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Chawla P, Gau D, Chen F, Welling N, Boone D, Taboas J, Lee AV, Galson DL, Roy P. Breast cancer cells promote osteoclast differentiation in an MRTF-dependent paracrine manner. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.06.570453. [PMID: 38106226 PMCID: PMC10723471 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.06.570453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a frequent site for breast cancer metastasis. Conditioning of the local tumor microenvironment (TME) through crosstalk between tumor cells and bone resident cells in the metastatic niche is a major driving force for bone colonization of breast cancer cells. The vast majority of breast cancer-associated metastasis is osteolytic in nature, and RANKL-induced differentiation of bone marrow-derived macrophages to osteoclasts (OCLs) is a key requirement for osteolytic metastatic growth of cancer cells. In this study, we demonstrate that breast cancer cell-secreted factors stimulate RANKL-induced OCL differentiation of BMDMs requiring the function of Myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF) in tumor cells. This is partly attributed to the critical role of MRTF in maintaining the basal cellular expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a pro-osteoclastogenic matricellular factor known to promote bone metastasis in human breast cancer. Supporting these in vitro findings, bioinformatics analyses of multiple human breast cancer transcriptome datasets reveal a strong positive correlation between CTGF expression and MRTF gene signature further establishing the relevance of our findings in a human disease context. By Luminex analyses, we show that MRTF depletion in breast cancer cells has a broad impact on OCL-regulatory cell-secreted factors that extends beyond CTGF. These findings, taken together with demonstration of MRTF-dependence for bone colonization breast cancer cells in vivo, suggest that MRTF inhibition could be an effective strategy to diminish OCL formation and skeletal involvement in breast cancer. In summary, this study highlights a novel tumor-extrinsic function of MRTF relevant to breast cancer metastasis.
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Hume DA, Batoon L, Sehgal A, Keshvari S, Irvine KM. CSF1R as a Therapeutic Target in Bone Diseases: Obvious but Not so Simple. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:516-531. [PMID: 36197652 PMCID: PMC9718875 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of the review is to summarize the expression and function of CSF1R and its ligands in bone homeostasis and constraints on therapeutic targeting of this axis. RECENT FINDINGS Bone development and homeostasis depends upon interactions between mesenchymal cells and cells of the mononuclear phagocyte lineage (MPS), macrophages, and osteoclasts (OCL). The homeostatic interaction is mediated in part by the systemic and local production of growth factors, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1), and interleukin 34 (IL34) that interact with a receptor (CSF1R) expressed exclusively by MPS cells and their progenitors. Loss-of-function mutations in CSF1 or CSF1R lead to loss of OCL and macrophages and dysregulation of postnatal bone development. MPS cells continuously degrade CSF1R ligands via receptor-mediated endocytosis. As a consequence, any local or systemic increase or decrease in macrophage or OCL abundance is rapidly reversible. In principle, both CSF1R agonists and antagonists have potential in bone regenerative medicine but their evaluation in disease models and therapeutic application needs to carefully consider the intrinsic feedback control of MPS biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| | - Lena Batoon
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Anuj Sehgal
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Sahar Keshvari
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Katharine M Irvine
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
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Long-term effect of hematopoietic cell transplantation on systemic inflammation in patients with mucopolysaccharidoses. Blood Adv 2021; 5:3092-3101. [PMID: 34402882 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are devastating inherited diseases treated with hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). However, disease progression, especially skeletal, still occurs in all patients. Secondary inflammation has been hypothesized to be a cause. To investigate whether systemic inflammation is present in untreated patients and to evaluate the effect of HCT on systemic inflammation, dried blood spots (n = 66) of patients with MPS (n = 33) treated with HCT between 2003 and 2019 were included. Time points consisted of pre-HCT and, for patients with MPS type I (MPS I), also at 1, 3, and 10 years of follow-up. Ninety-two markers of the OLINK inflammation panel were measured and compared with those of age-matched control subjects (n = 31) by using principal component analysis and Wilcoxon rank sum tests with correction. Median age at transplantation was 1.3 years (range, 0.2-4.8 years), and median time of pre-HCT sample to transplantation was 0.1 year. Normal leukocyte enzyme activity levels were achieved in 93% of patients post-HCT. Pretransplant samples showed clear separation of patients and control subjects. Markers that differentiated pre-HCT between control subjects and patients were mainly pro-inflammatory (50%) or related to bone homeostasis and extracellular matrix degradation (33%). After 10 years' follow-up, only 5 markers (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand, osteoprotegerin, axis inhibition protein 1 [AXIN1], stem cell factor, and Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand) remained significantly increased, with a large fold change difference between patients with MPS I and control subjects. In conclusion, systemic inflammation is present in untreated MPS patients and is reduced upon treatment with HCT. Markers related to bone homeostasis remain elevated up to 10 years after HCT and possibly reflect the ongoing skeletal disease, making them potential biomarkers for the evaluation of new therapies.
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Lin SC, Lin CC, Li S, Lin WY, Lehman CW, Bracci NR, Tsai SW. Alleviation of Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Crotonoside through Modulation of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Activation. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111535. [PMID: 33182776 PMCID: PMC7698099 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Crotonoside, a guanosine analog originally isolated from Croton tiglium, is reported to be a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor with immunosuppressive effects on immune cells. Due to its potential immunotherapeutic effects, we aimed to evaluate the anti-arthritic activity of crotonoside and explore its immunomodulatory properties in alleviating the severity of arthritic symptoms. To this end, we implemented the treatment of crotonoside on collagen-induced arthritic (CIA) DBA/1 mice and investigated its underlying mechanisms towards pathogenic dendritic cells (DCs). Our results suggest that crotonoside treatment remarkably improved clinical arthritic symptoms in this CIA mouse model as indicated by decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the serum and suppressed expression of co-stimulatory molecules, CD40, CD80, and MHC class II, on CD11c+ DCs from the CIA mouse spleens. Additionally, crotonoside treatment significantly reduced the infiltration of CD11c+ DCs into the synovial tissues. Our in vitro study further demonstrated that bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) exhibited lower yield in numbers and expressed lower levels of CD40, CD80, and MHC-II when incubated with crotonoside. Furthermore, LPS-stimulated mature DCs exhibited limited capability to prime antigen-specific CD4+ and T-cell proliferation, cytokine secretions, and co-stimulatory molecule expressions when treated with crotonoside. Our pioneer study highlights the immunotherapeutic role of crotonoside in the alleviation of the CIA via modulation of pathogenic DCs, thus creating possible applications of crotonoside as an immunosuppressive agent that could be utilized and further explored in treating autoimmune disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chao Lin
- Bachelor Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Chien Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Science, The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (W.-Y.L.)
