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Yang J, Li Y, Bhalla A, Maienschein-Cline M, Fukuchi KI. A novel co-culture model for investigation of the effects of LPS-induced macrophage-derived cytokines on brain endothelial cells. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288497. [PMID: 37440496 PMCID: PMC10343049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to study effects of macrophage-derived inflammatory mediators associated with systemic inflammation on brain endothelial cells, we have established a co-culture system consisting of bEnd.3 cells and LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells and performed its cytokine profiling. The cytokine profile of the co-culture model was compared to that of mice treated with intraperitoneal LPS injection. We found that, among cytokines profiled, eight cytokines/chemokines were similarly upregulated in both in vivo mouse and in vitro co-culture model. In contrast to the co-culture model, the cytokine profile of a common mono-culture system consisting of only LPS-activated bEnd.3 cells had little similarity to that of the in vivo mouse model. These results indicate that the co-culture of bEnd.3 cells with LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells is a better model than the common mono-culture of LPS-activated bEnd.3 cells to investigate the molecular mechanism in endothelial cells, by which systemic inflammation induces neuroinflammation. Moreover, fibrinogen adherence both to bEnd.3 cells in the co-culture and to brain blood vessels in a LPS-treated animal model of Alzheimer's disease increased. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first to utilize bEnd.3 cells co-cultured with LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells as an in vitro model to investigate the consequence of macrophage-derived inflammatory mediators on brain endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois, United states of America
| | - Yinchuan Li
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ambuj Bhalla
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois, United states of America
| | - Mark Maienschein-Cline
- Research Informatics Core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ken-ichiro Fukuchi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois, United states of America
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2
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A20 Is Increased in Fetal Lung in a Sheep LPS Model of Chorioamnionitis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6421419. [PMID: 35096271 PMCID: PMC8794675 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6421419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chorioamnionitis is associated with an increased risk of preterm birth and aggravates adverse outcomes such as BPD. Development of BPD is associated with chronic inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress in the airways which may be antenatally initiated by chorioamnionitis. A20 is an immunomodulatory protein involved in the negative feedback regulation of inflammatory reactions and is a possible regulator protein in oxidative stress reactions. The influence of chorioamnionitis on A20 gene regulation in the fetal lung is unknown. We characterized the influence of LPS and proinflammatory cytokines on A20 expression in human lung endothelial (HPMEC-ST1.6R) and epithelial (A549) cells in vitro by real-time PCR and/or western blotting and used a sheep model of LPS-induced chorioamnionitis for in vivo studies. To study the functional role of A20, endogenous A20 was overexpressed in HPMEC-ST1.6R and A549 cells. LPS induced proinflammatory cytokines in HPMEC-ST1.6R and A549 cells. Both LPS and/or proinflammatory cytokines elevated A20 at transcriptional and translational levels. Intra-amniotic LPS transiently increased IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α mRNA levels in fetal lamb lungs, associated with an increase in A20 mRNA and protein levels. Overexpression of A20 reduced proinflammatory cytokines in vitro. Repeated LPS exposure induced LPS tolerance for proinflammatory cytokines and A20 in vitro and in vivo. Antenatal inflammation induced a transient increase in proinflammatory cytokines in the preterm fetal lung. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines increased expression of A20. Elevated A20 may have a protective role by downregulating chorioamnionitis-triggered fetal lung inflammation. A20 may be a novel target for pharmacological interventions to prevent chorioamnionitis-induced airway inflammation and lung damage, which can result in BPD later in life.
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3
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Cunningham S, Hackstein H. Recent Advances in Good Manufacturing Practice-Grade Generation of Dendritic Cells. Transfus Med Hemother 2020; 47:454-463. [PMID: 33442340 DOI: 10.1159/000512451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal regulators of immune responses, specialized in antigen presentation and bridging the gap between the innate and adaptive immune system. Due to these key features, DCs have become a pillar of the continuously growing field of cellular therapies. Here we review recent advances in good manufacturing practice strategies and their individual specificities in relation to DC production for clinical applications. These take into account both small-scale experimental approaches as well as automated systems for patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cunningham
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Holger Hackstein
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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4
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Pulmonary Endothelial Cell Apoptosis in Emphysema and Acute Lung Injury. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY 2019; 228:63-86. [PMID: 29288386 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-68483-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an essential role in homeostasis and pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases. Endothelial cells are exposed to various environmental and internal stress and endothelial apoptosis is a pathophysiological consequence of these stimuli. Pulmonary endothelial cell apoptosis initiates or contributes to progression of a number of lung diseases. This chapter will focus on the current understanding of the role of pulmonary endothelial cell apoptosis in the development of emphysema and acute lung injury (ALI) and the factors controlling pulmonary endothelial life and death.
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5
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Sham HP, Walker KH, Abdulnour REE, Krishnamoorthy N, Douda DN, Norris PC, Barkas I, Benito-Figueroa S, Colby JK, Serhan CN, Levy BD. 15-epi-Lipoxin A 4, Resolvin D2, and Resolvin D3 Induce NF-κB Regulators in Bacterial Pneumonia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29523657 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) decrease NF-κB activity to prevent excessive tissue damage and promote the resolution of acute inflammation. Mechanisms for NF-κB regulation by SPMs remain to be determined. In this study, after LPS challenge, the SPMs 15-epi-lipoxin A4 (15-epi-LXA4), resolvin D1, resolvin D2, resolvin D3, and 17-epi-resolvin D1 were produced in vivo in murine lungs. In LPS-activated human bronchial epithelial cells, select SPMs increased expression of the NF-κB regulators A20 and single Ig IL-1R-related molecule (SIGIRR). Of interest, 15-epi-LXA4 induced A20 and SIGIRR in an lipoxin A4 receptor/formyl peptide receptor 2 (ALX/FPR2) receptor-dependent manner in epithelial cells and in murine pneumonia. This SPM regulated NF-κB-induced cytokines to decrease pathogen-mediated inflammation. In addition to dampening lung inflammation, surprisingly, 15-epi-LXA4 also enhanced pathogen clearance with increased antimicrobial peptide expression. Taken together, to our knowledge these results are the first to identify endogenous agonists for A20 and SIGIRR expression to regulate NF-κB activity and to establish mechanisms for NF-κB regulation by SPMs for pneumonia resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Pan Sham
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Katherine H Walker
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Raja-Elie E Abdulnour
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Nandini Krishnamoorthy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - David N Douda
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Paul C Norris
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ioanna Barkas
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Sarah Benito-Figueroa
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Jennifer K Colby
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Bruce D Levy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
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6
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Li WL, Wu MS, Guo PL, Hu FY, Li LH, Tang XP. Overexpression of A20 inhibits the inflammatory response during dengue fever infection. Future Virol 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a devastating disease. This study aimed to investigate the role of A20 in dengue fever infection. Materials & methods: DENV2-infected human umbilical vein endothelial cells were transfected with shRNA-A20/CD14 and A20/CD14-mimics, respectively. The expressions of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors, A20 and downstream proteins of the NF-κB signaling pathway were detected. Results: A20 knockdown increased the expression of IL-6, IL-10, IL-8 and CD14 during dengue virus infection, whereas overexpression of A20 had the opposite effect. FACS revealed that A20 negatively regulated the expression of CD14. Conclusion: In DENV2-infected human umbilical vein endothelial cells overexpressing A20, TNF-α stimulation inhibited NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response by negative feedback. Furthermore, A20 could affect the release of inflammatory factors via negative regulation of CD14, thus affecting the entire inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Li Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, China
| | - Mao-Sheng Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, China
| | - Peng-Le Guo
- Number Eight People’s Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Feng-Yu Hu
- Number Eight People’s Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Ling-Hua Li
- Number Eight People’s Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- Number Eight People’s Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510060, China
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7
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Su BC, Chen JY. Antimicrobial Peptide Epinecidin-1 Modulates MyD88 Protein Levels via the Proteasome Degradation Pathway. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15110362. [PMID: 29144391 PMCID: PMC5706051 DOI: 10.3390/md15110362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cationic antimicrobial peptide epinecidin-1 was identified from Epinephelus coioides and possesses multiple biological functions, including antibacterial, antifungal, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory effects. In addition, epinecidin-1 suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation by neutralizing LPS and ameliorating LPS/Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 internalization. However, it is unclear whether the actions of epinecidin-1 depend on the regulation of TLR adaptor protein MyD88 or endogenous TLR signaling antagonists, which include A20, interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK)-M, and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1. Our results demonstrate that epinecidin-1 alone does not affect A20, IRAK-M, or SOCS-1 protein levels. However, pre-incubation of epinecidin-1 significantly inhibits LPS-induced upregulation of A20, IRAK-M, and SOCS-1. In addition, epinecidin-1 significantly reduces the abundance of MyD88 protein. Both MG132 (a specific proteasome inhibitor) and Heclin (a specific Smurf E3 ligase inhibitor) are able to abolish epinecidin-1-mediated MyD88 degradation. Thus, our data suggest that epinecidin-1 directly inhibits MyD88 via induction of the Smurf E3 ligase proteasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Chyuan Su
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Rd., Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan.
