1
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Math BA, Waibl F, Lamp LM, Fernández‐Quintero ML, Liedl KR. Cross-linking disulfide bonds govern solution structures of diabodies. Proteins 2023; 91:1316-1328. [PMID: 37376973 PMCID: PMC10952579 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, antibodies have emerged as a promising new class of therapeutics, due to their combination of high specificity with long serum half-life and low risk of side-effects. Diabodies are a popular novel antibody format, consisting of two Fv domains connected with short linkers. Like IgG antibodies, they simultaneously bind two target proteins. However, they offer altered properties, given their smaller size and higher rigidity. In this study, we conducted the-to our knowledge-first molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of diabodies and find a surprisingly high conformational flexibility in the relative orientation of the two Fv domains. We observe rigidifying effects through the introduction of disulfide bonds in the Fv -Fv interface and characterize the effect of different disulfide bond locations on the conformation. Additionally, we compare VH -VL orientations and paratope dynamics between diabodies and an antigen binding fragment (Fab) of the same sequence. We find mostly consistent structures and dynamics, indicating similar antigen binding properties. The most significant differences can be found within the CDR-H2 loop dynamics. Of all CDR loops, the CDR-H2 is located closest to the artificial Fv -Fv interface. All examined diabodies show similar VH -VL orientations, Fv -Fv packing and CDR loop conformations. However, the variant with a P14C-K64C disulfide bond differs most from the Fab in our measures, including the CDR-H3 loop conformational ensemble. This suggests altered antigen binding properties and underlines the need for careful validation of the disulfide bond locations in diabodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A. Math
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Franz Waibl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Leonida M. Lamp
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Monica L. Fernández‐Quintero
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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2
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Song W, Hsu JC, Lan X, Cai W. Optical image-guided therapy of pancreatic cancer with an ultra-small bispecific protein. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:1560-1563. [PMID: 36882578 PMCID: PMC10121951 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jessica C Hsu
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China.
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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3
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Zhao Y, Li Y, Wu X, Li L, Liu J, Wang Y, Liu Y, Li Q, Wang Z. Identification of anti-CD16a single domain antibodies and their application in bispecific antibodies. Cancer Biol Ther 2019; 21:72-80. [PMID: 31564196 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2019.1665953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD16a (FcγRIIIa) mediates the antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and is important for anti-tumor activities of many therapeutic antibodies. Bispecific antibody targeting natural killer (NK) cells has been studied for cancer therapy. In this work, anti-CD16a single-domain antibodies were identified from hCD16a immunized camel. Bispecific antibodies are then constructed by fusing these single domain antibodies with an anti-CEA single domain antibody. These bispecific antibodies can recruite NK cells to kill CEA-positive tumor cells, and inhibit tumor growth in vivo, suggesting that these anti-CD16a single domain antibodies are powerful tools to engaging NK cells for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yumei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanlan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Ellwanger K, Reusch U, Fucek I, Wingert S, Ross T, Müller T, Schniegler-Mattox U, Haneke T, Rajkovic E, Koch J, Treder M, Tesar M. Redirected optimized cell killing (ROCK®): A highly versatile multispecific fit-for-purpose antibody platform for engaging innate immunity. MAbs 2019; 11:899-918. [PMID: 31172847 PMCID: PMC6601565 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1616506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Redirection of immune cells to efficiently eliminate tumor cells holds great promise. Natural killer cells (NK), macrophages, or T cells are specifically engaged with target cells expressing markers after infection or neoplastic transformation, resulting in their activation and subsequent killing of those targets. Multiple strategies to redirect immunity have been developed in the past two decades, but they have technical hurdles or cause undesirable side-effects, as exemplified by the T cell-based chimeric antigen receptor approaches (CAR-T therapies) or bispecific T cell engager platforms. Our first-in-class bispecific antibody redirecting innate immune cells to tumors (AFM13, a CD30/CD16A-specific innate immune cell engager) has shown signs of clinical efficacy in CD30-positive lymphomas and the potential to be safely administered, indicating a wider therapeutic window compared to T cell engaging therapies. AFM13 is the most advanced candidate from our fit-for-purpose redirected optimized cell killing (ROCK®) antibody platform, which comprises a plethora of CD16A-binding innate immune cell engagers with unique properties. Here, we discuss aspects of this modular platform, including the advantages of innate immune cell engagement over classical monoclonal antibodies and other engager concepts. We also present details on its potential to engineer a fit-for-purpose innate immune cell engager format that can be equipped with unique CD16A domains, modules that influence pharmacokinetic properties and molecular architectures that influence the activation of immune effectors, as well as tumor targeting. The ROCK® platform is aimed at the activation of innate immunity for the effective lysis of tumor cells and holds the promise of overcoming limitations of other approaches that redirect immune cells by widening the therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uwe Reusch
- a Affimed GmbH, Research Department , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Ivica Fucek
- a Affimed GmbH, Research Department , Heidelberg , Germany
| | | | - Thorsten Ross
- a Affimed GmbH, Research Department , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- a Affimed GmbH, Research Department , Heidelberg , Germany
| | | | - Torsten Haneke
- a Affimed GmbH, Research Department , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Erich Rajkovic
- a Affimed GmbH, Research Department , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Joachim Koch
- a Affimed GmbH, Research Department , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Martin Treder
- a Affimed GmbH, Research Department , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Michael Tesar
- a Affimed GmbH, Research Department , Heidelberg , Germany
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5
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have evolved to complement T and B cells in host defense against pathogens and cancer. They recognize infected cells and tumors using a sophisticated array of activating, costimulatory, and inhibitory receptors that are expressed on NK cell subsets to create extensive functional diversity. NK cells can be targeted to kill with exquisite antigen specificity by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. NK and T cells share many of the costimulatory and inhibitory receptors that are currently under evaluation in the clinic for cancer immunotherapy. As with T cells, genetic engineering is being employed to modify NK cells to specifically target them to tumors and to enhance their effector functions. As the selective pressures exerted by immunotherapies to augment CD8+T cell responses may result in loss of MHC class I, NK cells may provide an important fail-safe to eliminate these tumors by their capacity to eliminate tumors that are “missing self.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Miller
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Lewis L. Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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6
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Pahl JHW, Koch J, Götz JJ, Arnold A, Reusch U, Gantke T, Rajkovic E, Treder M, Cerwenka A. CD16A Activation of NK Cells Promotes NK Cell Proliferation and Memory-Like Cytotoxicity against Cancer Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2018. [PMID: 29514797 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD16A is a potent cytotoxicity receptor on human natural killer (NK) cells, which can be exploited by therapeutic bispecific antibodies. So far, the effects of CD16A-mediated activation on NK cell effector functions beyond classical antibody-dependent cytotoxicity have remained poorly elucidated. Here, we investigated NK cell responses after exposure to therapeutic antibodies such as the tetravalent bispecific antibody AFM13 (CD30/CD16A), designed for the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma and other CD30+ lymphomas. Our results reveal that CD16A engagement enhanced subsequent IL2- and IL15-driven NK cell proliferation and expansion. This effect involved the upregulation of CD25 (IL2Rα) and CD132 (γc) on NK cells, resulting in increased sensitivity to low-dose IL2 or to IL15. CD16A engagement initially induced NK cell cytotoxicity. The lower NK cell reactivity observed 1 day after CD16A engagement could be recovered by reculture in IL2 or IL15. After reculture in IL2 or IL15, these CD16A-experienced NK cells exerted more vigorous IFNγ production upon restimulation with tumor cells or cytokines. Importantly, after reculture, CD16A-experienced NK cells also exerted increased cytotoxicity toward different tumor targets, mainly through the activating NK cell receptor NKG2D. Our findings uncover a role for CD16A engagement in priming NK cell responses to restimulation by cytokines and tumor cells, indicative of a memory-like functionality. Our study suggests that combination of AFM13 with IL2 or IL15 may boost NK cell antitumor activity in patients by expanding tumor-reactive NK cells and enhancing NK cell reactivity, even upon repeated tumor encounters. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(5); 517-27. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens H W Pahl
- Innate Immunity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department for Immunobiochemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | | | - Jana-Julia Götz
