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Gohbara M, Iwahashi N, Nakahashi H, Kataoka S, Takahashi H, Kirigaya J, Minamimoto Y, Akiyama E, Okada K, Matsuzawa Y, Konishi M, Maejima N, Hibi K, Kosuge M, Ebina T, Sugano T, Ishikawa T, Tamura K, Kimura K. Clinical impact of admission urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine level for predicting cardiovascular mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Heart Vessels 2020; 36:38-47. [PMID: 32632553 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-020-01663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine whether urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), which is a marker of oxidative stress, can predict future cardiovascular death in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). A total of 551 consecutive patients with ACS who underwent admission urinary 8-OHdG measurements were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the optimal cutoff value of admission urinary 8-OHdG determined by a receiver-operating characteristics curve for the prediction of cardiovascular death: a high admission urinary 8-OHdG group, 169 patients with admission urinary 8-OHdG ≥ 17.92 ng/mg creatinine; and a low admission urinary 8-OHdG group, 382 patients with admission urinary 8-OHdG < 17.92 ng/mg creatinine. The patients were followed up for a median period of 34 months. The primary and secondary end points were the incidence of cardiovascular death and major cardiovascular events (MACE) composed of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or urgent hospitalization for heart failure. Of the 551 patients, cardiovascular deaths and MACE occurred in 14 (2.5%) and 35 (6.4%), respectively. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of the event-free rate revealed cardiovascular deaths and MACE were more likely in the high admission 8-OHdG group than in the low admission 8-OHdG group (log rank, both P < 0.001). Multiple adjusted Cox proportional hazards analysis indicated that high admission urinary 8-OHdG was an independent predictor of cardiovascular death (hazard ratio [HR] 7.642, P = 0.011) and MACE (HR 2.153, P = 0.049). High admission urinary 8-OHdG levels predict cardiovascular mortality after adjustment in patients with ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaomi Gohbara
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, 232-0024, Japan.
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Noriaki Iwahashi
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Nakahashi
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kataoka
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Hironori Takahashi
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Jin Kirigaya
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Yugo Minamimoto
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Eiichi Akiyama
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Kozo Okada
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Yasushi Matsuzawa
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Masaaki Konishi
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, 232-0024, Japan
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Maejima
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hibi
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Masami Kosuge
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, 232-0024, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ebina
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, 232-0024, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Clinical Investigation, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Teruyasu Sugano
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ishikawa
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kouichi Tamura
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kimura
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, 232-0024, Japan
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Effects of arterial hemorrhage speed on the blood coagulation/fibrinolysis system and hemodynamics in rats. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2020; 31:198-206. [PMID: 32004201 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000000899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
: The effects of rapid hemorrhage on coagulopathy have been reported. However, the effects of different hemorrhage speeds on the blood coagulation/fibrinolysis system have not been investigated. This study aimed to compare different hemorrhage speeds for clarifying their effects on the coagulation/fibrinolysis system and circulation disorders in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (301-396 g) were randomly assigned to five groups depending on hemorrhage speed and length of procedure: first, rapid (1.4 ml/min, 30-min bleeding); second, rapid-L (1.4 ml/min, 30-min bleeding and observation until 6 h); third, slow (0.1 ml/min, intermittently, 6-h bleeding); fourth, control (30-min observation); and fifth, control-L (6-h observation). Hemorrhage was induced by withdrawing blood until 40% of the estimated blood volume from the femoral artery. We measured vital signs, hematology, general chemistry, blood gas status, coagulation parameters, fibrinolytic markers [tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor one (PAI-1)], vascular endothelial damage (syndecan-1), and liver PAI-1 mRNA expression. Rapid hemorrhage induced elevation of lactate and syndecan-1 levels and prolonged prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time in the rapid group. In contrast, slow hemorrhage did not induce these changes. Hemorrhage speed had no effect on plasma tissue-type plasminogen activator and hematology. Plasma PAI-1 levels were significantly increased in the rapid-L group, while liver PAI-1 mRNA levels were increased in the slow group. This study shows changes in the circulatory and fibrinolysis systems, depending on the hemorrhage speed. Hemorrhage might promote production of PAI-1, while tissue hypoxia due to rapid hemorrhage might promote release of PAI-1.
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Hemmeryckx B, Frederix L, Lijnen HR. Deficiency of Bmal1 disrupts the diurnal rhythm of haemostasis. Exp Gerontol 2019; 118:1-8. [PMID: 30610898 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mice deficient in the circadian clock gene BMAL1 (Brain and Muscle ARNT-like protein-1) exhibit a hypercoagulable state and an enhanced arterial and venous thrombogenicity, which aggravates with age. We investigated the effect of BMAL1 deficiency in mice at a different age on the diurnal rhythm of factors involved in coagulation and fibrinolysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hepatic, cardiac and brain tissues were isolated from 10- and 25-weeks-old Bmal1-deficient (BMAL1-/-) and wild-type (BMAL1+/+) mice at ZT2 and at ZT14 to analyze the mRNA expression level of genes involved in coagulation and fibrinolysis. RESULTS Body weight and brain weight were significantly lower in all BMAL1-/- versus BMAL1+/+ mice. Bmal1 deficiency disturbed the diurnal rhythm of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in liver and plasma, but not in cardiac or brain tissues. BMAL1+/+ livers showed diurnal fluctuations in factor (F)VII, FVII, protein S and anti-thrombin gene expression, which were not observed in BMAL1-/- tissues. Interestingly, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) expression was significantly upregulated in all BMAL1-/- versus BMAL1+/+ brains at both time points. Plasma t-PA-PAI-1 complex levels were however similar for all groups. CONCLUSION Bmal1 deficiency affected the biphasic rhythm of coagulation and fibrinolysis factors predominantly in the liver. In the brain, Bmal1-dependent control of t-PA gene expression was documented for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Hemmeryckx
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Liesbeth Frederix
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - H Roger Lijnen
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Ren Q, Mohri K, Warashina S, Wada Y, Watanabe Y, Mukai H. Improved Immuno-PET Imaging of HER2-Positive Tumors in Mice: Urokinase Injection-Triggered Clearance Enhancement of 64Cu-Trastuzumab. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1065-1073. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Ren
- Molecular Network Control Imaging Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular Delivery and Imaging Technology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kohta Mohri
- Molecular Network Control Imaging Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular Delivery and Imaging Technology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shota Warashina
- Molecular Network Control Imaging Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular Delivery and Imaging Technology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Wada
- Pathophysiological and Health Science Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory for Pathophysiological and Health Science, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Watanabe
- Pathophysiological and Health Science Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory for Pathophysiological and Health Science, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Mukai
- Molecular Network Control Imaging Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular Delivery and Imaging Technology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
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Matsumura K, Zouda M, Wada Y, Yamashita F, Hashida M, Watanabe Y, Mukai H. Urokinase injection-triggered clearance enhancement of a 4-arm PEG-conjugated 64Cu-bombesin analog tetramer: A novel approach for the improvement of PET imaging contrast. Int J Pharm 2018; 545:206-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Peng S, Xue G, Gong L, Fang C, Chen J, Yuan C, Chen Z, Yao L, Furie B, Huang M. A long-acting PAI-1 inhibitor reduces thrombus formation. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:1338-1347. [DOI: 10.1160/th16-11-0891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SummaryPlasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) is the main inhibitor of tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators (t/uPA) and plays an important role in fibrinolysis. Inhibition of PAI-1 activity prevents thrombosis and accelerates fibrinolysis, indicating that PAI-1 inhibitors may be used as effective antithrombotic agents. We previously designed a PAI-1 inhibitor (PAItrap) which is a variant of inactivated urokinase protease domain. In the present study, we fused PAItrap with human serum albumin (HSA) to develop a long-acting PAI-1 inhibitor. Unfortunately, the fusion protein PAItrap-HSA lost some potency compared to PAItrap (33 nM vs 10 nM). Guided by computational method, we carried out further optimisation to enhance inhibitory potency for PAI-1. The new PAItrap, denominated PAItrap(H37R)-HSA, which was the H37R variant of PAItrap fused to HSA, gave a six-fold improvement of IC50 (5 nM) for human active PAI-1 compared to PAItrap-HSA, and showed much longer plasma half-life (200-fold) compared to PAItrap. We further demonstrated that the PAItrap(H37R)-HSA inhibited exogenous or endogenous PAI-1 to promote fibrinolysis in fibrin-clot lysis assay. PAItrap(H37R)-HSA inhibits murine PAI-1 with IC50 value of 12 nM, allowing the inhibitor to be evaluated in murine models. Using an intravital microscopy, we demonstrated that PAItrap(H37R)-HSA blocks thrombus formation and platelet accumulation in vivo in a laser-induced vascular injury mouse model. Additionally, mouse tail bleeding assay showed that PAItrap(H37R)-HSA did not affect the global haemostasis. These results suggest that PAItrap(H37R)-HSA have the potential benefit to prevent thrombosis and accelerates fibrinolysis.