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Rd., Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan.
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8
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Kang DR, Yoon GY, Cho J, Lee SJ, Lee SJ, Park HJ, Kang TH, Han HD, Park WS, Yoon YK, Park YM, Jung ID. Neoagarooligosaccharides prevent septic shock by modulating A20-and cyclooxygenase-2-mediated interleukin-10 secretion in a septic-shock mouse model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:998-1004. [PMID: 28363868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the signaling mechanism triggered by endotoxin-mediated toll-like receptor-4 activation using immune cell systems or rodent models may help identify potential agents for the prevention of Gram-negative bacteria infection. β-agarase cleaves the β-1,4-linkages of agar to produce neoagarooligosaccharides (NAOs), which have various physiological functions. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of NAOs in preventing experimental sepsis caused by the administration of endotoxin or Gram-negative bacteria. Organ damage and neutrophil infiltration in an endotoxemia and septic-shock mouse model were suppressed by NAOs. Pro-inflammatory cytokine level was decreased, but IL-10 level was increased by NAO-treatment. Further induction by NAOs in the presence of endotoxin was associated with a significant induction of A20 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expressions. Our data suggest that NAOs have a beneficial preventive effect in septic shock correlated with the enhancement of IL-10 via the induction of A20 and COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Rae Kang
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - Gun Young Yoon
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - Joon Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul 05030, South Korea
| | - Seung Jun Lee
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - Su Jin Lee
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - Hee Jo Park
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - Tae Heung Kang
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - Hee Dong Han
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Young Kyung Yoon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University, College of Medicine, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-705, South Korea
| | - Yeong-Min Park
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea.
| | - In Duk Jung
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea.
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9
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Smyth LA, Meader L, Xiao F, Woodward M, Brady HJM, Lechler R, Lombardi G. Constitutive expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member A1 in murine endothelial cells leads to transplant tolerance. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 188:219-225. [PMID: 28120329 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-apoptotic genes, including those of the Bcl-2 family, have been shown to have dual functionality inasmuch as they inhibit cell death but also regulate inflammation. Several anti-apoptotic molecules have been associated with endothelial cell (EC) survival following transplantation; however, their exact role has yet to be elucidated in respect to controlling inflammation. In this study we created mice expressing murine A1 (Bfl-1), a Bcl-2 family member, under the control of the human intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (ICAM-2) promoter. Constitutive expression of A1 in murine vascular ECs conferred protection from cell death induced by the proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Importantly, in a mouse model of heart allograft transplantation, expression of A1 in vascular endothelium increased survival in the absence of CD8+ T cells. Better graft outcome in mice receiving an A1 transgenic heart correlated with a reduced immune infiltration, which may be related to increased EC survival and reduced expression of adhesion molecules on ECs. In conclusion, constitutive expression of the anti-apoptotic molecule Bfl1 (A1) in murine vascular ECs leads to prolonged allograft survival due to modifying inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Smyth
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK.,School of Health, Sports and Biosciences, University of East London, London, UK
| | - L Meader
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - F Xiao
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Woodward
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, King's College, London, UK
| | - H J M Brady
- Immunology and Infection Section, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - R Lechler
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - G Lombardi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
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10
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Sivasinprasasn S, Pantan R, Thummayot S, Tocharus J, Suksamrarn A, Tocharus C. Cyanidin-3-glucoside attenuates angiotensin II-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in vascular endothelial cells. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 260:S0009-2797(16)30510-5. [PMID: 27983965 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) causes oxidative stress and vascular inflammation, leading to vascular endothelial cell dysfunction, and is associated with the development of inflammatory cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Therefore, interventions of oxidative stress and inflammation may contribute to the reduction of cardiovascular diseases. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) plays a role in the prevention of oxidative damage in several diseases. Here, we investigated the effect of C3G on Ang II-induced oxidative stress and vascular inflammation in human endothelial cells (EA.hy926). C3G dose-dependently suppressed the free radicals and inhibited the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway by protecting the degradation of inhibitor of kappa B-alpha (IκB-α), inhibiting the expression and translocation of NF-κB into the nucleus through the down-regulation of NF-κB p65 and reducing the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Pretreatment with C3G not only prohibited the NF-κB signaling pathway but also promoted the activity of the nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway through the upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Particularly, we observed that C3G significantly enhanced the production of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and induced the expression of heme oxygenase (HO-1). Our findings confirm that C3G can protect against vascular endothelial cell inflammation induced by AngII. C3G may represent a promising dietary supplement for the prevention of inflammation, thereby decreasing the risk for the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivanan Sivasinprasasn
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Suthep Road, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Rungusa Pantan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Suthep Road, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sarinthorn Thummayot
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Suthep Road, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Tocharus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Suthep Road, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Apichart Suksamrarn
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - Chainarong Tocharus
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Suthep Road, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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11
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Hong JY, Bae WJ, Yi JK, Kim GT, Kim EC. Anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoclastogenic effects of zinc finger protein A20 overexpression in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res 2015; 51:529-39. [PMID: 26548452 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Although overexpression of the nuclear factor κB inhibitory and ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, its function in periodontal disease remains unknown. The aims of the present study were to evaluate A20 expression in patients with periodontitis and to study the effects of A20 overexpression, using a recombinant adenovirus encoding A20 (Ad-A20), on the inflammatory response and on osteoclastic differentiation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and nicotine-stimulated human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs). MATERIAL AND METHODS The concentration of prostaglandin E2 was measured by radioimmunoassay. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions and western blot analyses were used to measure mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Osteoclastic differentiation was assessed in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages using conditioned medium from LPS- and nicotine-treated hPDLCs. RESULTS A20 was upregulated in the gingival tissues and neutrophils from patients with periodontitis and in LPS- and nicotine-exposed hPDLCs. Pretreatment with A20 overexpression by Ad-A20 markedly attenuated LPS- and nicotine-induced production of prostaglandin E2 , as well as expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, A20 overexpression inhibited the number and size of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-stained osteoclasts, and downregulated osteoclast-specific gene expression. LPS- and nicotine-induced p38 phosphorylation and nuclear factor κB activation were blocked by Ad-A20. Ad-A20 inhibited the effects of nicotine and LPS on the activation of pan-protein kinase C, Akt, GSK-3β and protein kinase Cα. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate that A20 overexpression has anti-inflammatory effects and blocks osteoclastic differentiation in a nicotine- and LPS-stimulated hPDLC model. Thus, A20 overexpression may be a potential therapeutic target in inflammatory bone loss diseases, such as periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Hong
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - W-J Bae
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology & Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration (MRC), School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J-K Yi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - G-T Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - E-C Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology & Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration (MRC), School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Syrjälä SO, Nykänen AI, Tuuminen R, Raissadati A, Keränen MAI, Arnaudova R, Krebs R, Koh GY, Alitalo K, Lemström KB. Donor Heart Treatment With COMP-Ang1 Limits Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Rejection of Cardiac Allografts. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:2075-84. [PMID: 25932532 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The major cause of death during the first year after heart transplantation is primary graft dysfunction due to preservation and ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Angiopoietin-1 is a Tie2 receptor-binding paracrine growth factor with anti-inflammatory properties and indispensable roles in vascular development and stability. We used a stable variant of angiopoietin-1 (COMP-Ang1) to test whether ex vivo intracoronary treatment with a single dose of COMP-Ang1 in donor Dark Agouti rat heart subjected to 4-h cold ischemia would prevent microvascular dysfunction and inflammatory responses in the fully allogeneic recipient Wistar Furth rat. COMP-Ang1 reduced endothelial cell-cell junction disruption of the donor heart in transmission electron microscopy during 4-h cold ischemia, improved myocardial reflow, and reduced microvascular leakage and cardiomyocyte injury of transplanted allografts during IRI. Concurrently, the treatment reduced expression of danger signals, dendritic cell maturation markers, endothelial cell adhesion molecule VCAM-1 and RhoA/Rho-associated protein kinase activation and the influx of macrophages and neutrophils. Furthermore, COMP-Ang1 treatment provided sustained anti-inflammatory effects during acute rejection and prevented the development of cardiac fibrosis and allograft vasculopathy. These results suggest donor heart treatment with COMP-Ang1 having important clinical implications in the prevention of primary and subsequent long-term injury and dysfunction in cardiac allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Syrjälä
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A I Nykänen
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R Tuuminen
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Raissadati
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M A I Keränen
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R Arnaudova
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R Krebs
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - G Y Koh
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - K Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Program and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K B Lemström
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Abbasi A, Forsberg K, Bischof F. The role of the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 in diseases of the central nervous system and other pathological processes. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:21. [PMID: 26124703 PMCID: PMC4466442 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 has been shown to control a large set of molecular pathways involved in the regulation of protective as well as self-directed immune responses. Here, we assess the current and putative roles of A20 in inflammatory, vascular and degenerative diseases of the central nervous system and explore future directions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Abbasi
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University Hospital Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kirsi Forsberg
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University Hospital Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felix Bischof
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University Hospital Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
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Xu W, Xue L, Sun Y, Henry A, Battle JM, Micault M, Morris SW. Bcl10 is an essential regulator for A20 gene expression. J Physiol Biochem 2013; 69:821-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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MIKULS TEDR, LeVAN TRICIAD, SAYLES HARLAN, YU FANG, CAPLAN LIRON, CANNON GRANTW, KERR GAILS, REIMOLD ANDREASM, JOHNSON DANNETTES, THIELE GEOFFREYM. Soluble CD14 and CD14 Polymorphisms in Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Rheumatol 2011; 38:2509-16. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.110378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Soluble CD14 (sCD14) is involved in innate immune responses and has been implicated to play a pathogenic role in inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). No studies have identified the specific factors that influence sCD14 expression in RA. We used cross-sectional data to evaluate the relationship of sCD14 concentrations in RA with measures of disease activity and severity. We hypothesized that sCD14 concentrations would be elevated in subjects with greater RA disease severity and markers of disease activity, compared to subjects with lower disease activity. We also examined whether well-defined polymorphisms in CD14 are associated with sCD14 expression in RA.Methods.Soluble CD14 concentrations were measured using banked serum from patients with RA (n = 1270) and controls (n = 186). Associations of patient factors including demographics, measures of RA disease activity/severity, and select CD14 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with sCD14 concentration were examined in patients with RA using ordinal logistic regression.Results.Circulating concentrations of sCD14 were higher in patients with RA compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Factors significantly and independently associated with higher sCD14 levels in patients with RA included older age, being white (vs African American), lower body mass index, elevated high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and higher levels of disease activity based on the Disease Activity Score (DAS28). There were no significant associations of CD14 tagging SNP with sCD14 level in either univariate or multivariable analyses.Conclusion.Circulating levels of sCD14 are increased in RA and are highest in patients with increased levels of RA disease activity. In the context of RA, sCD14 concentrations also appear to be strongly influenced by specific patient factors including older age and race but not by genetic variation in CD14.