- Innate Immunity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annette Arnold
- Innate Immunity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Adelheid Cerwenka
- Innate Immunity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department for Immunobiochemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
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7
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Davis ZB, Vallera DA, Miller JS, Felices M. Natural killer cells unleashed: Checkpoint receptor blockade and BiKE/TriKE utilization in NK-mediated anti-tumor immunotherapy. Semin Immunol 2017; 31:64-75. [PMID: 28882429 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have long been known to mediate anti-tumor responses without prior sensitization or recognition of specific tumor antigens. However, the tumor microenvironment can suppress NK cell function resulting in tumor escape and disease progression. Despite recent advances in cytokine therapy and NK cell adoptive transfer, tumor expression of ligands to NK - expressed checkpoint receptors can still suppress NK mediated tumor lysis. This review will explore many of the checkpoint receptors tumors utilize to manipulate the NK cell response as well as some of the current and upcoming pharmacological solutions to limit tumor suppression of NK cell function. Furthermore, we will discuss the potential to use these drugs in combinational therapies with novel antibody reagents such as bi- and tri-specific killer engagers (BiKEs and TriKEs) against tumor-specific antigens to enhance NK cell-mediated tumor rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary B Davis
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, United States; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, United States
| | - Daniel A Vallera
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, United States; Department of Therapeutic Radiology-Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Miller
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, United States; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, United States.
| | - Martin Felices
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, United States; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, United States
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8
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Liu H, Saxena A, Sidhu SS, Wu D. Fc Engineering for Developing Therapeutic Bispecific Antibodies and Novel Scaffolds. Front Immunol 2017; 8:38. [PMID: 28184223 PMCID: PMC5266686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have become molecules of choice to treat autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Moreover, bispecific/multispecific antibodies that target more than one antigen or epitope on a target cell or recruit effector cells (T cell, natural killer cell, or macrophage cell) toward target cells have shown great potential to maximize the benefits of antibody therapy. In the past decade, many novel concepts to generate bispecific and multispecific antibodies have evolved successfully into a range of formats from full bispecific immunoglobulin gammas to antibody fragments. Impressively, antibody fragments such as bispecific T-cell engager, bispecific killer cell engager, trispecific killer cell engager, tandem diabody, and dual-affinity-retargeting are showing exciting results in terms of recruiting and activating self-immune effector cells to target and lyse tumor cells. Promisingly, crystallizable fragment (Fc) antigen-binding fragment and monomeric antibody or half antibody may be particularly advantageous to target solid tumors owing to their small size and thus good tissue penetration potential while, on the other hand, keeping Fc-related effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis, and extended serum half-life via interaction with neonatal Fc receptor. This review, therefore, focuses on the progress of Fc engineering in generating bispecific molecules and on the use of small antibody fragment as scaffolds for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai , China
| | - Abhishek Saxena
- Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai , China
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China; Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Donghui Wu
- Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai , China
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9
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has recently generated much excitement after the continuing success of the immunomodulating anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies against various types of cancers. Aside from these immunomodulating antibodies, bispecific antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, and other technologies are being actively studied. Among the various approaches to cancer immunotherapy, 2 bispecific antibodies are currently approved for patient care. Many more bispecific antibodies are now in various phases of clinical development and will become the next generation of antibody-based therapies. Further understanding of immunology and advances in protein engineering will help to generate a greater variety of bispecific antibodies to fight cancer. Here, we focus on bispecific antibodies that recruit immune cells to engage and kill tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Chen
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jing Li
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Qing Li
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhong Wang
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
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10
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Felices M, Lenvik TR, Davis ZB, Miller JS, Vallera DA. Generation of BiKEs and TriKEs to Improve NK Cell-Mediated Targeting of Tumor Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1441:333-46. [PMID: 27177679 PMCID: PMC5823010 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3684-7_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies have gained significant momentum over the past decade, particularly with the advent of checkpoint inhibitors and CAR T-cells. While the latter personalized targeted immunotherapy has revolutionized the field, a need for off-the-shelf therapies remains. The ability of NK cells to quickly lyse antibody-coated tumors and potently secrete cytokines without prior priming has made NK cells ideal candidates for antigen-specific immunotherapy. NK cells have been targeted to tumors through two main strategies: mono-specific antibodies and bi/tri-specific antibodies. Mono-specific antibodies drive NK cell antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of tumor cells. Bi/tri-specific antibodies drive re-directed lysis of tumor cells through binding of a tumor antigen and direct binding and crosslinking of the CD16 receptor on NK cells, thus bypassing the need for binding of the Fc portion of mono-specific antibodies. This chapter focuses on the generation of bi- and tri-specific killer engagers (BiKEs and TriKEs) meant to target NK cells to tumors. BiKEs and TriKEs are smaller molecules composed of 2-3 variable portions of antibodies with different specificities, and represent a novel and more versatile strategy compared to traditional bi- and tri-specific antibody platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Felices
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Todd R Lenvik
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zachary B Davis
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Miller
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Daniel A Vallera
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology-Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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11
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Spiess C, Zhai Q, Carter PJ. Alternative molecular formats and therapeutic applications for bispecific antibodies. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:95-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Schirrmann T, Steinwand M, Wezler X, Ten Haaf A, Tur MK, Barth S. CD30 as a therapeutic target for lymphoma. BioDrugs 2015; 28:181-209. [PMID: 24043362 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-013-0068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and ALK(+) anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) have become highly curable due to the success of modern regimens of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, up to one-third of the patients experience relapse or do not respond to first-line therapy, and half of them relapse again after secondary therapy with limited options for further treatment. In the last 15 years, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed to surface receptors became a new and valuable therapeutic option in many hematologic malignancies. Due to its restricted expression on normal activated lymphocytes and its high expression on malignant cells, CD30 represents an attractive target molecule for HL and ALCL therapy. However, unconjugated CD30 mAbs have demonstrated a lack of objective clinical responses in patients with recurrent HL. CD30 exhibits complex signaling pathways, and binding of its natural ligand or anti-CD30 mAbs can induce apoptosis but may also promote proliferation and activation depending on the cellular context. Moreover, CD30 rapidly internalizes after crosslinking, which counteracts efficient recruitment of immunologic effectors but also provides the opportunity to transfer cytotoxic payloads coupled to CD30-specific mAbs into the tumor cells. Several tumor targeting approaches have been studied, including radio-immunoconjugates, immunotoxins, immunoRNases, immunokinases, and antibody drug conjugates (ADCs). In 2011, the ADC brentuximab-vedotin, consisting of the CD30-specific chimeric mAb cAC10 and the potent tubulin toxin monomethyl auristatin E, gained regulatory approval as a well tolerated and highly active drug in patients with refractory and relapsed HL and ALCL. SGN-35 is on the way to being incorporated in the standard management of CD30(+) lymphoma with significant therapeutic impact. This review gives a critical overview about anti-CD30 therapies with unconjugated, engineered, and conjugated mAbs and the therapeutic challenges of treatment of CD30(+) lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schirrmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany,
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13
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14