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Shiming Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Hubei 438000, China;
| | - Wan-Yi Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Science, The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (W.-Y.L.)
| | - Caitlin W. Lehman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24063, USA; (C.W.L.); (N.R.B.)
| | - Nicole R. Bracci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24063, USA; (C.W.L.); (N.R.B.)
| | - Sen-Wei Tsai
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung 427, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Bär I, Ast V, Meyer D, König R, Rauner M, Hofbauer LC, Müller JP. Aberrant Bone Homeostasis in AML Is Associated with Activated Oncogenic FLT3-Dependent Cytokine Networks. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112443. [PMID: 33182501 PMCID: PMC7697865 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a haematopoietic malignancy caused by a combination of genetic and epigenetic lesions. Activation of the oncoprotein FLT3 ITD (Fms-like tyrosine kinase with internal tandem duplications) represents a key driver mutation in 25–30% of AML patients. FLT3 is a class III receptor tyrosine kinase, which plays a role in cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation of haematopoietic progenitors of lymphoid and myeloid lineages. Mutant FLT3 ITD results in an altered signalling quality, which causes cell transformation. Recent evidence indicates an effect of FLT3 ITD on bone homeostasis in addition to haematological aberrations. Using gene expression data repositories of FLT3 ITD-positive AML patients, we identified activated cytokine networks that affect the formation of the haematopoietic niche by controlling osteoclastogenesis and osteoblast functions. In addition, aberrant oncogenic FLT3 signalling of osteogenesis-specific cytokines affects survival of AML patients and may be used for prognosis. Thus, these data highlight the intimate crosstalk between leukaemic and osteogenic cells within the osteohaematopoietic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Bär
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Volker Ast
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Daria Meyer
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, 07745 Jena, Germany; (D.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Rainer König
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, 07745 Jena, Germany; (D.M.); (R.K.)
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Department of Medicine III & Center for Healthy Aging, Technical University Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Lorenz C. Hofbauer
- Department of Medicine III & Center for Healthy Aging, Technical University Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
- Correspondence: (L.C.H.); (J.P.M.); Tel.: +49-351-458-3173 (L.C.H.); +49-364-1939-5634 (J.P.M.)
| | - Jörg P. Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, 07745 Jena, Germany;
- Correspondence: (L.C.H.); (J.P.M.); Tel.: +49-351-458-3173 (L.C.H.); +49-364-1939-5634 (J.P.M.)
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Tsubaki M, Seki S, Takeda T, Chihara A, Arai Y, Morii Y, Imano M, Satou T, Shimomura K, Nishida S. The HGF/Met/NF-κB Pathway Regulates RANKL Expression in Osteoblasts and Bone Marrow Stromal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217905. [PMID: 33114380 PMCID: PMC7663721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM)-induced bone disease occurs through hyperactivation of osteoclasts by several factors secreted by MM cells. MM cell-secreted factors induce osteoclast differentiation and activation via direct and indirect actions including enhanced expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) in osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is elevated in MM patients and is associated with MM-induced bone disease, although the mechanism by which HGF promotes bone disease remains unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that HGF induces RANKL expression in osteoblasts and BMSCs, and investigated the mechanism of induction. We found that HGF and MM cell supernatants induced RANKL expression in ST2 cells, MC3T3-E1 cells, and mouse BMSCs. In addition, HGF increased phosphorylation of Met and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in ST2 cells, MC3T3-E1 cells, or mouse BMSCs. Moreover, Met and NF-κB inhibitors suppressed HGF-induced RANKL expression in ST2 cells, MC3T3-E1 cells, and mouse BMSCs. These results indicated that HGF promotes RANKL expression in osteoblasts and BMSCs via the Met/NF-κB signaling pathway, and Met and NF-κB inhibitors suppressed HGF-induced RANKL expression. Our findings suggest that Met and NF-κB inhibitors are potentially useful in mitigating MM-induced bone disease in patients expressing high levels of HGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Tsubaki
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (M.T.); (S.S.); (T.T.); (A.C.); (Y.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Shiori Seki
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (M.T.); (S.S.); (T.T.); (A.C.); (Y.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Tomoya Takeda
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (M.T.); (S.S.); (T.T.); (A.C.); (Y.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Akiko Chihara
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (M.T.); (S.S.); (T.T.); (A.C.); (Y.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yuuko Arai
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (M.T.); (S.S.); (T.T.); (A.C.); (Y.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yuusuke Morii
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (M.T.); (S.S.); (T.T.); (A.C.); (Y.A.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Municipal Ikeda Hospital, Ikeda 563-0025, Japan;
| | - Motohiro Imano
- Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-0014, Japan;
| | - Takao Satou
- Department of Pathology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-0014, Japan;
| | - Kazunori Shimomura
- Department of Pharmacy, Municipal Ikeda Hospital, Ikeda 563-0025, Japan;
| | - Shozo Nishida
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan; (M.T.); (S.S.); (T.T.); (A.C.); (Y.A.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-6-6721-2332
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7
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Hume DA, Caruso M, Ferrari-Cestari M, Summers KM, Pridans C, Irvine KM. Phenotypic impacts of CSF1R deficiencies in humans and model organisms. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 107:205-219. [PMID: 31330095 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0519-143r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mϕ proliferation, differentiation, and survival are controlled by signals from the Mϕ CSF receptor (CSF1R). Mono-allelic gain-of-function mutations in CSF1R in humans are associated with an autosomal-dominant leukodystrophy and bi-allelic loss-of-function mutations with recessive skeletal dysplasia, brain disorders, and developmental anomalies. Most of the phenotypes observed in these human disease states are also observed in mice and rats with loss-of-function mutations in Csf1r or in Csf1 encoding one of its two ligands. Studies in rodent models also highlight the importance of genetic background and likely epistatic interactions between Csf1r and other loci. The impacts of Csf1r mutations on the brain are usually attributed solely to direct impacts on microglial number and function. However, analysis of hypomorphic Csf1r mutants in mice and several other lines of evidence suggest that primary hydrocephalus and loss of the physiological functions of Mϕs in the periphery contribute to the development of brain pathology. In this review, we outline the evidence that CSF1R is expressed exclusively in mononuclear phagocytes and explore the mechanisms linking CSF1R mutations to pleiotropic impacts on postnatal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melanie Caruso
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Kim M Summers
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine M Irvine
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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8
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Influence of Pasteurella multocida Toxin on the differentiation of dendritic cells into osteoclasts. Immunobiology 2017; 223:142-150. [PMID: 29030011 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are antigen-presenting cells that connect the innate and adaptive immune system to ensure an efficient immune response during the course of an infection. Recently, DC came into the spotlight as a potential source of osteoclast progenitors, especially under (auto)inflammatory conditions. The virulence factor Pasteurella multocida Toxin (PMT) causes atrophic rhinitis in pigs, a disease characterised by a severe reduction of nasal bone. Our group and others have shown the potential of PMT in mediating differentiation of monocytes/macrophages into bone-resorbing osteoclasts. However, whether DC are target cells for PMT-induced osteoclast differentiation, is currently unknown. Using different murine DC model systems, we investigated the ability of PMT to induce osteoclast formation in DC. Similar to our previous observations in macrophages, PMT was endocytosed by DC and triggered intracellular deamidation of residue Q209 of the Gq alpha subunit. Still, PMT failed to induce prolonged secretion of osteoclastogenic cytokines and osteoclast formation; instead PMT-treated DC secreted interleukin-12 (IL-12), an inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis. In this study, we show that in comparison to bone marrow-derived macrophages, PMT induces maturation of DC through increased expression of the activation markers CD80 and CD86. As maturation of DC prevents their transdifferentiation into osteoclasts, we hypothesize that PMT, a potent osteoclastogenic toxin, fails to trigger osteoclastogenesis in DC due to its effect on DC maturation and IL-12 production.