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Singla S, Predescu D, Bardita C, Wang M, Zhang J, Balk RA, Predescu S. Pro-inflammatory endothelial cell dysfunction is associated with intersectin-1s down-regulation. Respir Res 2011; 12:46. [PMID: 21486462 PMCID: PMC3096597 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The response of lung microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is central to the pathogenesis of lung injury. It is dual in nature, with one facet that is pro-inflammatory and another that is cyto-protective. In previous work, overexpression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-XL rescued ECs from apoptosis triggered by siRNA knockdown of intersectin-1s (ITSN-1s), a pro-survival protein crucial for ECs function. Here we further characterized the cyto-protective EC response to LPS and pro-inflammatory dysfunction. Methods and Results Electron microscopy (EM) analyses of LPS-exposed ECs revealed an activated/dysfunctional phenotype, while a biotin assay for caveolae internalization followed by biochemical quantification indicated that LPS causes a 40% inhibition in biotin uptake compared to controls. Quantitative PCR and Western blotting were used to evaluate the mRNA and protein expression, respectively, for several regulatory proteins of intrinsic apoptosis, including ITSN-1s. The decrease in ITSN-1s mRNA and protein expression were countered by Bcl-XL and survivin upregulation, as well as Bim downregulation, events thought to protect ECs from impending apoptosis. Absence of apoptosis was confirmed by TUNEL and lack of cytochrome c (cyt c) efflux from mitochondria. Moreover, LPS exposure caused induction and activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and a mitochondrial variant (mtNOS), as well as augmented mitochondrial NO production as measured by an oxidation oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) assay applied on mitochondrial-enriched fractions prepared from LPS-exposed ECs. Interestingly, expression of myc-ITSN-1s rescued caveolae endocytosis and reversed induction of iNOS expression. Conclusion Our results suggest that ITSN-1s deficiency is relevant for the pro-inflammatory ECs dysfunction induced by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunit Singla
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1750 W, Harrison Street, 297 Jelke, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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17
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Malfitano AM, Sosa S, Laezza C, De Bortoli M, Tubaro A, Bifulco M. Rimonabant reduces keratinocyte viability by induction of apoptosis and exerts topical anti-inflammatory activity in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:84-93. [PMID: 20880029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE There is growing evidence that the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist, rimonabant (SR141716) exerts potential anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory actions. Here, we have assessed the effects of rimonabant in vitro in murine immortalized keratinocytes and in vivo by assaying the topical anti-inflammatory activity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cell viability and death in a keratinocyte cell line (C5N cells) were measured by Trypan blue exclusion assay and cytotoxicity by sulphorhodamine B test. Cell cycle progression was assessed by flow cytometry and the expression of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic markers, cyclins, pathways of signal transduction and CB1 receptor levels were evaluated by Western blot. The topical anti-inflammatory properties of rimonabant were analysed by inhibition of croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice. KEY RESULTS Rimonabant reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis as shown by the enhanced number of cells in the subG0 phase of the cell cycle, the expression of Bax and reduced levels of Bcl-2 and X-inhibitor of apoptosis protein. In addition, reduced levels of phosphorylated serine/threonine protein kinase Akt and nuclear factor-kappa B were detected associated with regulation of total nuclear factor-kappa B and inhibitor of kappa B-α, phosphorylated inhibitor of kappa B-α, cyclins D1, E and A. In croton oil-induced ear dermatitis, rimonabant significantly reduced oedema and leukocyte infiltrate. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Rimonabant reduced cell viability, inducing cell death in keratinocytes and decreased croton oil-induced ear dermatitis. Our findings suggest a potential application of rimonabant as a topical anti-inflammatory drug. We did not assess the involvement of CB(1) receptors in these effects of rimonabant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Malfitano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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18
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Castiello L, Sabatino M, Jin P, Clayberger C, Marincola FM, Krensky AM, Stroncek DF. Monocyte-derived DC maturation strategies and related pathways: a transcriptional view. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:457-66. [PMID: 21258790 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo production of highly stimulator mature dendritic cells (DCs) for cellular therapy has been used to treat different pathological conditions with the aim of inducing a specific immune response. In the last decade, several protocols have been developed to mature monocyte-derived DCs: each one has led to the generation of DCs showing different phenotypes and stimulatory abilities, but it is not yet known which one is the best for inducing effective immune responses. We grouped several different maturation protocols according to the downstream pathways they activated and reviewed the shared features at a transcriptomic level to reveal the potential of DCs matured by each protocol to develop Th-polarized immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Castiello
- Cell Processing Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Verstrepen L, Verhelst K, van Loo G, Carpentier I, Ley SC, Beyaert R. Expression, biological activities and mechanisms of action of A20 (TNFAIP3). Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:2009-20. [PMID: 20599425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A20 (also known as TNFAIP3) is a cytoplasmic protein that plays a key role in the negative regulation of inflammation and immunity. Polymorphisms in the A20 gene locus have been identified as risk alleles for multiple human autoimmune diseases, and A20 has also been proposed to function as a tumor suppressor in several human B-cell lymphomas. A20 expression is strongly induced by multiple stimuli, including the proinflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1, and microbial products that trigger pathogen recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors. A20 functions in a negative feedback loop, which mediates its inhibitory functions by downregulating key proinflammatory signaling pathways, including those controlling NF-κB- and IRF3-dependent gene expression. Activation of these transcription factors is controlled by both K48- and K63- polyubiquitination of upstream signaling proteins, respectively triggering proteasome-mediated degradation or interaction with other signaling proteins. A20 turns off NF-κB and IRF3 activation by modulating both types of ubiquitination. Induction of K48-polyubiquitination by A20 involves its C-terminal zinc-finger ubiquitin-binding domain, which may promote interaction with E3 ligases, such as Itch and RNF11 that are involved in mediating A20 inhibitory functions. A20 is thought to promote de-ubiquitination of K63-polyubiquitin chains either directly, due to its N-terminal deubiquitinase domain, or by disrupting the interaction between E3 and E2 enzymes that catalyze K63-polyubiquitination. A20 is subject to different mechanisms of regulation, including phosphorylation, proteolytic processing, and association with ubiquitin binding proteins. Here we review the expression and biological activities of A20, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Verstrepen
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Petersen B, Ramackers W, Tiede A, Lucas-Hahn A, Herrmann D, Barg-Kues B, Schuettler W, Friedrich L, Schwinzer R, Winkler M, Niemann H. Pigs transgenic for human thrombomodulin have elevated production of activated protein C. Xenotransplantation 2009; 16:486-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2009.00537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Shioiri T, Muroi M, Hatao F, Nishida M, Ogawa T, Mimura Y, Seto Y, Kaminishi M, Tanamoto KI. Caspase-3 is activated and rapidly released from human umbilical vein endothelial cells in response to lipopolysaccharide. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:1011-8. [PMID: 19559790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell injury/dysfunction is considered to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of severe sepsis and septic shock. Although it is considered that endothelial cell apoptosis is involved in endothelial injury/dysfunction, physiological involvement remains ambiguous since the induction of apoptosis requires the inhibition of endogenous apoptosis inhibitors. Here we show that caspase-3 activation, a biological indicator of apoptosis, is observed in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation even under the influence of endogenous apoptosis inhibitors, and that activated caspase-3 is rapidly released from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). In the presence of cycloheximide (CHX), an increase in intracellular caspase-3/7 activity in response to LPS was not detected in HUVEC up to 24 h following stimulation even in the presence of LPS-binding protein (LBP), soluble CD14 and soluble MD-2, whereas the decrease in cell viability and increase in release of the cellular enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were observed in a soluble CD14/LBP-dependent manner. On the other hand, even in the absence of CHX, a significant increase in caspase-3/7 activity and a cleaved caspase-3 fragment with a slight increase in LDH release was observed in culture supernatants in response to LPS. This increase in caspase-3/7 activity was observed even when LDH release was undetected. These results indicate that caspase-3 is activated by LPS under physiological conditions and suggest that HUVEC escape from cell death by rapidly releasing activated caspase-3 into extracellular space. Failure of this escape mechanism may result in endothelial injury/dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Shioiri
