1
|
Del Prete R, Drago R, Nardi F, Bartolini G, Bellini E, De Rosa A, Valensin S, Kabanova A. Robust and cost-effective CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing of primary tumor B cells in Eµ-TCL1 model of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hemasphere 2024; 8:e134. [PMID: 39157689 PMCID: PMC11327113 DOI: 10.1002/hem3.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta Drago
- Fondazione Toscana Life SciencesSienaItaly
- PhD Program in Translational and Precision MedicineUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pazoki A, Dadfar S, Shadab A, Haghmorad D, Oksenych V. Soluble CD40 Ligand as a Promising Biomarker in Cancer Diagnosis. Cells 2024; 13:1267. [PMID: 39120299 PMCID: PMC11311304 DOI: 10.3390/cells13151267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a significant challenge in medicine due to its complexity and heterogeneity. Biomarkers have emerged as vital tools for cancer research and clinical practice, facilitating early detection, prognosis assessment, and treatment monitoring. Among these, CD40 ligand (CD40L) has gained attention for its role in immune response modulation. Soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) has shown promise as a potential biomarker in cancer diagnosis and progression, reflecting interactions between immune cells and the tumor microenvironment. This review explores the intricate relationship between sCD40L and cancer, highlighting its diagnostic and prognostic potential. It discusses biomarker discovery, emphasizing the need for reliable markers in oncology, and elucidates the roles of CD40L in inflammatory responses and interactions with tumor cells. Additionally, it examines sCD40L as a biomarker, detailing its significance across various cancer types and clinical applications. Moreover, the review focuses on therapeutic interventions targeting CD40L in malignancies, providing insights into cellular and gene therapy approaches and recombinant protein-based strategies. The clinical effectiveness of CD40L-targeted therapy is evaluated, underscoring the need for further research to unlock the full potential of this signaling pathway in cancer management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Pazoki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran
| | - Sepehr Dadfar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran
| | - Alireza Shadab
- Department of Health Science, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14496-14535, Iran
| | - Dariush Haghmorad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fernandez Botana I, Gonder S, Klapp V, Moussay E, Paggetti J. Eμ-TCL1 adoptive transfer mouse model of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Methods Cell Biol 2024; 188:109-129. [PMID: 38880520 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Despite being the most common adult leukemia in the western world, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) remains a life-threatening and incurable disease. Efforts to develop new treatments are highly dependent on the availability of appropriate mouse models for pre-clinical testing. The Eμ-TCL1 mouse model is the most established pre-clinical approach to study CLL pathobiology and response to treatment, backed by numerous studies highlighting its resemblance to the most aggressive form of this malignancy. In contrast to the transgenic Eμ-TCL1 model, employing the adoptive transfer of Eμ-TCL1-derived splenocytes in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice results in a comparably rapid (e.g., leukemic development within weeks compared to months in the transgenic model) and reliable model mimicking CLL. In this chapter, we would like to provide readers with a thoroughly optimized, detailed, and comprehensive protocol to use the adoptive transfer Eμ-TCL1 model in their research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iria Fernandez Botana
- Tumor Stroma Interactions, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg; Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Susanne Gonder
- Tumor Stroma Interactions, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg; Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Vanessa Klapp
- Tumor Stroma Interactions, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg; Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Etienne Moussay
- Tumor Stroma Interactions, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Jerome Paggetti
- Tumor Stroma Interactions, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sana I, Mantione ME, Meloni M, Riba M, Ranghetti P, Scarfò L, Ghia P, Muzio M. Dimethyl itaconate selectively targets inflammatory and metabolic pathways in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350418. [PMID: 37561992 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) co-evolves with its own microenvironment where inflammatory stimuli including toll-like receptors (TLR) signaling can protect CLL cells from spontaneous and drug-induced apoptosis by upregulating IκBζ, an atypical co-transcription factor. To dissect IκBζ-centered signaling pathways, we performed a gene expression profile of primary leukemic cells expressing either high or low levels of IκBζ after stimulation, highlighting that IκBζ is not only an inflammatory gene but it may control metabolic rewiring of malignant cells thus pointing to a novel potential