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Liu J, Tan G, Wang S, Tong B, Wu Y, Zhang L, Jiang B. Artesunate induces HO-1-mediated cell cycle arrest and senescence to protect against ocular fibrosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 141:112882. [PMID: 39151383 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Recent research found artesunate could inhibit ocular fibrosis; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully known. Since the ocular fibroblast is the main effector cell in fibrosis, we hypothesized that artesunate may exert its protective effects by inhibiting the fibroblasts proliferation. TGF-β1-induced ocular fibroblasts and glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS)-treated rabbits were used as ocular fibrotic models. Firstly, we analyzed fibrosis levels by assessing the expression of fibrotic marker proteins, and used Ki67 immunofluorescence, EdU staining, flow cytometry to determine cell cycle status, and SA-β-gal staining to assess cellular senescence levels. Then to predict target genes and pathways of artesunate, we analyzed the differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways through RNA-seq. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the pathway-related proteins. Additionally, we validated the dependence of artesunate's effects on HO-1 expression through HO-1 siRNA. Moreover, DCFDA and MitoSOX fluorescence staining were used to examine ROS level. We found artesunate significantly inhibits the expression of fibrosis-related proteins, induces cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence. Knocking down HO-1 in fibroblasts with siRNA reverses these regulatory effects of artesunate. Mechanistic studies show that artesunate significantly inhibits the activation of the Cyclin D1/CDK4-pRB pathway, induces an increase in cellular and mitochondrial ROS levels and activates the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. In conclusion, the present study identifies that artesunate induces HO-1 expression through ROS to activate the antioxidant Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, subsequently inhibits the cell cycle regulation pathway Cyclin D1/CDK4-pRB in an HO-1-dependent way, induces cell cycle arrest and senescence, and thereby resists periorbital fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Guangshuang Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Shutong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Boding Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Lusi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
| | - Bing Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
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Amin R, Pandey R, Vaishali K, Acharya V, Sinha MK, Kumar N. Therapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Interstitial Lung Disease: An Exploratory Review on Molecular Mechanisms. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:618-633. [PMID: 37587813 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230816090112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILDs) are characterized by shortness of breath caused by alveolar wall inflammation and/or fibrosis. OBJECTIVE Our review aims to study the depth of various variants of ILD, diagnostic procedures, pathophysiology, molecular dysfunction and regulation, subject and objective assessment techniques, pharmacological intervention, exercise training and various modes of delivery for rehabilitation. METHOD Articles are reviewed from PubMed and Scopus and search engines. RESULTS ILD is a rapidly progressing disease with a high mortality rate. Each variant has its own set of causal agents and expression patterns. Patients often find it challenging to self-manage due to persistent symptoms and a rapid rate of worsening. The present review elaborated on the pathophysiology, risk factors, molecular mechanisms, diagnostics, and therapeutic approaches for ILD will guide future requirements in the quest for innovative and tailored ILD therapies at the molecular and cellular levels. CONCLUSION The review highlights the rationale for conventional and novel therapeutic approaches for better management of ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revati Amin
- Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Ruchi Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar, 844102, India
| | - K Vaishali
- Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Vishak Acharya
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Sinha
- Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar, 844102, India
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Pulmonary Fibrosis as a Result of Acute Lung Inflammation: Molecular Mechanisms, Relevant In Vivo Models, Prognostic and Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314959. [PMID: 36499287 PMCID: PMC9735580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic progressive lung disease that steadily leads to lung architecture disruption and respiratory failure. The development of pulmonary fibrosis is mostly the result of previous acute lung inflammation, caused by a wide variety of etiological factors, not resolved over time and causing the deposition of fibrotic tissue in the lungs. Despite a long history of study and good coverage of the problem in the scientific literature, the effective therapeutic approaches for pulmonary fibrosis treatment are currently lacking. Thus, the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying the transition from acute lung inflammation to pulmonary fibrosis, and the search for new molecular markers and promising therapeutic targets to prevent pulmonary fibrosis development, remain highly relevant tasks. This review focuses on the etiology, pathogenesis, morphological characteristics and outcomes of acute lung inflammation as a precursor of pulmonary fibrosis; the pathomorphological changes in the lungs during fibrosis development; the known molecular mechanisms and key players of the signaling pathways mediating acute lung inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis, as well as the characteristics of the most common in vivo models of these processes. Moreover, the prognostic markers of acute lung injury severity and pulmonary fibrosis development as well as approved and potential therapeutic approaches suppressing the transition from acute lung inflammation to fibrosis are discussed.
