For this purpose, HepG2 cells were treated with TGF-beta1 or with a nitric oxide donor to determine mRNA levels of coagulation factor VII and HNF-4alpha. Treatment effect on factor VII gene promoter was assessed by chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase assays in cells transfected with the pFVII-CAT plasmid. HNF-4alpha binding and protein levels were determined by gel shift assays and Western blot. TGF-beta1 and nitric oxide downregulated factor VII mRNA levels by inhibiting its gene promoter activity. This inhibition is caused by a decrease in the DNA binding of HNF-4alpha. TGF-beta1 induces degradation of HNF-4alpha in the proteasome while nitric oxide provokes nitrosylation of cysteine residues in this factor. TGF-beta1 and nitric oxide inhibit HNF-4alpha activity. These findings may explain the loss of liver functions that occurs during fibrosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana de Lucas
- Fundación para el Estudio de las Hepatitis Virales, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Brummel Ziedins K, Rivard GE, Pouliot RL, Butenas S, Gissel M, Parhami-Seren B, Mann KG. Factor VIIa replacement therapy in factor VII deficiency. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2:1735-44. [PMID: 15456484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.00922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Factor (F)VII deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder for which a replacement therapy is not universally available; recombinant FVIIa has been utilized as a therapeutic substitute. As FVII competes with FVIIa for binding to tissue factor in initiating the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation, a lower dose of FVIIa replacement in cross-reacting material-negative (CRM-) individuals can achieve hemostasis. Three coagulation models (computational, synthetic and in vitro whole blood) were used to predict the FVIIa levels needed to provide apparent hemostasis in a non-bleeding state. Our whole blood results show that a 'normalized' coagulation profile for FVII-deficient individuals has an initiation phase that ends at 5.8 +/- 0.5 min (clot time) and the propagation phase of thrombin generation (thrombin-antithrombin III) yields a maximum concentration of 380 +/- 29 nmol L(-1). When CRM- FVII-deficient subjects were infused with a prophylactic dose of 23 micro g kg(-1) of recombinant FVIIa, 6-8 h postinfusion resulted in a comparable normalized whole blood profile. This FVIIa concentration (0.3-0.7 nmol L(-1)/equivalent dose: 0.8-1.8 micro g kg(-1)) is approximately 1/10 that currently used in treating FVII-deficient individuals and suggests that therapies should be altered relative to the concentration of the FVII zymogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brummel Ziedins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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19
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Carew JA, Jackson AA, Bauer KA. ARP1 interacts with the 5' flanking region of the coagulation factor VII gene. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1:1220-7. [PMID: 12871323 DOI: 10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Factor (F)VII plays a critical role in initiation of coagulation. Several segments within the 5' flanking region of the FVII gene were previously demonstrated to recognize hepatic nuclear proteins, but few have been identified. To identify a regulatory protein binding the nuclear hormone response region (-237 to -200) of the FVII 5' flanking region and demonstrate that the interaction is functional. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and mutation analysis showed that ARP1, an orphan nuclear hormone receptor, interacted with two regions of the FVII 5' flanking region, the hepatic nuclear factor 4 binding region (-77 to -47) and the nuclear hormone response region (-237 to -200). Transfection experiments demonstrated that reporter gene expression was decreased from vectors including the nuclear hormone response segment compared with that containing only the minimal promoter between positions -109 and +1, and that ARP1 also repressed expression through an interaction with the minimal promoter. These data indicate a role for ARP1 in transcriptional modulation of the FVII gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Carew
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Building 3, Room 2A106(151), 1400 VFW Parkway, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA.