opportunity for therapy. We exploited the capacity of the dimethyl itaconate (DI), an anti-inflammatory electrophilic synthetic derivative of the metabolite Itaconate, to target IκBζ. CLL cells, murine leukemic splenocytes, and leukocytes from healthy donors were treated in vitro with DI that abolished metabolic activation and reduced cell viability of leukemic cells only, even in the presence of robust TLR prestimulation. RNA sequencing highlighted that in addition to the expected electrophilic stress signature observed after DI treatment, novel pathways emerged including the downregulation of distinct MHC class II complex genes. In conclusion, DI not only abrogated the proinflammatory effects of TLR stimulation but also targeted a specific metabolic vulnerability in CLL cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Sana
- Cell signaling Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Mantione
- Cell signaling Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Miriam Meloni
- Cell signaling Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Riba
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Pamela Ranghetti
- B-cell neoplasia Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Lydia Scarfò
- B-cell neoplasia Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Ghia
- B-cell neoplasia Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Muzio
- Cell signaling Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ruan Y, Wang J, Zhang Q, Wang H, Li C, Xu X, Zhai Z. Clinical implications of aberrant PD-1 expression for acute leukemia prognosis. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:383. [PMID: 37759316 PMCID: PMC10536751 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01352-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are the most common types of leukemia in adults with an overall poor prognosis. PD-1 alone or combined with other immune checkpoint blockade is a promising research direction for the treatment of acute leukemia (AL) patients. However, clinical Implications of aberrant PD-1 expression in peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes of AML and ALL patients in assessing the prognosis of diseases, remains inconclusive. METHODS In the present study, we used flow cytometry to evaluate PD-1 expression on the surface of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the peripheral circulation of AML and ALL patients and its clinical significance. A total of 53 AML patients, 44 ALL patients and 28 healthy controls were enrolled in this study and peripheral blood specimens were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS Our results indicated that percentages of CD4+ PD1+ and CD8+ PD1+ T lymphocytes in newly diagnosed and non-remission groups were significantly higher than healthy control both in AML and ALL patients. The high level of CD4+ PD1+ and CD8+ PD1+ T lymphocytes were respectively poor prognostic indicators of AML patients and ALL patients but had no significant correlation with most common clinical risks. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that aberrant PD-1 expression correlates with the prognosis of AL patient and may thus serve as poor prognostic indicators. Immunotherapy using PD-1 inhibitors may be a promising strategy for AML and ALL patients with peripheral circulating CD4+ PD1+ and CD8+ PD1+ T lymphocytes positively expressed, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Ruan
- Department of Hematology, Hematology Research Center, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230013, Anhui, China
| | - Jiyu Wang
- Department of Hematology, Hematology Research Center, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Qiuye Zhang
- People's Hospital of Taizhou, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huiping Wang
- Department of Hematology, Hematology Research Center, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Hematology, Hematology Research Center, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Xuanxuan Xu
- Jingzhou Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Zhimin Zhai
- Department of Hematology, Hematology Research Center, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Coyne V, Mead HL, Mongini PKA, Barker BM. B Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Development in Mice with Chronic Lung Exposure to Coccidioides Fungal Arthroconidia. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:333-352. [PMID: 37195872 PMCID: PMC10579974 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Links between repeated microbial infections and B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) have been proposed but not tested directly. This study examines how prolonged exposure to a human fungal pathogen impacts B-CLL development in Eµ-hTCL1-transgenic mice. Monthly lung exposure to inactivated Coccidioides arthroconidia, agents of Valley fever, altered leukemia development in a species-specific manner, with Coccidioides posadasii hastening B-CLL diagnosis/progression in a fraction of mice and Coccidioides immitis delaying aggressive B-CLL development, despite fostering more rapid monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis. Overall survival did not differ significantly between control and C. posadasii-treated cohorts but was significantly extended in C. immitis-exposed mice. In vivo doubling time analyses of pooled B-CLL showed no difference