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
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22
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Karahashi H, Michelsen KS, Arditi M. Lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis in transformed bovine brain endothelial cells and human dermal microvessel endothelial cells: the role of JNK. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 182:7280-6. [PMID: 19454725 PMCID: PMC3057198 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of transformed bovine brain endothelial cells (TBBEC) with LPS leads to apoptosis while human microvessel endothelial cells (HMEC) need the presence of cycloheximide (CHX) with LPS to induce apoptosis. To investigate the molecular mechanism of LPS-induced apoptosis in HMEC or TBBEC, we analyzed the involvement of MAPK and PI3K in TBBEC and HMEC. LPS-induced apoptosis in TBBEC was hallmarked by the activation of caspase 3, caspase 6, and caspase 8 after the stimulation of LPS, followed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage and lactate dehydrogenase release. We also observed DNA cleavage determined by TUNEL staining in TBBEC treated with LPS. Herbimycin A, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, suppressed the activation of caspases and lactate dehydrogenase release. Moreover, a PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) suppressed activation of caspases and combined treatment with both SP600125 and LY294002 completely inhibited the activation of caspases. These results suggest that the JNK signaling pathway through the tyrosine kinase and PI3K pathways is involved in the induction of apoptosis in LPS-treated TBBEC. On the other hand, we observed sustained JNK activation in HMEC treated with LPS and CHX, and neither ERK1/2 nor AKT were activated. The addition of SP600125 suppressed phosphorylation of JNK and the activation of caspase 3 in HMEC treated with LPS and CHX. These results suggest that JNK plays an important role in the induction of apoptosis in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisae Karahashi
- Division of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases and Immunology and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Kathrin S. Michelsen
- Division of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases and Immunology and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Division of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases and Immunology and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, USA
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Koziel J, Maciag-Gudowska A, Mikolajczyk T, Bzowska M, Sturdevant DE, Whitney AR, Shaw LN, DeLeo FR, Potempa J. Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by macrophages exerts cytoprotective effects manifested by the upregulation of antiapoptotic factors. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5210. [PMID: 19381294 PMCID: PMC2668171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly apparent that Staphylococcus aureus are able to survive engulfment by macrophages, and that the intracellular environment of these host cells, which is essential to innate host defenses against invading microorganisms, may in fact provide a refuge for staphylococcal survival and dissemination. Based on this, we postulated that S. aureus might induce cytoprotective mechanisms by changing gene expression profiles inside macrophages similar to obligate intracellular pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To validate our hypothesis we first ascertained whether S. aureus infection could affect programmed cell death in human (hMDMs) and mouse (RAW 264.7) macrophages and, specifically, protect these cells against apoptosis. Our findings indicate that S. aureus-infected macrophages are more resistant to staurosporine-induced cell death than control cells, an effect partly mediated via the inhibition of cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis of human monocyte-derived macrophages during S. aureus infection revealed a significant increase in the expression of antiapoptotic genes. This was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR analysis of selected genes involved in mitochondria-dependent cell death, clearly showing overexpression of BCL2 and MCL1. Cumulatively, the results of our experiments argue that S. aureus is able to induce a cytoprotective effect in macrophages derived from different mammal species, which can prevent host cell elimination, and thus allow intracellular bacterial survival. Ultimately, it is our contention that this process may contribute to the systemic dissemination of S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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A model of TLR4 signaling and tolerance using a qualitative, particle–event-based method: Introduction of spatially configured stochastic reaction chambers (SCSRC). Math Biosci 2009; 217:43-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Yue G, Shi G, Azaro MA, Yang Q, Hu G, Luo M, Yin K, Nagele RG, Fine DH, Yang JM, Li H. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) potentiates hydrogen peroxide toxicity in T98G astrocytoma cells by suppression of anti-oxidative and growth factor gene expression. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:608. [PMID: 19087328 PMCID: PMC2631585 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria with proved role in pathogenesis of sepsis. Brain injury was observed with both patients dead from sepsis and animal septic models. However, in vitro administration of LPS has not shown obvious cell damage to astrocytes and other relative cell lines while it does cause endothelial cell death in vitro. These observations make it difficult to understand the role of LPS in brain parenchymal injury. Results To test the hypothesis that LPS may cause biological changes in astrocytes and make the cells to become vulnerable to reactive oxygen species, a recently developed highly sensitive and highly specific system for large-scale gene expression profiling was used to examine the gene expression profile of a group of 1,135 selected genes in a cell line, T98G, a derivative of human glioblastoma of astrocytic origin. By pre-treating T98G cells with different dose of LPS, it was found that LPS treatment caused a broad alteration in gene expression profile, but did not cause obvious cell death. However, after short exposure to H2O2, cell death was dramatically increased in the LPS pretreated samples. Interestingly, cell death was highly correlated with down-regulated expression of antioxidant genes such as cytochrome b561, glutathione s-transferase a4 and protein kinase C-epsilon. On the other hand, expression of genes encoding growth factors was significantly suppressed. These changes indicate that LPS treatment may suppress the anti-oxidative machinery, decrease the viability of the T98G cells and make the cells more sensitive to H2O2 stress. Conclusion These results provide very meaningful clue for further exploring and understanding the mechanism underlying astrocyte injury in sepsis in vivo, and insight for why LPS could cause astrocyte injury in vivo, but not in vitro. It will also shed light on the therapeutic strategy of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yue
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology/The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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Giacconi R, Caruso C, Malavolta M, Lio D, Balistreri CR, Scola L, Candore G, Muti E, Mocchegiani E. Pro-inflammatory genetic background and zinc status in old atherosclerotic subjects. Ageing Res Rev 2008; 7:306-18. [PMID: 18611449 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and genetics are prominent mechanisms in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AT) and its complications. In this review we discuss the possible impact on AT development of several genetic determinants involved in inflammation, oxidative stress and cytoprotection (IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-10, CD14, TLR4, MT, HSP70). Genetic polymorphisms of these genes may affect a differential inflammatory response predisposing to AT. However, allelic polymorphisms of genes which increase the risk of AT frequently occur in the general population but, only adequate gene-environment-polymorphism interactions promote the onset of the disease. Zinc deficiency has been suggested as an environmental risk factor for AT. With advancing age, the incidence of zinc deficiency increases for several reasons. Among them, dietary intake, malabsorption and genetic background of inflammatory markers may be involved. A crucial contribution may also be played by increased oxidative stress which may lead to the appearance of dysfunctional proteins, including metallothioneins (MT) that are in turn involved in zinc homeostasis. The detection of candidate genes related to inflammation and promoting AT and their reciprocal influence/interaction with zinc status might allow earlier appropriate dietary interventions in genetically susceptible subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertina Giacconi
- Immunolgy Center, Laboratory of Nutrigenomic and Immunosenenscence, Research Department, INRCA, Via Birarelli 8, 60121 Ancona, Italy.