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Ye Q, Taleb SJ, Wang H, Parinandi NL, Kass DJ, Rojas M, Wang C, Ma Q, Zhao J, Zhao Y. Molecular Regulation of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression by E2F Transcription Factor 2 in Lung Fibroblast Cells: Relevance to Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101531. [PMID: 36291740 PMCID: PMC9599643 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal chronic lung disease. Heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1/HO-1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of heme. The role of HO-1 in the pathogenesis of IPF has been studied; however, the molecular regulation of HO-1 and its role in IPF are still unclear. In this study, we found that HO-1 protein levels significantly increased in lung myofibroblasts in IPF patients and in lungs in a murine model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. In addition, we observed that administration of a E2F transcription factor inhibitor elevated HO-1 mRNA and protein levels in lung fibroblasts. Downregulation of E2F2 by siRNA transfection increased HO-1 mRNA and protein levels, while overexpression of E2F2 reduced HO-1 levels. However, overexpression of E2F2 did not alter hemin-induced HO-1 protein levels. Furthermore, modulation of HO-1 levels regulated TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation without altering the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in lung fibroblast cells. Moreover, the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) was significantly upregulated in HO-1-depleted lung fibroblast cells. In summary, this study demonstrated that E2F2 regulates the baseline expression of HO-1, but has no effect on modulating HO-1 expression by hemin. Finally, elevated HO-1 expression contributes to the TGF-β1-induced lung myofibroblast differentiation through the activation of the serine/threonine kinase AKT pathway. Overall, our findings suggest that targeting E2F2/HO-1 might be a new therapeutic strategy to treat fibrotic diseases such as IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinmao Ye
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sarah J. Taleb
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Heather Wang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Narasimham L. Parinandi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel J. Kass
- Department of Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Cankun Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Qin Ma
- Department of Bioinformatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-614-685-0360
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Ebrahimpour A, Wang M, Li L, Jegga AG, Bonnen MD, Eissa NT, Raghu G, Jyothula S, Kheradmand F, Hanania NA, Rosas IO, Ghebre YT. Esomeprazole attenuates inflammatory and fibrotic response in lung cells through the MAPK/Nrf2/HO1 pathway. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2021; 18:17. [PMID: 34011367 PMCID: PMC8136131 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-021-00284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an orphan disease characterized by progressive loss of lung function resulting in shortness of breath and often death within 3–4 years of diagnosis. Repetitive lung injury in susceptible individuals is believed to promote chronic oxidative stress, inflammation, and uncontrolled collagen deposition. Several preclinical and retrospective clinical studies in IPF have reported beneficial outcomes associated with the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) such as esomeprazole. Accordingly, we sought to investigate molecular mechanism(s) by which PPIs favorably regulate the disease process. Methods We stimulated oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory and profibrotic phenotypes in primary human lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts upon treatment with bleomycin or transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and assessed the effect of a prototype PPI, esomeprazole, in regulating these processes. Results Our study shows that esomeprazole controls pro-inflammatory and profibrotic molecules through nuclear translocation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-like 2 (Nrf2) and induction of the cytoprotective molecule heme oxygenase 1 (HO1). Genetic deletion of Nrf2 or pharmacological inhibition of HO1 impaired esomeprazole-mediated regulation of proinflammatory and profibrotic molecules. Additional studies indicate that activation of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway is involved in the process. Our experimental data was corroborated by bioinformatics studies of an NIH chemical library which hosts gene expression profiles of IPF lung fibroblasts treated with over 20,000 compounds including esomeprazole. Intriguingly, we found 45 genes that are upregulated in IPF but downregulated by esomeprazole. Pathway analysis showed that these genes are enriched for profibrotic processes. Unbiased high throughput RNA-seq study supported antifibrotic effect of esomeprazole and revealed several novel targets. Conclusions Taken together, PPIs may play antifibrotic role in IPF through direct regulation of the MAPK/Nrf2/HO1 pathway to favorably influence the disease process in IPF. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12950-021-00284-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Ebrahimpour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Anil G Jegga
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Mark D Bonnen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - N Tony Eissa
- Department of Medicine, Section on Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ganesh Raghu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Soma Jyothula
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Department of Medicine, Section on Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nicola A Hanania
- Department of Medicine, Section on Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ivan O Rosas
- Department of Medicine, Section on Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yohannes T Ghebre