in growth rates of early and late leukemias. However, within C. immitis-treated mice, B-CLL manifests longer doubling times, as compared with B-CLL in control or C. posadasii-treated mice, and/or evidence of clonal contraction over time. Through linear regression, positive relationships were noted between circulating levels of CD5+/B220low B cells and hematopoietic cells previously linked to B-CLL growth, albeit in a cohort-specific manner. Neutrophils were positively linked to accelerated growth in mice exposed to either Coccidioides species, but not in control mice. Conversely, only C. posadasii-exposed and control cohorts displayed positive links between CD5+/B220low B cell frequency and abundance of M2 anti-inflammatory monocytes and T cells. The current study provides evidence that chronic lung exposure to fungal arthroconidia affects B-CLL development in a manner dependent on fungal genotype. Correlative studies suggest that fungal species differences in the modulation of nonleukemic hematopoietic cells are involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Coyne
- Pathogen Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ
| | - Heather L. Mead
- Pathogen Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ
| | | | - Bridget M. Barker
- Pathogen Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
O’Donnell A, Pepper C, Mitchell S, Pepper A. NF-kB and the CLL microenvironment. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1169397. [PMID: 37064123 PMCID: PMC10098180 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1169397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most prevalent type of leukemia in the western world. Despite the positive clinical effects of new targeted therapies, CLL still remains an incurable and refractory disease and resistance to treatments are commonly encountered. The Nuclear Factor-Kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factor has been implicated in the pathology of CLL, with high levels of NF-κB associated with disease progression and drug resistance. This aberrant NF-κB activation can be caused by genetic mutations in the tumor cells and microenvironmental factors, which promote NF-κB signaling. Activation can be induced via two distinct pathways, the canonical and non-canonical pathway, which result in tumor cell proliferation, survival and drug resistance. Therefore, understanding how the CLL microenvironment drives NF-κB activation is important for deciphering how CLL cells evade treatment and may aid the development of novel targeting therapeutics. The CLL microenvironment is comprised of various cells, including nurse like cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, follicular dendritic cells and CD4+ T cells. By activating different receptors, including the B cell receptor and CD40, these cells cause overactivity of the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways. Within this review, we will explore the different components of the CLL microenvironment that drive the NF-κB pathway, investigating how this knowledge is being translated in the development of new therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice O’Donnell
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Royal Sussex County Hospital, University Hospitals Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Pepper
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Mitchell
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Pepper
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
ten Hacken E, Sewastianik T, Yin S, Hoffmann GB, Gruber M, Clement K, Penter L, Redd RA, Ruthen N, Hergalant S, Sholokhova A, Fell G, Parry EM, Broséus J, Guieze R, Lucas F, Hernández-Sánchez M, Baranowski K, Southard J, Joyal H, Billington L, Regis FFD, Witten E, Uduman M, Knisbacher BA, Li S, Lyu H, Vaisitti T, Deaglio S, Inghirami G, Feugier P, Stilgenbauer S, Tausch E, Davids MS, Getz G, Livak KJ, Bozic I, Neuberg DS, Carrasco RD, Wu CJ. In Vivo Modeling of CLL Transformation to Richter Syndrome Reveals Convergent Evolutionary Paths and Therapeutic Vulnerabilities. Blood Cancer Discov 2023; 4:150-169. [PMID: 36468984 PMCID: PMC9975769 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-22-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transformation to aggressive disease histologies generates formidable clinical challenges across cancers, but biological insights remain few. We modeled the genetic heterogeneity of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) through multiplexed in vivo CRISPR-Cas9 B-cell editing of recurrent CLL loss-of-function drivers in mice and recapitulated the process of transformation from indolent CLL into large cell lymphoma [i.e., Richter syndrome (RS)]. Evolutionary trajectories of 64 mice carrying diverse combinatorial gene assortments revealed coselection of mutations in Trp53, Mga, and Chd2 and the dual impact of clonal Mga/Chd2 mutations on E2F/MYC and interferon signaling dysregulation. Comparative human and murine RS analyses demonstrated tonic PI3K signaling as a key feature of transformed disease, with constitutive activation of the AKT and S6 kinases, downmodulation of the PTEN phosphatase, and convergent activation of MYC/PI3K transcriptional programs underlying enhanced sensitivity to MYC/mTOR/PI3K inhibition. This robust experimental system presents a unique framework to study lymphoid biology and therapy. SIGNIFICANCE Mouse models reflective of the genetic complexity and heterogeneity of human tumors remain few, including those able to recapitulate transformation to aggressive disease histologies. Herein, we model CLL transformation into RS through multiplexed in vivo gene editing, providing key insight into the pathophysiology and therapeutic vulnerabilities of transformed disease. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 101.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa ten Hacken