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Detailed qualitative dynamic knowledge representation using a BioNetGen model of TLR-4 signaling and preconditioning. Math Biosci 2008; 217:53-63. [PMID: 18835283 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2008.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 08/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intracellular signaling/synthetic pathways are being increasingly extensively characterized. However, while these pathways can be displayed in static diagrams, in reality they exist with a degree of dynamic complexity that is responsible for heterogeneous cellular behavior. Multiple parallel pathways exist and interact concurrently, limiting the ability to integrate the various identified mechanisms into a cohesive whole. Computational methods have been suggested as a means of concatenating this knowledge to aid in the understanding of overall system dynamics. Since the eventual goal of biomedical research is the identification and development of therapeutic modalities, computational representation must have sufficient detail to facilitate this 'engineering' process. Adding to the challenge, this type of representation must occur in a perpetual state of incomplete knowledge. We present a modeling approach to address this challenge that is both detailed and qualitative. This approach is termed 'dynamic knowledge representation,' and is intended to be an integrated component of the iterative cycle of scientific discovery. METHODS BioNetGen (BNG), a software platform for modeling intracellular signaling pathways, was used to model the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) signal transduction cascade. The informational basis of the model was a series of reference papers on modulation of (TLR-4) signaling, and some specific primary research papers to aid in the characterization of specific mechanistic steps in the pathway. This model was detailed with respect to the components of the pathway represented, but qualitative with respect to the specific reaction coefficients utilized to execute the reactions. Responsiveness to simulated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration was measured by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production. Simulation runs included evaluation of initial dose-dependent response to LPS administration at 10, 100, 1000 and 10,000, and a subsequent examination of preconditioning behavior with increasing LPS at 10, 100, 1000 and 10,000 and a secondary dose of LPS at 10,000 administered at approximately 27h of simulated time. Simulations of 'knockout' versions of the model allowed further examination of the interactions within the signaling cascade. RESULTS The model demonstrated a dose-dependent TNF response curve to increasing stimulus by LPS. Preconditioning simulations demonstrated a similar dose-dependency of preconditioning doses leading to attenuation of response to subsequent LPS challenge - a 'tolerance' dynamic. These responses match dynamics reported in the literature. Furthermore, the simulated 'knockout' results suggested the existence and need for dual negative feedback control mechanisms, represented by the zinc ring-finger protein A20 and inhibitor kappa B proteins (IkappaB), in order for both effective attenuation of the initial stimulus signal and subsequent preconditioned 'tolerant' behavior. CONCLUSIONS We present an example of detailed, qualitative dynamic knowledge representation using the TLR-4 signaling pathway, its control mechanisms and overall behavior with respect to preconditioning. The intent of this approach is to demonstrate a method of translating the extensive mechanistic knowledge being generated at the basic science level into an executable framework that can provide a means of 'conceptual model verification.' This allows for both the 'checking' of the dynamic consequences of a mechanistic hypothesis and the creation of a modular component of an overall model directed at the engineering goal of biomedical research. It is hoped that this paper will increase the use of knowledge representation and communication in this fashion, and facilitate the concatenation and integration of community-wide knowledge.
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Bouafsoun A, Othmane A, Jaffrézic-Renault N, Kerkeni A, Thoumire O, Prigent A, Ponsonnet L. Impedance endothelial cell biosensor for lipopolysaccharide detection. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2007.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Choi MR, Najafi F, Safa AR, Drexler HCA. Analysis of changes in the proteome of HL-60 promyeloid leukemia cells induced by the proteasome inhibitor PSI. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 75:2276-88. [PMID: 18468579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors display potent anti-neoplastic and anti-angiogenic properties both in vitro and in vivo. The mechanisms, however, by which proteasome inhibitors kill tumor cells are still fairly elusive as is the molecular basis of resistance to treatment. To address these questions, we employed a high-throughput Western blotting procedure to analyze changes in a subproteome of approximately 800 proteins in the promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 upon treatment with the proteasome inhibitor PSI (Z-Ile-Glu(OtBu)-Ala-Leu-aldehyde) and correlated the changes of selected target proteins with the changes in two multidrug-resistant HL-60 variants. In total, 105 proteins were upregulated more than 1.5-fold after PSI treatment, while 79 proteins were downregulated. Activation of caspases-3 and -8, modulation of members of the Bcl-2 family as well as stimulation of stress signaling pathways was prominent during HL-60 apoptosis. We also identified changes in the abundance of proteins previously not known to be affected by proteasome inhibitors. In contrast, two multidrug-resistant HL-60 cell lines, overexpressing either MRP1 or P-glycoprotein were largely resistant to PSI-induced apoptosis and could not be resensitized by the pharmacological inhibitors of the drug efflux pumps MK571 or PSC833. Drug resistance was also independent of the upregulation of Bad. Overexpression of multidrug resistance proteins, P-glycoprotein and MRP-1 is thus not sufficient to explain resistance of HL-60 cells to treatment with proteasome inhibitor PSI, which remains more closely related to a low level of Bax expression and to the inability to activate JNK. Alternative routes to the acquisition of resistance to PSI have therefore to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ran Choi
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department for Vascular Cell Biology, Roentgenstr. 20, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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30
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Damico RL, Chesley A, Johnston L, Bind EP, Amaro E, Nijmeh J, Karakas B, Welsh L, Pearse DB, Garcia JGN, Crow MT. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor governs endothelial cell sensitivity to LPS-induced apoptosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 39:77-85. [PMID: 18239193 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0248oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human endothelial cells (EC) are typically resistant to the apoptotic effects of stimuli associated with lung disease. The determinants of this resistance remain incompletely understood. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by human pulmonary artery EC (HPAEC). Its expression increases in response to various death-inducing stimuli, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We show here that silencing MIF expression by RNA interference (MIF siRNA) dramatically reduces MIF mRNA expression and the LPS-induced increase in MIF protein levels, thereby sensitizing HPAECs to LPS-induced cell death. Addition of recombinant human MIF (rhMIF) protein prevents the death-sensitizing effect of MIF siRNA. A common mediator of apoptosis resistance in ECs is the death effector domain (DED)-containing protein, FLIP (FLICE-like inhibitory protein). We show that LPS induces a transcription-independent increase in the short isoform of FLIP (FLIP(s)). This increase is blocked by MIF siRNA but restored with the addition of recombinant MIF protein (rHMIF). While FLIP(s) siRNA also sensitizes HPAECs to LPS-induced death, the addition of rhMIF does not affect this sensitization, placing MIF upstream of FLIP(s) in preventing HPAEC death. These studies demonstrate that MIF is an endogenous pro-survival factor in HPAECs and identify a novel mechanism for its role in apoptosis resistance through the regulation of FLIP(s). These results show that MIF can protect vascular endothelial cells from inflammation-associated cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Damico
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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31
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Sass G, Shembade ND, Haimerl F, Lamoureux N, Hashemolhosseini S, Tannapfel A, Tiegs G. TNF pretreatment interferes with mitochondrial apoptosis in the mouse liver by A20-mediated down-regulation of Bax. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:7042-9. [PMID: 17982095 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.7042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pretreatment with low doses of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF has been shown to prevent hepatocellular apoptosis and liver damage in inflammatory as well as in ischemia/reperfusion-induced liver injury. The underlying mechanisms of protection have not been elucidated so far. In this study, these mechanisms were investigated in murine hepatocyte cultures as well as in a mouse model of TNF-dependent apoptotic liver damage (galactosamine/TNF model). Our results show that pretreatment with TNF, or application of small-interfering RNA directed against the proapoptotic Bcl2 family member Bax, interfered with the onset of mitochondrial apoptosis in vivo. Knockdown of TNF-alpha-induced-protein 3 (A20) restored mitochondrial apoptosis, Bax expression, and liver damage. The underlying mechanism of protection seems to involve a cascade of events, where TNF induces the expression of A20 in hepatocytes, A20 down-modulates Bax expression by interference with transcriptional activation, and the reduced availability of Bax interferes with the onset of mitochondrial apoptosis and the ensuing apoptotic liver damage. In conclusion, we identified Bax and A20 as key players in TNF-induced protection from apoptotic liver damage. Because treatment with TNF itself might be a risk factor for patients, we propose that overexpression of A20 might represent an alternative approach for protection from inflammation related apoptotic liver damage, as well as for TNF preconditioning during transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sass
