1
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Alugupalli KR. Monophosphoryl Lipid A-based Adjuvant to Promote the Immunogenicity of Multivalent Meningococcal Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccines. Immunohorizons 2024; 8:317-325. [PMID: 38625118 PMCID: PMC11066721 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Activation of the adaptive immune system requires the engagement of costimulatory pathways in addition to B and T cell Ag receptor signaling, and adjuvants play a central role in this process. Many Gram-negative bacterial polysaccharide vaccines, including the tetravalent meningococcal conjugate vaccines (MCV4) and typhoid Vi polysaccharide vaccines, do not incorporate adjuvants. The immunogenicity of typhoid vaccines is due to the presence of associated TLR4 ligands in these vaccines. Because the immunogenicity of MCV4 is poor and requires boosters, I hypothesized that TLR4 ligands are absent in MCV4 and that incorporation of a TLR4 ligand-based adjuvant would improve their immunogenicity. Consistent with this hypothesis, two Food and Drug Administration-approved MCV4 vaccines, MENVEO and MenQuadfi, lack TLR4 ligands. Admixing monophosphoryl lipid A, a TLR4 ligand-based adjuvant formulation named "Turbo" with MCV4 induced significantly improved IgM and IgG responses to all four meningococcal serogroup polysaccharides in adult and aged mice after a single immunization. Furthermore, in infant mice, a single booster was sufficient to promote a robust IgG response and 100% seroconversion when MCV4 was adjuvanted with Turbo. Turbo upregulated the expression of the costimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86 on B cells, and Turbo-driven adjuvanticity is lost in mice deficient in CD40 and CD86. These data suggest that Turbo induces the required costimulatory molecules for its adjuvant activity and that incorporation of Turbo could make bacterial polysaccharide vaccines more immunogenic, minimize booster requirements, and be cost-effective, particularly for those individuals in low- and middle-income and disease-endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore R. Alugupalli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; and TurboVax Inc., Philadelphia, PA
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2
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Paschold L, Gottschick C, Langer S, Klee B, Diexer S, Aksentijevich I, Schultheiß C, Purschke O, Riese P, Trittel S, Haase R, Dressler F, Eberl W, Hübner J, Strowig T, Guzman CA, Mikolajczyk R, Binder M. T cell repertoire breadth is associated with the number of acute respiratory infections in the LoewenKIDS birth cohort. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9516. [PMID: 37308563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We set out to gain insight into peripheral blood B and T cell repertoires from 120 infants of the LoewenKIDS birth cohort to investigate potential determinants of early life respiratory infections. Low antigen-dependent somatic hypermutation of B cell repertoires, as well as low T and B cell repertoire clonality, high diversity, and high richness especially in public T cell clonotypes reflected the immunological naivety at 12 months of age when high thymic and bone marrow output are associated with relatively few prior antigen encounters. Infants with inadequately low T cell repertoire diversity or high clonality showed higher numbers of acute respiratory infections over the first 4 years of life. No correlation of T or B cell repertoire metrics with other parameters such as sex, birth mode, older siblings, pets, the onset of daycare, or duration of breast feeding was noted. Together, this study supports that-regardless of T cell functionality-the breadth of the T cell repertoire is associated with the number of acute respiratory infections in the first 4 years of life. Moreover, this study provides a valuable resource of millions of T and B cell receptor sequences from infants with available metadata for researchers in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Paschold
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Cornelia Gottschick
- Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics (IMEBI), Medical School of the Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Strasse 8, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Susan Langer
- Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics (IMEBI), Medical School of the Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Strasse 8, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bianca Klee
- Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics (IMEBI), Medical School of the Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Strasse 8, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sophie Diexer
- Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics (IMEBI), Medical School of the Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Strasse 8, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ivona Aksentijevich
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christoph Schultheiß
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Oliver Purschke
- Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics (IMEBI), Medical School of the Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Strasse 8, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Peggy Riese
- Department Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Trittel
- Department Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Roland Haase
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Hospital St. Elisabeth und St. Barbara, 06110, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Frank Dressler
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eberl
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Braunschweig, 38118, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Johannes Hübner
- Department of Paediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Department Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carlos A Guzman
- Department Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rafael Mikolajczyk
- Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics (IMEBI), Medical School of the Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Strasse 8, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mascha Binder
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 40314031, Basel, Switzerland.
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3
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Baloh CH, Borkar SA, Chang KF, Yao J, Hershfield MS, Parikh SH, Kohn DB, Goodenow MM, Sleasman JW, Yin L. Normal IgH Repertoire Diversity in an Infant with ADA Deficiency After Gene Therapy. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:1597-1606. [PMID: 34184208 PMCID: PMC9906566 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency causes severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) through an accumulation of toxic metabolites within lymphocytes. Recently, ADA deficiency has been successfully treated using lentiviral-transduced autologous CD34+ cells carrying the ADA gene. T and B cell function appears to be fully restored, but in many patients' B cell numbers remain low, and assessments of the immunoglobulin heavy (IgHV) repertoire following gene therapy are lacking. METHODS We performed deep sequencing of IgHV repertoire in peripheral blood lymphocytes from a child following lentivirus-based gene therapy for ADA deficiency and compared to the IgHV repertoire in healthy infants and adults. RESULTS After gene therapy, Ig diversity increased over time as evidenced by V, D, and J gene usage, N-additions, CDR3 length, extent of somatic hypermutation, and Ig class switching. There was the emergence of predominant IgHM, IgHG, and IgHA CDR3 lengths after gene therapy indicating successful oligoclonal expansion in response to antigens. This provides proof of concept for the feasibility and utility of molecular monitoring in following B cell reconstitution following gene therapy for ADA deficiency. CONCLUSION Based on deep sequencing, gene therapy resulted in an IgHV repertoire with molecular diversity similar to healthy infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn H Baloh
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Samiksha A Borkar
- Molecular HIV Host Interaction Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kai-Fen Chang
- Molecular HIV Host Interaction Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jiqiang Yao
- Department of Biostatistics and bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Michael S Hershfield
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Suhag H Parikh
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Donald B Kohn
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Maureen M Goodenow
- Molecular HIV Host Interaction Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John W Sleasman
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Li Yin
- Molecular HIV Host Interaction Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
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4
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Stutz R, Meyer C, Kaiser E, Goedicke-Fritz S, Schroeder HW, Bals R, Haertel C, Rogosch T, Kerzel S, Zemlin M. Attenuated asthma phenotype in mice with a fetal-like antigen receptor repertoire. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14199. [PMID: 34244568 PMCID: PMC8270943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that the scarcity of N-nucleotides might contribute to the inability of the neonate to mount a robust allergic immune response. To test this, we used terminal deoxyribunucleotidyl Transferase deficient (TdT-/-) mice, which express "fetal-like" T cell receptor and immunoglobulin repertoires with largely germline-encoded CDR3 regions. Intraperitoneal sensitization was followed by aerosol provocation with either PBS or the allergen OVA in both TdT-/- mice and wild-type mice to develop allergic respiratory inflammation. The effects of this procedure were investigated by lung function test, immunological analysis of serum and brochoalveolar lavage. The local TH2 cytokine milieu was significantly attenuated in TdT-/- mice. Within this group, the induction of total IgE levels was also significantly reduced after sensitization. TdT-/- mice showed a tendency toward reduced eosinophilic inflow into the bronchial tubes, which was associated with the elimination of respiratory hyperreactivity. In conclusion, in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation, the expression of fetal-like antigen receptors was associated with potent indications of a reduced ability to mount an asthma phenotype. This underlines the importance of somatically-generated antigen-receptor repertoire diversity in type one allergic immune responses and suggests that the fetus may be protected from allergic responses, at least in part, by controlling N addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Stutz
- Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Meyer
- Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kaiser
- Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sybelle Goedicke-Fritz
- Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Harry W Schroeder
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert Bals
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Haertel
- Department of Pediatrics, Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Rogosch
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kerzel
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy, University Children's Hospital Regensburg, Campus St. Hedwig, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Zemlin
- Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany. .,Department of Pediatrics, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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5
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Pierau M, Arra A, Brunner-Weinzierl MC. Preventing Atopic Diseases During Childhood - Early Exposure Matters. Front Immunol 2021; 12:617731. [PMID: 33717110 PMCID: PMC7946845 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.617731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic diseases in childhood are a major burden worldwide and there is still a lack of knowledge about treatable causes. In industrialized countries such as Germany, almost every second child is sensitized to at least one common allergen. Recent studies show that although the predisposition to allergies is inherited, the adaptive immune system of neonates and infants follows a developmental trajectory and whether an allergy actually occurs depends also on timing of allergen exposure including diet as well as environmental factors. New recommendations are far from being rigid of allergen avoidance; it is rather moving toward conditions that stand for more biodiversity. The observation that introduction of peanuts or eggs early in life significantly reduced the development of a later allergy will change our recommendations for the introduction of complementary foods. This is consistent with the hygiene hypothesis that early provocation shapes the developing immune system so that it reacts appropriately. Therefore, promoting the development of tolerance is at the heart of sensible allergy prevention - and this begins with the last trimester of pregnancy. In light of this concept, actual recommendations are discussed.