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Transcriptional mechanisms that control expression of the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor locus. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2161-2182. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20170238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation, differentiation, and survival of cells of the macrophage lineage depends upon signals from the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF) receptor (CSF1R). CSF1R is expressed by embryonic macrophages and induced early in adult hematopoiesis, upon commitment of multipotent progenitors to the myeloid lineage. Transcriptional activation of CSF1R requires interaction between members of the E26 transformation-specific family of transcription factors (Ets) (notably PU.1), C/EBP, RUNX, AP-1/ATF, interferon regulatory factor (IRF), STAT, KLF, REL, FUS/TLS (fused in sarcoma/ranslocated in liposarcoma) families, and conserved regulatory elements within the mouse and human CSF1R locus. One element, the Fms-intronic regulatory element (FIRE), within intron 2, is conserved functionally across all the amniotes. Lineage commitment in multipotent progenitors also requires down-regulation of specific transcription factors such as MYB, FLI1, basic leucine zipper transcriptional factor ATF-like (BATF3), GATA-1, and PAX5 that contribute to differentiation of alternative lineages and repress CSF1R transcription. Many of these transcription factors regulate each other, interact at the protein level, and are themselves downstream targets of CSF1R signaling. Control of CSF1R transcription involves feed–forward and feedback signaling in which CSF1R is both a target and a participant; and dysregulation of CSF1R expression and/or function is associated with numerous pathological conditions. In this review, we describe the regulatory network behind CSF1R expression during differentiation and development of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system.
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Abstract
Macrophages are found in all tissues and regulate tissue morphogenesis during development through trophic and scavenger functions. The colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) receptor (CSF-1R) is the major regulator of tissue macrophage development and maintenance. In combination with receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK), the CSF-1R also regulates the differentiation of the bone-resorbing osteoclast and controls bone remodeling during embryonic and early postnatal development. CSF-1R-regulated macrophages play trophic and remodeling roles in development. Outside the mononuclear phagocytic system, the CSF-1R directly regulates neuronal survival and differentiation, the development of intestinal Paneth cells and of preimplantation embryos, as well as trophoblast innate immune function. Consistent with the pleiotropic roles of the receptor during development, CSF-1R deficiency in most mouse strains causes embryonic or perinatal death and the surviving mice exhibit multiple developmental and functional deficits. The CSF-1R is activated by two dimeric glycoprotein ligands, CSF-1, and interleukin-34 (IL-34). Homozygous Csf1-null mutations phenocopy most of the deficits of Csf1r-null mice. In contrast, Il34-null mice have no gross phenotype, except for decreased numbers of Langerhans cells and microglia, indicating that CSF-1 plays the major developmental role. Homozygous inactivating mutations of the Csf1r or its ligands have not been reported in man. However, heterozygous inactivating mutations in the Csf1r lead to a dominantly inherited adult-onset progressive dementia, highlighting the importance of CSF-1R signaling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Chitu
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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Kalantari N, Abroun S, Soleimani M, Kaviani S, Azad M, Eskandari F, Habibi H. Effect of The Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor кB and RANK Ligand on In Vitro Differentiation of Cord Blood CD133(+) Hematopoietic Stem Cells to Osteoclasts. CELL JOURNAL 2016; 18:322-31. [PMID: 27602313 PMCID: PMC5011319 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.4559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) appears to be
an osteoclast-activating factor, bearing an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple
myeloma. Some studies demonstrated that U-266 myeloma cell line and primary myeloma
cells expressed RANK and RANKL. It had been reported that the expression of myeloid
and monocytoid markers was increased by co-culturing myeloma cells with hematopoietic
stem cells (HSCs). This study also attempted to show the molecular mechanism of RANK
and RANKL on differentiation capability of human cord blood HSC to osteoclast, as well
as expression of calcitonin receptor (CTR) on cord blood HSC surface.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, CD133+ hematopoietic stem cells were
isolated from umbilical cord blood and cultured in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and RANKL. Osteoclast differentiation was characterized by using
tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, giemsa staining, immunophenotyping,
and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for specific genes.
Results Hematopoietic stem cells expressed RANK before and after differentiation into
osteoclast. Compared to control group, flow cytometric results showed an increased
expression of RANK after differentiation. Expression of CTR mRNA showed TRAP reaction was positive in some differentiated cells, including osteoclast cells.
Conclusion Presence of RANKL and M-CSF in bone marrow could induce HSCs
differentiation into osteoclast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Kalantari
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Abroun
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Kaviani
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Azad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Eskandari
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Habibi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Flores RJ, Kelly AJ, Li Y, Nakka M, Barkauskas DA, Krailo M, Wang LL, Perlaky L, Lau CC, Hicks MJ, Man TK. A novel prognostic model for osteosarcoma using circulating CXCL10 and FLT3LG. Cancer 2016; 123:144-154. [PMID: 27529817 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common malignant pediatric bone tumor. The identification of novel biomarkers for early prognostication will facilitate risk-based stratification and therapy. This study investigated the significance of circulating cytokines/chemokines for predicting the prognosis at the initial diagnosis. METHODS Luminex assays were used to measure cytokine/chemokine concentrations in blood samples from a discovery cohort of OS patients from Texas Children's Hospital (n = 37) and an independent validation cohort obtained from the Children's Oncology Group (n = 233). After the validation of the biomarkers, a multivariate model was constructed to stratify the patients into risk groups. RESULTS The circulating concentrations of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3LG), interferon γ (IFNG), and C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4) were significantly associated with overall survival in both cohorts. Among these candidates, CXCL10 and FLT3LG were independent of the existing prognostic factor, metastasis at diagnosis, and CCL4 further discriminated cancer cases from controls. CXCL10, FLT3LG, and the metastatic status at diagnosis were combined to develop a multivariate model that significantly stratified the patients into 4 distinct risk groups (P = 1.6 × 10-8 ). The survival analysis showed that the 5-year overall survival rates for the low-, intermediate-, high-, and very high-risk groups were 77%, 54%, 47%, and 10%, respectively, whereas the 5-year event-free survival rates were 64%, 47%, 27%, and 0%, respectively. Neither CXCL10 nor FLT3LG tumor expression was significantly associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS High circulating levels of CXCL10 and FLT3LG predicted worse survival for patients with OS. Because both CXCL10 and FL3LG axes are potentially targetable, further study may lead to novel risk-based stratification and therapy for OS. Cancer 2017;144-154. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J Flores
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Aaron J Kelly
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Program of Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yiting Li
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Manjula Nakka
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Donald A Barkauskas
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, California
| | - Mark Krailo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, California
| | - Lisa L Wang
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Laszlo Perlaky
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ching C Lau
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Program of Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - M John Hicks
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Tsz-Kwong Man
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Program of Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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13