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Lin SC, Chung JY, Lamothe B, Rajashankar K, Lu M, Lo YC, Lam AY, Darnay BG, Wu H. Molecular basis for the unique deubiquitinating activity of the NF-kappaB inhibitor A20. J Mol Biol 2007; 376:526-40. [PMID: 18164316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation in tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and Toll-like receptor pathways requires Lys63-linked nondegradative polyubiquitination. A20 is a specific feedback inhibitor of NF-kappaB activation in these pathways that possesses dual ubiquitin-editing functions. While the N-terminal domain of A20 is a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) for Lys63-linked polyubiquitinated signaling mediators such as TRAF6 and RIP, its C-terminal domain is a ubiquitin ligase (E3) for Lys48-linked degradative polyubiquitination of the same substrates. To elucidate the molecular basis for the DUB activity of A20, we determined its crystal structure and performed a series of biochemical and cell biological studies. The structure reveals the potential catalytic mechanism of A20, which may be significantly different from papain-like cysteine proteases. Ubiquitin can be docked onto a conserved A20 surface; this interaction exhibits charge complementarity and no steric clash. Surprisingly, A20 does not have specificity for Lys63-linked polyubiquitin chains. Instead, it effectively removes Lys63-linked polyubiquitin chains from TRAF6 without dissembling the chains themselves. Our studies suggest that A20 does not act as a general DUB but has the specificity for particular polyubiquitinated substrates to assure its fidelity in regulating NF-kappaB activation in the tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and Toll-like receptor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Chang Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Zha RP, Xu W, Wang WY, Dong L, Wang YP. Prevention of lipopolysaccharide-induced injury by 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid in endothelial cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:1143-8. [PMID: 17640475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-diCQA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced injury in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). METHODS The anti-oxidant effect was detected using the malondialdehyde (MDA) assay in a rat liver microsome model of lipid peroxidation. Cell viability was analyzed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Cell lipid peroxide injury was measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Apoptotic cells were detected by flow cytometry, and confirmed by DNA fragmentation analysis. Caspase-3 activity was measured using a specific assay kit. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by flow cytometry with a 2,7-dichlorodihydro-fluorescein diacetate fluorescence probe. RESULTS The exposure of microsomes to ascorbate-Fe2+ resulted in lipoperoxidation according to an increase in the level of MDA. MDA formation decreased in a dose-dependent manner on treatment with 5, 10, or 50 micromol/L 3,5-diCQA. Treatment with LPS for 16 h resulted in a 60% decrease in cell viability and an increase in LDH release from 47.6% to 61.5%. DNA laddering was observed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The level of apoptotic cells peaked at 27% after treatment with LPS for 12 h. Following treatment with LPS for 12 h, intracellular ROS and caspase-3 activity increased. Pretreatment with 3,5-diCQA at 5, 10, or 50 micromol/L for 1 h attenuated LPS-mediated endothelial cell injury. The anti-apoptotic action of 3,5-diCQA was partially dependent on its capacity for anti-oxidation and the suppression of caspase-3 activity. CONCLUSION 3,5-diCQA displays anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic activity in HMEC-1 due to scavenging of intracellular ROS induced by LPS, and the suppression of caspase-3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-peng Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Slofstra SH, Groot AP, Obdeijn MHP, Reitsma PH, ten Cate H, Spek CA. Gene expression profiling identifies C/EBPdelta as a candidate regulator of endotoxin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176:602-9. [PMID: 17600275 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200609-1250oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE A runaway inflammatory response to systemic infection or severe trauma is characterized by the activation of a diversity of pathways, ultimately resulting in the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and multiorgan failure. OBJECTIVES Despite increased fundamental knowledge of the pathogenesis of DIC, the exact molecular mechanisms remain elusive. We aimed therefore to improve our understanding of the molecular pathways underlying endotoxin-induced DIC. METHODS We performed large-scale gene expression profiling in the liver of mice during the onset of endotoxin-induced DIC. The relevance of an identified candidate gene involved in endotoxin-induced DIC was subsequently assessed in the generalized Shwartzman reaction. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Approximately 5% of over 20,000 genes were differentially regulated. In addition to well-established sepsis-associated genes, such as macrophage inflammatory protein 1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, CD14, and A20, we identified several novel candidates for inflammatory disease of which the transcription factor C/EBPdelta (CAAT/enhancer binding protein delta) was studied further. Induction of DIC in C/EBPdelta-deficient mice decreased endotoxin-induced systemic inflammation as compared with wild-type mice, as evident from decreased plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-6. In addition, C/EBPdelta deficiency partly protected against DIC-induced mortality. Interestingly, C/EBPdelta deficiency seemed mainly protective by improving renal function. This latter notion was confirmed in an experimental model of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in which C/EBPdelta deficiency reduced ischemia/reperfusion-induced creatinine and urea levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results endorse the usefulness of gene expression profiling in identifying novel mediators of DIC by showing that C/EBPdelta regulates specific pathologic features of this endotoxin-induced syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoukje H Slofstra
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, G2-132, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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May MJ, Madge LA. Caspase inhibition sensitizes inhibitor of NF-kappaB kinase beta-deficient fibroblasts to caspase-independent cell death via the generation of reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:16105-16. [PMID: 17430892 PMCID: PMC2895319 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611115200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells lacking functional NF-kappaB die after ligation of some tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family members through failure to express NF-kappaB-dependent anti-apoptotic genes. NF-kappaB activation requires the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex containing two catalytic subunits named IKKalpha and IKKbeta that regulate distinct NF-kappaB pathways. IKKbeta is critical for classical signaling that induces pro-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic gene profiles, whereas IKKalpha regulates the non-canonical pathway involved in lymphoid organogenesis and B-cell development. To determine whether IKKalpha and IKKbeta differentially function in rescuing cells from death induced by activators of the classical and non-canonical pathways, we analyzed death after ligation of the TNF and lymphotoxin-beta receptors, respectively. Using murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking each of the IKKs, the caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone, and dominant negative Fas-associated death domain protein, we found that deletion of these kinases sensitized MEFs to distinct cell death pathways. MEFs lacking IKKalpha were sensitized to death in response to both cytokines that was entirely caspase-dependent, demonstrating that IKKalpha functions in this process. Surprisingly, death of IKKbeta-/- MEFs was not blocked by caspase inhibition, demonstrating that IKKbeta negatively regulates caspase-independent cell death (CICD). CICD was strongly activated by both TNF and lymphotoxin-beta receptor ligation in IKKbeta-/- MEFs and was accompanied by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the generation of reactive oxygen species. CICD was inhibited by the anti-oxidant butylated hydroxyanosole and overexpression of Bcl-2, neither of which blocked caspase-dependent apoptosis. Our findings, therefore, demonstrate that both IKKalpha and IKKbeta regulate cytokine-induced apoptosis, and IKKbeta additionally represses reactive oxygen species- and mitochondrial-dependent CICD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J May
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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36
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Drygin D, Koo S, Perera R, Barone S, Bennett CF. Induction of toll-like receptors and NALP/PAN/PYPAF family members by modified oligonucleotides in lung epithelial carcinoma cells. Oligonucleotides 2006; 15:105-18. [PMID: 15989425 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2005.15.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
ISIS 199044 is a chimeric 2'-O-methyl-containing oligonucleotide that produces toxicity in several cultured cell lines. Upon investigation into the mechanism of cytotoxicity, we discovered that treatment of lung epithelial carcinoma cells, A549, with ISIS 199044 and several other cytotoxic oligonucleotides induces a group of genes that are not normally expressed in these cells. These genes are involved in host response to foreign materials. Among them were toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR9, members of the toll-like receptor family, responsible for immune response to nucleic acids and cryopyrin, a member of NALP/PAN/PYPAF family, which is known to assemble with ASC and regulate NF-kappaB activation and to modulate apoptosis. Maximal induction occurred 12-24 hours posttreatment with 500 nM oligonucleotide in the presence of Lipofectin reagent. Furthermore, we have shown that this induction is chemistry dependent; it can be negated by certain modifications, such as replacement of 2'-O-methyl with 2'-O-methoxyethyl groups or substitution of phosphorothioates with phosphodiester linkages. DNA microarray analysis identified additional genes modulated by ISIS 199044, particularly genes involved in DNA damage/repair.