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6
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Semmes EC, Chen JL, Goswami R, Burt TD, Permar SR, Fouda GG. Understanding Early-Life Adaptive Immunity to Guide Interventions for Pediatric Health. Front Immunol 2021; 11:595297. [PMID: 33552052 PMCID: PMC7858666 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Infants are capable of mounting adaptive immune responses, but their ability to develop long-lasting immunity is limited. Understanding the particularities of the neonatal adaptive immune system is therefore critical to guide the design of immune-based interventions, including vaccines, in early life. In this review, we present a thorough summary of T cell, B cell, and humoral immunity in early life and discuss infant adaptive immune responses to pathogens and vaccines. We focus on the differences between T and B cell responses in early life and adulthood, which hinder the generation of long-lasting adaptive immune responses in infancy. We discuss how knowledge of early life adaptive immunity can be applied when developing vaccine strategies for this unique period of immune development. In particular, we emphasize the use of novel vaccine adjuvants and optimization of infant vaccine schedules. We also propose integrating maternal and infant immunization strategies to ensure optimal neonatal protection through passive maternal antibody transfer while avoiding hindering infant vaccine responses. Our review highlights that the infant adaptive immune system is functionally distinct and uniquely regulated compared to later life and that these particularities should be considered when designing interventions to promote pediatric health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C. Semmes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Children’s Health and Discovery Initiative, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jui-Lin Chen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ria Goswami
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Trevor D. Burt
- Children’s Health and Discovery Initiative, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Children’s Health and Discovery Initiative, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Genevieve G. Fouda
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Children’s Health and Discovery Initiative, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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7
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Kappler K, Hennet T. Emergence and significance of carbohydrate-specific antibodies. Genes Immun 2020; 21:224-239. [PMID: 32753697 PMCID: PMC7449879 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-020-0105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-specific antibodies are widespread among all classes of immunoglobulins. Despite their broad occurrence, little is known about their formation and biological significance. Carbohydrate-specific antibodies are often classified as natural antibodies under the assumption that they arise without prior exposure to exogenous antigens. On the other hand, various carbohydrate-specific antibodies, including antibodies to ABO blood group antigens, emerge after the contact of immune cells with the intestinal microbiota, which expresses a vast diversity of carbohydrate antigens. Here we explore the development of carbohydrate-specific antibodies in humans, addressing the definition of natural antibodies and the production of carbohydrate-specific antibodies upon antigen stimulation. We focus on the significance of the intestinal microbiota in shaping carbohydrate-specific antibodies not just in the gut, but also in the blood circulation. The structural similarity between bacterial carbohydrate antigens and surface glycoconjugates of protists, fungi and animals leads to the production of carbohydrate-specific antibodies protective against a broad range of pathogens. Mimicry between bacterial and human glycoconjugates, however, can also lead to the generation of carbohydrate-specific antibodies that cross-react with human antigens, thereby contributing to the development of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thierry Hennet
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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8
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Dickinson GS, Levenson EA, Walker JA, Kearney JF, Alugupalli KR. IL-7 Enables Antibody Responses to Bacterial Polysaccharides by Promoting B Cell Receptor Diversity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:1229-1240. [PMID: 30006375 PMCID: PMC6085875 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide vaccines such as the Vi polysaccharide (ViPS) of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi induce efficient Ab responses in adults but not in young children. The reasons for this difference are not understood. IL-7 dependency in B cell development increases progressively with age. IL-7Rα-mediated signals are required for the expression of many VH gene segments that are distal to DH-JH in the IgH locus and for the complete diversification of the BCR repertoire. Therefore, we hypothesized that B cells generated in the absence of IL-7 do not recognize a wide range of Ags because of a restricted BCR repertoire. Compared with adult wildtype mice, young wildtype mice and IL-7-deficient adult mice generated a significantly reduced Ab response to ViPS. Additionally, ViPS-binding B cells in adult wildtype mice predominantly used distal VH gene segments. Transgenic expression of either IL-7 or a BCR encoded by a distal VH gene segment permitted young mice to respond efficiently to bacterial polysaccharides. These results indicate that restricted VH gene usage early in life results in a paucity of Ag-specific B cell precursors, thus limiting antipolysaccharide responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibody Diversity/genetics
- Antibody Diversity/immunology
- Antibody Formation/genetics
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain/genetics
- Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Interleukin-7/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Dickinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and
| | - Eric A Levenson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and
| | - Justin A Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and
| | - John F Kearney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Kishore R Alugupalli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and
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9
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Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Is Not Required for Antibody Response to Polysaccharide Vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00211-18. [PMID: 29967094 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00211-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell antigen receptor (BCR) diversity increases by several orders of magnitude due to the action of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) during V(D)J recombination. Unlike adults, infants have limited BCR diversity, in part due to reduced expression of TdT. Since human infants and young mice respond poorly to polysaccharide vaccines, such as the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine Pneumovax23 and Vi polysaccharide (ViPS) of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, we tested the contribution of TdT-mediated BCR diversity in response to these vaccines. We found that TdT+/- and TdT-/- mice generated comparable antibody responses to Pneumovax23 and survived Streptococcus pneumoniae challenge. Moreover, passive immunization of B cell-deficient mice with serum from Pneumovax23-immunized TdT+/- or TdT-/- mice conferred protection. TdT+/- and TdT-/- mice generated comparable levels of anti-ViPS antibodies and antibody-dependent, complement-mediated bactericidal activity against S Typhi in vitro To test the protective immunity conferred by ViPS immunization in vivo, TdT+/- and TdT-/- mice were challenged with a chimeric Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain expressing ViPS, since mice are nonpermissive hosts for S Typhi infection. Compared to their unimmunized counterparts, immunized TdT+/- and TdT-/- mice challenged with ViPS-expressing S Typhimurium exhibited a significant reduction in the bacterial burden and liver pathology. These data suggest that the impaired antibody response to the Pneumovax23 and ViPS vaccines in the young is not due to limited TdT-mediated BCR diversification.