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Zeng J, Liu R, Wang J, Fang Y. A bispecific antibody directly induces lymphoma cell death by simultaneously targeting CD20 and HLA-DR. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 141:1899-907. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-1949-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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15
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Alkaline cation-exchange chromatography for the reduction of aggregate and a mis-formed disulfide variant in a bispecific antibody purification process. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 975:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Reusch U, Burkhardt C, Fucek I, Le Gall F, Le Gall M, Hoffmann K, Knackmuss SHJ, Kiprijanov S, Little M, Zhukovsky EA. A novel tetravalent bispecific TandAb (CD30/CD16A) efficiently recruits NK cells for the lysis of CD30+ tumor cells. MAbs 2014; 6:728-39. [PMID: 24670809 PMCID: PMC4011917 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve recruitment and activation of natural killer (NK) cells to lyse tumor cells, we isolated a human anti-CD16A antibody with similar affinity for the CD16A 158F/V allotypes, but no binding to the CD16B isoform. Using CD16A-targeting Fv domains, we constructed a tetravalent bispecific CD30/CD16A tandem diabody (TandAb®) consisting solely of Fv domains. This TandAb has two binding sites for CD16A and two for CD30, the antigen identifying Hodgkin lymphoma cells. The binding and cytotoxicity of the TandAb were compared with antibodies with identical anti-CD30 domains: (1) a native IgG, (2) an IgG optimized for binding to Fc receptors, and (3) a bivalent bispecific CD30/CD16A diabody. Due to its CD16A-bivalency and reduced koff, the TandAb was retained longer on the surface of NK cells than the IgGs or the diabody. This contributed to the higher potency and efficacy of the TandAb relative to those of the other anti-CD30 antibodies. TandAb cytotoxicity was independent of the CD16A allotype, whereas the anti-CD30 IgGs were substantially less cytotoxic when NK cells with low affinity CD16A allotype were employed. TandAb activation of NK cells was strictly dependent on the presence of CD30+ target cells. Therefore, the CD30/CD16A TandAb may represent a promising therapeutic for the treatment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma; further, anti-CD16A TandAbs may function as potent immunotherapeutics that specifically recruit NK cells to destroy cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Reusch
- Affimed Therapeutics AG; Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ivica Fucek
- Affimed Therapeutics AG; Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Reiners KS, Kessler J, Sauer M, Rothe A, Hansen HP, Reusch U, Hucke C, Köhl U, Dürkop H, Engert A, von Strandmann EP. Rescue of impaired NK cell activity in hodgkin lymphoma with bispecific antibodies in vitro and in patients. Mol Ther 2013; 21:895-903. [PMID: 23459515 PMCID: PMC3616527 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells represent a key component of the innate immune system against cancer. Nevertheless, malignant diseases arise in immunocompetent individuals despite tumor immunosurveillance. Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is characterized by CD30+ tumor cells and a massive infiltration of immune effector cells in affected lymph nodes. The latter obviously fail to eliminate the malignant cell population. Here, we tested for functional NK cell defects in HL and suggest an improvement of NK function by therapeutic means. We demonstrate that peripheral NK cells (pNK) from patients with HL fail to eliminate HL cell lines in ex vivo killing assays. Impaired NK cell function correlated with elevated serum levels of soluble ligands for NK cell receptors NKp30 (BAG6/BAT3) and NKG2D (MICA), factors known to constrict NK cell function. In vitro, NK cell cytotoxicity could be restored by an NKG2D/NKp30-independent bispecific antibody construct (CD30xCD16A). It artificially links the tumor receptor CD30 with the cytotoxicity NK cell receptor CD16A. Moreover, we observed that NK cells from patients treated with this construct were generally activated and displayed a restored cytotoxicity against HL target cells. These data suggest that reversible suppression of NK cell activity contributes to immune evasion in HL and can be antagonized therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin S Reiners
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Immunotherapy, University Clinic of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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18
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Bodelón G, Palomino C, Fernández LÁ. Immunoglobulin domains inEscherichia coliand other enterobacteria: from pathogenesis to applications in antibody technologies. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2013; 37:204-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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19
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Le Gall F, Reusch U, Bakulina AY, Kiprijanov SM. WITHDRAWN: Tetravalent Bispecific Single-Chain Fv Antibodies for Lysis of Leukemia Cells by Autologous T Cells. J Mol Biol 2012:S0022-2836(12)00741-3. [PMID: 22985968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Le Gall
- Affimed Therapeutics AG, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, Technologiepark, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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21
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Asano R, Nakayama M, Kawaguchi H, Kubota T, Nakanishi T, Umetsu M, Hayashi H, Katayose Y, Unno M, Kudo T, Kumagai I. Construction and humanization of a functional bispecific EGFR × CD16 diabody using a refolding system. FEBS J 2011; 279:223-33. [PMID: 22074399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported the construction and activity of a humanized, bispecific diabody (hEx3) that recruited T cells towards an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) positive tumor. Herein, we describe the construction of a second functional, fully humanized, anti-EGFR bispecific diabody that recruits another subset of lymphocyte effectors, the natural killer cells, to EGFR-expressing tumor cells. After we confirmed that an anti-EGFR × anti-CD16 bispecific diabody (Ex16) consisting of a previously humanized anti-EGFR variable fragment (Fv) and a mouse anti-CD16 Fv had growth inhibitory activity, we designed a humanized anti-CD16 Fv to construct the fully humanized Ex16 (hEx16). However, the humanized form had lower activity for inhibition of cancer growth. To restore its growth inhibitory activity, we introduced mutations into the Vernier zone, which is located near the complementarity-determining regions and is involved in their binding activity. We efficiently prepared 15 different hEx16 mutants by expressing each chimeric single-chain component for hEx16 separately. We then used our in vitro refolding system to select the most functional mutant, which had a growth inhibitory effect comparable with that of the commercially available chimeric anti-EGFR antibody, cetuximab. Our refolding system could aid in the efficient optimization of other proteins with heterodimeric structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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22
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Boltz A, Piater B, Toleikis L, Guenther R, Kolmar H, Hock B. Bi-specific aptamers mediating tumor cell lysis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:21896-905. [PMID: 21531729 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.238261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity plays a pivotal role in antibody-based tumor therapies and is based on the recruitment of natural killer cells to antibody-bound tumor cells via binding of the Fcγ receptor III (CD16). Here we describe the generation of chimeric DNA aptamers that simultaneously bind to CD16α and c-Met, a receptor that is overexpressed in many tumors. By application of the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) method, CD16α specific DNA aptamers were isolated that bound with high specificity and affinity (91 pm-195 nm) to their respective recombinant and cellularly expressed target proteins. Two optimized CD16α specific aptamers were coupled to each of two c-Met specific aptamers using different linkers. Bi-specific aptamers retained suitable binding properties and displayed simultaneous binding to both antigens. Moreover, they mediated cellular cytotoxicity dependent on aptamer and effector cell concentration. Displacement of a bi-specific aptamer from CD16α by competing antibody 3G8 reduced cytotoxicity and confirmed the proposed mode of action. These results represent the first gain of a tumor-effective function of two distinct oligonucleotides by linkage into a bi-specific aptamer mediating cellular cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Boltz
- Clemens-Schoepf-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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23
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The Bs20x22 anti-CD20-CD22 bispecific antibody has more lymphomacidal activity than do the parent antibodies alone. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:771-80. [PMID: 21347809 PMCID: PMC3098984 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-0978-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that bispecific antibodies that target both CD20 and CD22 have in vivo lymphomacidal properties. We developed a CD20-CD22 bispecific antibody (Bs20x22) from anti-CD20 and the anti-CD22 monoclonal antibodies (mAb), rituximab and HB22.7, respectively. Bs20x22 was constructed using standard methods and was shown to specifically bind CD20 and CD22. In vitro cytotoxicity assays showed that Bs20x22 was three times more effective than either parent mAb alone and twice as effective as a combination of both parent mAb used at equimolar concentrations. Bs20x22 was also nearly four times more effective at inducing apoptosis than either mAb alone. Examination of the MAPK and SAPK signaling cascades revealed that Bs20x22 induced significantly more p38 phosphorylation than either mAb alone. In an in vivo human NHL xenograft model, treatment with Bs20x22 resulted in significantly greater tumor shrinkage and improved overall survival when compared to either mAb alone or treatment with a combination of HB22.7 and rituximab. The effect of the initial tumor volume was assessed by comparing the efficacy of Bs20x22 administered before xenografts grew versus treatment of established tumors; significantly, greater efficacy was found when treatment was initiated before tumors could become established.