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Chng HW, Camplejohn RS, Stone MG, Hart IR, Nicholson LJ. A new role for the anti-apoptotic gene A20 in angiogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:2897-907. [PMID: 16824518 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A20 is a negative regulator of NF-kappaB activation and thus a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of diseases where apoptosis and/or inflammatory responses are part of the pathogenic process. Thus, A20 has been shown to improve the long-term outcome of organ transplantation, particularly, the transplantation of islets of Langerhans which may aid the cure of type I diabetes. We now report a new role for A20 in regulating neovascularisation. We used RNA interference to inhibit A20 expression in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and investigated the effect on tubule formation in two in vitro angiogenesis assays, Matrigel and a co-culture assay. Tubule area and tubule length were both reduced following inhibition of A20 expression in HUVECs. These inhibitory effects were particularly evident in the co-culture assay, which incorporates the critical steps of the angiogenic process and ultimately results in the formation of an intricate network of anastomosing tubules that resemble the formed capillary bed: a partial down-regulation of A20 protein (50-60%) resulted in a 28% reduction in tubule area (P < 0.05) and a 26% reduction in tubule length (P < 0.05). A20 may offer a new target in the treatment of human conditions, including cancer, which are characterised by neovascularisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao W Chng
- Department of Oncology, King's College London School of Medicine, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
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Mauro C, Pacifico F, Lavorgna A, Mellone S, Iannetti A, Acquaviva R, Formisano S, Vito P, Leonardi A. ABIN-1 Binds to NEMO/IKKγ and Co-operates with A20 in Inhibiting NF-κB. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:18482-8. [PMID: 16684768 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601502200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) plays a pivotal role in inflammation, immunity, stress responses, and protection from apoptosis. Canonical activation of NF-kappaB is dependent on the phosphorylation of the inhibitory subunit IkappaBalpha that is mediated by a multimeric, high molecular weight complex, called IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex. This is composed of two catalytic subunits, IKKalpha and IKKbeta, and a regulatory subunit, NEMO/IKKgamma. The latter protein is essential for the activation of IKKs and NF-kappaB, but its mechanism of action is not well understood. Here we identified ABIN-1 (A20 binding inhibitor of NF-kappaB) as a NEMO/IKKgamma-interacting protein. ABIN-1 has been previously identified as an A20-binding protein and it has been proposed to mediate the NF-kappaB inhibiting effects of A20. We find that both ABIN-1 and A20 inhibit NF-kappaB at the level of the IKK complex and that A20 inhibits activation of NF-kappaB by de-ubiquitination of NEMO/IKKgamma. Importantly, small interfering RNA targeting ABIN-1 abrogates A20-dependent de-ubiquitination of NEMO/IKKgamma and RNA interference of A20 impairs the ability of ABIN-1 to inhibit NF-kappaB activation. Altogether our data indicate that ABIN-1 physically links A20 to NEMO/IKKgamma and facilitates A20-mediated de-ubiquitination of NEMO/IKKgamma, thus resulting in inhibition of NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Mauro
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Federico II, University of Naples, via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Onose A, Hashimoto S, Hayashi S, Maruoka S, Kumasawa F, Mizumura K, Jibiki I, Matsumoto K, Gon Y, Kobayashi T, Takahashi N, Shibata Y, Abiko Y, Shibata T, Shimizu K, Horie T. An inhibitory effect of A20 on NF-kappaB activation in airway epithelium upon influenza virus infection. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 541:198-204. [PMID: 16765340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is a major disease in humans. The reemergence of avian influenza A viruses has indicated that hyperinflammatory responses are closely related to the severity of disease. Influenza virus infection induces nuclear transcription factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation. NF-kappaB and NF-kappaB-dependent gene products promote lung inflammation and injury. Therefore, it is important to investigate the means to attenuate NF-kappaB activation. A20 is a cytoplasmic zinc finger protein that inhibits NF-kappaB activity, However, little is known about the role of A20 in influenza virus infection. Here, we have examined the role of A20 in influenza virus infection-induced NF-kappaB promoter activation in human bronchial epithelial cells. The results showed that (1) A20 protein and mRNA are inducible and expressed in the lung from mice and human bronchial epithelial cells upon influenza virus infection; (2) NF-kappaB promoter activation was induced in bronchial epithelial cells upon influenza virus infection; and (3) overexpression by transient transfection of A20 attenuated NF-kappaB promoter activation in bronchial epithelial cells. These results indicate that A20 may function as a negative regulator of NF-kappaB-mediated lung inflammation and injury upon influenza virus infection, thereby protecting the host against inflammatory response to influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Onose
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Sylte MJ, Kuckleburg CJ, Leite FP, Inzana TJ, Czuprynski CJ. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha enhances Haemophilus somnus lipooligosaccharide-induced apoptosis of bovine endothelial cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 110:303-9. [PMID: 16325265 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Revised: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Haemophilus somnus lipooligosaccharide (LOS)-induced apoptosis of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells has been shown previously to be dependent on caspase-8 activation. Activation of caspase-8 can occur via a death receptor-dependent mechanism (e.g., TNF-alpha binding to TNF-alpha receptor 1 (TNF-R1)). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that TNF-alpha can enhance LOS-induced apoptosis of bovine endothelial cells. Addition of exogenous recombinant human TNF-alpha alone failed to cause apoptosis, or enhance LOS-induced apoptosis, of bovine endothelial cells. However, blocking de novo protein synthesis by addition of cycloheximide significantly enhanced apoptosis of bovine endothelial cells by TNF-alpha, LOS or TNF-alpha and LOS in combination. Conversely, addition of soluble recombinant human (sTNF-R1) diminished LOS-induced apoptosis. Overall, these data suggest that LOS-mediated apoptosis may be due, in part, to activation of a TNR-R1-dependent death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt J Sylte
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 4174 Veterinary Medicine Building, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
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41
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Akashi-Takamura S, Furuta T, Takahashi K, Tanimura N, Kusumoto Y, Kobayashi T, Saitoh SI, Adachi Y, Doi T, Miyake K. Agonistic Antibody to TLR4/MD-2 Protects Mice from Acute Lethal Hepatitis Induced by TNF-α. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:4244-51. [PMID: 16547261 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.7.4244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
LPS is recognized by a heterodimer consisting of TLR4 and its coreceptor MD-2. LPS signal causes excessive inflammation and tissue damage. In this study, we show that a mAb to TLR4/MD-2 protected mice from acute lethal hepatitis caused by LPS/d-galactosamine. The protective effect of the mAb was not due to inhibition of LPS response, because serum TNF-alpha, which was induced by LPS and caused lethal hepatitis, was 10 times up-regulated by the mAb pretreatment. Moreover, this mAb induced antiapoptotic genes in liver in a TLR4/MD-2-dependent manner. These results demonstrated that an agonistic mAb to TLR4/MD-2 protected mice from LPS/d-galactosamine-induced acute lethal hepatitis by delivering a protective signal activating NF-kappaB through TLR4/MD-2.
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Abstract
Sepsis is the systemic immune response to severe bacterial infection. The innate immune recognition of bacterial and viral products is mediated by a family of transmembrane receptors known as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). In endothelial cells, exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major cell wall constituent of Gram-negative bacteria, results in endothelial activation through a receptor complex consisting of TLR4, CD14 and MD2. Recruitment of the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor (MyD88) initiates an MyD88-dependent pathway that culminates in the early activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and the mitogen-activated protein kinases. In parallel, a MyD88-independent pathway results in a late-phase activation of NF-kappaB. The outcome is the production of various proinflammatory mediators and ultimately cellular injury, leading to the various vascular sequelae of sepsis. This review will focus on the signaling pathways initiated by LPS binding to the TLR4 receptor in endothelial cells and the coordinated regulation of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna M Dauphinee
- Department of Medical Biophysics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Kucharczak JF, Simmons MJ, Duckett CS, Gélinas C. Constitutive proteasome-mediated turnover of Bfl-1/A1 and its processing in response to TNF receptor activation in FL5.12 pro-B cells convert it into a prodeath factor. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12:1225-39. [PMID: 16094403 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bfl-1/A1 is generally recognized as a Bcl-2-related inhibitor of apoptosis. We show that Bfl-1 undergoes constitutive ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated turnover. Moreover, while Bfl-1 suppresses apoptosis induced by staurosporine or cytokine withdrawal, it is proapoptotic in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor activation in FL5.12 pro-B cells. Its anti- versus proapoptotic effect is regulated by two proteolytic events: (1) its constitutive proteasome-mediated turnover and (2) its TNF/cycloheximide (CHX)-induced cleavage by mu-calpain, or a calpain-like activity, coincident with acquisition of a proapoptotic phenotype. In vitro studies suggest that calpain-mediated cleavage of Bfl-1 occurs between its Bcl-2 homology (BH)4 and BH3 domains. This would be consistent with the generation of a proapoptotic Bax-like BH1-3 molecule. Overall, our studies uncovered two new regulatory mechanisms that play a decisive role in determining Bfl-1's prosurvival versus prodeath activities. These findings might provide important clues to counteract chemoresistance in tumor cells that highly express Bfl-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Kucharczak
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854-5638, USA
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44
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Ruiz PA, Hoffmann M, Szcesny S, Blaut M, Haller D. Innate mechanisms for Bifidobacterium lactis to activate transient pro-inflammatory host responses in intestinal epithelial cells after the colonization of germ-free rats. Immunology 2005; 115:441-50. [PMID: 16011513 PMCID: PMC1782184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacteria comprise a dominant microbial population group in the human intestinal tract with purported beneficial health effects on the host. In this study, we characterized the molecular mechanisms for the initial interaction of probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis strain BB12 with native and intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) lines. We showed that B. lactis-monoassociated Fisher F344 rats transiently induce phosphorylation/activation of the NF-kappaB transcriptionally active subunit RelA and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 in native IEC at day 5 after initial bacterial colonization. In addition, Interleukin 6 (IL-6) gene expression was significantly increased at day 5, demonstrating the physiological relevance of transient transcription factor activation in IEC. In contrast, Bacteroides vulgatus-monoassociated Fisher rats revealed RelA but not p38 MAPK phosphorylation and failed to trigger significant IL-6 gene expression in native IEC. Moreover, we demonstrated that B. lactis triggers NF-kappaB RelA and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in IEC lines. Adenoviral delivery of mutant IKK-beta (Ad5dnIKKbeta) and inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway through the pharmacological inhibitor SB203580 significantly blocked B. lactis-induced IL-6 gene expression in IEC, suggesting that B. lactis triggers NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling to induce gene expression in the intestinal epithelium. Regarding the mechanisms of bacteria epithelial cell cross-talk, B. lactis-induced IL-6 gene expression was completely inhibited in TLR2 deficient mouse embryogenic fibroblasts (MEF TLR2-/-) as well as TLR2DeltaTIR transfected Mode-K cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated that probiotic bacteria transiently trigger innate signal transduction and pro-inflammatory gene expression in the intestinal epithelium at early stages of bacterial colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Ruiz