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10
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Fu X, Sun J, Tan E, Shimizu K, Reza MS, Watabe S, Asakawa S. High-Throughput Sequencing of the Expressed Torafugu ( Takifugu rubripes) Antibody Sequences Distinguishes IgM and IgT Repertoires and Reveals Evidence of Convergent Evolution. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29515575 PMCID: PMC5826340 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) or antibody diversity arises from somatic recombination of immunoglobulin (Ig) gene segments and is concentrated within the Ig heavy (H) chain complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR-H3). We performed high-throughput sequencing of the expressed antibody heavy-chain repertoire from adult torafugu. We found that torafugu use between 70 and 82% of all possible V (variable), D (diversity), and J (joining) gene segment combinations and that they share a similar frequency distribution of these VDJ combinations. The CDR-H3 sequence repertoire observed in individuals is biased with the preferential use of a small number of VDJ, dominated by sequences containing inserted nucleotides. We uncovered the common CDR-H3 amino-acid (aa) sequences shared by individuals. Common CDR-H3 sequences feature highly convergent nucleic-acid recombination compared with private ones. Finally, we observed differences in repertoires between IgM and IgT, including the unequal usage frequencies of V gene segment and the biased number of nucleotide insertion/deletion at VDJ junction regions that leads to distinct distributions of CDR-H3 lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center and Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jianqiang Sun
- Bioinformational Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Engkong Tan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shimizu
- Bioinformational Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Md Shaheed Reza
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Fisheries Technology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Shugo Watabe
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shuichi Asakawa
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Wendel BS, He C, Qu M, Wu D, Hernandez SM, Ma KY, Liu EW, Xiao J, Crompton PD, Pierce SK, Ren P, Chen K, Jiang N. Accurate immune repertoire sequencing reveals malaria infection driven antibody lineage diversification in young children. Nat Commun 2017; 8:531. [PMID: 28912592 PMCID: PMC5599618 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00645-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurately measuring antibody repertoire sequence composition in a small amount of blood is challenging yet important for understanding repertoire responses to infection and vaccination. We develop molecular identifier clustering-based immune repertoire sequencing (MIDCIRS) and use it to study age-related antibody repertoire development and diversification before and during acute malaria in infants (< 12 months old) and toddlers (12-47 months old) with 4-8 ml of blood. Here, we show this accurate and high-coverage repertoire-sequencing method can use as few as 1000 naive B cells. Unexpectedly, we discover high levels of somatic hypermutation in infants as young as 3 months old. Antibody clonal lineage analysis reveals that somatic hypermutation levels are increased in both infants and toddlers upon infection, and memory B cells isolated from individuals who previously experienced malaria continue to induce somatic hypermutations upon malaria rechallenge. These results highlight the potential of antibody repertoire diversification in infants and toddlers.Somatic hypermutation of antibodies can occur in infants but are difficult to track. Here the authors present a new method called MIDCIRS for deep quantitative repertoire sequencing with few cells, and show infants as young as 3 months can expand antibody lineage complexity in response to malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben S Wendel
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Chenfeng He
- Department of Biomedical engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Mingjuan Qu
- Department of Biomedical engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biomedical engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Stefany M Hernandez
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Ke-Yue Ma
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Eugene W Liu
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
- Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Atlanta, 30329, GA, USA
| | - Jun Xiao
- ImmuDX, LLC, Austin, TX, 78750, USA
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Pengyu Ren
- Department of Biomedical engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Keke Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Biomedical engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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12
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Rechavi E, Somech R. Survival of the fetus: fetal B and T cell receptor repertoire development. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 39:577-583. [PMID: 28466095 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A mature and diverse T and B cell receptor repertoire is a prerequisite for immunocompetence. In light of its increased susceptibility to infection, the human fetus has long been considered deficient in this regard. However, data accumulated since the 1990s and in earnest in the past couple of years paints a more complicated picture. As we describe in this review, mechanisms responsible for generating a diverse receptor repertoire, such as somatic recombination, class switch recombination, and somatic hypermutation, are all operational to surprising extents in the growing fetus. The composition of the fetal repertoire differs from that of adults, with preferential usage of certain variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments and a shorter complementarity determining (CDR3) region, primarily due to decreased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) expression. Both T and B cell receptor repertoires are extremely diverse by the end of the second trimester, and in the case of T cells, are capable of responding to an invading pathogen with in utero clonal expansion. Thus, it would appear as though the T and B cell receptor repertoires are not a hindrance towards immunocompetence of the newborn. Our improved understanding of fetal receptor repertoire development is already bearing fruit in the early diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies (PID) and may help clarify the pathogenesis of congenital infections, recurrent abortions, and autoimmune disorders in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Rechavi
- Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, "Edmond and Lily Safra" Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Raz Somech
- Pediatric Department A and Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, "Edmond and Lily Safra" Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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13
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Insights into immune system development and function from mouse T-cell repertoires. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:2253-2258. [PMID: 28196891 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700241114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the adaptive immune system to respond to arbitrary pathogens stems from the broad diversity of immune cell surface receptors. This diversity originates in a stochastic DNA editing process (VDJ recombination) that acts on the surface receptor gene each time a new immune cell is created from a stem cell. By analyzing T-cell receptor (TCR) sequence repertoires taken from the blood and thymus of mice of different ages, we quantify the changes in the VDJ recombination process that occur from embryo to young adult. We find a rapid increase with age in the number of random insertions and a dramatic increase in diversity. Because the blood accumulates thymic output over time, blood repertoires are mixtures of different statistical recombination processes, and we unravel the mixture statistics to obtain a picture of the time evolution of the early immune system. Sequence repertoire analysis also allows us to detect the statistical impact of selection on the output of the VDJ recombination process. The effects we find are nearly identical between thymus and blood, suggesting that our analysis mainly detects selection for proper folding of the TCR receptor protein. We further find that selection is weaker in laboratory mice than in humans and it does not affect the diversity of the repertoire.
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14
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Lee YN, Frugoni F, Dobbs K, Tirosh I, Du L, Ververs FA, Ru H, Ott de Bruin L, Adeli M, Bleesing JH, Buchbinder D, Butte MJ, Cancrini C, Chen K, Choo S, Elfeky RA, Finocchi A, Fuleihan RL, Gennery AR, El-Ghoneimy DH, Henderson LA, Al-Herz W, Hossny E, Nelson RP, Pai SY, Patel NC, Reda SM, Soler-Palacin P, Somech R, Palma P, Wu H, Giliani S, Walter JE, Notarangelo LD. Characterization of T and B cell repertoire diversity in patients with RAG deficiency. Sci Immunol 2016; 1:eaah6109. [PMID: 28783691 PMCID: PMC5586490 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aah6109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recombination-activating genes 1 and 2 (RAG1 and RAG2) play a critical role in T and B cell development by initiating the recombination process that controls the expression of T cell receptor (TCR) and immunoglobulin genes. Mutations in the RAG1 and RAG2 genes in humans cause a broad spectrum of phenotypes, including severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) with lack of T and B cells, Omenn syndrome, leaky SCID, and combined immunodeficiency with granulomas or autoimmunity (CID-G/AI). Using next-generation sequencing, we analyzed the TCR and B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire in 12 patients with RAG mutations presenting with Omenn syndrome (n = 5), leaky SCID (n = 3), or CID-G/AI (n = 4). Restriction of repertoire diversity skewed usage of variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) segment genes, and abnormalities of CDR3 length distribution were progressively more prominent in patients with a more severe phenotype. Skewed usage of V, D, and J segment genes was present also within unique sequences, indicating a primary restriction of repertoire. Patients with Omenn syndrome had a high proportion of class-switched immunoglobulin heavy chain transcripts and increased somatic hypermutation rate, suggesting in vivo activation of these B cells. These data provide a framework to better understand the phenotypic heterogeneity of RAG deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nee Lee
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Pediatric Department A and the Immunology Service, "Edmond and Lily Safra" Children's Hospital, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Francesco Frugoni
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kerry Dobbs
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Irit Tirosh
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Likun Du
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francesca A Ververs
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Heng Ru
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lisa Ott de Bruin
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mehdi Adeli
- Pediatrics Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jacob H Bleesing
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - David Buchbinder
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital Orange County, Orange County, CA 92868, USA
| | - Manish J Butte
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- DPUO, University Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital and University of Tor Vergata School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Karin Chen
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Sharon Choo
- Department of Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Reem A Elfeky
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Andrea Finocchi
- DPUO, University Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital and University of Tor Vergata School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Ramsay L Fuleihan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Andrew R Gennery
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, U.K
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Dalia H El-Ghoneimy