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tomasz Sewastianik
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shanye Yin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Michaela Gruber
- CEMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kendell Clement
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Cancer Research and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Livius Penter
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumorimmunology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin), Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert A. Redd
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Neil Ruthen
- Translational Immunogenomics Lab, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sébastien Hergalant
- Inserm UMRS1256 Nutrition-Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux (N-GERE), Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Alanna Sholokhova
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Geoffrey Fell
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erin M. Parry
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julien Broséus
- Inserm UMRS1256 Nutrition-Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux (N-GERE), Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Pôle Laboratoires, Nancy, France
| | | | - Fabienne Lucas
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - María Hernández-Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pharmacy School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kaitlyn Baranowski
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jackson Southard
- Translational Immunogenomics Lab, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Heather Joyal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leah Billington
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fara Faye D. Regis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth Witten
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mohamed Uduman
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Binyamin A. Knisbacher
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Shuqiang Li
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Translational Immunogenomics Lab, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Haoxiang Lyu
- Translational Immunogenomics Lab, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tiziana Vaisitti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Deaglio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Pierre Feugier
- Inserm UMRS1256 Nutrition-Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux (N-GERE), Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Pôle Laboratoires, Nancy, France
| | - Stephan Stilgenbauer
- Department III of Internal Medicine III, Division of CLL, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Eugen Tausch
- Department III of Internal Medicine III, Division of CLL, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthew S. Davids
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gad Getz
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth J. Livak
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Translational Immunogenomics Lab, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ivana Bozic
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Donna S. Neuberg
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ruben D. Carrasco
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Catherine J. Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Le Saos-Patrinos C, Loizon S, Zouine A, Turpin D, Dilhuydy MS, Blanco P, Sisirak V, Forcade E, Duluc D. Elevated levels of circulatory follicular T helper cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia contribute to B cell expansion. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:305-314. [PMID: 36807447 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by an expansion of mature B cells in the bone marrow, peripheral lymphoid organs, and blood. CD4 T helper (Th) lymphocytes significantly contribute to the physiopathology of CLL, but the subset(s) of Th cell involved in CLL pathogenesis is (are) still under debate. In this study, we performed flow cytometry analysis of the circulatory T cells of untreated CLL patients and observed an increase in follicular helper T cells (Tfh), which is a subset of T cells specialized in B cell help. Elevated numbers of Tfh cells correlated with disease severity as measured by the Binet staging system. Tfh from CLL patients were activated and skewed toward a Th1 profile as evidenced by their PD-1+IL-21+IFNγ+ phenotype and their CXCR3+CCR6- chemokine receptor profile. Tfh efficiently enhanced B-CLL survival and proliferation through IL-21 but independently of IFNγ. Finally, we observed an inverse correlation between the Tfh1 and IgA and IgG serum levels in patients, suggesting a role for this Tfh subset in the immune dysfunction associated with CLL. Altogether, our data highlight an impairment in circulatory Tfh subsets in CLL patients and their critical role in CLL physiopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Séverine Loizon