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24
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Jeong MS, Kang CS, Han YS, Bang IS. Expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant fibulin-5 in a prokaryote expression system. J Microbiol 2010; 48:695-700. [PMID: 21046350 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-010-0320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibulin-5 is a widely expressed, integrin-binding extracellular matrix protein that mediates endothelial cell adhesion and scaffolds cells to elastic fibers. To investigate anti-angiogenesis activities and context-specific activities on responsive cells of recombinant fibulin-5 (rfibulin-5) expressed in Escherichia coli, the cDNA of fibulin-5 cloned from a human placenta cDNA library was inserted into the pET32a (+) vector to allow fibulin-5 expression as a Trx fusion protein. The fusion protein Trx-fibulin-5, expressed as insoluble inclusion bodies, was solubilized and its resulting expression level reached to 15% of the total cell protein. The Trxfibulin-5 was purified effectively by N(2+)-chelating chromatography and then identified by Western blotting analysis with an anti-His tag antibody. The purified Trx-fibulin-5 was refolded by dialysis against redox reagents, and the rfibulin-5 released from the fusion protein by enterokinase cleavage was purified using a RESOURCE RPC column. The final purified rfibulin-5 effectively inhibited angiogenesis in chicken embryos in a dose-dependent manner through a chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Additionally, rfibulin-5 potently suppressed in vitro proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, but stimulated that of human dermal fibroblasts. The expression and in vitro refolding of rfibulin-5 resulted in production of an active molecule with a yield of 2.1 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Seok Jeong
- Department of Biological Science and the Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Republic of Korea
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25
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Asano R, Ikoma K, Sone Y, Kawaguchi H, Taki S, Hayashi H, Nakanishi T, Umetsu M, Katayose Y, Unno M, Kudo T, Kumagai I. Highly enhanced cytotoxicity of a dimeric bispecific diabody, the hEx3 tetrabody. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:20844-9. [PMID: 20444691 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.120444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the utility for cancer immunotherapy of a humanized bispecific diabody (hEx3) that targets epidermal growth factor receptor and CD3. Here, we used dynamic and static light scattering measurements to show that the multimer fraction observed in hEx3 in solution is a monodisperse tetramer. The multimerization into tetramers increased the inhibition of cancer cell growth by the hEx3 diabody. Furthermore, 1:2 stoichiometric binding for both antigens was observed in a thermodynamic analysis, indicating that the tetramer has bivalent binding activity for each target, and the structure may be in a circular configuration, as is the case for the single-chain Fv tetrabody. In addition to enhanced cytotoxicity, the functional affinity and stability of the hEx3 tetrabody were superior to those of the hEx3 diabody. The increase in molecular weight is also expected to improve the pharmacokinetics of the bispecific diabody, making the hEx3 tetrabody attractive as a therapeutic antibody fragment for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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26
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Asano R, Ikoma K, Kawaguchi H, Ishiyama Y, Nakanishi T, Umetsu M, Hayashi H, Katayose Y, Unno M, Kudo T, Kumagai I. Application of the Fc fusion format to generate tag-free bi-specific diabodies. FEBS J 2009; 277:477-87. [PMID: 20015073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the use of a humanized bi-specific diabody that targets epidermal growth factor receptor and CD3 (hEx3-Db) for cancer immunotherapy. Bacterial expression can be used to express small recombinant antibodies on a large scale; however, their overexpression often results in the formation of insoluble aggregates, and in most cases artificial affinity peptide tags need to be fused to the antibodies for purification by affinity chromatography. Here, we propose a novel method for preparing refined, functional, tag-free bi-specific diabodies from IgG-like bi-specific antibodies (BsAbs) in a mammalian expression system. We created an IgG-like BsAb in which bi-specific diabodies were fused to the human Fc region via a designed human rhinovirus 3C (HRV3C) protease recognition site. The BsAb was purified by protein A affinity chromatography, and the refined tag-free hEx3-Db was efficiently produced from the Fc fusion format by protease digestion. The tag-free hEx3-Db from the Fc fusion format showed a greater inhibition of cancer growth than affinity-tagged hEx3-Db prepared directly from Chinese hamster ovary cells. We also applied our novel method to another small recombinant antibody fragment, hEx3 single-chain diabody (hEx3-scDb), and demonstrated the versatility and advantages of our proposed method compared with papain digestion of hEx3-scDb. This approach may be used for industrial-scale production of functional tag-free small therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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27
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Abstract
Conventionally, antibody phage display has been used to isolate recombinant antibodies that are monovalent in their interaction with target antigens. These antibodies can be reengineered for expression in mammalian cell culture as full-length, monospecific immunoglobulins. An emerging branch of research has sought to generate bivalent recombinant antibodies by manipulating the length of the linker separating heavy- and light-chain variable domains in single-chain Fv proteins, thereby promoting inter-scFv interaction and the formation of "diabodies." With careful control, this can generate scFv-based proteins able to bind two very distinct targets, "bispecific diabodies." Further manipulation enables the assembly of higher-order complexes.