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lauren A Henderson
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Waleed Al-Herz
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Elham Hossny
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Robert P Nelson
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sung-Yun Pai
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Niraj C Patel
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Levine Children's Hospital, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA
| | - Shereen M Reda
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Pere Soler-Palacin
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raz Somech
- Pediatric Department A and the Immunology Service, "Edmond and Lily Safra" Children's Hospital, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Paolo Palma
- DPUO, University Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital and University of Tor Vergata School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Silvia Giliani
- A. Nocivelli Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Pathology, Spedali Civili di Bresia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jolan E Walter
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Pediatric Allergy/Immunology, University of South Florida, and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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15
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Schmiedeberg K, Krause H, Röhl FW, Hartig R, Jorch G, Brunner-Weinzierl MC. T Cells of Infants Are Mature, but Hyporeactive Due to Limited Ca2+ Influx. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166633. [PMID: 27893767 PMCID: PMC5125607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells in human infants and adults differ in the initiation and strength of their responses. The molecular basis for these differences is not yet understood. To address this the principle key molecular events of TCR- and CD28-induced signaling in naive CD4 T cells, such as Ca2+ influx, NFAT expression, phosphorylation and translocation into the nucleus, ERK activation and IL-2 response, were analyzed over at least the first 3 years of life. We report dramatically reduced IL-2 and TNFα responses in naive CD31+ T cells during infancy. Looking at the obligatory Ca2+ influx required to induce T cell activation and proliferation, we demonstrate characteristic patterns of impairment for each stage of infancy that are partly due to the differential usage of Ca2+ stores. Consistent with those findings, translocation of NFATc2 is limited, but still dependent on Ca2+ influx as demonstrated by sensitivity to cyclosporin A (CsA) treatment. Thus weak Ca2+ influx functions as a catalyst for the implementation of restricted IL-2 response in T cells during infancy. Our studies also define limited mobilization of Ca2+ ions as a characteristic property of T cells during infancy. This work adds to our understanding of infants’ poor T cell responsiveness against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schmiedeberg
- Department of Experimental Pediatrics, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hardy Krause
- Clinic of Pediatric Surgery University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich-Wilhelm Röhl
- Institute of Biometry and Medical Informatics University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Roland Hartig
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Jorch
- Department of Experimental Pediatrics, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Monika C. Brunner-Weinzierl
- Department of Experimental Pediatrics, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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16
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Rother MB, Jensen K, van der Burg M, van de Bovenkamp FS, Kroek R, van IJcken WFJ, van der Velden VHJ, Cupedo T, Olstad OK, van Dongen JJM, van Zelm MC. Decreased IL7Rα and TdT expression underlie the skewed immunoglobulin repertoire of human B-cell precursors from fetal origin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33924. [PMID: 27658954 PMCID: PMC5034271 DOI: 10.1038/srep33924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborns are unable to mount antibody responses towards certain antigens. This has been related to the restricted repertoire of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes of their B cells. The mechanisms underlying the restricted fetal Ig gene repertoire are currently unresolved. We here addressed this with detailed molecular and cellular analysis of human precursor-B cells from fetal liver, fetal bone marrow (BM), and pediatric BM. In the absence of selection processes, fetal B-cell progenitors more frequently used proximal V, D and J genes in complete IGH gene rearrangements, despite normal Ig locus contraction. Fewer N-nucleotides were added in IGH gene rearrangements in the context of low TdT and XRCC4 expression. Moreover, fetal progenitor-B cells expressed lower levels of IL7Rα than their pediatric counterparts. Analysis of progenitor-B cells from IL7Rα-deficient patients revealed that TdT expression and N-nucleotides additions in Dh-Jh junctions were dependent on functional IL7Rα. Thus, IL7Rα affects TdT expression, and decreased expression of this receptor underlies at least in part the skewed Ig repertoire formation in fetal B-cell precursors. These new insights provide a better understanding of the formation of adaptive immunity in the developing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena B. Rother
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristin Jensen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
- Volvat Medical Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Roel Kroek
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Tom Cupedo
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ole K. Olstad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
- Volvat Medical Center, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Menno C. van Zelm
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Rother MB, Schreurs MWJ, Kroek R, Bartol SJW, van Dongen JJM, van Zelm MC. The Human Thymus Is Enriched for Autoreactive B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:441-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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18
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Strauss-Albee DM, Fukuyama J, Liang EC, Yao Y, Jarrell JA, Drake AL, Kinuthia J, Montgomery RR, John-Stewart G, Holmes S, Blish CA. Human NK cell repertoire diversity reflects immune experience and correlates with viral susceptibility. Sci Transl Med 2016. [PMID: 26203083 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac5722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Innate natural killer (NK) cells are diverse at the single-cell level because of variegated expressions of activating and inhibitory receptors, yet the developmental roots and functional consequences of this diversity remain unknown. Because NK cells are critical for antiviral and antitumor responses, a better understanding of their diversity could lead to an improved ability to harness them therapeutically. We found that NK diversity is lower at birth than in adults. During an antiviral response to either HIV-1 or West Nile virus, NK diversity increases, resulting in terminal differentiation and cytokine production at the cost of cell division and degranulation. In African women matched for HIV-1 exposure risk, high NK diversity is associated with increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition. Existing diversity may therefore decrease the flexibility of the antiviral response. Collectively, the data reveal that human NK diversity is a previously undefined metric of immune history and function that may be clinically useful in forecasting the outcomes of infection and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara M Strauss-Albee
- Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julia Fukuyama
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Emily C Liang
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yi Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Justin A Jarrell
- Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alison L Drake
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John Kinuthia
- Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi 00202, Kenya
| | - Ruth R Montgomery
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Grace John-Stewart
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Susan Holmes
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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19
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Rechavi E, Lev A, Lee YN, Simon AJ, Yinon Y, Lipitz S, Amariglio N, Weisz B, Notarangelo LD, Somech R. Timely and spatially regulated maturation of B and T cell repertoire during human fetal development. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:276ra25. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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20
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Kearney JF, Patel P, Stefanov EK, King RG. Natural antibody repertoires: development and functional role in inhibiting allergic airway disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2015; 33:475-504. [PMID: 25622195 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this review we discuss the effects of microbial exposure on the B cell repertoire. Neonatal exposure to conserved bacterial carbohydrates and phospholipids permanently reprograms the natural antibody repertoire directed toward these antigens by clonal expansion, alterations in clonal dominance, and increased serum antibody levels. These epitopes are present not only in bacterial cell walls, but also in common environmental allergens. Neonatal immunization with bacterial polysaccharide vaccines results in attenuated allergic airway responses to fungi-, house dust mite-, and cockroach-associated allergens in mouse models. The similarities between mouse and human natural antibody repertoires suggest that reduced microbial exposure in children may have the opposite effect, providing a potential mechanistic explanation for the hygiene hypothesis. We propose that understanding the effects of childhood infections on the natural antibody repertoire and the mechanisms of antibody-mediated immunoregulation observed in allergy models will lead to the development of prevention/interventional strategies for treatment of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Kearney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294;
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21
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Tallmadge RL, Tseng CT, King RA, Felippe MJB. Developmental progression of equine immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region diversity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:33-43. [PMID: 23567345 PMCID: PMC3672396 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Humoral immunity is a critical component of the immune system that is established during fetal life and expands upon exposure to pathogens. The extensive humoral immune response repertoire is generated in large part via immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain variable region diversity. The horse is a useful model to study the development of humoral diversity because the placenta does not transfer maternal antibodies; therefore, Igs detected in the fetus and pre-suckle neonate were generated in utero. The goal of this study was to compare the equine fetal Ig VDJ repertoire to that of neonatal, foal, and adult horse stages of life. We found similar profiles of IGHV, IGHD, and IGHJ gene usage throughout life, including predominant usage of IGHV2S3, IGHD18S1, and IGHJ1S5. CDR3H lengths were also comparable throughout life. Unexpectedly, Ig sequence diversity significantly increased between the fetal and neonatal age, and, as expected, between the foal and adult age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Tallmadge
- Equine Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
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Rogosch T, Kerzel S, Hoss K, Hoersch G, Zemlin C, Heckmann M, Berek C, Schroeder HW, Maier RF, Zemlin M. IgA response in preterm neonates shows little evidence of antigen-driven selection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5449-56. [PMID: 23105134 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