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Adamopoulos IE, Mellins ED. Alternative pathways of osteoclastogenesis in inflammatory arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2014; 11:189-94. [PMID: 25422000 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2014.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are cells of haematopoietic origin that are uniquely specialized to degrade bone. Under physiological conditions, the osteoclastogenesis pathway depends on macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1, also known as M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL). However, an emerging hypothesis is that alternative pathways of osteoclast generation might be active during inflammatory arthritis. In this Perspectives article, we summarize the physiological pathway of osteoclastogenesis and then focus on experimental findings that support the hypothesis that infiltrating inflammatory cells and the cytokine milieu provide multiple routes to bone destruction. The precise identity of osteoclast precursor(s) is not yet known. We propose that myeloid cell differentiation during inflammation could be an important contributor to the differentiation of osteoclast populations and their associated pathologies. Understanding the dynamics of osteoclast differentiation in inflammatory arthritis is crucial for the development of therapeutic strategies for inflammatory joint disease in children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iannis E Adamopoulos
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, 2425 Stockton Boulevard, Room 653A, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Mellins
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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14
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Ramos MI, Perez SG, Aarrass S, Helder B, Broekstra P, Gerlag DM, Reedquist KA, Tak PP, Lebre MC. FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L)/CD135 axis in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 15:R209. [PMID: 24314260 PMCID: PMC3978611 DOI: 10.1186/ar4403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L)/CD135 axis plays a fundamental role in proliferation and differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs). As DCs play an important role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) immunopathology we studied in detail the Flt3L/CD135 axis in RA patients. METHODS The levels of Flt3L in (paired) serum and synovial fluid (SF) were quantified by enzyme-link immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expression of Flt3L and CD135 in paired peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMCs) was quantified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The expression of Flt3L, CD135 and TNF-Converting Enzyme (TACE) in synovial tissues (STs) and in vitro polarized macrophages and monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs) was assessed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). CD135 ST expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and TACE ST expression was assessed by immunofluorescence. Flt3L serum levels were assessed in RA patients treated with oral prednisolone or adalimumab. RESULTS Flt3L levels in RA serum, SF and ST were significantly elevated compared to gout patients and healthy individuals (HI). RA SF monocytes, natural killer cells and DCs expressed high levels of Flt3L and CD135 compared to HI. RA ST CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages, CD55+ fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), CD31+ endothelial cells or infiltrating monocytes and CD19+ B cells co-expressed TACE. IFN-γ-differentiated macrophages expressed higher levels of Flt3L compared to other polarized macrophages. Importantly, Flt3L serum levels were reduced by effective therapy. CONCLUSIONS The Flt3L/CD135 axis is active in RA patients and is responsive to both prednisolone and adalimumab treatment. Conceivably, this ligand receptor pair represents a novel therapeutic target.
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15
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Liao G, O'Keeffe MS, Wang G, van Driel B, de Waal Malefyt R, Reinecker HC, Herzog RW, Terhorst C. Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor Family-Related Protein Ligand is Requisite for Optimal Functioning of Regulatory CD4(+) T Cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:35. [PMID: 24550919 PMCID: PMC3909995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein (TNFRSF18, CD357) is constitutively expressed on regulatory T cells (Tregs) and is inducible on effector T cells. In this report, we examine the role of glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family-related protein ligand (GITR-L), which is expressed by antigen presenting cells, on the development and expansion of Tregs. We found that GITR-L is dispensable for the development of naturally occurring FoxP3+ Treg cells in the thymus. However, the expansion of Treg in GITR-L−/− mice is impaired after injection of the dendritic cells (DCs) inducing factor Flt3 ligand. Furthermore, DCs from the liver of GITR-L−/− mice were less efficient in inducing proliferation of antigen-specific Treg cells in vitro than the same cells from WT littermates. Upon gene transfer of ovalbumin into hepatocytes of GITR-L−/−FoxP3(GFP) reporter mice using adeno-associated virus (AAV8-OVA) the number of antigen-specific Treg in liver and spleen is reduced. The reduced number of Tregs resulted in an increase in the number of ovalbumin specific CD8+ T effector cells. This is highly significant because proliferation of antigen-specific CD8+ cells itself is dependent on the presence of GITR-L, as shown by in vitro experiments and by adoptive transfers into GITR-L−/−Rag−/− and Rag−/− mice that had received AAV8-OVA. Surprisingly, administering αCD3 significantly reduced the numbers of FoxP3+ Treg cells in the liver and spleen of GITR-L−/− but not WT mice. Because soluble Fc-GITR-L partially rescues αCD3 induced in vitro depletion of the CD103+ subset of FoxP3+CD4+ Treg cells, we conclude that expression of GITR-L by antigen presenting cells is requisite for optimal Treg-mediated regulation of immune responses including those in response during gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongxian Liao
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Michael S O'Keeffe
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Guoxing Wang
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Boaz van Driel
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | | | - Hans-Christian Reinecker
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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16
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Pajarinen J, Kouri VP, Jämsen E, Li TF, Mandelin J, Konttinen YT. The response of macrophages to titanium particles is determined by macrophage polarization. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:9229-40. [PMID: 23827094 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aseptic loosening of total joint replacements is driven by the reaction of macrophages to foreign body particles released from the implant. It was hypothesized that the macrophages' response to these particles is dependent, in addition to particle characteristics and contaminating biomolecules, on the state of macrophage polarization as determined by the local cytokine microenvironment. To test this hypothesis we differentiated M1 and M2 macrophages from human peripheral blood monocytes and compared their responses to titanium particles using genome-wide microarray analysis and a multiplex cytokine assay. In comparison to non-activated M0 macrophages, the overall chemotactic and inflammatory responses to titanium particles were greatly enhanced in M1 macrophages and effectively suppressed in M2 macrophages. In addition, the genome-wide approach revealed several novel, potentially osteolytic, particle-induced mediators, and signaling pathway analysis suggested the involvement of toll-like and nod-like receptor signaling in particle recognition. It is concluded that the magnitude of foreign body reaction caused by titanium particles is dependent on the state of macrophage polarization. Thus, by limiting the action of M1 polarizing factors, e.g. bacterial biofilm formation, in peri-implant tissues and promoting M2 macrophage polarization by biomaterial solutions or pharmacologically, it might be possible to restrict wear-particle-induced inflammation and osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Pajarinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 20, 00029 HUS, Finland
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17
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Le Goff B, Berthelot JM, Maugars Y, Heymann D. Osteoclasts in RA: diverse origins and functions. Joint Bone Spine 2013; 80:586-91. [PMID: 23731635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts were recognized in the late 1990s as the cells responsible for generalized and focal bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Concepts about osteoclast biology have changed radically based on recent evidence of considerable diversity in both the origins and the functions of osteoclasts. In addition, the role for osteoclasts is not confined to bone resorption but may also include active contributions to inflammatory and autoimmune responses. Thus, in RA, osteoclast progenitors may arise from both circulating cells and cells developed within the rheumatoid synovium or subchondral bone. Within the inflamed synovium, osteoclasts are activated by factors such as cytokines, immune complexes, or activators of the toll-like receptors, which are not found in healthy bone tissue. Finally, recent data suggest that osteoclasts may be capable of antigen presentation to T cells via major histocompatibility complex class I and class II molecules. Confirmation of this suggestion by future studies would indicate that osteoclasts might be involved not only in bone resorption, but also in autoimmune responses and antigen presentation. These data highlight the considerable complexity of interactions between bone tissue and the immune system. Research into these interactions may identify new targets for treatments against the bone abnormalities associated with chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Le Goff
- Service de rhumatologie, Hôtel-Dieu, 1, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes cedex 1, France; LUNAM université, 44000 Nantes, France; Inserm, UMR957, physiopathologie de la résorption osseuse et thérapie des tumeurs osseuses primitives, 44035 Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes atlantique universités, 44035 Nantes, France.