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28
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Schlapschy M, Fogarasi M, Gruber H, Gresch O, Schäfer C, Aguib Y, Skerra A. Functional humanization of an anti-CD16 Fab fragment: obstacles of switching from murine {lambda} to human {lambda} or {kappa} light chains. Protein Eng Des Sel 2008; 22:175-88. [PMID: 19022801 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzn066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An alphaCD30xalphaCD16 bispecific monoclonal antibody (MAb) was previously shown to induce remission of Hodgkin's disease refractory to chemo- and radiotherapy through specific activation of natural killer (NK) cells, but the appearance of a human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) response prevented its use for prolonged therapy. Here, we describe an effort to humanize the Fab arm directed against FcgammaRIII (CD16), which-in context with the previously humanized CD30 Fab fragment-provides the necessary component for the design of a clinically useful bispecific antibody. Thus, the CDRs of the anti-CD16 mouse IgG1/lambda MAb A9 were grafted onto human Ig sequences. In a first attempt, the murine V(lambda) domain was converted to a humanized lambda chain, which led, however, to complete loss of antigen-binding activity and extremely poor folding efficiency upon periplasmic expression in Escherichia coli. Hence, its CDRs were transplanted onto a human kappa light chain in a second attempt, which resulted in a functional recombinant Fab fragment, yet with 100-fold decreased antigen affinity. In the next step, an in vitro affinity maturation was performed, wherein random mutations were introduced into the humanized V(H) and V(kappa) domains through error-prone PCR, followed by a filter sandwich colony screening assay for increased binding activity towards the bacterially produced extracellular CD16 fragment. Finally, an optimized Fab fragment was obtained, which carries nine additional amino acid exchanges and exhibits an affinity that is within a factor of 2 identical to that of the original murine A9 Fab fragment. The resulting humanized Fab fragment was fully functional with respect to binding of the recombinant CD16 antigen in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and in cytofluorimetry with CD16-positive granulocytes, thus providing a promising starting point for the preparation of a fully human bispecific antibody that permits the therapeutic recruitment of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schlapschy
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Germany
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29
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Diabody-based Recombinant Formats of Humanized IgG-like Bispecific Antibody With Effective Retargeting of Lymphocytes to Tumor Cells. J Immunother 2008; 31:752-61. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181849071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Germain C, Campigna E, Salhi I, Morisseau S, Navarro-Teulon I, Mach JP, Pèlegrin A, Robert B. Redirecting NK cells mediated tumor cell lysis by a new recombinant bifunctional protein. Protein Eng Des Sel 2008; 21:665-72. [PMID: 18790793 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzn047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are at the crossroad between innate and adaptive immunity and play a major role in cancer immunosurveillance. NK cell stimulation depends on a balance between inhibitory and activating receptors, such as the stimulatory lectin-like receptor NKG2D. To redirect NK cells against tumor cells, we designed bifunctional proteins able to specifically bind tumor cells and to induce their lysis by NK cells, after NKG2D engagement. To this aim, we used the 'knob into hole' heterodimerization strategy, in which 'knob' and 'hole' variants were generated by directed mutagenesis within the CH3 domain of human IgG1 Fc fragments fused to an anti-CEA or anti-HER2 scFv or to the H60 murine ligand of NKG2D, respectively. We demonstrated the capacity of the bifunctional proteins produced to specifically coat tumor cells surface with H60 ligand. Most importantly, we demonstrated that these bifunctional proteins were able to induce an NKG2D-dependent and antibody-specific tumor cell lysis by murine NK cells. Overall, the results show the possibility to redirect NK cytotoxicity to tumor cells by a new format of recombinant bispecific antibody, opening the way of potential NK cell-based cancer immunotherapies by specific activation of the NKG2D receptor at the tumor site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Germain
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U896, Université Montpellier1, Montpellier F-34298, France
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31
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Asano R, Sone Y, Ikoma K, Hayashi H, Nakanishi T, Umetsu M, Katayose Y, Unno M, Kudo T, Kumagai I. Preferential heterodimerization of a bispecific diabody based on a humanized anti-EGFR antibody 528. Protein Eng Des Sel 2008; 21:597-603. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzn037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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32
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Asano R, Sone Y, Makabe K, Tsumoto K, Hayashi H, Katayose Y, Unno M, Kudo T, Kumagai I. Humanization of the bispecific epidermal growth factor receptor x CD3 diabody and its efficacy as a potential clinical reagent. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:4036-42. [PMID: 16818703 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bispecific antibodies (BsAb) have been exploited as both cancer immunodiagnostics and cancer therapeutics and show promise in clinical trials of cancer imaging and therapy. For development of BsAbs as clinical reagents, we have focused on construction of small recombinant BsAbs, called bispecific diabodies. Here, we constructed and characterized a humanized bispecific diabody. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We have reported significant antitumor activity of an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) x anti-CD3 bispecific diabody (Ex3) in in vitro cytotoxicity assays and in vivo. We humanized the Ex3 diabody (hEx3) by grafting the complementarity-determining region and compared its biological properties with those of Ex3. We also tested its physiologic stability and ability to alter survival in xenografted mice. RESULTS The final yield of hEx3 was 10 times that of Ex3, and refolded hEx3 and Ex3 showed identical binding profiles in EGFR-positive cell lines and EGFR-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. hEx3 showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity to EGFR-positive cell lines, which could be specifically inhibited by parental monoclonal antibody IgGs against EGFR or CD3 antigens. The heterodimeric structure was retained in PBS for 6 months, and growth inhibition was maintained after incubation under physiologic conditions. Coadministration of hEx3 with T-LAK cells and interleukin-2 prolonged the survival of nude mice with human colon carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS The humanized diabody hEx3 is an attractive molecule for cancer therapy and may provide important insights into the development of EGFR-based cancer-targeting reagents.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Antineoplastic Agents/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CHO Cells
- Carcinoma/drug therapy
- Carcinoma/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cloning, Molecular
- Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- ErbB Receptors/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Protein Binding
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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33
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Stone E, Hirama T, Tanha J, Tong-Sevinc H, Li S, MacKenzie CR, Zhang J. The assembly of single domain antibodies into bispecific decavalent molecules. J Immunol Methods 2007; 318:88-94. [PMID: 17141798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies present unique opportunities in terms of new applications for engineered antibodies. However, designing ideal bispecific antibodies remains a challenge. Here we describe a novel bispecific antibody model in which five single domain antibodies (sdAbs) are fused via a linker sequence to the N-terminus of the verotoxin B (VTB) subunit, a pentamerization domain, and five sdAbs are fused via a linker sequence to the VTB C-terminus. Fifteen such decavalent bispecific molecules, termed decabodies, were constructed and characterized for the purpose of identifying an optimal decabody design. One of the fifteen molecules existed in a non-aggregated decavalent form. In conjunction with the isolation of sdAbs with the desired specificities from non-immune phage display libraries, the decabody strategy provides a means of generating high avidity bispecific antibody reagents, with good physical properties, relatively quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Stone
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
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34
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Mølhøj M, Crommer S, Brischwein K, Rau D, Sriskandarajah M, Hoffmann P, Kufer P, Hofmeister R, Baeuerle PA. CD19-/CD3-bispecific antibody of the BiTE class is far superior to tandem diabody with respect to redirected tumor cell lysis. Mol Immunol 2006; 44:1935-43. [PMID: 17083975 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Many kinds of bispecific antibodies recruiting T cells for cancer therapy have been developed. Side-by-side comparison has shown that CD19-/CD3-bispecific antibodies of the diabody, tandem diabody (Tandab) and quadroma format had similar cytotoxic activity, with Tandab being the most active format. Tandab has also been claimed to be superior to single-chain (sc) Fv-based bispecific constructs although data from a side-by-side comparison are not available. In this study, we compared side-by-side MT103 (bscCD19xCD3), a single-chain bispecific antibody of the BiTE class, with a CD19-/CD3-bispecific representative of the Tandab class. Based on literature data, we have constructed, produced and characterized the LL linker version of Tandab, which was reported to be the most active version of Tandab proteins. A dimeric protein of 114kDa was obtained that showed proper bispecific binding to CD3- and CD19-positive cells and could redirect both pre-stimulated and unstimulated human T cells for lysis of human B lymphoma lines Raji, MEC-1 and Nalm-6. Raji cells were lysed at a half-maximal concentration (EC50) of 10 nM Tandab using pre-stimulated T cells, which closely matched the published activity of LL-Tandab with this particular cell line. MT103 had between 700- and 8000-fold higher efficacy than Tandab for redirected lysis of the three human B lymphoma lines. These data demonstrate that under identical experimental conditions, the BiTE format has far superior activity compared to the Tandab format and is also superior to conventional diabody and quadroma formats. The extraordinary potency of the BiTE class and its representative MT103 may translate into improved anti-tumor activity, lower dosing and lower costs of production compared to other bispecific antibody formats.