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Kodaman N, Sobota RS, Asselbergs FW, Oetjens MT, Moore JH, Brown NJ, Aldrich MC, Williams SM. Genetic Effects on the Correlation Structure of CVD Risk Factors: Exome-Wide Data From a Ghanaian Population. Glob Heart 2017; 12:133-140. [PMID: 28408189 DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma concentration of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is highly correlated with several cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. It also plays a direct role in CVD, including myocardial infarction and stroke, by impeding the dissolution of thrombi in the blood. Insofar as PAI-1 links CVD's risk factors to its endpoints, genetic variants modulating the relationship between PAI-1 and risk factors may be of particular clinical and biological interest. The high heritability of PAI-1, which has not been explained by genetic association studies, may also, in large part, be due to this relationship with CVD risk factors. Using exome-wide data from 1,032 Ghanaian study participants, we tested for heterogeneity of correlation by genotype between PAI-1 and 4 CVD risk factors (body mass index, triglycerides, mean arterial pressure, and fasting glucose) under the hypothesis that loci involved in the relationship between PAI-1 and other risk factors will also modify their correlational structure. We found more significant heterogeneities of correlation by genotype than we found marginal effects, with no evidence of type I inflation. The most significant result among all univariate and multivariate tests performed in this study was the heterogeneity of correlation between PAI-1 and mean arterial pressure at rs10738554, near SLC24A2, a gene previously associated with high blood pressure in African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuri Kodaman
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Rafal S Sobota
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, UMC (University Medical Center) Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jason H Moore
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nancy J Brown
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Melinda C Aldrich
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Scott M Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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Akhmedov A, Camici GG, Reiner MF, Bonetti NR, Costantino S, Holy EW, Spescha RD, Stivala S, Schaub Clerigué A, Speer T, Breitenstein A, Manz J, Lohmann C, Paneni F, Beer JH, Lüscher TF. Endothelial LOX-1 activation differentially regulates arterial thrombus formation depending on oxLDL levels: role of the Oct-1/SIRT1 and ERK1/2 pathways. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113:498-507. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Hyperglycaemia-induced reciprocal changes in miR-30c and PAI-1 expression in platelets. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36687. [PMID: 27819307 PMCID: PMC5098184 DOI: 10.1038/srep36687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetic mellitus (DM2) is associated with accelerated thrombotic complications and is characterized by high levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Recent studies show that human platelets have high levels of miR-30c and synthesize considerable active PAI-1. The underlying mechanism of how PAI-1 expression is upregulated in DM2 is poorly understood. We now report that hyperglycaemia-induced repression of miR-30c increases PAI-1 expression and thrombus formation in DM2. Bioinformatic analysis and identification of miRNA targets were assessed using luciferase assays, quantitative real-time PCR and western blots invitro and in vivo. The changes in miR-30c and PAI-1 levels were identified in platelets from healthy and diabetic individuals. We found that miR-30c directly targeted the 3′ UTR of PAI-1 and negatively regulated its expression. miR-30c was negatively correlated with glucose and HbA1c levels in DM2. In HFD-fed diabetic mice, increasing miR-30c expression by lenti-miR-30c significantly decreased the PAI-1 expression and prolonged the time to occlusion in an arterial thrombosis model. Platelet depletion/reinfusion experiments generating mice with selective ablation of PAI-1 demonstrate a major contribution by platelet-derived PAI-1 in the treatment of lenti-miR-30c to thrombus formation. These results provide important implications regarding the regulation of fibrinolysis by platelet miRNA under diabetic mellitus.
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Lemaire R, Burwell T, Sun H, Delaney T, Bakken J, Cheng L, Rebelatto MC, Czapiga M, de-Mendez I, Coyle AJ, Herbst R, Lafyatis R, Connor J. Resolution of Skin Fibrosis by Neutralization of the Antifibrinolytic Function of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:473-83. [DOI: 10.1002/art.39443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Lemaire
- MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, and Boston University School of Medicine; Boston Massachusetts
| | | | - Hong Sun
- MedImmune LLC; Gaithersburg Maryland
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White MJ, Kodaman NM, Harder RH, Asselbergs FW, Vaughan DE, Brown NJ, Moore JH, Williams SM. Genetics of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in a Ghanaian Population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136379. [PMID: 26322636 PMCID: PMC4556460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), a major modulator of the fibrinolytic system, is an important factor in cardiovascular disease (CVD) susceptibility and severity. PAI-1 is highly heritable, but the few genes associated with it explain only a small portion of its variation. Studies of PAI-1 typically employ linear regression to estimate the effects of genetic variants on PAI-1 levels, but PAI-1 is not normally distributed, even after transformation. Therefore, alternative statistical methods may provide greater power to identify important genetic variants. Additionally, most genetic studies of PAI-1 have been performed on populations of European descent, limiting the generalizability of their results. We analyzed >30,000 variants for association with PAI-1 in a Ghanaian population, using median regression, a non-parametric alternative to linear regression. Three variants associated with median PAI-1, the most significant of which was in the gene arylsulfatase B (ARSB) (p = 1.09 x 10−7). We also analyzed the upper quartile of PAI-1, the most clinically relevant part of the distribution, and found 19 SNPs significantly associated in this quartile. Of note an association was found in period circadian clock 3 (PER3). Our results reveal novel associations with median and elevated PAI-1 in an understudied population. The lack of overlap between the two analyses indicates that the genetic effects on PAI-1 are not uniform across its distribution. They also provide evidence of the generalizability of the circadian pathway’s effect on PAI-1, as a recent meta-analysis performed in Caucasian populations identified another circadian clock gene (ARNTL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marquitta J. White
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Nuri M. Kodaman
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Reed H. Harder
- Department of Genetics and Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Folkert W. Asselbergs
- Department Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 222 Euston Road, London, United Kingdom
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Douglas E. Vaughan
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nancy J. Brown
- Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jason H. Moore
- Department of Genetics and Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Williams