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18
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Taylor RM, Kashima TG, Knowles HJ, Athanasou NA. VEGF, FLT3 ligand, PlGF and HGF can substitute for M-CSF to induce human osteoclast formation: implications for giant cell tumour pathobiology. J Transl Med 2012; 92:1398-406. [PMID: 22906984 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Giant cell tumour of bone (GCTB) is a primary bone tumour that contains numerous very large, hyper-nucleated osteoclastic giant cells. Osteoclasts form from CD14+ monocytes and macrophages in the presence of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF). GCTB contains numerous growth factors, some of which have been reported to influence osteoclastogenesis and resorption. We investigated whether these growth factors are capable of substituting for M-CSF to support osteoclast formation from cultured human monocytes and whether they influence osteoclast cytomorphology and resorption. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), VEGF-D, FLT3 ligand (FL), placental growth factor (PlGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) supported RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in the absence of M-CSF, resulting in the formation of numerous TRAP+ multinucleated cells capable of lacunar resorption. Monocytes cultured in the presence of M-CSF, HGF, VEGF-A and RANKL together resulted in the formation of very large, hyper-nucleated (GCTB-like) osteoclasts that were hyper-resorptive. M-CSF and M-CSF substitute growth factors were identified immunohistochemically in GCTB tissue sections and these factors stimulated the resorption of osteoclasts derived from a subset of GCTBs. Our findings indicate that there are growth factors that are capable of substituting for M-CSF to induce human osteoclast formation and that these factors are present in GCTB where they influence osteoclast cytomorphology and have a role in osteoclast formation and resorption activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Taylor
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
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19
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Madan B, Goh KC, Hart S, William AD, Jayaraman R, Ethirajulu K, Dymock BW, Wood JM. SB1578, a novel inhibitor of JAK2, FLT3, and c-Fms for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4123-34. [PMID: 22962687 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SB1578 is a novel, orally bioavailable JAK2 inhibitor with specificity for JAK2 within the JAK family and also potent activity against FLT3 and c-Fms. These three tyrosine kinases play a pivotal role in activation of pathways that underlie the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. SB1578 blocks the activation of these kinases and their downstream signaling in pertinent cells, leading to inhibition of pathological cellular responses. The biochemical and cellular activities of SB1578 translate into its high efficacy in two rodent models of arthritis. SB1578 not only prevents the onset of arthritis but is also potent in treating established disease in collagen-induced arthritis mice with beneficial effects on histopathological parameters of bone resorption and cartilage damage. SB1578 abrogates the inflammatory response and prevents the infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils into affected joints. It also leads to inhibition of Ag-presenting dendritic cells and inhibits the autoimmune component of the disease. In summary, SB1578 has a unique kinase spectrum, and its pharmacological profile provides a strong rationale for the ongoing clinical development in autoimmune diseases.
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20
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Spleen serves as a reservoir of osteoclast precursors through vitamin D-induced IL-34 expression in osteopetrotic op/op mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:10006-11. [PMID: 22670054 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1207361109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are generated from monocyte/macrophage-lineage precursors in response to colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). CSF-1-mutated CSF-1(op/op) mice as well as RANKL(-/-) mice exhibit osteopetrosis (OP) caused by osteoclast deficiency. We previously identified RANKL receptor (RANK)/CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) double-positive cells as osteoclast precursors (OCPs), which existed in bone in RANKL(-/-) mice. Here we show that OCPs do not exist in bone but in spleen in CSF-1(op/op) mice, and spleen acts as their reservoir. IL-34, a newly discovered CSF-1R ligand, was highly expressed in vascular endothelial cells in spleen in CSF-1(op/op) mice. Vascular endothelial cells in bone also expressed IL-34, but its expression level was much lower than in spleen, suggesting a role of IL-34 in the splenic generation of OCPs. Splenectomy (SPX) blocked CSF-1-induced osteoclastogenesis in CSF-1(op/op) mice. Osteoclasts appeared in aged CSF-1(op/op) mice with up-regulation of IL-34 expression in spleen and bone. Splenectomy blocked the age-associated appearance of osteoclasts. The injection of 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) (2MD), a potent analog of 1α,25-dihidroxyvitamin D(3), into CSF-1(op/op) mice induced both hypercalcemia and osteoclastogenesis. Administration of 2MD enhanced IL-34 expression not only in spleen but also in bone through a vitamin D receptor-mediated mechanism. Either splenectomy or siRNA-mediated knockdown of IL-34 suppressed 2MD-induced osteoclastogenesis. These results suggest that IL-34 plays a pivotal role in maintaining the splenic reservoir of OCPs, which are transferred to bone in response to diverse stimuli, in CSF-1(op/op) mice. The present study also suggests that the IL-34 gene in vascular endothelial cells is a unique target of vitamin D.
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21
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Erblich B, Zhu L, Etgen AM, Dobrenis K, Pollard JW. Absence of colony stimulation factor-1 receptor results in loss of microglia, disrupted brain development and olfactory deficits. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26317. [PMID: 22046273 PMCID: PMC3203114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain contains numerous mononuclear phagocytes called microglia. These cells express the transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor for the macrophage growth factor colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1R). Using a CSF-1R-GFP reporter mouse strain combined with lineage defining antibody staining we show in the postnatal mouse brain that CSF-1R is expressed only in microglia and not neurons, astrocytes or glial cells. To study CSF-1R function we used mice homozygous for a null mutation in the Csflr gene. In these mice microglia are >99% depleted at embryonic day 16 and day 1 post-partum brain. At three weeks of age this microglial depletion continues in most regions of the brain although some contain clusters of rounded microglia. Despite the loss of microglia, embryonic brain development appears normal but during the post-natal period the brain architecture becomes perturbed with enlarged ventricles and regionally compressed parenchyma, phenotypes most prominent in the olfactory bulb and cortex. In the cortex there is increased neuronal density, elevated numbers of astrocytes but reduced numbers of oligodendrocytes. Csf1r nulls rarely survive to adulthood and therefore to study the role of CSF-1R in olfaction we used the viable null mutants in the Csf1 (Csf1(op)) gene that encodes one of the two known CSF-1R ligands. Food-finding experiments indicate that olfactory capacity is significantly impaired in the absence of CSF-1. CSF-1R is therefore required for the development of microglia, for a fully functional olfactory system and the maintenance of normal brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryna Erblich
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Liyin Zhu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anne M. Etgen
- Dominick Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for the Study of Reproductive Biology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kostantin Dobrenis
- Dominick Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey W. Pollard
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for the Study of Reproductive Biology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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Parathyroid hormone mediates hematopoietic cell expansion through interleukin-6. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13657. [PMID: 21048959 PMCID: PMC2965090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates hematopoietic cells through mechanisms of action that remain elusive. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is upregulated by PTH and stimulates hematopoiesis. The purpose of this investigation was to identify actions of PTH and IL-6 in hematopoietic cell expansion. Bone marrow cultures from C57B6 mice were treated with fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand (Flt-3L), PTH, Flt-3L plus PTH, or vehicle control. Flt-3L alone increased adherent and non-adherent cells. PTH did not directly impact hematopoietic or osteoclastic cells but acted in concert with Flt-3L to further increase cell numbers. Flt-3L alone stimulated proliferation, while PTH combined with Flt-3L decreased apoptosis. Flt-3L increased blasts early in culture, and later increased CD45+ and CD11b+ cells. In parallel experiments, IL-6 acted additively with Flt-3L to increase cell numbers and IL-6-deficient bone marrow cultures (compared to wildtype controls) but failed to amplify in response to Flt-3L and PTH, suggesting that IL-6 mediated the PTH effect. In vivo, PTH increased Lin- Sca-1+c-Kit+ (LSK) hematopoietic progenitor cells after PTH treatment in wildtype mice, but failed to increase LSKs in IL-6-deficient mice. In conclusion, PTH acts with Flt-3L to maintain hematopoietic cells by limiting apoptosis. IL-6 is a critical mediator of bone marrow cell expansion and is responsible for PTH actions in hematopoietic cell expansion.