- Immunoconcept, CNRS UMR 5164, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Atika Zouine
- TBM Core, UB Facsility, CNRS UMS 3427, Inserm US 005, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Delphine Turpin
- Immunoconcept, CNRS UMR 5164, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Sarah Dilhuydy
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie Cellulaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut Lévêque, Av de Magellan, 33600 Pessac, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrick Blanco
- Immunoconcept, CNRS UMR 5164, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France.,Service d'immunologie et immunogénétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Vanja Sisirak
- Immunoconcept, CNRS UMR 5164, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Edouard Forcade
- Immunoconcept, CNRS UMR 5164, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France.,Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie Cellulaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut Lévêque, Av de Magellan, 33600 Pessac, Bordeaux, France
| | - Dorothée Duluc
- Immunoconcept, CNRS UMR 5164, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vlachonikola E, Pechlivanis N, Karakatsoulis G, Sofou E, Gkoliou G, Jeromin S, Stavroyianni N, Ranghetti P, Scarfo L, Österholm C, Mansouri L, Notopoulou S, Siorenta A, Anagnostopoulos A, Ghia P, Haferlach C, Rosenquist R, Psomopoulos F, Kouvatsi A, Baliakas P, Stamatopoulos K, Chatzidimitriou A. T cell receptor gene repertoire profiles in subgroups of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia bearing distinct genomic aberrations. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1097942. [PMID: 36816924 PMCID: PMC9929157 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1097942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microenvironmental interactions of the malignant clone with T cells are critical throughout the natural history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Indeed, clonal expansions of T cells and shared clonotypes exist between different CLL patients, strongly implying clonal selection by antigens. Moreover, immunogenic neoepitopes have been isolated from the clonotypic B cell receptor immunoglobulin sequences, offering a rationale for immunotherapeutic approaches. Here, we interrogated the T cell receptor (TR) gene repertoire of CLL patients with different genomic aberration profiles aiming to identify unique signatures that would point towards an additional source of immunogenic neoepitopes for T cells. Experimental design TR gene repertoire profiling using next generation sequencing in groups of patients with CLL carrying one of the following copy-number aberrations (CNAs): del(11q), del(17p), del(13q), trisomy 12, or gene mutations in TP53 or NOTCH1. Results Oligoclonal expansions were found in all patients with distinct recurrent genomic aberrations; these were more pronounced in cases bearing CNAs, particularly trisomy 12, rather than gene mutations. Shared clonotypes were found both within and across groups, which appeared to be CLL-biased based on extensive comparisons against TR databases from various entities. Moreover, in silico analysis identified TR clonotypes with high binding affinity to neoepitopes predicted to arise from TP53 and NOTCH1 mutations. Conclusions Distinct TR repertoire profiles were identified in groups of patients with CLL bearing different genomic aberrations, alluding to distinct selection processes. Abnormal protein expression and gene dosage effects associated with recurrent genomic aberrations likely represent a relevant source of CLL-specific selecting antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Vlachonikola
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece,Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Pechlivanis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece,Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Karakatsoulis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece,Department of Mathematics, School of Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Electra Sofou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece,Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Glykeria Gkoliou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece,Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | - Niki Stavroyianni
- Hematology Department and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT) Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pamela Ranghetti
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Lydia Scarfo
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Österholm
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Larry Mansouri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofia Notopoulou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandra Siorenta
- Immunology Department and National Tissue Typing Center, General Hospital of Athens “G. Gennimatas”, Athens, Greece
| | - Achilles Anagnostopoulos