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20
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Nagaizumi K, Inaba H, Suzuki T, Hatta Y, Hagiwara T, Amano K, Arai M, Fukutake K. Two double heterozygous mutations in the F7 gene show different manifestations. Br J Haematol 2002; 119:1052-8. [PMID: 12472587 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We sequenced the factor VII gene (F7) in two unrelated Japanese patients with factor VII (FVII) deficiency. In the first (an asymptomatic 46-year-old man with FVII activity and antigen levels of 1.2% and 21% of normal respectively), novel E25K and H348Q mutations were identified in the doubly heterozygous state. In transiently transfected HEK293 cells, the level of FVII-E25K mutant activity in the culture media was significantly lower than that of FVII wild type, whereas the antigen levels of both proteins were similar. This suggests that the E25K mutation is associated with a dysfunctional FVII molecule. In the second patient (a 47-year-old woman with FVII activity and antigen levels of less than 1% and 6% respectively), an IVS4+1 mutation and a novel -96C to T transition were detected in the double heterozygous state. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays, the -96T mutation was shown to disrupt binding of Sp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Nagaizumi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, and First Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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21
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Ponomarenko J, Merkulova T, Orlova G, Fokin O, Gorshkov E, Ponomarenko M. Mining DNA sequences to predict sites which mutations cause genetic diseases. Knowl Based Syst 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0950-7051(01)00144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Mao GF, Vaidyula VR, Kunapuli SP, Rao AK. Lineage-specific defect in gene expression in human platelet phospholipase C-beta2 deficiency. Blood 2002; 99:905-11. [PMID: 11806993 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.3.905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC)-beta2 plays a major role in platelet activation. Previous studies have described a unique patient with impaired receptor-mediated platelet aggregation, secretion, calcium mobilization, and phospholipase C (PLC) activation associated with a selective decrease in platelet PLC-beta2 isozyme. To identify the mechanisms leading to the defect, platelet RNA from the patient and healthy subjects was subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the products sequenced. The PLC-beta2 cDNA sequence in the patient showed no abnormalities. Platelet PLC-beta2 and beta-actin (internal control) mRNA levels were assessed by RT-PCR; the ratio of PLC-beta2 to beta-actin mRNA levels was 0.80 to 0.95 in 4 healthy subjects and 0.28 in the patient. PLC-beta2 mRNA levels were similarly reduced compared with GPIIb and Galphaq mRNA levels. PLC-gamma2 and platelet factor 4 mRNA levels were normal. Calcium mobilization was studied in neutrophils upon activation with formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), platelet-activating factor (PAF), interleukin-8 (IL-8), C5a, and leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)), and it was normal. Neutrophil elastase secretion upon activation with fMLP, ADP, PAF, IL-8, C5a, and LTB(4) was normal, as were neutrophil PLC-beta2 mRNA and PLC-beta2 on immunoblotting. Thus, responses to activation, PLC-beta2 protein, and PLC-beta2 mRNA are decreased in patient platelets but not in neutrophils, providing evidence for a hitherto undescribed lineage (platelet)-specific defect in PLC-beta2 gene expression. These studies provide a physiologically relevant model to delineate regulation of PLC-beta2 gene and its tissue-specific expression. (Blood. 2002;99:905-911)
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Fen Mao
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3400 N Broad St, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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23
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Abstract
Factor VII (FVII) is a zymogen for a vitamin K-dependent serine protease essential for the initiation of blood coagulation. It is synthesized primarily in the liver and circulates in plasma at a concentration of approximately 0.5 microg/ml (10 nmol/L). The FVII gene (F7) is located on chromosome 13 (13q34), consists of 9 exons, and spans approximately 12kb. It encodes a mature protein of 406 amino acids, which has an N-terminal domain (Gla) post-translationally modified by gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues, two domains with homology to epidermal growth factor (EGF1 and 2), and a C-terminal serine protease domain. The single chain zymogen is activated by proteolytic cleavage at Arg152-Ile153. There are 238 individuals described in the world literature with mutations in their F7 genes (FVII mutation database; europium.csc. mrc.ac.uk). Complete absence of FVII activity in plasma is usually incompatible with life, and individuals die shortly after birth due to severe hemorrhage. The majority of individuals with mutations in their F7 gene(s), however, are either asymptomatic or the clinical phenotype is unknown. In general, a severe bleeding phenotype is only observed in individuals homozygous for a mutation in their F7 genes with FVII activities (FVII:C) below 2% of normal, however, a considerable proportion of individuals with a mild-moderate bleeding phenotype have similar FVII:C by in vitro assay. The failure of in vitro tests to differentiate between these groups may be due to lack of sensitivity in the assays to the very low amounts of FVII:C, which are sufficient to initiate coagulation in vivo. A number of polymorphisms have been identified in the F7 gene and some have been shown to influence plasma FVII antigen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H McVey
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK.