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Gow DJ, Sester DP, Hume DA. CSF-1, IGF-1, and the control of postnatal growth and development. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:475-81. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0310158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Baud'Huin M, Renault R, Charrier C, Riet A, Moreau A, Brion R, Gouin F, Duplomb L, Heymann D. Interleukin-34 is expressed by giant cell tumours of bone and plays a key role in RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. J Pathol 2010; 221:77-86. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Quinn JMW, Saleh H. Modulation of osteoclast function in bone by the immune system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 310:40-51. [PMID: 19056462 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclast differentiation and function is regulated by cellular signals and cytokines that also play significant roles in the immune system. There is much scope, therefore, for immune cell influence on osteoclasts and bone metabolism. Many examples of this have been identified and T cells in particular are a source of factors affecting osteoclast formation and activity, a number which have either pro-osteolytic or anti-osteolytic actions depending on the cellular and microenvironmental context. For example, IL-12 and IL-18 participate in inflammatory processes that can lead to highly destructive osteolysis, yet these cytokines potently block osteoclast formation through mediation of T cells. IL-23 participates in chronic inflammatory processes, but lack of this cytokine results in reduced bone mass in mice, pointing to an influence on physiological regulation of bone mass. Such insights suggest that therapies that target immune responses may significantly influence osteolysis. Investigations into links between the immune system and bone metabolism are thus uncovering important information about the functioning of both systems.
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26
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Mabilleau G, Sabokbar A. Interleukin-32 promotes osteoclast differentiation but not osteoclast activation. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4173. [PMID: 19137064 PMCID: PMC2613539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is a newly described cytokine produced after stimulation by IL-2 or IL-18 and IFN-γ. IL-32 has the typical properties of a pro-inflammatory mediator and although its role in rheumatoid arthritis has been recently reported its effect on the osteoclastogenesis process remains unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, we have shown that IL-32 was a potent modulator of osteoclastogenesis in vitro, whereby it promoted the differentiation of osteoclast precursors into TRAcP+ VNR+ multinucleated cells expressing specific osteoclast markers (up-regulation of NFATc1, OSCAR, Cathepsin K), but it was incapable of inducing the maturation of these multinucleated cells into bone-resorbing cells. The lack of bone resorption in IL-32-treated cultures could in part be explain by the lack of F-actin ring formation by the multinucleated cells generated. Moreover, when IL-32 was added to PBMC cultures maintained with soluble RANKL, although the number of newly generated osteoclast was increased, a significant decrease of the percentage of lacunar resorption was evident suggesting a possible inhibitory effect of this cytokine on osteoclast activation. To determine the mechanism by which IL-32 induces such response, we sought to determine the intracellular pathways activated and the release of soluble mediators in response to IL-32. Our results indicated that compared to RANKL, IL-32 induced a massive activation of ERK1/2 and Akt. Moreover, IL-32 was also capable of stimulating the release of IL-4 and IFN-γ, two known inhibitors of osteoclast formation and activation. Conclusions/Significance This is the first in vitro report on the complex role of IL-32 on osteoclast precursors. Further clarification on the exact role of IL-32 in vivo is required prior to the development of any potential therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mabilleau
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Yogesha SD, Khapli SM, Srivastava RK, Mangashetti LS, Pote ST, Mishra GC, Wani MR. IL-3 Inhibits TNF-α-Induced Bone Resorption and Prevents Inflammatory Arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 182:361-70. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.1.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Intra-articular fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand expression is a driving force in induction and progression of arthritis. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3633. [PMID: 18982072 PMCID: PMC2575855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the hallmarks of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is hyperplasia and inflammation of the synovial tissue being characterized by in situ occurrence of highly differentiated leukocytes. Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3) has a crucial role in hematopoiesis, regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Typically, Flt3 is expressed on early myeloid and lymphoid progenitors and is activated by its soluble ligand (Flt3-L). The highly differentiated cellular pattern in the synovium of the RA patients made us hypothesize that Flt3-L, with its ability to induce proliferation and differentiation, could be of importance in induction and/or progression of arthritis. Methodology/Principal Findings To investigate occurrence of Flt3-L in RA we have measured its levels in matched serum and synovial fluid samples from 130 patients and 107 controls. To analyse the pro-inflammatory role of Flt3-L, we continuously overexpressed this protein locally in healthy mouse joints using homologous B-cell line transfected with Flt3-L gene. Additionally, recombinant Flt3-L was instillated intra-articularly in combination with peptidoglycans, a Toll Like Receptor 2-ligand with stong arthritogenic properties. Our results show significantly higher levels of Flt3-L in the synovial fluid as compared to serum levels in RA subjects (p = 0.0001). In addition, RA synovial fluid levels of Flt-3-L were significantly higher than these obtained from synovial fluids originating from non-inflammatory joint diseases (p = 0.022). Intra-articular administration of B-cell line transfected with Flt3-L gene resulted in highly erosive arthritis while inoculation of the same B-cell line without hyperexpression of Flt3-L did not induce erosivity and only in a minority of cases caused synovial proliferation! Flt3-ligand potentiated peptidoglycan induced arthritis as compared to mice injected with peptidoglycan alone (p<0.05). Conclusions/Significance Our findings indicate that Flt3-L is strongly expressed at the site of inflammation in human RA. It exerts both pro-inflammatory and tissue destructive properties once in the joint cavity. Owing to these properties, treatment attempts to neutralize this molecule should be considered in RA.
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Abstract
Cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) are found in large numbers in every organ of the body, where they contribute to innate and acquired immunity and homeostasis. This review considers the locations of MPS cells, surface markers that distinguish subsets of monocytes and macrophages, the pathways of MPS differentiation, and the growth factors and transcription factors that guide them. Although the number of MPS sub-populations that can be defined is infinite, the features that unite the MPS remain compelling. Those features clearly include antigen-presenting dendritic cells within the MPS and argue against any basis for separating them from macrophages.