After birth, contact to environmental Ags induces the production of IgA, which represents a first line of defense for the neonate. We sought to characterize the maturation of the repertoire of IgA H chain transcripts in circulating blood B cells during human ontogeny. We found that IgA H chain transcripts were present in cord blood as early as 27 wk of gestation and that the restrictions of the primary Ab repertoire (IgM) persisted in the IgA repertoire. Thus, B cells harboring more "mature" V(H) regions were not preferred for class switch to IgA. Preterm and term neonates expressed a unique IgA repertoire, which was characterized by short CDR-H3 regions, preference of the J(H) proximal D(H)7-27 gene segment, and very few somatic mutations. During the first postnatal months, these restrictions were slowly released. Preterm birth did not measurably accelerate the maturation of the IgA repertoire. At a postconceptional age of 60 wk, somatic mutation frequency of IgA H chain transcripts reached 25% of the adult values but still showed little evidence of Ag-driven selection. These results indicate that similar to IgG, the IgA repertoire expands in a controlled manner after birth. Thus, the IgA repertoire of the newborn has distinctive characteristics that differ from the adult IgA repertoire. These observations might explain the lower affinity and specificity of neonatal IgA Abs, which could contribute to a higher susceptibility to infections and altered responses to vaccinations, but might also prevent the development of autoimmune and allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Rogosch
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipps University Marburg, 35033 Marburg, Germany
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23
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Rogosch T, Kerzel S, Hoi KH, Zhang Z, Maier RF, Ippolito GC, Zemlin M. Immunoglobulin analysis tool: a novel tool for the analysis of human and mouse heavy and light chain transcripts. Front Immunol 2012; 3:176. [PMID: 22754554 PMCID: PMC3384897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequence analysis of immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy and light chain transcripts can refine categorization of B cell subpopulations and can shed light on the selective forces that act during immune responses or immune dysregulation, such as autoimmunity, allergy, and B cell malignancy. High-throughput sequencing yields Ig transcript collections of unprecedented size. The authoritative web-based IMGT/HighV-QUEST program is capable of analyzing large collections of transcripts and provides annotated output files to describe many key properties of Ig transcripts. However, additional processing of these flat files is required to create figures, or to facilitate analysis of additional features and comparisons between sequence sets. We present an easy-to-use Microsoft® Excel® based software, named Immunoglobulin Analysis Tool (IgAT), for the summary, interrogation, and further processing of IMGT/HighV-QUEST output files. IgAT generates descriptive statistics and high-quality figures for collections of murine or human Ig heavy or light chain transcripts ranging from 1 to 150,000 sequences. In addition to traditionally studied properties of Ig transcripts – such as the usage of germline gene segments, or the length and composition of the CDR-3 region – IgAT also uses published algorithms to calculate the probability of antigen selection based on somatic mutational patterns, the average hydrophobicity of the antigen-binding sites, and predictable structural properties of the CDR-H3 loop according to Shirai’s H3-rules. These refined analyses provide in-depth information about the selective forces acting upon Ig repertoires and allow the statistical and graphical comparison of two or more sequence sets. IgAT is easy to use on any computer running Excel® 2003 or higher. Thus, IgAT is a useful tool to gain insights into the selective forces and functional properties of small to extremely large collections of Ig transcripts, thereby assisting a researcher to mine a data set to its fullest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Rogosch
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipps-University Marburg Marburg, Germany
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Schelonka RL, Ivanov II, Vale AM, Dimmitt RA, Khaled M, Schroeder HW. Absence of N addition facilitates B cell development, but impairs immune responses. Immunogenetics 2011; 63:599-609. [PMID: 21660592 PMCID: PMC3181008 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The programmed, stepwise acquisition of immunocompetence that marks the development of the fetal immune response proceeds during a period when both T cell receptor and immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoires exhibit reduced junctional diversity due to physiologic terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) insufficiency. To test the effect of N addition on humoral responses, we transplanted bone marrow from TdT-deficient (TdT(-/-)) and wild-type (TdT(+/+)) BALB/c mice into recombination activation gene 1-deficient BALB/c hosts. Mice transplanted with TdT(-/-) cells exhibited diminished humoral responses to the T-independent antigens α-1-dextran and (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hapten conjugated to AminoEthylCarboxymethyl-FICOLL, to the T-dependent antigens NP(19)CGG and hen egg lysozyme, and to Enterobacter cloacae, a commensal bacteria that can become an opportunistic pathogen in immature and immunocompromised hosts. An exception to this pattern of reduction was the T-independent anti-phosphorylcholine response to Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is normally dominated by the N-deficient T15 idiotype. Most of the humoral immune responses in the recipients of TdT(-/-) bone marrow were impaired, yet population of the blood with B and T cells occurred more rapidly. To further test the effect of N-deficiency on B cell and T cell population growth, transplanted TdT-sufficient and -deficient BALB/c IgM(a) and congenic TdT-sufficient CB17 IgM(b) bone marrow were placed in competition. TdT(-/-) cells demonstrated an advantage in populating the bone marrow, the spleen, and the peritoneal cavity. TdT deficiency, which characterizes fetal lymphocytes, thus appears to facilitate filling both central and peripheral lymphoid compartments, but at the cost of altered responses to a broad set of antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Schelonka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
- Present Address: Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Ivaylo I. Ivanov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Shelby Building 401, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182 USA
- Present Address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Andre M. Vale
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Shelby Building 401, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182 USA
| | - Reed A. Dimmitt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Mahnaz Khaled
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Harry W. Schroeder
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Shelby Building 401, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182 USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Shelby Building 401, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182 USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Shelby Building 401, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182 USA
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Chevigné A, Fischer A, Mathu J, Counson M, Beaupain N, Plesséria JM, Schmit JC, Deroo S. Selection of a CXCR4 antagonist from a human heavy chain CDR3-derived phage library. FEBS J 2011; 278:2867-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Determinism and stochasticity during maturation of the zebrafish antibody repertoire. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:5348-53. [PMID: 21393572 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1014277108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is thought that the adaptive immune system of immature organisms follows a more deterministic program of antibody creation than is found in adults. We used high-throughput sequencing to characterize the diversifying antibody repertoire in zebrafish over five developmental time points. We found that the immune system begins in a highly stereotyped state with preferential use of a small number of V (variable) D (diverse) J (joining) gene segment combinations, but that this stereotypy decreases dramatically as the zebrafish mature, with many of the top VDJ combinations observed in 2-wk-old zebrafish virtually disappearing by 1 mo. However, we discovered that, in the primary repertoire, there are strong correlations in VDJ use that increase with zebrafish maturity, suggesting that VDJ recombination involves a level of deterministic programming that is unexpected. This stereotypy is masked by the complex diversification processes of antibody maturation; the variation and lack of correlation in full repertoires between individuals appears to be derived from randomness in clonal expansion during the affinity maturation process. These data provide a window into the mechanisms of VDJ recombination and diversity creation and allow us to better understand how the adaptive immune system achieves diversity.
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T cell cytokines and the risk of blood stream infection in extremely low birth weight infants. Cytokine 2010; 53:249-55. [PMID: 21145756 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines mediate the host immune response to infectious micro-organisms. The objective of this study was to determine whether immune regulatory interleukins (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10) and inflammatory cytokines (Interferon-γ [INF-γ], tumor necrosis factor-β [TNF-β], IL-2, and IL-17) are associated with an increased risk of developing blood stream bacterial/fungal infection (BSI) in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. ELBW infants from 17 NICHD Neonatal Research Network centers without early onset sepsis were studied. Cytokines were measured from blood on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 after birth. 996 ELBW infants contributed a minimum of 4080 unique measurements for each cytokine during the five sampling periods. Infants with BSI had lower levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-17 (p=0.01), and higher levels of the regulatory cytokines, IL-6 (p=0.01) and IL-10 (p<0.001). Higher levels of regulatory cytokines relative to pro-inflammatory cytokines were associated with increased risk of BSI even after adjusting for confounding variables. In ELBW infants, the ratio of immune regulatory cytokines to inflammatory cytokines was associated with development of BSI. Altered maturation of regulatory and inflammatory cytokines may increase the risk of serious infection in this population.
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Schroeder HW, Zemlin M, Khass M, Nguyen HH, Schelonka RL. Genetic control of DH reading frame and its effect on B-cell development and antigen-specifc antibody production. Crit Rev Immunol 2010; 30:327-44. [PMID: 20666706 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.v30.i4.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The power of the adaptive immune system to identify novel antigens depends on the ability of lymphocytes to create antigen receptors with diverse antigen-binding sites. For immunoglobulins, CDR (complementarity-determining region)-H3 lies at the center of the antigen-binding site, where it often plays a key role in antigen binding. It is created de novo by VDJ rearrangement and is thus the focus for rearrangement-dependent diversity. CDR-H3 is biased for the inclusion of tyrosine. In seeking to identify the mechanisms controlling CDR-H3 amino acid content, we observed that the coding sequence of DH gene segments demonstrate conservation of reading frame (RF)-specific sequence motifs, with RF1 enriched for tyrosine and depleted of hydrophobic and charged amino acids. Use of DH RF1 in functional VDJ transcripts is preferred from the earliest stages of B-cell development, "pushing" CDR-H3 to include specific categories of tyrosine-enriched antigen-binding sites. With development and maturation, the composition of the CDR-H3 repertoire appears to be pulled into a more refined specific range. Forcing the use of alternative DH RFs by means of gene targeting alters the expressed repertoire, enriching alternative sequence categories. This change in the repertoire variably affects antibody production and the development of specific B-cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry W Schroeder
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-2182, USA.