- Department of Genetics and Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Eftedal I, Fredriksen HA, Hjelde A, Møllerløkken A. Evaluating PAI-1 as a biomarker for stress in diving: human serum total PAI-1 is unaltered after 2 h dry exposures to 280 kPa hyperbaric air. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/6/e12437. [PMID: 26109191 PMCID: PMC4510634 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) is induced in the vasculature and secreted into the vascular lumen in response to inflammation and oxidative stress. We have previously reported a fivefold increase in plasma PAI-1 from rats exposed to 708 kPa hyperbaric air. In the current study we assess the potential of human serum total PAI-1 as a biomarker for stress in compressed air diving. Eleven recreational divers, nine males and two females, completed four 2 h hyperbaric air exposures to 280 kPa in a pressure chamber over a period of 2 weeks. The air pressure corresponds to a diving depth of 18 m in water. Serum was collected before the study and again 3 h 30 min after completion of each hyperbaric exposure. All samples were taken in the afternoon to minimize the contribution of circadian variation. The analysis revealed no change in serum total PAI-1 after hyperbaric exposures within the group of divers (P = 0.064), but significant interindividual differences persisted throughout the study (P < 0.0005). A case of decompression sickness after the third round of hyperbaric exposure did not affect PAI-1. In conclusion, compressed air exposure to 280 kPa does not affect serum total PAI-1, and significant interindividual variation in PAI-1 levels may limit its usefulness as a biomarker. This does, however, not give a complete answer regarding PAI-1 in physiologically stressful dives. Further studies with different exposures and timing are needed for that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Eftedal
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging; Faculty of Medicine; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Hallvard Aglen Fredriksen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging; Faculty of Medicine; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Astrid Hjelde
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging; Faculty of Medicine; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Andreas Møllerløkken
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging; Faculty of Medicine; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
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Vercauteren E, Peeters M, Hoylaerts MF, Lijnen HR, Meijers JCM, Declerck PJ, Gils A. The hyperfibrinolytic state of mice with combined thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene deficiency is critically dependent on TAFI deficiency. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:2555-62. [PMID: 23083123 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mice with single gene deficiency of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) have an enhanced fibrinolytic capacity. OBJECTIVES To unravel the function and relevance of both antifibrinolytic proteins through the generation and characterization of mice with combined TAFI and PAI-1 gene deficiency. RESULTS Mating of TAFI knockout (KO) mice with PAI-1 KO mice resulted in the production of TAFI/PAI-1 double-KO mice that were viable, were fertile, and developed normally. In a tail vein bleeding model, the bleeding time and hemoglobin content of the TAFI/PAI-1 double-KO mice did not deviate significantly from those of the single-KO mice or of the wild-type (WT) counterparts. Interestingly, in ex vivo rotational thromboelastometry measurements with whole blood samples, TAFI KO mice and TAFI/PAI-1 double-KO mice were more sensitive to fibrinolytic activation with tissue-type plasminogen activator than WT or PAI-1 KO mice. This enhanced fibrinolytic capacity was confirmed in vivo in a mouse thromboembolism model, as shown by decreased fibrin deposition in the lungs of TAFI KO mice and TAFI/PAI-1 double-KO mice as compared with WT or PAI-1 KO mice. CONCLUSIONS TAFI gene inactivation predominantly contributes to the increased fibrinolytic capacity of TAFI and PAI-1 double-gene-deficient mice, as observed in some basic thrombosis models.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vercauteren
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Breitenstein A, Sluka SHM, Akhmedov A, Stivala S, Steffel J, Camici GG, Riem HH, Beer HJ, Studt JD, Duru F, Luscher TF, Tanner FC. Dronedarone reduces arterial thrombus formation. Basic Res Cardiol 2012; 107:302. [PMID: 23052639 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-012-0302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dronedarone has been associated with a reduced number of first hospitalisation due to acute coronary syndromes. Whether this is only due to the reduction in ventricular heart rate and blood pressure or whether other effects of dronedarone may be involved is currently elusive. This study was designed to investigate the role of dronedarone in arterial thrombus formation. C57Bl/6 mice were treated with dronedarone and arterial thrombosis was investigated using a mouse photochemical injury model. Dronedarone inhibited carotid artery thrombus formation in vivo (P < 0.05). Thrombin- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation was impaired in dronedarone-treated mice (P < 0.05), and expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI1), an inhibitor of the fibrinolytic system, was reduced in the arterial wall (P < 0.05). In contrast, the level of tissue factor (TF), the main trigger of the coagulation cascade, and that of its physiological inhibitor, TF pathway inhibitor, did not differ. Similarly, coagulation times as measured by prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were comparable between the two groups. Dronedarone inhibits thrombus formation in vivo through inhibition of platelet aggregation and PAI1 expression. This effect occurs within the range of dronedarone concentrations measured in patients, and may represent a beneficial pleiotropic effect of this drug.
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15
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Maximal PAI-1 inhibition in vivo requires neutralizing antibodies that recognize and inhibit glycosylated PAI-1. Thromb Res 2011; 129:e126-33. [PMID: 22178065 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) regulates the activity of t-PA and u-PA and is an important inhibitor of the plasminogen activator system. Elevated PAI-1 levels have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Prior to the evaluation of PAI-1 inhibitors in humans, there is a strong need to study the effect of PAI-1 inhibition in mouse models. In the current study, four monoclonal antibodies previously reported to inhibit recombinant PAI-1 in vitro, were evaluated in an LPS-induced endotoxemia model in mice. Both MA-33H1F7 and MA-MP2D2 exerted a strong PAI-1 inhibitory effect, whereas for MA-H4B3 and MA-124K1 no reduced PAI-1 activity was observed in vivo. Importantly, the lack of PAI-1 inhibition observed for MA-124K1 and MA-H4B3 in vivo corresponded with the absence of inhibition toward glycosylated mouse PAI-1 in vitro. Three potential N-glycosylation sites were predicted for mouse PAI-1 (i.e. N209, N265 and N329). Electrophoretic mobility analysis of glycosylation knock-out mutants before and after deglycosylation indicates the presence of glycan chains at position N265. These data demonstrate that an inhibitory effect toward glycosylated PAI-1 is a prerequisite for efficient PAI-1 inhibition in mice. Our data also suggest that PAI-1 inhibitors for use in humans must preferably be screened on glycosylated PAI-1 and not on recombinant non-glycosylated PAI-1.
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16
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Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the main inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and therefore plays an important role in the plasminogen/plasmin system. PAI-1 is involved in a variety of cardiovascular diseases (mainly through inhibition of t-PA) as well as in cell migration and tumor development (mainly through inhibition of u-PA and interaction with vitronectin). PAI-1 is a unique member of the serpin superfamily, exhibiting particular unique conformational and functional properties. Since its involvement in various biological and pathophysiological processes PAI-1 has been the subject of many in vivo studies in mouse models. We briefly discuss structural and physiological differences between human and mouse PAI-1 that should be taken into account prior to extrapolation of data obtained in mouse models to the human situation. The current review provides an overview of the various models, with a focus on cardiovascular disease and cancer, using wild-type mice or genetically modified mice, either deficient in PAI-1 or overexpressing different variants of PAI-1.