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Koh JM, Oh B, Lee JY, Lee JK, Kimm K, Park BL, Shin HD, Lee IK, Kim HJ, Hong JM, Kim TH, Kim GS, Kim SY, Park EK. Association of FLT3 polymorphisms with low BMD and risk of osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 2007; 22:1752-8. [PMID: 17620055 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.070705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The genetic effects of FLT3 polymorphisms on BMD and fracture risk in postmenopausal women were studied. We found that FLT3+13348C>T polymorphism and haplotype 2 were significantly associated with low BMD and high risk of fracture. INTRODUCTION FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) has been shown to play a critical role in the development of myelolymphoid progenitors and in the development of osteoclasts, but any possible genetic effect of FLT3 on bone metabolism has not been studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS To study a possible genetic effect of FLT3, we directly sequenced the FLT3 gene in 24 Korean individuals and identified 23 sequence variants. Seven polymorphisms were selected and genotyped in Korean postmenopausal women (n = 946). RESULTS We found that FLT3+13348C>T was associated with low BMD at the lumbar spine (p = 0.04) and femoral neck (p = 0.04). Haplotype analysis revealed that FLT3-ht2 (TTCTT) containing the rare allele in the +13348 position also showed significant association with low BMD in the lumbar spine (p = 0.04) and femoral neck (p = 0.05). Consistent with these results, the FLT3+13348C>T polymorphism and FLT3-ht2 were also significantly associated with high risk of fracture in the vertebrae (OR = 1.44-1.58; p = 0.03-0.04 and OR = 1.45-1.59; p = 0.02-0.03, respectively) and in any sites (OR = 1.34-1.81; p = 0.02-0.03 and OR = 1.34-1.81; p = 0.02-0.03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that FLT3 polymorphisms play a role in determination of BMD and subsequent fractures in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Koh
- Skeletal Diseases Genome Research Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
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Alnaeeli M, Park J, Mahamed D, Penninger JM, Teng YTA. Dendritic cells at the osteo-immune interface: implications for inflammation-induced bone loss. J Bone Miner Res 2007; 22:775-80. [PMID: 17352656 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.070314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Within the past decade, the critical roles of T cells and T cell-mediated immunity in inflammation-induced osteoclastogenesis and subsequent bone loss have been extensively studied, thereby establishing the new paradigm of osteoimmunology. Therefore, dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent antigen-presenting cells, responsible for activation of naïve T cells and orchestration of the immune response, became critically situated at the osteo-immune interface. Today, emerging new evidence suggests that DC may be directly involved in inflammation-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone loss, by acting as osteoclast (OC) precursors that can further develop into DC-derived OCs (DDOC) under inflammatory conditions. These findings have tremendous implications, because in addition to DC's important roles in regulating innate and adaptive immunity, a direct contribution by these cells to inflammation-induced bone loss may provide a promising therapeutic target not only for controlling inflammation but also for modulating bone destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mawadda Alnaeeli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620, USA
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Kim SY, Lee JY, Kim HY, Oh B, Kimm K, Kim HL, Park BL, Shin HD, Park EK, Koh JM, Kim GS. Association of KIT gene polymorphisms with bone mineral density in postmenopausal Korean women. J Hum Genet 2007; 52:502-509. [PMID: 17487541 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-007-0143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bone mineral density (BMD) is a major factor for determining bone strength and osteoporotic fracture risk, and is determined by environmental and multiple genetic factors. KIT, which encodes a transmembrane receptor with tyrosine kinase activity, plays an important role in the differentiation of osteoclasts. We examined the associations between KIT gene polymorphisms and BMD in postmenopausal Korean women. All exons, their boundaries, and the promoter region (approximately 1.5 kb) from 24 individuals were directly sequenced. Eighteen polymorphisms were identified, and three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in all study participants (n=946). BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The mean age of the study subjects was 58.9+/-7.5 years, and the mean number of years since menopause was 9.6+/-7.9 years. None of the three SNPs (-1694G>T, +41894A>G, and +49512G>A) was significantly associated with BMD value. However, multivariate analysis showed that the ht3 (-1694T-+41894A-+49512G) was significantly associated with lower BMD at the femoral neck (P=0.007 in the recessive model). These findings indicate that KIT-ht3 may be a useful genetic marker for osteoporosis and that KIT may have a role on bone metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Yoon Kim
- Skeletal Diseases Genome Research Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jong-Young Lee
- National Genome Research Institute, National Institute of Health, 5 Nokbun-Dong, Eunpyung-Ku, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ha Young Kim
- Skeletal Diseases Genome Research Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanbon Medical Center, University of Wonkwang College of Medicine, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Bermseok Oh
- National Genome Research Institute, National Institute of Health, 5 Nokbun-Dong, Eunpyung-Ku, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kuchan Kimm
- Department of Biochemistry, Eulji University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Lae Kim
- National Genome Research Institute, National Institute of Health, 5 Nokbun-Dong, Eunpyung-Ku, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung Lae Park
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Inc., 11th Floor, Maehun B/D, 13 Chongro 4 Ga, Chongro Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyoung Doo Shin
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Inc., 11th Floor, Maehun B/D, 13 Chongro 4 Ga, Chongro Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eui Kyun Park
- Skeletal Diseases Genome Research Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jung-Min Koh
- Skeletal Diseases Genome Research Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 388-1 Pungnap-2dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea.
| | - Ghi Su Kim
- Skeletal Diseases Genome Research Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 388-1 Pungnap-2dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
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Cutler CW, Teng YTA. Oral mucosal dendritic cells and periodontitis: many sides of the same coin with new twists. Periodontol 2000 2007; 45:35-50. [PMID: 17850447 PMCID: PMC2828688 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2007.00222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Cutler
- Department of Periodontics and Implantology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York, NY, USA
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Adamopoulos IE, Xia Z, Lau YS, Athanasou NA. Hepatocyte growth factor can substitute for M-CSF to support osteoclastogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 350:478-83. [PMID: 17022947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteopetrotic mice lacking functional macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) recover with ageing, suggesting that alternative osteoclastogenesis pathways exist. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and M-CSF signal through tyrosine kinase receptors and phosphorylate common transducers and effectors such as Src, Grb2, and PI3-Kinase. HGF is known to play a role in osteoclast formation, and in this study we have determined whether HGF could replace M-CSF to support human osteoclastogenesis. We found that the HGF receptor, c-Met, is expressed by the CD14(+) monocyte fraction of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). HGF was able to support monocyte-osteoclast differentiation in the presence of receptor activator for nuclear factor kappaB ligand as evidenced by the formation of numerous multinucleated tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and vitronectin receptor positive cells which formed F-actin rings and were capable of lacunar resorption. The addition of a neutralising antibody to M-CSF did not inhibit osteoclast differentiation. HGF is a well-established survival factor and viability assays and live/dead staining showed that it promoted the survival and proliferation of monocytes and osteoclasts in a manner similar to M-CSF. Our findings indicate that HGF can substitute for M-CSF to support human osteoclast formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iannis E Adamopoulos
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK.