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35
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Schlenzka J, Moehler TM, Kipriyanov SM, Kornacker M, Benner A, Bähre A, Stassar MJJG, Schäfer HJ, Little M, Goldschmidt H, Cochlovius B. Combined effect of recombinant CD19 x CD16 diabody and thalidomide in a preclinical model of human B cell lymphoma. Anticancer Drugs 2005; 15:915-9. [PMID: 15457133 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200410000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Combining different treatment strategies offers the possibility of improving treatment results for cancer patients. The aim of our study was therefore to investigate the combination of treatment of established s.c. human B non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in severe immune deficient mice using a recombinant bispecific CD19 x CD16 diabody (targeting natural killer cells to CD19 cells) and the angiogenesis inhibitor thalidomide. Monotherapy with either thalidomide or diabody caused an approximate 50% reduction in tumor growth rate. The combined treatment showed evidence for a synergistic effect resulting in a 74% reduction in median tumor size. In the combined treatment group, two of five animals had complete remissions of their s.c. tumor. These results suggest that a combination treatment with recombinant diabodies and angiogenesis inhibition represents a useful approach in cancer therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/methods
- Growth Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Humans
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, SCID
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Thalidomide/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Schlenzka
- University Hospital for Internal Medicine, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Heidelberg University Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany
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36
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Arai S, Klingemann HG. Natural killer cells: can they be useful as adoptive immunotherapy for cancer? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 5:163-72. [PMID: 15757378 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.2.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
As part of the innate immune system, natural killer (NK) cells form the first line of defence against pathogens or transformed/cancerous host cells. Recent experimental and clinical data show the possibility of exploiting NK activity as a cell-based immunotherapy to treat cancer. This review discusses the recent knowledge on NK cell biology that has impacted on its development as a treatment for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Arai
- Stanford University Medical Center, Division of Bone Marrow Transplant, 300 Pasteur Drive, H3249, MC 5623, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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37
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Makabe K, Asano R, Ito T, Tsumoto K, Kudo T, Kumagai I. Tumor-directed lymphocyte-activating cytokines: refolding-based preparation of recombinant human interleukin-12 and an antibody variable domain-fused protein by additive-introduced stepwise dialysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 328:98-105. [PMID: 15670756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Integration of lymphocyte-activating cytokines (e.g., interleukin-12: IL-12) to tumor cells offers promise for cancer immunotherapy, but the preparation of such heterodimeric proteins by refolding is difficult because of subunit instability. We achieved the refolding of Escherichia coli-expressed human IL-12 by a stepwise dialysis method, preventing the formation of insoluble aggregates by adding a redox reagent and an aggregation suppressor. We also constructed a tumor-specific IL-12 protein, each subunit of which was fused with one chain of variable domain fragment (Fv) of anticarcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antibody T84.66 (aCEA-IL12). Fusion of IL-12 with Fv greatly increased the yield of functional heterodimer. Several assays have indicated that the Fv domain and IL-12 domain of the fused protein had cognate biological activities, and it enhanced the cytotoxicity of T-LAK cells for the cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Makabe
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 07, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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38
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Abstract
Bispecific antibodies can serve as mediators to retarget effector mechanisms to disease-associated sites. Studies over the past two decades have revealed the potentials but also the limitations of conventional bispecific antibodies. The development of recombinant antibody formats has opened up the possibility of generating bispecific molecules with improved properties. This review summarizes recent developments in the field of recombinant bispecific antibodies and discusses further requirements for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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39
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Kawakami M, Kawakami K, Kioi M, Leland P, Puri RK. Hodgkin lymphoma therapy with interleukin-4 receptor-directed cytotoxin in an infiltrating animal model. Blood 2004; 105:3707-13. [PMID: 15626735 PMCID: PMC1895022 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-08-3216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hodgkin lymphoma represents unique clinicopathologic features because Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (H-RS) cells produce a variety of cytokines, express a variety of cytokine receptors, and are surrounded by numerous nonmalignant immunoreactive cells. We found that receptors for interleukin-4 (IL-4R) are highly expressed in H-RS cells. To target interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4R), we used a recombinant protein fusing circularly permuted human IL-4 and Pseudomonas exotoxin termed IL4(38-37)-PE38KDEL, or IL-4 cytotoxin. The cytotoxic effect of IL-4 cytotoxin on H-RS cell lines was determined to be moderate to high in vitro. We developed an infiltrating model of Hodgkin disease (HD) by injecting an adherent population of HD-MyZ cells subcutaneously into the flanks of beige/nude/X-linked immunodeficient mice. The animal model exhibited spontaneous metastasis of H-RS cells to lymph nodes and dissemination to vital organs, including the lungs. Intraperitoneal or intratumoral treatment of these mice with IL-4 cytotoxin resulted in regression of the primary tumor mass and a decrease in the incidence of lymph node metastasis. Mice injected with HD-MyZ cells demonstrated 203% prolonged survival (mean survival, 63 days) compared with control (mean survival, 31 days) when they received systemic IL-4 cytotoxin treatment. Because numerous H-RS cell lines express receptors for IL-4, IL-4 cytotoxin may be a unique agent for the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Biology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapeutics, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, NIH Bldg 29B/2E08, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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40
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Reusch U, Le Gall F, Hensel M, Moldenhauer G, Ho AD, Little M, Kipriyanov SM. Effect of tetravalent bispecific CD19×CD3 recombinant antibody construct and CD28 costimulation on lysis of malignant B cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia by autologous T cells. Int J Cancer 2004; 112:509-18. [PMID: 15382079 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To develop an effective antitumor immunotherapy for B-lineage non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, we constructed a tetravalent tandem diabody (tanDb) specific for both human CD19 (B-cell marker) and CD3 (T-cell antigen). Here, we report the effective killing of malignant primary B cells from patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) by autologous T cells induced by tanDb at very low E:T ratios. Mononuclear cells from patients with B-CLL were cultured with bispecific antibody fragments in either the presence or absence of monospecific anti-CD28 antibody. Use of tetravalent tanDbs caused almost quantitative elimination of malignant B cells from the blood samples of 19 patients and some cytotoxic activity in 3 of 23 analyzed cases. In contrast, the structurally similar but bivalent diabody and single-chain diabody demonstrated nearly no antitumor activity in an autologous system. tanDb-induced activation and proliferation of T cells occurred only in the presence of CD19+ target cells. Expression of the B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) molecules on the surface of leukemia cells made unnecessary the additional CD28-costimulation of T cells. When only a few tanDb molecules were present, the effect of CD28 costimulation on T-cell activation was more pronounced. Depending on the patient sample, we observed a 10- to 1,000-fold decrease of the half-maximal concentrations of tanDb for cell lysis. Upon CD28 crosslinking by agonistic MAb, specific tumor cell lysis was found at tanDb concentrations as low as 0.5 pM. These data demonstrate that the tetravalent CD19xCD3 tanDb might be a promising tool for the immunotherapy of human B-cell leukemias and lymphomas.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/metabolism
- B7-2 Antigen
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Reusch
- Affimed Therapeutics, Heidelberg, Germany
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41
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Costello RT, Fauriat C, Sivori S, Marcenaro E, Olive D. NK cells: innate immunity against hematological malignancies? Trends Immunol 2004; 25:328-33. [PMID: 15145323 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2004.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the treatment of malignant haemopathies enable increased remission and cure rates, however, many patients relapse and finally die. Although specific immunity mediated by cytolytic T-lymphocytes might have an anti-cancer role, tumours escape from T-cell-based immune surveillance using various mechanisms, such as downregulation, mutation or loss of HLA class I molecules. As a consequence, these transformed cells could become targets for natural killer (NK) cells, whose cytotoxic capabilities are not blocked by HLA class I molecule engagement by specific inhibitory receptors. Novel developments in NK-cell research, particularly the identification of the role of non-HLA-restricted activating receptors (and in some cases of their ligands), have recently enabled us to reconsider NK-cell interactions with haematological malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis T Costello
- Laboratoire Immunologie des Tumeurs, Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer de Marseille, 232 boulevard Sainte Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France.