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17
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Kishore P, Li W, Tonelli J, Lee DE, Koppaka S, Zhang K, Lin Y, Kehlenbrink S, Scherer PE, Hawkins M. Adipocyte-Derived Factors Potentiate Nutrient-Induced Production of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 by Macrophages. Sci Transl Med 2010; 2:20ra15. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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18
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Napoli C, De Nigris F, Pignalosa O, Lerman A, Sica G, Fiorito C, Sica V, Chade A, Lerman LO. In vivo veritas: Thrombosis mechanisms in animal models. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 66:407-27. [PMID: 16901851 DOI: 10.1080/00365510600763319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Experimental models have enhanced our understanding of atherothrombosis pathophysiology and have played a major role in the search for adequate therapeutic interventions. Various animal models have been developed to simulate thrombosis and to study in vivo parameters related to hemodynamics and rheology that lead to thrombogenesis. Although no model completely mimics the human condition, much can be learned from existing models about specific biologic processes in disease causation and therapeutic intervention. In general, large animals such as pigs and monkeys have been better suited to study atherosclerosis and arterial and venous thrombosis than smaller species such as rats, rabbits, and dogs. On the other hand, mouse models of arterial and venous thrombosis have attracted increasing interest over the past two decades, owing to direct availability of a growing number of genetically modified mice, improved technical feasibility, standardization of new models of local thrombosis, and low maintenance costs. To simulate rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, models of arterial thrombosis often involve vascular injury, which can be achieved by several means. There is no animal model that is sufficiently tall, that can mimic the ability of humans to walk upright, and that possesses the calf muscle pump that plays an important role in human venous hemodynamics. A number of spontaneous or genetically engineered animals with overexpression or deletion of various elements in the coagulation, platelet, and fibrinolysis pathways are now available. These animal models can replicate important aspects of thrombosis in humans, and provide a valuable resource in the development of novel concepts of disease mechanisms in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Napoli
- Department of General Pathology, Division of Clinical Pathology and Excellence Research Center on Cardiovascular Diseases, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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19
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Suzuki JI, Ogawa M, Muto S, Yamaguchi Y, Itai A, Isobe M. The effects of pharmacological PAI-1 inhibition on thrombus formation and neointima formation after arterial injury. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:783-94. [PMID: 18554148 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.7.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 plays a role in neointimal formation after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), the effect of overexpression or lack of PAI-1 is controversial. Murine arterial injury models develop neointimal hyperplasia similar to that observed in clinical coronary arterial restenosis after PCI. METHODS AND RESULTS To clarify the role of PAI-1 in thrombus formation and neointimal formation after arterial injury, we used a specific PAI-1 inhibitor (IMD-1622) in a rat aorta-vein shunt model and a mouse arterial injury model. While the non-treated shunt model showed massive thrombus formation, IMD-1622 administration suppressed this. Injured arteries with vehicles showed significant neointimal formation with enhancement of adhesion molecules, fibrinogen accumulation and cell proliferation on day 28 after injury. However, intimal thickening and expression of these factors were suppressed in PAI-1 recipients. CONCLUSION A specific PAI-1 inhibitor prevents thrombus formation and arterial neointimal formation after arterial injury. Thus, PAI-1 plays a critical role in arterial remodeling after mechanical injury. PAI-1 regulation may be useful to prevent thrombus and neointimal formation after PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Suzuki
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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20
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Rupin A, Gaertner R, Mennecier P, Richard I, Benoist A, De Nanteuil G, Verbeuren TJ. S35225 is a direct inhibitor of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor type-1 activity in the blood. Thromb Res 2008; 122:265-70. [PMID: 18177924 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The increased risk of thrombotic events associated with disease states such as diabetes and hypertension has been correlated with elevated circulating levels of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1). In the present study we evaluate the benzothiophene derivative S35225 in comparison with two recently described inhibitors of PAI-1 activity Tiplaxtinin and WAY140312 on a panel of PAI-1 activity assays in vitro and in vivo. In a direct chromogenic assay, S35225 has an IC50 value of 44+/-0.9 microM similar to that of Tiplaxtinin (34+/-7 microM) and of WAY140312 (39+/-1 microM). In a clot lysis assay however, S35225 has a significantly lower IC50 value than Tiplaxtinin and WAY140312 (0.6+/-0.3 versus 22+/-5 and 16+/-2 microM respectively). Using a tPA capture assay to quantify active PAI-1 in rat or human plasma, neither WAY140312, nor Tiplaxtinin attained 50% inhibition of PAI-1 activity at the highest concentration tested (1 mM); S35225 has an IC50 value of 194+/-30 microM against active rat PAI-1 and 260+/-41 microM against active human PAI-1. The ability of the compounds to inhibit endogenous active PAI-1 in the rat following intravenous administration was also tested using the tPA capture assay. Only S35225 reduced circulating active PAI-1 levels in vivo (maximum inhibition of 76+/-5% at 10 mg/kg and 53+/-5% at 3 mg/kg). In contrast to Tiplaxtinin and WAY140312, S35225 is a direct inhibitor of PAI-1 activity in vitro in rat and human plasmas where vitronectin is constitutively present as well as in vivo in the blood after an intravenous administration in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Rupin
- Division of Angiology and Medicinal Chemistry, Servier Research Institute, 11 rue des Moulineaux, Suresnes, 92150, France.
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21
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Abstract
Obesity has become a global epidemic and carries a considerable negative impact in regard to quality of life and life expectancy. A primary problem is that obese individuals are at increased risk of suffering from cardiovascular disease complications such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Because fat accumulation is a consistent aspect of obesity, mechanisms that may link adipose tissue to cardiovascular disease complications should be considered. Proteins expressed from adipose tissue, known as adipokines, are hypothesized to have important effects on the progression and incidence of cardiovascular disease complications. This review examines the evidence that adipokines play a direct role in vascular thrombosis, an important event in cardiovascular disease complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Bodary
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich, USA.