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24
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Shen MC, Lin JS, Lin SW, Yang WS, Lin B. Novel mutations in the Factor VII gene of Taiwanese Factor VII-deficient patients. Br J Haematol 2001; 112:566-71. [PMID: 11260055 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The genetic defects of four Taiwanese patients with factor VII (FVII) deficiency were studied. FVII activity and antigen levels were < 1 u/dl and 125.7 u/dl (patient I), < 1 u/dl and < 1 u/dl (patient II), 3.4 u/dl and 5.9 u/dl (patient III), and 1.2 u/dl and 30.4 u/dl (patient IV) respectively. The 5' flanking region, and all exons and junctions were amplified using polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Patient I was homozygous for a 10824C-->A transversion with Pro303-->Thr mutation in exon 8. In patient II, a heterozygous transversion, 9007+1G-->T at the IVS6, a heterozygous decanucleotide insertion polymorphism at -323 (both mutations present in his father) and a heterozygous deletion, del TC (26-27) in exon 1A (originating from his mother) were identified. Patient III had a homozygous 10961T-->G transversion with His348-->Gln mutation in exon 8. Patient IV had a heterozygous 10902T-->G transversion with Cys329-->Gly mutation in exon 8 (transmitted to her second son) and a heterozygous decanucleotide insertion polymorphism at -323 (transmitted to her third son). All but one of the FVII gene mutations detected in the four patients have not been previously reported. In conclusion, four novel mutations of the FVII gene in Taiwanese, including two missense mutations in exon 8, one point mutation at the exon 6 splice site and one deletion in exon 1A, were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Haematology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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A new mutation in the HNF4 binding region of the factor VII promoter in a patient with severe factor VII deficiency. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.13.4370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractInvestigation of the molecular basis of a severe factor VII (fVII) deficiency revealed compound heterozygosity in the fVII gene. On the paternal allele the patient had 3 structural gene abnormalities frequently associated with fVII deficiency. A new mutation, a C to T transition at position −55 relative to the translational start site, was found on the maternal allele. The study demonstrates that this mutation partially impeded binding of the transcriptional activator, hepatic nuclear factor 4, to the fVII promoter while greatly reducing reporter gene expression in hepatic cells.
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26
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Abstract
AbstractPrevious studies have established that factor VII gene (F7) polymorphisms (5′F7 and R353Q) contribute about one-third of factor VII (FVII) level variation in plasma. However, F7 genotyping in patients with cardiovascular disease has produced conflicting results. Population and expression studies were used to investigate the role of intron 7 (IVS7 ) polymorphisms, including repeat and sequence variations, in controlling activated FVII (FVIIa) and antigen (FVIIag) levels. Genotype–phenotype studies performed in 438 Italian subjects suggested a positive relation between the IVS7 repeat number and FVII levels. The lowest values were associated with theIVS7 + 7G allele. The screening of 52 patients with mild FVII deficiency showed an 8-fold increase in frequency (8%) of this allele, and among heterozygotes for identical mutations, lower FVII levels were observed in the IVS7 + 7G carriers. This frequent genetic component participates in the phenotypic heterogeneity of FVII deficiency. The evaluation of the individual contribution of polymorphisms was assisted by the expression of each IVS7variant, as a minigene, in eukaryotic cells. The novel quantitative analysis revealed that higher numbers of repeats were associated with higher mRNA expression levels and that the IVS7 + 7Gallele, previously defined as a functionally silent polymorphism, was responsible for the lowest relative mRNA expression. Taken together, these findings indicate that the IVS7 polymorphisms contribute to the plasmatic variance of FVII levels via differential efficiency of mRNA splicing. These studies provide further elements to understand the control of FVII levels, which could be of importance to ensure the hemostatic balance under pathologic conditions.
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