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Role of postnatal acquisition of the intestinal microbiome in the early development of immune function. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 51:262-73. [PMID: 20639773 PMCID: PMC2932839 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3181e1a114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics is a common practice for premature infants. This treatment can reduce the biodiversity of the fecal microbiota and may be a factor in the cause of necrotizing enterocolitis. In contrast, probiotic treatment of premature infants reduces the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis. We hypothesized that 1 mechanism for these observations is the influence of bacteria on postnatal development of the mucosal immune system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of immune molecules and microbial sensors was investigated in the postnatal mouse gastrointestinal tract by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Subsequently, 2-week-old specific pathogen-free and microbial-reduced (MR; antibiotic treated) mice were compared for immune molecule and microbial sensor expression, mesenteric lymph node T-cell numbers and activation, intestinal barrier function/permeability, systemic lymphocyte numbers, and T-cell phenotype commitment. RESULTS Toll-like receptor 2, 4, and 5 expression was highest in 2-week-old specific pathogen-free mice, and this expression was decreased in MR mice. There was no difference in intestinal tight-junctional function, as evaluated by fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran uptake, but MR mice had increased bacterial translocation across the intestinal epithelial barrier. MR mice had significantly fewer splenic B cells and mesenteric lymph node CD4+ T cells, but there were normal numbers of splenic T cells. These systemic T cells from MR mice produced more interleukin-4 and less interferon-gamma and IL-17, indicative of maintenance of the fetal, T-helper cell type 2 phenotype. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that intestinal commensal microbiota have an influence on early postnatal immune development. Determining specific bacteria and/or bacterial ligands critical for this development could provide insight into the mechanisms by which broad-spectrum antibiotics and/or probiotic therapy influence the development of the mucosal immune system and mucosal-related diseases.
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D'Angio CT. Active immunization of premature and low birth-weight infants: a review of immunogenicity, efficacy, and tolerability. Paediatr Drugs 2007; 9:17-32. [PMID: 17291134 DOI: 10.2165/00148581-200709010-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Preterm infants are at increased risk of disease and hospitalization from a number of vaccine-preventable diseases. However, these same infants have immunologic immaturities that may impact vaccine responses. Larger premature infants mount immune responses to vaccines similar to those of full-term infants, but very premature infants (<28-32 weeks' gestation at birth) may have specific defects in vaccine responsiveness. Although there are minor differences in immunogenicity, the immune responses to diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and polio antigens are similar enough between full-term and premature infants that clinical consequences are unlikely to result. However, the immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines varies widely among studies of premature infants, and may be affected by the choice of conjugate protein, inclusion in a combination vaccine, and by an infant's overall health. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is efficacious in larger premature infants, but little information is available about immunogenicity in smaller premature infants. Meningococcal group C conjugate vaccine appears immunogenic in even very premature infants, but the duration of immunity may be limited. Hepatitis B vaccine given at birth appears poorly immunogenic in infants with birth weights <1500-2000 g, with delay in the administration of the first dose yielding improved immunogenicity. Few data on influenza vaccine in premature infants are available, but infants with pulmonary disease may respond less robustly than others. Bacille Calmette Guérin vaccine appears to be most immunogenic if delayed until at least 34-35 weeks' postmenstrual age in very premature infants, although there may be non-specific advantages to its earlier administration. Premature infants may have persistently lower antibody titers than full-term infants, even years after initial immunization. Sick premature infants experience increased episodes of apnea or cardiorespiratory compromise following vaccine administration, necessitating careful monitoring. Specific factors that impair immune response, quality of the immune response, and safety and immunogenicity evaluation of new vaccines in premature infants are topics needing further research. Premature infants are at significant risk for decisions from healthcare providers that delay beginning and completing their vaccine regimens. A major challenge facing those who care for these infants is the provision of timely immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl T D'Angio
- Strong Children's Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA.
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Zemlin M, Hoersch G, Zemlin C, Pohl-Schickinger A, Hummel M, Berek C, Maier RF, Bauer K. The postnatal maturation of the immunoglobulin heavy chain IgG repertoire in human preterm neonates is slower than in term neonates. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:1180-8. [PMID: 17202383 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.2.1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
During the perinatal period the development of the IgH chain CDR3 (CDR-H3) repertoire of IgM transcripts is maturity-dependent and not influenced by premature exposure to Ag. To study whether maturity-dependent restrictions also predominate in the perinatal IgG repertoire we compared 1000 IgG transcripts from cord blood and venous blood of extremely preterm neonates (24-28 wk of gestation) and of term neonates from birth until early infancy with those of adults. We found the following. First, premature contact with the extrauterine environment induced the premature development of an IgG repertoire. However after preterm birth the diversification of the IgG repertoire was slower than that after term birth. Second, the IgG repertoire of preterm neonates retained immature characteristics such as short CDR-H3 regions and overrepresentation of D(H)7-27. Third, despite premature exposure to the extrauterine environment, somatic mutation frequency in IgG transcripts of preterm infants remained low until they reached a postconceptional age corresponding to the end of term gestation. Thereafter, somatic mutations accumulated with age at similar rates in preterm and term neonates and reached 30% of the adult level after 6 mo. In conclusion, class switch was inducible already at the beginning of the third trimester of gestation, but the developing IgG repertoire was characterized by similar restrictions as those of the developing IgM repertoire. Those B cells expressing more "mature" H chain sequences were not preferentially selected into the IgG repertoire. Therefore, the postnatal IgG repertoire of preterm infants until the expected date of delivery differs from the postnatal repertoire of term neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zemlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipps University Marburg, Baldinger Street, 35033 Marburg, Germany.
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Souto-Carneiro MM, Sims GP, Girschik H, Lee J, Lipsky PE. Developmental changes in the human heavy chain CDR3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:7425-36. [PMID: 16301650 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.11.7425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The CDR3 of the Ig H chain (CDR3(H)) is significantly different in fetal and adult repertoires. To understand the mechanisms involved in the developmental changes in the CDR3(H) of Ig H chains, sets of nonproductive V(H)DJ(H) rearrangements obtained from fetal, full-term neonates and adult single B cells were analyzed and compared with the corresponding productive repertoires. Analysis of the nonproductive repertoires was particularly informative in assessing developmental changes in the molecular mechanisms of V(H)DJ(H) recombination because these rearrangements did not encode a protein and therefore their distribution was not affected by selection. Although a number of differences were noted, the major reasons that fetal B cells expressed Ig H chains with shorter CDR3(H) were both diminished TdT activity in the DJ(H) junction and the preferential use of the short J(H) proximal D segment D7-27. The enhanced usage of D7-27 by fetal B cells appeared to relate to its position in the locus rather than its short length. The CDR3(H) progressively acquired a more adult phenotype during ontogeny. In fetal B cells, there was decreased recurrent DJ(H) rearrangements before V(H)-DJ(H) rearrangement and increased usage of junctional microhomologies both of which also converted to the adult pattern during ontogeny. Overall, these results indicate that the decreased length and complexity of the CDR3(H) of fetal B cells primarily reflect limited enzymatic modifications of the joins as well as a tendency to use proximal D and J(H) segments during DJ(H) rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Margarida Souto-Carneiro
- Repertoire Analysis Group, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1820, USA
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Goldman AS, Goldman LR, Goldman DA. What caused the epidemic of Pneumocystis pneumonia in European premature infants in the mid-20th century? Pediatrics 2005; 115:e725-36. [PMID: 15867015 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2004-2157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An epidemic of interstitial pneumonia principally involving premature infants occurred in Germany and nearby European countries between the 1920s and 1960s. Fatalities were due to Pneumocystis. Because the principal defenses against Pneumocystis are T cells, an acquired T-cell deficiency was postulated. A number of potential causes including malnutrition were considered. All were implausible except for a retrovirus that was benign in adults but virulent in premature infants. Furthermore, we suspect that the virus was imported into Germany from former German African colonies. Premature infants were vulnerable because of the developmental status of their T cells. Given the practices in that part of Europe at that time, the virus was most likely transmitted by contaminated blood transfusions and subsequent contamination of reusable needles and syringes used in injections. Although the epidemic ended 4 decades ago, a search for the postulated retrovirus can be conducted if tissues from affected infants are available.