- Hematology Department and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT) Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Richard Rosenquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Fotis Psomopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Kouvatsi
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Baliakas
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anastasia Chatzidimitriou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,*Correspondence: Anastasia Chatzidimitriou,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee AC, Pingali SR, Pinilla-Ibarz JA, Atchison ML, Koumenis C, Argon Y, Thomas-Tikhonenko A, De Trez C, Hu CCA, Tang CHA. Loss of AID exacerbates the malignant progression of CLL. Leukemia 2022; 36:2430-2442. [PMID: 36042317 PMCID: PMC9522595 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01663-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) has been implicated as both a positive and a negative factor in the progression of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), but the role that it plays in the development and progression of this disease is still unclear. We generated an AID knockout CLL mouse model, AID-/-/Eμ-TCL1, and found that these mice die significantly earlier than their AID-proficient counterparts. AID-deficient CLL cells exhibit a higher ER stress response compared to Eμ-TCL1 controls, particularly through activation of the IRE1/XBP1s pathway. The increased production of secretory IgM in AID-deficient CLL cells contributes to their elevated expression levels of XBP1s, while secretory IgM-deficient CLL cells express less XBP1s. This increase in XBP1s in turn leads AID-deficient CLL cells to exhibit higher levels of B cell receptor signaling, supporting leukemic growth and survival. Further, AID-/-/Eμ-TCL1 CLL cells downregulate the tumor suppressive SMAD1/S1PR2 pathway and have altered homing to non-lymphoid organs. Notably, CLL cells from patients with IgHV-unmutated disease express higher levels of XBP1s mRNA compared to those from patients with IgHV-mutated CLL. Our studies thus reveal novel mechanisms by which the loss of AID leads to worsened CLL and may explain why unmutated CLL is more aggressive than mutated CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avery C Lee
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Cell & Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sai Ravi Pingali
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Javier A Pinilla-Ibarz
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael L Atchison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Constantinos Koumenis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yair Argon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Cell Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrei Thomas-Tikhonenko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carl De Trez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chih-Chi Andrew Hu
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Chih-Hang Anthony Tang
- Center for Translational Research in Hematologic Malignancies, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
In Vitro and In Vivo Models of CLL–T Cell Interactions: Implications for Drug Testing. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133087. [PMID: 35804862 PMCID: PMC9264798 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells in the peripheral blood and lymphoid microenvironment display substantially different gene expression profiles and proliferative capaci-ty. It has been suggested that CLL–T-cell interactions are key pro-proliferative stimuli in immune niches. We review in vitro and in vivo model systems that mimic CLL-T-cell interactions to trigger CLL proliferation and study therapy resistance. We focus on studies describing the co-culture of leukemic cells with T cells, or supportive cell lines expressing T-cell factors, and simplified models of CLL cells’ stimulation with recombinant factors. In the second part, we summarize mouse models revealing the role of T cells in CLL biology and implications for generating patient-derived xenografts by co-transplanting leukemic cells with T cells. Abstract T cells are key components in environments that support chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), activating CLL-cell proliferation and survival. Here, we review in vitro and in vivo model systems that mimic CLL–T-cell interactions, since these are critical for CLL-cell division and resistance to some types of therapy (such as DNA-damaging drugs or BH3-mimetic venetoclax). We discuss approaches for direct CLL-cell co-culture with autologous T cells, models utilizing supportive cell lines engineered to express T-cell factors (such as CD40L) or stimulating CLL cells with combinations of recombinant factors (CD40L, interleukins IL4 or IL21, INFγ) and additional B-cell receptor (BCR) activation with anti-IgM antibody. We also summarize strategies for CLL co-transplantation with autologous T cells into immunodeficient mice (NOD/SCID, NSG, NOG) to generate patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and the role of T cells in transgenic CLL mouse models based on TCL1 overexpression (Eµ-TCL1). We further discuss how these in vitro and in vivo models could be used to test drugs to uncover the effects of targeted therapies (such as inhibitors of BTK, PI3K, SYK, AKT, MEK, CDKs, BCL2, and proteasome) or chemotherapy (fludarabine and bendamustine) on CLL–T-cell interactions and CLL proliferation.