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22
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Santamaría A, Borrell M, Mateo J, Vallve C, Fontcuberta J. What is the clinical impact of low plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity? A case report and study of the incidence of low PAI-1 antigen in a healthy population. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5:1565-6. [PMID: 17439631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Abstract
The plasminogen activator (PA) system, which controls the formation and activity of plasmin, plays a key role in modulating hemostasis, thrombosis, and several other biological processes. While a great deal is known about the function of the PA system, it remains a focus of intensive investigation, and the list of biological pathways and human diseases that are modulated by normal and pathologic function of its components continues to lengthen. Because of remarkable advances in molecular genetics, the laboratory mouse has become the most useful animal system to study the normal and pathologic functions of the PA system. The purpose of this review is to summarize studies that have used genetically modified mice to examine the functions of the PA system in hemostasis and thrombosis, intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury, and atherosclerosis. Particular emphasis is placed on the vascular functions of PA inhibitor-1, a key regulator of the PA system, and the multiple variables that appear to account for the complex role of PA inhibitor-1 in regulating vascular remodeling. Lastly, the strengths and limitations of using mice to model human vascular disease processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Fay
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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24
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Zwicker JI, Furie BC, Furie B. Cancer-associated thrombosis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2007; 62:126-36. [PMID: 17293122 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is strong evidence linking venous thromboembolic events and malignancy. Laboratory markers of coagulation activation such as thrombin-antithrombin complex or prothrombin fragments 1+2 support the premise that malignancy is a hypercoagulable state. Inflammatory cytokines (e.g. tumor necrosis factor and interferon-gamma), coagulation proteins (e.g. tissue factor and factor VIII), and procoagulant microparticles may be elevated in patients with malignancy. However, the molecular basis for cancer associated thrombosis remains unknown and the relative contribution of chemotherapeutics, tumor cells, endothelium, and circulating procoagulants in promoting thrombus formation continues to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I Zwicker
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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25
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Mutch NJ, Thomas L, Moore NR, Lisiak KM, Booth NA. TAFIa, PAI-1 and alpha-antiplasmin: complementary roles in regulating lysis of thrombi and plasma clots. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5:812-7. [PMID: 17388801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PAI-1 and alpha(2)-antiplasmin (alpha(2)AP) are the principal direct inhibitors of fibrinolytic proteases. Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), a plasma procarboxypeptidase activated by thrombin-thrombomodulin to form TAFIa, also regulates fibrinolysis by modulating fibrin. In this study, the relative contributions of PAI-1, alpha(2)AP and TAFIa to inhibition of lysis were assessed. In platelet-poor plasma clots, alpha(2)AP, TAFIa and PAI-1 all inhibited lysis, as shown by the addition of neutralizing antibodies to alpha(2)AP and PAI-1 +/- CPI, a potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor. alpha(2)AP played the largest role in regulating plasma clot lysis, but neutralization of inhibitors in combinations was more effective in shortening lysis times, with a maximal effect when all three inhibitors were neutralized. In platelet-rich clots, a larger contribution of PAI-1 was evident. Tissue plasminogen activator induced lysis of model thrombi, made from whole blood, was approximately doubled on incorporation of CPI, illustrating a substantial contribution of TAFIa to inhibition of thrombus lysis. Similar increases in thrombus lysis were observed on inclusion of neutralizing antibodies to PAI-1 and alpha(2)AP, with alpha(2)AP playing the dominant role. Maximal thrombus lysis occurred upon neutralization of all three inhibitors. These observations suggest that, despite the differences in concentrations and activities of inhibitors, and the different modes of action, the roles of the three are complementary in both plasma clot lysis and thrombus lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Mutch
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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26
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Franzius C, Hotfilder M, Poremba C, Hermann S, Schäfers K, Gabbert HE, Jürgens H, Schober O, Schäfers M, Vormoor J. Successful high-resolution animal positron emission tomography of human Ewing tumours and their metastases in a murine xenograft model. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006; 33:1432-41. [PMID: 16896672 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-006-0106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE As primary osseous metastasis is the main adverse prognostic factor in patients with Ewing tumours, a NOD/scid mouse model for human Ewing tumour metastases has been established to examine the mechanisms of metastasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of diagnostic molecular imaging by small animal PET in this mouse model. METHODS Human Ewing tumour cells were transplanted into immune-deficient NOD/scid mice via s.c injection (n=17) or i.v. injection (n=17). The animals (mean weight 23.2 g) were studied 2-7 weeks after transplantation using a submillimetre resolution animal PET scanner. To assess glucose utilisation and bone metabolism, mice were scanned after intravenous injection of 9.6 MBq (mean) 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D: -glucose (FDG) or 9.4 MBq (mean) [(18)F]fluoride. Whole-body PET images were analysed visually and semi-quantitatively [%ID/g, tumour to non-tumour ratio (T/NT)]. Foci of pathological uptake were identified with respect to the physiological organ uptake in corresponding regions. RESULTS Subcutaneously transplanted Ewing tumours demonstrated a moderately increased glucose uptake (median %ID/g 2.5; median T/NT 2.2). After i.v. transplantation, the pattern of metastasis was similar to that in patients with metastases in lung, bone and soft tissue. These metastases showed an increased FDG uptake (median %ID/g 3.6; median T/NT 2.7). Osseous metastases were additionally visible on [(18)F]fluoride PET by virtue of decreased [(18)F]fluoride uptake (osteolysis; median %ID/g 8.4; median T/NT 0.59). Metastases were confirmed immunohistologically. CONCLUSION Diagnostic molecular imaging of Ewing tumours and their small metastases in an in vivo NOD/scid mouse model is feasible using a submillimetre resolution PET scanner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Franzius
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
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27
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Schäfer K, Schroeter MR, Dellas C, Puls M, Nitsche M, Weiss E, Hasenfuss G, Konstantinides SV. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 From Bone Marrow–Derived Cells Suppresses Neointimal Formation After Vascular Injury in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:1254-9. [PMID: 16514083 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000215982.14003.b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
To investigate the ability of bone marrow (BM)–derived cells to modulate neointimal growth after injury by expressing plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1).
Methods and Results—
We performed BM transplantation (BMT) in lethally irradiated wild-type (WT) and PAI-1−/− mice. Three weeks after carotid injury with ferric chloride, analysis of Y-chromosome DNA expression in the vessel wall of female hosts revealed that 20.8±6.0% of the cells in the neointima and 37.6±5.7% of those in the media were of BM origin. Lack of PAI-1 in either the host or the donor cells did not affect recruitment of BM-derived cells into sites of vascular injury. The neointima consisted predominantly of smooth muscle cells, and a proportion of these cells expressed PAI-1. Overall, lack of PAI-1 was associated with enhanced neointimal formation. However, importantly, BMT
WT→PAI-1−/−
mice exhibited reduced neointimal area (
P
=0.05) and luminal stenosis (
P
=0.04) compared with BMT
PAI-1−/−→PAI-1−/−
mice. Although PAI-1–expressing cells were shown to be present in BMT
WT→PAI-1−/−
lesions, these mice did not exhibit detectable levels of the inhibitor in the circulation, suggesting that local production of PAI-1 by cells in the neointima and media was sufficient to reduce luminal stenosis.
Conclusions—
PAI-1 from BM-derived cells appears capable of suppressing neointimal growth after vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schäfer
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Georg August University School of Medicine, Goettingen, Germany.
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28
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Angelillo-Scherrer A, Burnier L, Flores N, Savi P, DeMol M, Schaeffer P, Herbert JM, Lemke G, Goff SP, Matsushima GK, Earp HS, Vesin C, Hoylaerts MF, Plaisance S, Collen D, Conway EM, Wehrle-Haller B, Carmeliet P. Role of Gas6 receptors in platelet signaling during thrombus stabilization and implications for antithrombotic therapy. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:237-46. [PMID: 15650770 PMCID: PMC544035 DOI: 10.1172/jci22079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms regulating thrombus stabilization remain largely unknown. Here, we report that loss of any 1 of the Gas6 receptors (Gas6-Rs), i.e., Tyro3, Axl, or Mer, or delivery of a soluble extracellular domain of Axl that traps Gas6 protects mice against life-threatening thrombosis. Loss of a Gas6-R does not prevent initial platelet aggregation but impairs subsequent stabilization of platelet aggregates, at least in part by reducing "outside-in" signaling and platelet granule secretion. Gas6, through its receptors, activates PI3K and Akt and stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of the beta3 integrin, thereby amplifying outside-in signaling via alphaIIbbeta3. Blocking the Gas6-R-alphaIIbbeta3 integrin cross-talk might be a novel approach to the reduction of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Angelillo-Scherrer
- Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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29
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Silva VM, Corson N, Elder A, Oberdörster G. The rat ear vein model for investigating in vivo thrombogenicity of ultrafine particles (UFP). Toxicol Sci 2005; 85:983-9. [PMID: 15772370 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in rodents indicate that intravenous or intratracheal administration of ultrafine particles (UFP) increases thrombogenesis in a surgically exposed peripheral vein after photodynamic excitation of intravenously injected rose bengal (RB). We sought to adapt the invasive peripheral vein RB model to a noninvasive monitoring of ear veins under an inverted microscope. Animals received one of the following: an intraperitoneal, intravenous bolus, or intravenously infused dose of RB. An ear vein was illuminated by a green laser, and formation of a thrombus was captured with a digital camera. Only continuous intravenous infusion produced a steady-state RB plasma level and reproducible thrombus responses in different ear veins of the same rat. This system was then used to study the thrombogenic effects of iv-administered positively or negatively charged 60-nm ultrafine polystyrene particles (PSP). Significant dose-dependent enhancement of thrombus formation was found, as indicated by decreased laser illumination time to 33% of baseline values at 0.5 mg/kg. Negatively charged PSP of the same size failed to affect thrombus formation. We also studied the thrombogenic effect of PSP without the use of RB. The findings were the same as with RB, although the illumination time had to be increased. When 0.5 mg/kg was instilled intratracheally, the laser illumination time to form a thrombus was decreased to 42% of the baseline value, suggesting translocation of UFP into the bloodstream. These results are consistent with previous findings using the invasive model, and they validate the use of this non-invasive ear vein model to evaluate thrombogenic effects of UFP deposition in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Silva
- University of Rochester, Department of Environmental Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA.