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Research, Immunobiology of Nutrition, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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45
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Ueda Y, Nakagawa T, Kubota T, Ido K, Sato K. Glioma cells under hypoxic conditions block the brain microvascular endothelial cell death induced by serum starvation. J Neurochem 2005; 95:99-110. [PMID: 16042757 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is one of essential components for the growth of neoplasms, including malignant gliomas. However, tumor vascularization is often poorly organized and marginally functional due to tumor structural abnormalities, inducing regional or temporal hypoxic conditions and nutritional shortages in tumor tissues. We investigated how during angiogenesis migrating endothelial cells survive in these hypoxic and reduced nutritional conditions. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) underwent apoptosis and necrosis after serum withdrawal. This endothelial cell death was blocked by recombinant VEGF protein or the culture medium of U251 glioma cells exposed to hypoxia (H-CM). Hypoxic treatment increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) expression in U251 glioma cells. H-CM activated nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB) protein and increased the gene expression of antiapoptotic factors including Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), survivin and X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) in endothelial cells. The survival activity of H-CM for endothelial cells was abolished by two kinds of VEGF inhibitors {Cyclopeptidic VEGF inhibitor and a VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (4-[(4'-chloro-2'-fluoro) phenylamino]-6, 7-dimethoxyquinazoline)} or NFkappaB inhibitors (ALLN and BAY 11-7082). These VEGF inhibitors did not block the activation of NFkappaB induced by H-CM in endothelial cells. On the contrary, TNF-alpha antagonist WP9QY enhanced the survival activity of H-CM for endothelial cells and blocked NFkappaB activation induced by H-CM under serum-starved conditions. Taken together, our data suggest that both the secretion of VEGF from glioma cells and activation of NFkappaB in endothelial cells induced by TNF-alpha are necessary for endothelial cell survival as they increase the expression of antiapoptotic genes in endothelial cells under conditions of serum starvation. These pathways may be one of the mechanisms by which angiogenesis is maintained in glioma tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Ueda
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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Wesche DE, Lomas-Neira JL, Perl M, Chung CS, Ayala A. Leukocyte apoptosis and its significance in sepsis and shock. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78:325-37. [PMID: 15817707 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0105017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis and multiple organ failure continue to be significant problems among trauma, burn, and the critically ill patient population. Thus, a number of laboratories have focused on understanding the role of altered apoptotic cell death in contributing to immune and organ dysfunction seen in sepsis and shock. Immune cells that undergo altered apoptotic changes include neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, as well as various lymphocyte populations. Evidence of epithelial as well as endothelial cell apoptotic changes has also been reported. Although mediators such as steroids, tumor necrosis factor, nitric oxide, C5a, and Fas ligand (FasL) appear to contribute to the apoptotic changes, their effects are tissue- and cell population-selective. As inhibiting Fas-FasL signaling (e.g., gene deficiency, Fas fusion protein, or Fas short interfering RNA administration), caspase inhibition (caspase mimetic peptides), and/or the overexpression of downstream antiapoptotic molecules (e.g., Bcl-2, Akt) improve survival of septic mice, it not only demonstrates the pathological significance of this process but points to novel targets for the treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen E Wesche
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Chao W, Shen Y, Zhu X, Zhao H, Novikov M, Schmidt U, Rosenzweig A. Lipopolysaccharide improves cardiomyocyte survival and function after serum deprivation. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:21997-2005. [PMID: 15793310 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413676200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and its signaling molecule interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK-1) play an important role in host defense and tissue inflammation. Intriguingly, systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the agonist for TLR4, confers a cardio-protective effect against ischemic injury. However, the mechanisms leading to the cardiac protection remain largely unknown. The present study was designed to investigate the role of TLR4 activation by LPS in protecting cardiomyocytes (CM) against apoptosis in an in vitro model of ischemia and to explore the downstream mechanisms leading to the protective effect. Incubation with LPS led to activation of IRAK-1 and protected CMs against serum deprivation (SD)-induced apoptosis as demonstrated by DNA laddering, histone-DNA fragment enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and activation of caspase-3. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and IkappaB kinase beta appear to contribute to the anti-apoptotic effect of LPS since the specific inhibitors, wortmannin, PD98059, and dominant negative IKKbeta transgene expression reversed the LPS effect. To assess whether LPS improves CM function, we examined intracellular Ca(2+) transients and cell shortening in single adult rat CMs. SD for 6 h dramatically inhibited Ca(2+) transients and CM contractility. LPS at 500 ng/ml significantly improved the [Ca(2+)](i) transients and enhanced contractility in control CMs as well as in CMs subjected to SD. Importantly, transient ischemia led to rapid activation of IRAK-1 in cultured CMs and in adult rat myocardium. Adenovirus-mediated transgene expression of IRAK-1 but not its kinase-deficient mutant IRAK-1(K239S) protected CMs against SD-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these data suggest an important role of TLR4 signaling via IRAK-1 in protecting against SD-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chao
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Lan KP, Wang CJ, Hsu JD, Chen KM, Lai SC, Lee HH. Induced eosinophilia and proliferation in Angiostrongylus cantonensis-infected mouse brain are associated with the induction of JAK/STAT1, IAP/NF-kappaB and MEKK1/JNK signals. J Helminthol 2005; 78:311-7. [PMID: 15575987 DOI: 10.1079/joh2004256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis is endemic to the Pacific area of Asia, especially Taiwan, Thailand, and Japan. Although eosinophilia is an important clinical manifestation of A. cantonensis infection, the role of eosinophils in the progress of the infection remains to be elucidated. In this experiment, we show that A. cantonensis-induced eosinophilia and inflammation might lead to the induction of IAP/NF-kappaB, JAK/STAT1 and MEKK1/JNK signals. The phosphorylation levels of JAK and JNK, STAT1, IAP, NF-kappaB and MEKK1 protein products were significantly increased after 12 days or 15 days of A. cantonensis infection. However, no significant differences in MAPKs such as Raf, MEK-1, ERK1/2 and p38 expression were found between control and infected mice. The activation potency of JAK/STAT1, IAP/NF-kappaB and MEKK1/JNK started increasing on day 3, with significant induction on day 12 or day 15 after A. cantonensis infection. Consistent results were noted in the pathological observations, including eosinophilia, leukocyte infiltration, granulomatous reactions, and time responses in the brain tissues of infected mice. These data suggest that the development of brain injury by eosinophilia of A. cantonensis infection is associated with activation of JAK/STAT1 signals by cytokines, and/or activation of MEKK1/JNK by oxidant stress, and/or activation of NF-kappaB by increasing IAP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Lan
- Department of Parasitology, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo North Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Harrison LM, Cherla RP, van den Hoogen C, van Haaften WCE, Lee SY, Tesh VL. Comparative evaluation of apoptosis induced by Shiga toxin 1 and/or lipopolysaccharides in human monocytic and macrophage-like cells. Microb Pathog 2005; 38:63-76. [PMID: 15748808 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Revised: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The enteric pathogens Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli share the property of expressing the structurally and functionally related cytotoxins that comprise the Shiga toxin (Stx) family. Stx-producing bacteria are causative agents of bloody diarrheal diseases that may progress to life threatening complications involving the destruction of blood vessels in the kidneys and the central nervous system (CNS). The precise mechanisms of toxin transport across the gut epithelial barrier, and the role of innate immunity in the development of systemic complications, remain to be fully characterized. Earlier studies suggested that Stxs and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induce the expression of proinflammatory cytokines from differentiated (macrophage-like) THP-1 cells. These cytokines may exacerbate vascular damage by up-regulating the expression of toxin receptors on endothelial cells. Purified Stxs have also been shown to induce apoptosis of epithelial and endothelial cells in vitro, but a comparative evaluation of Stx-induced apoptosis of monocytes and macrophages has not been reported. We used FACS, TUNEL, and DNA laddering analyses to show that Shiga toxin-1 (Stx1) and LPS induce apoptosis in undifferentiated and differentiated THP-1 cells, although the kinetics and extent of apoptosis induction differ between monocytic and macrophage-like cells. Stx1-induced apoptosis is A-subunit-dependent. Stx1 and LPS trigger DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activation, as evidenced by the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Induction of apoptosis in response to Stx1 and/or LPS treatment occurs without the widespread transcriptional activation of apoptosis-related genes. Finally, we present a model of the role of macrophages and monocytes in the pathogenesis of disease caused by Stxs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Harrison
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Texas A and M University System Health Science Center, 407 Reynolds Medical Building, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA
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50
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Cristea IM, Degli Esposti M. Membrane lipids and cell death: an overview. Chem Phys Lipids 2004; 129:133-60. [PMID: 15081856 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2004.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2003] [Revised: 02/05/2004] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this article we overview major aspects of membrane lipids in the complex area of cell death, comprising apoptosis and various forms of programmed cell death. We have focused here on glycerophospholipids, the major components of cellular membranes. In particular, we present a detailed appraisal of mitochondrial lipids that attract increasing interest in the field of cell death, while the knowledge of their re-modelling and traffic remains limited. It is hoped that this review will stimulate further studies by lipid experts to fully elucidate various aspects of membrane lipid homeostasis that are discussed here. These studies will undoubtedly reveal new and important connections with the established players of cell death and their action in promoting or blocking membrane alteration of mitochondria and other organelles. We conclude that the new dynamic era of cell death research will pave the way for a better understanding of the 'chemistry of apoptosis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana M Cristea
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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