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MacDonald KPA, Rowe V, Bofinger HM, Thomas R, Sasmono T, Hume DA, Hill GR. The Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor Is Expressed on Dendritic Cells during Differentiation and Regulates Their Expansion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:1399-405. [PMID: 16034075 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The lineage of dendritic cells (DC), and in particular their relationship to monocytes and macrophages, remains obscure. Furthermore, the requirement for the macrophage growth factor CSF-1 during DC homeostasis is unclear. Using a transgenic mouse in which the promoter for the CSF-1R (c-fms) directs the expression of enhanced GFP in cells of the myeloid lineage, we determined that although the c-fms promoter is inactive in DC precursors, it is up-regulated in all DC subsets during differentiation. Furthermore, plasmacytoid DC and all CD11c(high) DC subsets are reduced by 50-70% in CSF-1-deficient osteopetrotic mice, confirming that CSF-1 signaling is required for the optimal differentiation of DC in vivo. These data provide additional evidence that the majority of tissue DC is of myeloid origin during steady state and supports a close relationship between DC and macrophage biology in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli P A MacDonald
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Queensland, Australia.
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Abstract
The osteoclast is a monocyte-derived cell with complex regulatory control due to its role, balancing calcium homeostasis with skeletal modelling and repair. Normal differentiation requires tyrosine kinase- and tumor necrosis-family receptors, normally fms and RANK. Ligands for these receptors plus unidentified serum or cell-presented factor(s) are needed for in vitro differentiation, possibly signalling via an immune-like tyrosine kinase acceptor molecule. Osteoclast development and activity are increased by cytokines signalling through GP130, such as IL-6, by TGF-beta, and by IL-1, although these cannot replace serum. Other tyrosine kinase receptors including kit and met can augment fms signalling, and TNFs other than RANKL, including TNFalpha and TRAIL, modify RANK signalling, which is also susceptible to interference by interferons. The situation is further complicated by G-protein coupled receptors including the calcitonin receptor, by integrin or calcium-mediated signals, and by estrogen receptors, which operate in bone largely via NO downstream signals. Differentiation, activity, and survival signals merge in intracellular second messengers. These include cytoplasmic kinases of several families; differentiation pathways often terminate in Erk/Jun kinases or NF-kappaB. Key regulatory intermediates include TRAF6, src, Smad3, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, Jak/Stat, and the cGMP-dependent protein kinase I. There are substantial uncertainties regarding how intracellular agents connect to primary signals. The frontier includes characterization of how scaffolding/adapter proteins, such as cbl, gab, grb, p130Cas, and shc, as well as itam-containing proteins and nonreceptor tyrosine kinase adapters of the src and syk families, delimit and integrate signals of multiple receptors to bring about specific outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C Blair
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Veterans' Affairs Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Hodge JM, Kirkland MA, Nicholson GC. GM-CSF cannot substitute for M-CSF in human osteoclastogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 321:7-12. [PMID: 15358207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteopetrotic mice lacking functional M-CSF recover with ageing, suggesting alternate osteoclastogenesis pathways exist. One alternative is GM-CSF, treatment with which improves the osteopetrosis. Our objective was to determine whether GM-CSF could replace M-CSF in human osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Human CFU-GM precursors cultured with RANKL differentiate into osteoclasts without added M-CSF, indicating constitutive production of M-CSF. Addition of M-CSF antibody completely inhibited differentiation, demonstrating M-CSF-dependence in vitro. Co-treatment with low concentrations (0.01 ng/mL) of GM-CSF for 14 days or higher concentrations (10 ng/mL) for the first 1-2 days enhanced osteoclastogenesis but this effect was blocked with M-CSF antibody. Treatment with GM-CSF transiently increased M-CSF mRNA expression at 3 h but suppressed expression at 7-14 days. Neither FLT3-ligand nor VEGF supported osteoclastogenesis in the absence of M-CSF. Thus, in vitro human osteoclastogenesis is dependent on M-CSF and the stimulatory effects of GM-CSF are mediated by M-CSF. Rescue by GM-CSF in M-CSF-deficiency is unlikely to be directly mediated by FLT3-ligand or VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Hodge
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Barwon Health, University of Melbourne, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
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Servet-Delprat C, Arnaud S, Jurdic P, Nataf S, Grasset MF, Soulas C, Domenget C, Destaing O, Rivollier A, Perret M, Dumontel C, Hanau D, Gilmore GL, Belin MF, Rabourdin-Combe C, Mouchiroud G. Flt3+ macrophage precursors commit sequentially to osteoclasts, dendritic cells and microglia. BMC Immunol 2002; 3:15. [PMID: 12398794 PMCID: PMC134601 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-3-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2002] [Accepted: 10/24/2002] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages, osteoclasts, dendritic cells, and microglia are highly specialized cells that belong to the mononuclear phagocyte system. Functional and phenotypic heterogeneity within the mononuclear phagocyte system may reveal differentiation plasticity of a common progenitor, but developmental pathways leading to such diversity are still unclear. RESULTS Mouse bone marrow cells were expanded in vitro in the presence of Flt3-ligand (FL), yielding high numbers of non-adherent cells exhibiting immature monocyte characteristics. Cells expanded for 6 days, 8 days, or 11 days (day 6-FL, day 8-FL, and day 11-FL cells, respectively) exhibited constitutive potential towards macrophage differentiation. In contrast, they showed time-dependent potential towards osteoclast, dendritic, and microglia differentiation that was detected in day 6-, day 8-, and day 11-FL cells, in response to M-CSF and receptor activator of NFkappaB ligand (RANKL), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating-factor (GM-CSF) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), and glial cell-conditioned medium (GCCM), respectively. Analysis of cell proliferation using the vital dye CFSE revealed homogenous growth in FL-stimulated cultures of bone marrow cells, demonstrating that changes in differential potential did not result from sequential outgrowth of specific precursors. CONCLUSIONS We propose that macrophages, osteoclasts, dendritic cells, and microglia may arise from expansion of common progenitors undergoing sequential differentiation commitment. This study also emphasizes differentiation plasticity within the mononuclear phagocyte system. Furthermore, selective massive cell production, as shown here, would greatly facilitate investigation of the clinical potential of dendritic cells and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvie Arnaud
- UMR CNRS 5534, Université Lyon I, Batiment Gregor Mendel, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Jurdic
- UMR CNRS 5665, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Serge Nataf
- INSERM U433, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Marie-France Grasset
- UMR CNRS 5534, Université Lyon I, Batiment Gregor Mendel, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Caroline Soulas
- UMR CNRS 5534, Université Lyon I, Batiment Gregor Mendel, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Chantal Domenget
- UMR CNRS 5665, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Olivier Destaing
- UMR CNRS 5665, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Aymeric Rivollier
- INSERM U503, CERVI, 21 avenue Tony Garnier, 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Magali Perret
- INSERM U503, CERVI, 21 avenue Tony Garnier, 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Christiane Dumontel
- Laboratoire d'Histologie et Embryologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Daniel Hanau
- INSERM EPI9908, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, 10 rue Spielmann, 67065 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Gary L Gilmore
- Western Pennsylvania Cancer Institute, The Western Pennsylvania Hospital, 4800 Friendship Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | | | | | - Guy Mouchiroud
- UMR CNRS 5534, Université Lyon I, Batiment Gregor Mendel, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Hume DA, Ross IL, Himes SR, Sasmono RT, Wells CA, Ravasi T. The mononuclear phagocyte system revisited. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.72.4.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Hume
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian L. Ross
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - S. Roy Himes
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - R. Tedjo Sasmono
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Timothy Ravasi
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Australia
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