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30
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Day SM, Reeve JL, Pedersen B, Farris DM, Myers DD, Im M, Wakefield TW, Mackman N, Fay WP. Macrovascular thrombosis is driven by tissue factor derived primarily from the blood vessel wall. Blood 2005; 105:192-8. [PMID: 15339841 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Leukocytes and leukocyte-derived microparticles contain low levels of tissue factor (TF) and incorporate into forming thrombi. Although this circulating pool of TF has been proposed to play a key role in thrombosis, its functional significance relative to that of vascular wall TF is poorly defined. We tested the hypothesis that leukocyte-derived TF contributes to thrombus formation in vivo. Compared to wild-type mice, mice with severe TF deficiency (ie, TF–/–, hTF-Tg+, or “low-TF”) demonstrated markedly impaired thrombus formation after carotid artery injury or inferior vena cava ligation. A bone marrow transplantation strategy was used to modulate levels of leukocyte-derived TF. Transplantation of low-TF marrow into wild-type mice did not suppress arterial or venous thrombus formation. Similarly, transplantation of wild-type marrow into low-TF mice did not accelerate thrombosis. In vitro analyses revealed that TF activity in the blood was very low and was markedly exceeded by that present in the vessel wall. Therefore, our results suggest that thrombus formation in the arterial and venous macrovasculature is driven primarily by TF derived from the blood vessel wall as opposed to leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene M Day
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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31
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Schafer K, Müller K, Hecke A, Mounier E, Goebel J, Loskutoff DJ, Konstantinides S. Enhanced Thrombosis in Atherosclerosis-Prone Mice Is Associated With Increased Arterial Expression of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:2097-103. [PMID: 14512369 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000097766.36623.df] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives—
This study was undertaken to investigate the origin and pathophysiological importance of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) in atherosclerosis.
Methods and Results—
We used the ferric chloride model to induce carotid artery injury in apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE
−/−
) and wild-type (WT) mice. ApoE
−/−
mice fed high-fat diet for 4 months developed severe hypercholesterolemia and had significantly elevated plasma PAI-1 levels (2.3±0.3 versus 0.6±0.1 ng/mL in WT mice;
P
<0.05). These mice exhibited a prothrombotic phenotype with shortened times to thrombotic arterial occlusion (8.6 versus 11.5 minutes;
P
<0.001) and reduced recanalization rates (12% versus 51%;
P
<0.0001) compared with WT mice. In situ hybridization, reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry showed a significantly upregulated PAI-1 expression in P-selectin–positive (activated) endothelial cells lining normal-appearing arterial segments and within the advanced atherosclerotic lesions of apoE
−/−
mice. No significant upregulation of PAI-1 expression was found in the other organs studied, and only trace amounts of PAI-1 mRNA were detected in murine platelets. Importantly, deletion of the PAI-1 gene reversed the prothrombotic tendency and reduced neointimal growth after injury in apoE
−/−
mice despite the persistence of excessive hypercholesterolemia.
Conclusions—
These results suggest that increased vascular expression of PAI-1 may contribute to the elevated circulating levels of the inhibitor and be responsible, at least in part, for the prothrombotic phenotype in apoE
−/−
mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schafer
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonary Medicine, Georg August University of Goettingen, Germany
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32
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Pitchford SC, Riffo-Vasquez Y, Sousa A, Momi S, Gresele P, Spina D, Page CP. Platelets are necessary for airway wall remodeling in a murine model of chronic allergic inflammation. Blood 2003; 103:639-47. [PMID: 14504080 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-05-1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is associated with airway remodeling. Evidence of platelet recruitment to the lungs of asthmatics after allergen exposure suggests platelets participate in various aspects of asthma; although their importance is unknown in the context of airway remodeling, their involvement in atherosclerosis is established. Studies from our laboratory have shown a requirement for platelets in pulmonary leukocyte recruitment in a murine model of allergic lung inflammation. Presently, the effects of platelet depletion and corticosteroid administration on airway remodeling and lung function were examined. Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice, exposed to aerosolized OVA for 8 weeks, demonstrated epithelial and smooth muscle thickening, and subepithelial reticular fiber deposition in the distal airways. The depletion of platelets via an immunologic (antiplatelet antisera) or nonimmunologic (busulfan) method, markedly reduced airway remodeling. In contrast, dexamethasone administration did not affect epithelial thickening or subepithelial fibrosis, despite significantly inhibiting leukocyte recruitment. Thus, pathways leading to certain aspects of airway remodeling may not depend on leukocyte recruitment, whereas platelet activation is obligatory. OVA-sensitized mice exhibited airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) compared with sham-sensitized mice following chronic OVA exposure. Neither platelet depletion nor dexamethasone administration inhibited chronic AHR; thus, mechanisms other than inflammation and airway remodeling may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Pitchford
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, 5th Fl, Hodgkin Bldg, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
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33
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Matsuno H, Okada K, Ueshima S, Matsuo O, Kozawa O. Alpha2-antiplasmin plays a significant role in acute pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1:1734-9. [PMID: 12911586 DOI: 10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The importance of pulmonary embolism (PE) due to venous thrombosis is recognized in the treatment of vascular diseases. We have investigated the physiological effects of plasmin generation in experimental acute PE using mice deficient in plasminogen (Plg-/-) or alpha2-antiplasmin (alpha2-AP-/-). PE was induced by continuous induction of venous thrombus in the left jugular vein by endothelial injury due to photochemical reaction. The mortality of wild-type mice was 68.8% at 2 h after the initiation of venous thrombosis and it was significantly reduced in alpha2-AP-/- mice (41.7%). In contrast, Plg-/- mice did not survive. Histological evidence of thromboembolism in the lung was obtained in all mice. However, whereas a strict thromboembolism was observed in Plg-/- mice, only a few thrombi were detected in the lungs of alpha2-AP-/- mice. Plasma fibrinogen levels measured in mice were not different. When alpha2-AP was infused in alpha2-AP-/- mice, the mortality was indistinguishable from wild-type mice. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) did not reduce the mortality due to acute PE in wild-type mice. However, in alpha2-AP-/- mice, tPA (0.52 mg x kg-1) significantly decreased the mortality compared with that of alpha2-AP-/- mice without tPA. The bleeding time was not significantly prolonged in either type of mice treated with tPA. The lack of plasminogen increases the mortality due to acute PE while a lack of alpha2-AP decreases the mortality rate, which can be further reduced by tPA administration. Therefore, the combination of inhibition of alpha2-AP with thrombolytic therapy could be beneficial in the treatment of acute PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Matsuno
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University School of Medicine, Tsukasa-machi, Gifu, Japan.