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42
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Asano R, Kudo T, Makabe K, Tsumoto K, Kumagai I. Antitumor activity of interleukin-21 prepared by novel refolding procedure from inclusion bodies expressed in Escherichia coli. FEBS Lett 2002; 528:70-6. [PMID: 12297282 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) has recently been identified as a novel 4-helix-bundle type I cytokine possessing a cytokine receptor gamma chain essential for the immune response. We report the preparation and functional characterization of Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant human IL-21 (rIL-21). The rIL-21, expressed as insoluble inclusion bodies in E. coli, was solubilized and then refolded by using a modified dialysis method. The introduction of redox reagents during refolding led to a dramatic increase in the refolding efficiency. Circular dichroism spectrum analysis showed that the refolded rIL-21 had an alpha-helix as a secondary structure, which is a characteristic of type I cytokines. Flow cytometry confirmed previous reports that rIL-21 binds to CD3-activated T cells (T-LAK) and to cell lines Raji, HL60, and Jurkat. rIL-21 stimulated the proliferation of T-LAK but not peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and this effect seems to be identical to that of co-stimulation with anti-CD3 antibody. Growth inhibition assay indicated that enhancement of the cytotoxicity of T-LAK to the human bile duct carcinoma TFK-1 depended on the concentration of rIL-21. Thus, refolded rIL-21 had activity identical to that of authentic IL-21 and enhanced the anti-tumor activity of T-LAK. These conclusions suggest the potential use of the refolded cytokine in adoptive immunotherapy using T-LAK cells and in the discovery of other functions of the cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Asano
- Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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43
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Kipriyanov SM, Cochlovius B, Schäfer HJ, Moldenhauer G, Bähre A, Le Gall F, Knackmuss S, Little M. Synergistic antitumor effect of bispecific CD19 x CD3 and CD19 x CD16 diabodies in a preclinical model of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:137-44. [PMID: 12077238 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.1.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To target NK cells against non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, we constructed a bispecific diabody (BsDb) with reactivity against both human CD19 and FcgammaRIII (CD16). Bacterially produced CD19 x CD16 BsDb specifically interacted with both CD19(+) and CD16(+) cells and exhibited significantly higher apparent affinity and slower dissociation from the tumor cells than from effector cells. It was able to induce specific lysis of tumor cells in the presence of isolated human NK cells or nonfractionated PBLs. The combination of the CD19 x CD16 BsDb with a previously described CD19 x CD3 BsDb and CD28 costimulation significantly increased the lytic potential of human PBLs. Treatment of SCID mice bearing an established Burkitt's lymphoma (5 mm in diameter) with human PBLs, CD19 x CD16 BsDb, CD19 x CD3 BsDb, and anti-CD28 mAb resulted in the complete elimination of tumors in 80% of animals. In contrast, mice receiving human PBLs in combination with either diabody alone showed only partial tumor regression. These data clearly demonstrate the synergistic effect of small recombinant bispecific molecules recruiting different populations of human effector cells to the same tumor target.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Bispecific/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Bispecific/genetics
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibody Specificity/genetics
- Antigens, CD19/genetics
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Antigens, CD19/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Binding Sites, Antibody/genetics
- Biosensing Techniques
- Burkitt Lymphoma/immunology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/therapy
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/methods
- Drug Synergism
- Humans
- Injections, Intravenous
- Jurkat Cells
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/immunology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/chemical synthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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44
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Abstract
NK cells are the important cells of the immune system derived from stem cells in the marrow. Their physiology is tightly regulated to control proliferation, cytotoxicity and cytokine production. In cancer, NK cells may be abnormal due to the cancer itself or possibly related to its therapy. The finding of class I recognizing inhibitory receptors may play a role in stem cell transplant rejection, immune surveillance and cancer immunotherapy. NK cells should no longer be thought of as direct cytotoxic killers alone, as they clearly play a critical role in cytokine production which may be important to control cancer and infection. Understanding NK cell function and homing may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Miller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Box 806, Harvard Street at East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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45
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Xiong D, Xu Y, Liu H, Peng H, Shao X, Lai Z, Fan D, Yang M, Han J, Xie Y, Yang C, Zhu Z. Efficient inhibition of human B-cell lymphoma xenografts with an anti-CD20 x anti-CD3 bispecific diabody. Cancer Lett 2002; 177:29-39. [PMID: 11809528 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have been exploited both as cancer immunodiagnostics and as cancer therapeutics, and have shown promise in several clinical trials in cancer imaging and therapy. A number of bispecific antibodies against B-cell markers have been shown to be effective in vitro in mediating tumor cell lysis and in vivo in inhibiting tumor growth in animal models. We have constructed a bispecific diabody from the variable genes encoding two hybridoma-derived monoclonal antibodies directed against human CD20 on B cells and CD3 on T cells. The anti-CD20 x anti-CD3 diabody was expressed in a single Escherichia coli host and purified by a one-step affinity chromatography. The bispecific diabody bound as efficiently to both CD20- and CD3-positive cells as the respective parental antibodies, and was capable of cross-linking CD20-positive tumor cells and human T lymphocytes as shown by cellular rosetting. The diabody effectively lysed human B-lymphoma cells in the presence of T-enriched human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Further, when combined with human PBL and interleukin-2, the diabody significantly prolonged the survival of nude mice inoculated with human B-lymphoma cells. Taken together, our results suggest that an anti-CD20 x anti-CD3 diabody may have significant clinical application in the treatment of human CD20-positive B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, People's Republic of China
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46
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Gruel N, Fridman WH, Teillaud JL. Bypassing tumor-specific and bispecific antibodies: triggering of antitumor immunity by expression of anti-FcgammaR scFv on cancer cell surface. Gene Ther 2001; 8:1721-8. [PMID: 11892840 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel immunostimulatory molecule against tumor cells, composed of an anti-FcgammaRIII (CD16) scFv fused to the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) transmembrane region. This fusion molecule was stably expressed on the tumor cell surface and retained the ability of the parental antibody to bind soluble CD16. Tumor cells expressing anti-CD16 scFv triggered the release of IL-2 by Jurkat-CD 16/gamma cells and of TNFalpha by monocytes when co-cultured with these cells. Furthermore, NK cells could kill scFv-transfected HLA+ class I H1299 lung carcinoma tumor cells, but not the parental cells, indicating that anti-CD16 scFv tumor expression prevents the killer inhibitory receptor (KIR)-mediated inhibition of NK cell cytotoxicity. This anti-CD16 scFv tumor expression also enhanced tumor phagocytosis by IFNgamma-activated macrophages, a mechanism known to induce a protective long-term adaptative immunity to tumors. In vivo Winn tests performed in SCID mice showed that the expression of anti-CD16 scFv on tumor cells, but not of the negative control anti-phOx scFv, prevented tumor cell growth. Thus, expression of FcR antibodies or other FcR-specific ligands on tumor cells represents a novel and potent antibody-based gene therapy approach, which may have clinical applications in cancer