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MESH Headings
- Blood Transfusion/instrumentation
- Cameroon/ethnology
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/complications
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/transmission
- Disease Outbreaks/history
- Disease Susceptibility
- Emigration and Immigration
- Equipment Contamination
- Europe/epidemiology
- Female
- Germany/epidemiology
- History, 20th Century
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/ethnology
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/etiology
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/history
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/epidemiology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/history
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/immunology
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/epidemiology
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/etiology
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/history
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/immunology
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/microbiology
- Male
- Malnutrition/complications
- Malnutrition/epidemiology
- Milk, Human/cytology
- Milk, Human/virology
- Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/epidemiology
- Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/history
- Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/immunology
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology
- Retroviridae Infections/complications
- Retroviridae Infections/epidemiology
- Retroviridae Infections/ethnology
- Retroviridae Infections/history
- Retroviridae Infections/immunology
- Retroviridae Infections/transmission
- Togo/ethnology
- Transfusion Reaction
- Travel
- Virulence
- Warfare
- Xenobiotics/adverse effects
- Zinc/deficiency
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Affiliation(s)
- Armond S Goldman
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0369, USA.
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Gontier E, Ayrault O, Godet I, Nau F, Ladevèze V. Developmental progression of immunoglobulin heavy chain diversity in sheep. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 103:31-51. [PMID: 15626460 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2004] [Revised: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 08/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess the respective impacts of combinatorial rearrangement, junctional diversification, somatic hypermutation and gene conversion in the generation of immunoglobulin heavy chain variable regions diversity, the sequences of 42 variable regions from late fetal, newborn and young sheep were determined and compared to those of adult animals. At earlier stages of development, the use of germline diversity segments appears restricted, junctional variability is already established, and somatic hypermutations are scarce. The sequence diversity in adults is much higher, which we suggest results from a higher hymermutation activity and possibly from the use of a variety of diversity segments. Altogether, this pattern is very reminiscent of the situation observed in cattle, except for the length of the third complementarity determining regions (CDR3) which are shorter in sheep than in bovine. Unlike the chicken and rabbit systems, it seems that new rearrangements continue to occur in sheep for at least several months after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Gontier
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences, EA 2224, IFR 59, Université de Poitiers, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
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35
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Link JM, Larson JE, Schroeder HW. Despite extensive similarity in germline DH and JH sequence, the adult Rhesus macaque CDR-H3 repertoire differs from human. Mol Immunol 2004; 42:943-55. [PMID: 15829286 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are frequently used models for the study and treatment of human infectious diseases, including AIDS. Confidence in the equivalence to human of the humoral immune responses of these higher primates has grown as studies of immunoglobulin germline sequences have documented average identities of 90% or greater to human counterparts. The most variable component of the immunoglobulin heavy chain, complementarity determining region 3 (CDR-H3) is the product of somatic (junctional) as well as germline (combinatorial) mechanisms of diversity. Located at the center of the antigen binding site, CDR-H3 often exerts a dominant role in antibody specificity and affinity. To test whether similarity in germline DH and JH sequence would yield similarity in CDR-H3 composition in the expressed repertoire, we compared IgM CDR-H3 transcripts from Rhesus and chimpanzee blood to human. In fetal Rhesus, the range and mean of CDR-H3 lengths was similar to that observed in fetal human. However, the Rhesus repertoire of adult muCDR-H3 transcripts did not contain the longer hypervariable intervals that humans begin to express late in the second trimester of fetal life. Conversely, the adult chimpanzee repertoire included more long CDR-H3 structures than human. The differences between these adult repertoires reflected fine changes in N addition and terminal nucleotide loss. We conclude that the same mechanisms that refine and shape CDR-H3 diversity during ontogeny can also be used to fine tune and individualize species-specific antibody repertoires despite germline immunoglobulin sequence similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Link
- Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA
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36
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Zemlin M, Ippolito GC, Zemlin C, Link J, Monestier M, Schroeder HW. Adult lupus-prone MRL/MpJ2+ mice express a primary antibody repertoire that differs in CDR-H3 length distribution and hydrophobicity from that expressed in the C3H parental strain. Mol Immunol 2004; 42:789-98. [PMID: 15829267 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2004] [Accepted: 07/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Anti-dsDNA antibodies tend to be enriched for heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (CDR-H3) intervals of above average length that contain an increased frequency of charged amino acids. It is unclear whether these types of CDR-H3s are more common in the primary B-cell repertoire of auto-immune prone strains or whether their increased prevalence in affected individuals reflects positive selection and expansion of atypical CDR-H3s in the pathogenic response to self-antigen. Here, we present evidence that when compared to C3H, a MRL/MpJ(2+) parental strain, CDR-H3 intervals from pre-B cells of adult lupus-prone MRL/MpJ(2+) mice are longer on average and are enriched for charged amino acids. The predicted prevalence of deformed loops per Shirai H3 criteria is also higher. In contrast, the frequency of charge, the distribution of length, and the pattern of predicted deformed loop structures did not differ in sequences obtained from neonates of the same two strains. These observations suggest that the mechanisms that serve to shape the initial CDR-H3 repertoire in adults, but not neonates, are being regulated differently in C3H versus MRL/MpJ(2+). Dysregulation of the adult pre-B CDR-H3 antibody repertoire could be a contributing factor for the development of florid auto-immune disease in MRL/MpJ(2+) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zemlin
- Clinic for Neonatology and Neuropediatrics, Philipps Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 12, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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37
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Kolar GR, Yokota T, Rossi MID, Nath SK, Capra JD. Human fetal, cord blood, and adult lymphocyte progenitors have similar potential for generating B cells with a diverse immunoglobulin repertoire. Blood 2004; 104:2981-7. [PMID: 15256421 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-11-3961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Several characteristics of the immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoire in fetuses and adults set them apart from each other. Functionally, this translates into differences in the affinity and effectiveness of the humoral immune response between adults and the very young. At least 2 possibilities could explain these differences: (1) fetal and adult lymphocyte progenitors differ significantly in their potential to form a diverse repertoire, and (2) factors extrinsic to the immunoglobulin locus are more influential to the character of the repertoire. To address this we used nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficient-β2 microglobulin knockout (NOD/SCID/β2m-/-) mice reconstituted with human B-cell progenitors to compare the immunoglobulin repertoire potential of human fetal, cord blood, and adult sources. We found nearly identical VH and JH gene segment use and only modest differences in the third complementarity determining region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (HCDR3). We conclude that the repertoire potential is remarkably similar regardless of the age of the individual from which progenitors are derived. Age-related differences in the immunoglobulin repertoire and variance of B-cell responses to immunization appear to arise from selection rather than from changes in recombination of the immunoglobulin locus itself. From the standpoint of the Ig repertoire, an immune system reconstituted from fetal or neonatal stem cells would likely be as diverse as one generated from adult bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Kolar
- Program in Molecular Immunogenetics, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Darlow JM, Farrell AM, Stott DI. Non-functional immunoglobulin G transcripts in a case of hyper-immunoglobulin M syndrome similar to type 4. Immunology 2004; 111:212-22. [PMID: 15027907 PMCID: PMC1782402 DOI: 10.1111/j.0019-2805.2003.01790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Summary 86% of immunoglobulin G (IgG) heavy-chain gene transcripts were found to be non-functional in the peripheral blood B cells of a patient initially diagnosed with common variable immunodeficiency, who later developed raised IgM, whereas no non-functionally rearranged transcripts were found in the cells of seven healthy control subjects. All the patient's IgM heavy-chain and kappa light-chain transcripts were functional, suggesting that either non-functional rearrangements were being selectively class-switched to IgG, or that receptor editing was rendering genes non-functional after class-switching. The functional gamma-chain sequences showed a normal rate of somatic hypermutation while non-functional sequences contained few somatic mutations, suggesting that most came from cells that had no functional gene and therefore were not receiving signals for hypermutation. However, apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes was not impaired. No defects have been found in any of the genes currently known to be responsible for hyper-IgM syndrome but the phenotype fits best to type 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Darlow