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Section on Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Hara Y, Nakashima K, Nagasawa R, Murohashi K, Tagami Y, Aoki A, Okudela K, Kaneko T. Heme Oxygenase-1 in Patients With Interstitial Lung Disease: A Review of the Clinical Evidence. Am J Med Sci 2021; 362:122-129. [PMID: 33587911 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The clinical course and rate of progression of interstitial lung disease (ILD) are extremely variable among patients. For the purpose of monitoring disease activity, ILD diagnosis, and predicting disease prognosis, there are various biomarkers, including symptoms, physiological, radiological, and pathological findings, and peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid results. Of these, blood biomarkers such as sialylated carbohydrate antigen, surfactant proteins-A and -D, CC-chemokine ligand 18, matrix metalloprotease-1 and -7, CA19-9, and CA125 have been previously proposed. In the future, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) may also become a candidate ILD biomarker; it is a 32-kDa heat shock protein converting heme to carbon monoxide, biliverdin/bilirubin, and free iron to play a role in the pulmonary cytoprotective reaction in response to various stimuli. Recent research suggests that HO-1 can increase in lung tissues of patients with ILD, reflecting anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage activation, and the measurement of HO-1 levels in peripheral blood can be useful for evaluating the severity of lung damage in ILD and for predicting subsequent fibrosis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hara
- Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 4-57 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama City, 236-0024, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Nakashima
- Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 4-57 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama City, 236-0024, Japan
| | - Ryo Nagasawa
- Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 4-57 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama City, 236-0024, Japan
| | - Kota Murohashi
- Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 4-57 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama City, 236-0024, Japan
| | - Yoichi Tagami
- Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 4-57 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama City, 236-0024, Japan
| | - Ayako Aoki
- Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 4-57 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama City, 236-0024, Japan
| | - Koji Okudela
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama City, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kaneko
- Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 4-57 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama City, 236-0024, Japan
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Macrophage metabolic reprogramming during chronic lung disease. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:282-295. [PMID: 33184475 PMCID: PMC7658438 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Airway macrophages (AMs) play key roles in the maintenance of lung immune tolerance. Tissue tailored, highly specialised and strategically positioned, AMs are critical sentinels of lung homoeostasis. In the last decade, there has been a revolution in our understanding of how metabolism underlies key macrophage functions. While these initial observations were made during steady state or using in vitro polarised macrophages, recent studies have indicated that during many chronic lung diseases (CLDs), AMs adapt their metabolic profile to fit their local niche. By generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) for pathogen defence, utilising aerobic glycolysis to rapidly generate cytokines, and employing mitochondrial respiration to fuel inflammatory responses, AMs utilise metabolic reprogramming for host defence, although these changes may also support chronic pathology. This review focuses on how metabolic alterations underlie AM phenotype and function during CLDs. Particular emphasis is given to how our new understanding of AM metabolic plasticity may be exploited to develop AM-focused therapies.
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Frohlich J, Vinciguerra M. Candidate rejuvenating factor GDF11 and tissue fibrosis: friend or foe? GeroScience 2020; 42:1475-1498. [PMID: 33025411 PMCID: PMC7732895 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11 or bone morphogenetic protein 11, BMP11) belongs to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily and is closely related to other family member-myostatin (also known as GDF8). GDF11 was firstly identified in 2004 due to its ability to rejuvenate the function of multiple organs in old mice. However, in the past few years, the heralded rejuvenating effects of GDF11 have been seriously questioned by many studies that do not support the idea that restoring levels of GDF11 in aging improves overall organ structure and function. Moreover, with increasing controversies, several other studies described the involvement of GDF11 in fibrotic processes in various organ setups. This review paper focuses on the GDF11 and its pro- or anti-fibrotic actions in major organs and tissues, with the goal to summarize our knowledge on its emerging role in regulating the progression of fibrosis in different pathological conditions, and to guide upcoming research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frohlich
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, University College London (UCL), London, UK.
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Taştemur Ş, Ataseven H. Is it possible to use Proton Pump Inhibitors in COVID-19 treatment and prophylaxis? Med Hypotheses 2020; 143:110018. [PMID: 32679422 PMCID: PMC7834647 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoV), discovered after 1960, caused human life-threatening outbreaks. SARS-CoV2, which appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019, causing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and has different features than other coronaviruses, has been determined and the disease caused by the virus has been called "Coronavirus Disease-2019" (COVID-19). This disease activates both the natural and acquired immune system. The cytokin storm, in which blood levels of proinflammatory cytokines are detected excessively high is developing and the uncontrolled inflammatory response causes local and systemic tissue damages. Although a spesific drug has not been found yet, the medications currently in use for other indications, whose pharmacokinetic- pharmacodynamic properties and toxic doses are already known; are included in the treatment practice of COVID-19. These drugs affect the entry of the virus into the cell and its intracellular distribution. They also have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects too. Therefore, we think that Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI's) with similar mechanisms of action may also be involved in COVID-19 treatment and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şeyma Taştemur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sivas Numune Hospital, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - Hilmi Ataseven
- Department of Internal Medicine, Discipline of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.