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gruel
- Laboratoire de Biotecnologie des Anticorps, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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47
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE NK cells are important cells of the immune system. They are ultimately derived from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells. NK cell cytotoxicity and other functions are tightly regulated by numerous activating and inhibitory receptors including newly discovered receptors that selectively recognize major histocompatibility complex class I alleles. Based on their defining function of spontaneous cytotoxicity without prior immunization, NK cells have been thought to play a critical role in immune surveillance and cancer therapy. However, new insights into NK cell biology have suggested major roles for NK cells in infection control and uterine function. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on NK cell function, ontogeny, and biology in order to better understand the role of NK cells in health and disease. DATA SOURCES In the Medline database, the major subject heading "Natural Killer Cells" was introduced in 1983, identifying 16,848 citations as of December 31, 2000. Since 1986, there have been approximately 1000 citations per year under this subject heading. In this database, 68% of manuscripts are limited to human NK cells; 40% of citations cross with the major sub-heading of cytotoxicity, 40% with cytokines, 36% with neoplasm, 5% with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, 2.8% with pregnancy, and 1.3% with infection. Of references from the year 2000-2001, 46 were selected to combine with contributions from earlier literature. CONCLUSIONS NK cells should no longer be thought of as direct cytotoxic killers alone as they clearly serve a critical role in cytokine production which may be important to control cancer, infection, and fetal implantation. Understanding mechanisms of NK cell functions may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Miller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minn. 55455, USA.
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48
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Kriangkum J, Xu B, Nagata LP, Fulton RE, Suresh MR. Bispecific and bifunctional single chain recombinant antibodies. BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING 2001; 18:31-40. [PMID: 11535414 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-0344(01)00083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific and bifunctional monoclonal antibodies as second generation monoclonals, produced by conventional chemical or somatic methods, have proved useful in the immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy of cancer and other diseases. Recombinant antibodies produced by genetic engineering techniques have also become available for use in preclinical and clinical studies. Furthermore, through genetic engineering, it is possible to remove or add on key protein domains in order to create designer antibody molecules with two or more desired functions. This review summarizes the strategies for development of single chain variable fragment (scFv) bifunctional and bispecific antibodies. The advantages and disadvantages as well as the problems of generating the various bispecific and bifunctional antibody constructs are reported and discussed. Since conventionally prepared bispecific and bifunctional monoclonal antibodies have already shown promise in clinical trials and results from preclinical studies of recombinant bispecific antibodies are encouraging, clinical trials in humans of recombinant bispecific and bifunctional antibodies, as a new generation of biologicals, are likely to be the thrust in the next decade and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kriangkum
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2N8
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49
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Chiorean EG, Miller JS. The biology of natural killer cells and implications for therapy of human disease. JOURNAL OF HEMATOTHERAPY & STEM CELL RESEARCH 2001; 10:451-63. [PMID: 11522229 DOI: 10.1089/15258160152509073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are unique lymphocytes capable of lysing target cells without prior immunization. NK cells activated with cytokines, like interleukin-2 (IL-2), have been used since the 1980s as adoptive immunotherapy against metastatic solid tumors, but their effectiveness has been limited. The mechanisms by which NK cells recognize their targets are complex, including newly identified receptors that recognize class I MHC molecules. Understanding these mechanisms may support the use of NK cells as clinical therapy against infectious diseases and cancer. We have been interested in the use of NK cells clinically for their potential to eradicate minimal residual disease and prevent relapses after autologous stem cell transplantation. Several strategies are discussed to increase the specificity and efficacy of NK cell therapy. One method is to increase the targeting of NK cells by the use of monoclonal antibodies. Another approach uses allogeneic NK cells to overcome the inhibitory receptor mechanisms that may block target cell lysis by recognition of class I molecules. These and other novel strategies may prove to be attractive and effective immunotherapeutic tools to manipulate NK cells to fight human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Chiorean
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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50
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Fernández MN, Regidor C, Cabrera R, García-Marco J, Briz M, Forés R, Sanjuán I, McWhinnie A, Querol S, García J, Madrigal A. Cord blood transplants: early recovery of neutrophils from co-transplanted sibling haploidentical progenitor cells and lack of engraftment of cultured cord blood cells, as ascertained by analysis of DNA polymorphisms. Bone Marrow Transplant 2001; 28:355-63. [PMID: 11571507 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1703143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2000] [Accepted: 05/12/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The number of infused cells is a very important factor in cord blood transplant (CBT) engraftment. Prior ex vivo expansion of aliquots of transplanted cord blood (CB) units is being investigated as a procedure to increase engraftment potential, but results are difficult to evaluate due to a lack of markers for assessing the contribution of expanded cells. We transplanted five patients, infusing the best available CB unit and cells from a second donor simultaneously. In two patients, these cells were obtained from another frozen CB unit by CD34(+)positive selection and culture expansion; the other three patients received uncultured highly purified haploidentical CD34(+) cells. The first two patients had DNA from the culture expanded CB cells detected only for a few days around day +11 when the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) was >200/microl; thereafter and when the ANC was <500/microl, only donor DNA from the uncultured CB was detected. For the other three patients, DNA analysis showed early and transient granulocyte engraftment of haploidentical cells, progressively replaced by the CB-derived granulocytes. We concluded that: (1) simultaneous infusion of lymphocyte-depleted HLA highly mismatched haematopoietic progenitor cells has not produced unfavourable effects for CBT; (2) the double transplant model is suitable for evaluating the engraftment potential of ex vivocultured CB cells in the clinical setting; (3) the culture conditions used did not result in early recovery of ANC; and (4) co-transplantation of purified uncultured HLA haploidentical CD34(+) cells may reduce the time of neutropenia following CBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Fernández
- Servicio de Hematología, Clínica Puerta de Hierro, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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