- Department of Immunology, Division of Immunology, Infection, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Weitkamp JH, Kallewaard N, Kusuhara K, Bures E, Williams JV, LaFleur B, Greenberg HB, Crowe JE. Infant and adult human B cell responses to rotavirus share common immunodominant variable gene repertoires. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:4680-8. [PMID: 14568943 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.9.4680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ab repertoires exhibit marked restrictions during fetal life characterized by biases of variable gene usage and lack of junctional diversity. We tested the hypothesis that Ab repertoire restriction contributes to the observed poor quality of specific Ab responses made by infants to viral infections. We analyzed the molecular determinants of B cell responses in humans to two Ags of rotavirus (RV), a common and clinically important infection of human infants. We sequenced Ab H and L chain V region genes (V(H) and V(L)) of clones expanded from single B cells responding to RV virus protein 6 or virus protein 7. We found that adults exhibited a distinct bias in use of gene segments in the V(H)1 and V(H)4 families, for example, V(H)1-46, V(H)4-31, and V(H)4-61. This gene segment bias differed markedly from the V(H)3 dominant bias seen in randomly selected adult B cells. Recombinant Abs incorporating any of those three immunodominant V(H) segments bound to RV-infected cells and also to purified RV particles. The RV-specific B cell repertoires of infants aged 2-11 mo and those of adults were highly related when compared by V(H), D, J(H), V(L), and J(L) segment selection, extent of junctional diversity, and mean H chain complementarity determining region 3 length. These data suggest that residual fetal bias of the B cell repertoire is not a limiting determinant of the quality of Ab responses to viruses of infants beyond the neonatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn-Hendrik Weitkamp
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2581, USA
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Zemlin M, Klinger M, Link J, Zemlin C, Bauer K, Engler JA, Schroeder HW, Kirkham PM. Expressed murine and human CDR-H3 intervals of equal length exhibit distinct repertoires that differ in their amino acid composition and predicted range of structures. J Mol Biol 2004; 334:733-49. [PMID: 14636599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2003.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin junctional diversity is concentrated in the third complementarity-determining region of the heavy chain (CDR-H3), which often plays a dominant role in antigen binding. The range of CDR-H3 lengths in mouse is shorter than in human, and thus the murine repertoire could be presumed to be a subset of the human one. To test this presumption, we analyzed 4751 human and 2170 murine unique, functional, published CDR-H3 intervals. Although tyrosine, glycine, and serine were found to predominate in both species, the human sequences contained fewer tyrosine residues, more proline residues, and more hydrophobic residues (p<0.001, respectively). While changes in amino acid utilization as a function of CDR-H3 length followed similar trends in both species, murine and human CDR-H3 intervals of identical length were found to differ from each other. These differences reflect both divergence of germline diversity and joining gene sequence and somatic selection. Together, these factors promote the production of a rather uniform repertoire in mice of tyrosine-enriched CDR-H3 loops with stabilized hydrogen bond-ladders versus a much more diverse repertoire in human that contains CDR-H3 loops sculpted by the presence of intra-chain disulfide bonds due to germline-encoded cysteine residues as well as the enhanced presence of somatically generated proline residues that preclude hydrogen bond ladder formation. Thus, despite the presumed need to recognize a similar range of antigen epitopes, the murine CDR-H3 repertoire is clearly distinct from its human counterpart in its amino acid composition and its predicted range of structures. These findings represent a benchmark to which CDR-H3 repertoires can be compared to better characterize and understand the shaping of the CDR-H3 repertoire over evolution and during immune responses. This information may also be useful for the design of species-specific CDR-H3 sequences in synthetic antibody libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zemlin
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA
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Kolar GR, Capra JD. The NOD/SCID chimeric mouse model of human B cell development: studies on the VH4 family immunoglobulin repertoire and implications for SLE. Lupus 2003; 12:158-62. [PMID: 12708773 DOI: 10.1191/0961203303lu348xx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The use of the NOD/SCID mouse as a transplant recipient for human cord blood B cell progenitors as a tool for investigations into the development of human B cells has become an exciting reality. The characteristics of the immunoglobulin repertoire in such a model is important to investigate, as it is possible that normal or skewed representations could be produced. Here we review our current work in which we describe a normal VH4 repertoire produced in this chimeric mouse model and describe the differences in combinatorial diversity between the human cells that were isolated from the bone marrow and spleen. The implications of this model for studies of systemic lupus erythematosus are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Kolar
- Program in Molecular Immunogenetics, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City 73104, USA.
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Zemlin M, Schelonka RL, Bauer K, Schroeder HW. Regulation and chance in the ontogeny of B and T cell antigen receptor repertoires. Immunol Res 2003; 26:265-78. [PMID: 12403364 DOI: 10.1385/ir:26:1-3:265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system has to economically generate a large array of T and B cell antigen receptors (T cell receptors [TCRs], B cell receptors [BCRs]) that eliminate both longstanding and novel antigens from the host while preventing the production of deleterious (e.g., autoreactive) antigen receptors. Our studies focus on the mechanisms that shape the development of these antigen receptor repertoires during human ontogeny. The key to BCR and TCR diversity is the third complementarity determining region (CDR3) of the variable domain, which in the immunoglobulin heavy chain and TCR beta chain, is created by the junction between the variable, diversity, and joining gene segments. The CDR3 diversity is constrained by overrepresentation of gene segments and lack of N regions during the first trimester of gestation and then increases exponentially during ontogeny until it reaches adult levels months after birth. This process parallels, and may contribute to, the stepwise acquisition of the ability to respond to specific antigens. Recent studies indicate that maturation of the CDR3 repertoire is not accelerated by premature exposition to extrauterine antigen and thus appears to follow a strictly developmentally regulated program whose pacemaker(s) is still unknown.
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MESH Headings
- Antigenic Variation
- Complementarity Determining Regions
- Embryonic and Fetal Development/genetics
- Embryonic and Fetal Development/immunology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Pregnancy
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zemlin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-3300, USA
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Bauer K, Zemlin M, Hummel M, Pfeiffer S, Karstaedt J, Steinhauser G, Xiao X, Versmold H, Berek C. Diversification of Ig heavy chain genes in human preterm neonates prematurely exposed to environmental antigens. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:1349-56. [PMID: 12133958 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.3.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Preterm neonates are exposed to extrauterine environmental Ags during the time period that corresponds to the last trimester of normal intrauterine development. To study whether this precocious exposure to Ags accelerates the Ig repertoire diversification, we compared IgH chain genes of preterm neonates (gestational age, 25-29 wk) during their first postnatal months with those of term neonates. Preterm infants approaching their expected date of delivery after 8-13 wk of extrauterine life used a similar V(H), D(H), and J(H) gene segment repertoire as term neonates born after intrauterine development. Furthermore, the length increase of the NDN region between V(H) and J(H) by 0.25 nt per gestational week (r = 0.556, p < 0.0001) was not accelerated. Thus, the generation of the V(H) region gene repertoire is developmentally controlled and independent of environmental influences. However, exposure to extrauterine Ags induced class switch and somatic mutations in IgH chain genes within 2 wk after premature birth and IgG transcript diversity and mutational frequency increased with the duration of extrauterine life. Three-month-old preterm infants expressed a heterogeneous IgG repertoire at their expected date of delivery with V(H) region genes carrying significant numbers of somatic mutations with evidence for Ag selection. Term neonates, however, had no such IgG repertoire. We conclude that restrictions in the neonatal Ig V(H) region gene repertoire persist until term despite exposure to environmental Ags. Yet, many weeks before term the immune system of the preterm neonate can already support germinal center reactions in response to environmental Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Bauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
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