Collapse
|
13
|
The immune microenvironment shapes transcriptional and genetic heterogeneity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood Adv 2022; 7:145-158. [PMID: 35358998 PMCID: PMC9811214 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), B-cell receptor signaling, tumor-microenvironment interactions, and somatic mutations drive disease progression. To better understand the intersection between the microenvironment and molecular events in CLL pathogenesis, we integrated bulk transcriptome profiling of paired peripheral blood (PB) and lymph node (LN) samples from 34 patients. Oncogenic processes were upregulated in LN compared with PB and in immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable (IGHV) region unmutated compared with mutated cases. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) distinguished 3 major cell states: quiescent, activated, and proliferating. The activated subpopulation comprised only 2.2% to 4.3% of the total tumor bulk in LN samples. RNA velocity analysis found that CLL cell fate in LN is unidirectional, starts in the proliferating state, transitions to the activated state, and ends in the quiescent state. A 10-gene signature derived from activated tumor cells was associated with inferior treatment-free survival (TFS) and positively correlated with the proportion of activated CD4+ memory T cells and M2 macrophages in LN. Whole exome sequencing (WES) of paired PB and LN samples showed subclonal expansion in LN in approximately half of the patients. Since mouse models have implicated activation-induced cytidine deaminase in mutagenesis, we compared AICDA expression between cases with and without clonal evolution but did not find a difference. In contrast, the presence of a T-cell inflamed microenvironment in LN was associated with clonal stability. In summary, a distinct minor tumor subpopulation underlies CLL pathogenesis and drives the clinical outcome. Clonal trajectories are shaped by the LN milieu, where T-cell immunity may contribute to suppressing clonal outgrowth. The clinical study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00923507.
Collapse
|
14
|
Matis S, Rossi M, Brondolo L, Cardillo M, Reverberi D, Massara R, Colombo M, Ibatici A, Angelucci E, Vaisitti T, Bruno S, Fabris S, Neri A, Gentile M, Morabito F, Cutrona G, Briata P, Gherzi R, Fais F. LINC00152 expression in normal and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B cells. Hematol Oncol 2021; 40:40-47. [PMID: 34679195 PMCID: PMC9297877 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Long non‐coding RNAs are emerging as essential regulators of gene expression, but their role in normal and neoplastic B cells is still largely uncharacterized. Here, we report on the expression pattern of the LINC00152 in normal B cells and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B cell clones. Higher LINC00152 levels were consistently observed in memory B cell populations when compared to naïve B cells in the normal tissues analyzed [peripheral blood (PB), tonsils, and spleen]. In addition, independent stimulation via Immunoglobulins (IG), CD40, or Toll‐like Receptor 9 (TLR9) upregulated LINC00152 in PB B cells. The expression of LINC00152 in a cohort of 107 early stage Binet A CLL patients was highly variable and did not correlate with known prognostic markers or clinical evolution. TLR9 stimulation, but not CD40 or IG challenge, was able to upregulate LINC00152 expression in CLL cells. In addition, LINC00152 silencing in CLL cell lines expressing LINC00152 failed to induce significant cell survival or apoptosis changes. These data suggest that, in normal B cells, the expression of LINC00152 is regulated by immunomodulatory signals, which are only partially effective in CLL cells. However, LINC00152 does not appear to contribute to CLL cell expansion and/or survival in a cohort of newly diagnosed CLL patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Matis
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martina Rossi
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Brondolo
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martina Cardillo
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Reverberi
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosanna Massara
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Monica Colombo
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Adalberto Ibatici
- Hematology Unit and Transplant Center, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Angelucci
- Hematology Unit and Transplant Center, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Vaisitti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Bruno
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sonia Fabris
- Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS, Hematology Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonino Neri
- Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS, Hematology Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Fortunato Morabito
- Biotechnology Research Unit, AO, Cosenza, Italy.,Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Hemato-Oncology Department, Augusta Victoria Hospital, East Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Giovanna Cutrona
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Briata
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Gherzi
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Fais
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|