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34
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Molinas CR, Elkelani O, Campo R, Luttun A, Carmeliet P, Koninckx PR. Role of the plasminogen system in basal adhesion formation and carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum-enhanced adhesion formation after laparoscopic surgery in transgenic mice. Fertil Steril 2003; 80:184-92. [PMID: 12849822 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(03)00496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) in adhesion formation after laparoscopic surgery. DESIGN Prospective, randomized study. SETTING Academic research center. ANIMAL(S) Seventy female wild-type and transgenic knockout mice for PAI-1 (PAI-1(-/-)), uPA (uPA(-/-)) or tPA (tPA(-/-)). INTERVENTION(S) Standardized lesions to induce peritoneal adhesions were performed during laparoscopy. To evaluate basal adhesions and pneumoperitoneum-enhanced adhesions, the pneumoperitoneum was maintained for 10 minutes or 60 minutes, respectively. Peritoneal biopsy samples were obtained during and after 60 minutes of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Adhesions were blindly scored after 7 days. Concentrations of PAI-1 and tPA were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULT(S) In PAI-1, uPA, and tPA wild-type mice, pneumoperitoneum enhanced adhesions. Compared with wild-type mice, basal adhesions were fewer in PAI-1(-/-) mice and more in uPA(-/-) and tPA(-/-) mice. Pneumoperitoneum did not enhance adhesions in these transgenic mice. PAI-1 concentration increased after 60 minutes of pneumoperitoneum whereas tPA concentration did not change. CONCLUSION(S) Impaired fibrinolysis increases basal adhesions. The absence of pneumoperitoneum-enhanced adhesions in PAI-1(-/-), uPA(-/-), and tPA(-/-) mice and the increase in PAI-1 expression indicate that PAI-1 up-regulation by carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum is a mechanism of pneumoperitoneum-enhanced adhesion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Roger Molinas
- Center for Surgical Technologies, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. roger,
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35
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Yamada T, Takagi A, Takeshita K, Yamamoto K, Ito M, Matsushita T, Murate T, Saito H, Kojima T. Enzyme immunoassay for measurement of murine plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, employing a specific antibody produced by the DNA vaccine method. Thromb Res 2003; 111:285-91. [PMID: 14693177 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2003.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We developed a sensitive immunoassay to determine the concentration of mouse plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. The assay was a non-competitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the production of a specific polyclonal antibody against mouse plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) used both as a trapping and detecting antibody. This antibody was raised in a rabbit by direct introduction of the expression vector plasmid DNA encoding mouse PAI-1, instead of conventional immunization with the purified protein. The standard curve was constructed with a recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST)-mouse PAI-1 fusion protein (GST-mPAI-1) and dose-response of the assay was linear for GST-mPAI-1 between 6.25 and 100 pM. In order to assess the consistency of the assay, we measured PAI-1 antigen in normal mouse pooled plasma several times. We found that the intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CV) were 4.8% and 9.2%, respectively, indicating that the ELISA would be sufficiently repeatable and reproducible. In this assay, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injected mice showed substantially higher levels (22-fold) of plasma PAI-1 antigen than did control mice (12.5+/-2.4 vs. 0.58+/-0.16 nM), similar to results reported elsewhere. Taken together, the DNA vaccine method is extremely useful for preparing specific antibodies against mouse PAI-1, which can be utilized to establish the ELISA and analyze the profile of PAI-1 distributions in mice under various conditions. This approach might also be useful for immunological investigation of other coagulation factors and related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yamada
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
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36
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He JQ, Gaur LK, Stempien-Otero A, Nelson K, Levy WC, O'Brien KD, Bolgiano DC, Reiner AP. Genetic variants of the hemostatic system and development of transplant coronary artery disease. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002; 21:629-36. [PMID: 12057695 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-2498(01)00409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The occurrence of coronary artery disease (CAD) after heart transplantation may represent an accelerated inflammatory and thrombotic response to coronary vascular endothelial cell injury. Several common mutations involving hemostasis and cellular adhesion proteins have been associated with genetic susceptibility to native coronary heart disease. The clinical setting of heart transplantation provides a unique opportunity to examine the relative contribution of circulating (i.e., recipient) vs local vascular (i.e., donor) hemostatic components to the occurrence of CAD. METHODS We performed genotyping for several common hemostatic polymorphisms among 53 cardiac transplant patients and their heart donors. Patients were observed for an average of 43 months, and the presence of transplant CAD was determined by coronary angiography. RESULTS The development of transplant CAD did not relate to recipient hemostatic genotype, but 2 donor polymorphisms (PAI-1 4G/5G and alpha(2) integrin C807T) were important predictors of transplant CAD. The risk ratio (RR) of transplant CAD associated with donor PAI-1 4G/4G genotype was 2.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-6.2) and was modified by recipient cytomegalovirus status, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and recipient factor XIII Val34Leu genotype. The RR of transplant CAD associated with donor alpha(2) integrin 807 T/T genotype was 7.4 (95% CI, 2.5-22.0). CONCLUSIONS Genetic and metabolic factors contributed by both donor and recipient may interact at the level of the coronary vessel wall in the development of transplant-associated CAD, and this finding may provide additional support for the importance of local thrombotic response to endothelial injury in the pathogenesis of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qing He
- Puget Sound Blood Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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37
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Peng L, Bhatia N, Parker AC, Zhu Y, Fay WP. Endogenous vitronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promote neointima formation in murine carotid arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22:934-9. [PMID: 12067901 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000019360.14554.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined the roles of vitronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in neointima development. Neointima formation after carotid artery ligation or chemical injury was significantly greater in wild-type mice than in vitronectin-deficient (Vn(-/-)) mice. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation did not differ between groups, suggesting that vitronectin promoted neointima development by enhancing VSMC migration. Neointima formation was significantly attenuated in PAI-1-deficient (PAI-1(-/-)) mice compared with control mice. Because intravascular fibrin may function as a provisional matrix for invading VSMCs, we examined potential mechanisms by which vitronectin and PAI-1 regulate fibrin stability and fibrin-VSMC interactions. Inhibition of activated protein C by PAI-1 was markedly attenuated in vitronectin-deficient plasma. The capacity of PAI-1 to inhibit clot lysis was significantly attenuated in vitronectin-deficient plasma, and this effect was not explained simply by the PAI-1-stabilizing properties of vitronectin. The adhesion and spreading of VSMCs were significantly greater on wild-type plasma clots and PAI-1-deficient plasma clots than on vitronectin-deficient plasma clots. We conclude that endogenous levels of vitronectin and PAI-1 enhance neointima formation in response to vascular occlusion or injury. Their effects may be mediated to a significant extent by their capacity to promote intravascular fibrin deposition and by the capacity of vitronectin to enhance VSMC-fibrin interactions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carotid Arteries/physiopathology
- Carotid Arteries/surgery
- Carotid Artery Injuries/chemically induced
- Cell Line
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/embryology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/deficiency
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/metabolism
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/physiology
- Rats
- Tunica Intima/physiopathology
- Vitronectin/deficiency
- Vitronectin/metabolism
- Vitronectin/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
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38
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Matsuno H, Kozawa O, Okada K, Ueshima S, Matsuo O, Uematsu T. Inhibitors of fibrinolytic components play different roles in the formation and removal of arterial thrombus in mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2002; 39:278-86. [PMID: 11791014 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200202000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and alpha2-anti-plasmin (alpha2-AP) may contribute to arterial thrombolysis resistance. The role of these components on thrombus evolution in vivo was investigated in mice deficient for PAI-1 (PAI-1(-/-)) or alpha2-AP (alpha2-AP(-/-)) or their wild-type counterparts (PAI-1(+/+), alpha2-AP(+/+)). Moreover, the influence of either PAI-1 or alpha2-AP deficiency on the results of pharmacologic inhibition of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa of platelets or thrombin was also investigated. A thrombus was induced in the murine carotid artery by endothelial injury. The alpha2-AP(-/-) mice were indistinguishable from wild-type, whereas the time to occlusion in PAI-1(-/-) was significantly prolonged to 24.9 +/- 3.7 min. Vascular patency was markedly increased in both PAI-1- and alpha2-AP-deficient mice. In separate animals, either a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist or a thrombin inhibitor was applied. The time required to occlusion was prolonged in a dose-dependent manner in all types of mice. When each compound was administered to PAI-1(-/-) mice, significant changes were observed. In conclusion, lack of PAI-1 prolongs the time to occlusion and accelerates clot lysis, whereas alpha2-AP only has an effect on spontaneous reperfusion. Consequently, the inhibition of PAI-1, but not of alpha2-AP, could enhance the effects of anti-thrombotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Matsuno
- Department of Pharmacology, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
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39
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Wind T, Hansen M, Jensen JK, Andreasen PA. The molecular basis for anti-proteolytic and non-proteolytic functions of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1: roles of the reactive centre loop, the shutter region, the flexible joint region and the small serpin fragment. Biol Chem 2002; 383:21-36. [PMID: 11928815 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2002.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The serine proteinase inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) is the primary physiological inhibitor of the tissue-type and the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (tPA and uPA, respectively) and as such an important regulator of proteolytic events taking place in the circulation and in the extracellular matrix. Moreover, a few non-proteolytic functions have been ascribed to PAI-1, mediated by its interaction with vitronectin or the interaction between the uPA-PAI-1 complex bound to the uPA receptor and members of the low density lipoprotein receptor family. PAI-1 belongs to the serpin family, characterised by an unusual conformational flexibility, which governs its molecular interactions. In this review we describe the anti-proteolytic and non-proteolytic functions of PAI-1 from both a biological and a biochemical point of view. We will relate the various biological roles of PAI-1 to its biochemistry in general and to the different conformations of PAI-1 in particular. We put emphasis on the intramolecular rearrangements of PAI-1 that are required for its antiproteolytic as well as its non-proteolytic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troels Wind
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, Aarhus University, Denmark
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40
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Manganaro A, Ruggeri M, Ando G, Longo M, Vita G. Endothelial functions in pathophysiology of thrombosis and fibrinolysis: late spontaneous recanalization of an occluded internal carotid artery--a case report. Angiology 2002; 53:99-103. [PMID: 11863315 DOI: 10.1177/000331970205300114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of oral contraceptives is a potential cause of ischemic stroke in young women. The risk of stroke is higher when contraceptives contain high levels of estrogens. A thrombotic occlusion of the right internal carotid artery, seen on ultrasound, developed in a patient who was taking high-dose estrogen contraception. Recanalization occurred several months later by spontaneous thrombolysis and was confirmed by cerebral angiography. This case suggests that the activation of endothelial spontaneous antithrombotic mechanisms may allow the dissolution of a thrombus, once the cause of the thrombosis has been identified and removed and when the endothelium has maintained its functional integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatino Manganaro
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Italy.
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41
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DeYoung MB, Tom C, Dichek DA. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 increases neointima formation in balloon-injured rat carotid arteries. Circulation 2001; 104:1972-1. [PMID: 11602503 DOI: 10.1161/hc4101.097110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated plasma levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) are associated with myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and restenosis. PAI-1 is increased in atherosclerotic arteries and failed vein grafts. No experimental data, however, support a causal relationship between elevated PAI-1 expression and vascular lesions. Paradoxically, data generated in PAI-1 knockout mice suggest that PAI-1 might decrease lesion formation after arterial injury and that PAI-1 gene transfer might prevent restenosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Using the rat carotid balloon injury model and a PAI-1-expressing adenoviral vector, we tested whether elevated arterial PAI-1 expression would alter neointima formation. Compared with control-transduced arteries, neointima formation in PAI-1-transduced arteries was initially retarded. By 14 days, however, the intimas of PAI-1-transduced arteries were significantly larger than intimas of control-transduced arteries (1.6+/-0.1x10(5) versus 1.2+/-0.1x10(5) micrometer(2), n=18 to 19, P<0.03). PAI-1 expression in individual arteries correlated with increased cell proliferation at 4 and 8 days after injury (R=0.6, P<0.02 and P<0.006). PAI-1 expression also correlated with fibrin(ogen) accumulation (R=0.77, P<0.001), and fibrin(ogen) accumulation correlated strongly with proliferation (R=0.86, P<0.00001). CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of PAI-1 in the artery wall promotes neointima growth after balloon injury. Therefore, despite encouraging data generated in other animal models, PAI-1 is not a promising agent for gene therapy to prevent restenosis. Moreover, our data associate elevated PAI-1 expression with fibrin(ogen) accumulation and increased cell proliferation. These data suggest a mechanism to explain the association between elevated PAI-1 expression and the progression of arterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B DeYoung
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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42
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Kawasaki T, Dewerchin M, Lijnen HR, Vreys I, Vermylen J, Hoylaerts MF. Mouse carotid artery ligation induces platelet-leukocyte-dependent luminal fibrin, required for neointima development. Circ Res 2001; 88:159-66. [PMID: 11157667 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.88.2.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between platelet and leukocyte activation, coagulation, and neointima development was investigated in noninjured murine blood vessels subjected to blood stasis. The left common carotid artery of C57BL/6J mice was ligated proximal to the bifurcation. Tissue-factor expression in luminal leukocytes progressively increased over 2 weeks. On day 3 after ligation, in addition to infiltrated granulocytes, platelet microthrombi and platelet-covered leukocytes as well as tissue-factor-positive fibrin deposits lined the endothelium. Maximal neointima formation in carotid artery cross sections of control mice equaled 28+/-3.7% (n=11) and 42+/-5.1% (n=8) of the internal elastic lamina cross-sectional area 1 and 2 weeks after ligation. In FVIII(-/-) mice, stenosis was significantly lower 1 (11+/-3.6%, n=8) and 2 (21+/-4.7%, n=7) weeks after ligation (both P:<0.01 versus background-matched controls). In u-PA(-/-) mice, luminal stenosis was significantly higher 1 (38+/-7.0%, n=7) and 2 (77+/-5.6%, n=6) weeks after ligation (P:<0.05 and P:<0.01, respectively, versus matched controls). In alpha(2)-AP(-/-) mice, stenosis was lower at 1 week (14+/-2.6%, n=7, P:<0.01) but not at 2 weeks. Responses in tissue-type plasminogen activator or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene-deficient mice equaled that in controls. Reducing plasma fibrinogen levels in controls with ancrod or inducing partial thrombocytopenia with busulfan resulted in significantly less neointima, but inflammation was inhibited only in busulfan-treated mice. We conclude that stasis induces platelet activation, leading to microthrombosis and platelet-leukocyte conjugate formation, triggering inflammation and tissue-factor accumulation on the carotid artery endothelium. Delayed coagulation then results in formation of a fibrin matrix, which is used by smooth muscle cells to migrate into the lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kawasaki
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Leuven, Belgium
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