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Korfei M, MacKenzie B, Meiners S. The ageing lung under stress. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/156/200126. [DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0126-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy ageing of the lung involves structural changes but also numerous cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic alterations. Among them are the age-related decline in central cellular quality control mechanisms such as redox and protein homeostasis. In this review, we would like to provide a conceptual framework of how impaired stress responses in the ageing lung, as exemplified by dysfunctional redox and protein homeostasis, may contribute to onset and progression of COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We propose that age-related imbalanced redox and protein homeostasis acts, amongst others (e.g.cellular senescence), as a “first hit” that challenges the adaptive stress-response pathways of the cell, increases the level of oxidative stress and renders the lung susceptible to subsequent injury and disease. In both COPD and IPF, additional environmental insults such as smoking, air pollution and/or infections then serve as “second hits” which contribute to persistently elevated oxidative stress that overwhelms the already weakened adaptive defence and repair pathways in the elderly towards non-adaptive, irremediable stress thereby promoting development and progression of respiratory diseases. COPD and IPF are thus distinct horns of the same devil, “lung ageing”.
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Kulshrestha R, Dhanda H, Pandey A, Singh A, Kumar R. Immunopathogenesis and therapeutic potential of macrophage influx in diffuse parenchymal lung diseases. Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14:917-928. [PMID: 32600077 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2020.1776117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLD)/interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are progressive lung disorders with usually unclear etiology, poor long-term survival and no effective treatment. Their pathogenesis is characterized by alveolar epithelial cell injury, inflammation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and parenchymal fibrosis. Macrophages play diverse roles in their development, both in the acute phase and in tissue repair. AREAS COVERED In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the role of macrophages and their phenotypes in the immunopathogenesis of DPLDs; CVD-ILD, UIP, NSIP, DIP, RB-ILD, AIP, HP, Sarcoidosis, etc. Our goal is to update the understanding of the immune mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of fibrosis in DPLDs. This will help in identification of biomarkers and in developing novel therapeutic strategies for DPLDs. A thorough literature search of the published studies in PubMed (from 1975 to 2020) was done. EXPERT OPINION The macrophage associated inflammatory markers needs to be explored for their potential as biomarkers of disease activity and progression. Pharmacological targeting of macrophage activation may reduce the risk of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) and help improving the survival and prognosis of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Himanshu Dhanda
- Department of Pathology, V.P.Chest Institute , New Delhi, India
| | - Apoorva Pandey
- Department of Pathology, V.P.Chest Institute , New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Pathology, V.P.Chest Institute , New Delhi, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, V.P.Chest Institute , New Delhi, India
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12
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Liu S, Yang T, Ming TW, Gaun TKW, Zhou T, Wang S, Ye B. Isosteroid alkaloids from Fritillaria cirrhosa bulbus as inhibitors of cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress. Fitoterapia 2019; 140:104434. [PMID: 31760067 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fritillaria cirrhosa bulbus is a Chinese folk herb famous for its antitussive, expectorant, anti-asthma and anti-inflammatory properties, and is widely used to treat respiratory diseases. However, the impacts of F. cirrhosa bulbus on oxidative stress are still unkown. In the present study, we investigated the potential effect and mechanism of six isosteroid alkaloids with different chemical structures from F. cirrhosa bulbus on protection against cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress in RAW264.7 macrophages. The results showed that six isosteroid alkaloids reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, elevated glutathione (GSH) level and promoted heme oxygenase (HO-1) expression, which is in association with induction of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation and up-regulation of Nrf2 expression. Among these alkaloids, verticinone, verticine, imperialine-3-β-D-glucoside, delavine and peimisine exhibited more potent effect against CSE-induced oxidative stress than that of imperialine. These findings for the first time demonstrated that F. cirrhosa bulbus may play a protective role in cellular oxidative stress by activating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant pathway. Furthermore, the differences in antioxidant effects of these alkaloids were compared, as well as the corresponding structure-activity relationships were preliminarily elucidated. This suggested that F. cirrhosa bulbus might be a promising therapeutic treatment for the prevent of oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting, Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug, Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tiechui Yang
- Nin Jiom Medicine Manufactory (H.K.) Limited, Hongkong, China
| | - Tse Wai Ming
- Nin Jiom Medicine Manufactory (H.K.) Limited, Hongkong, China
| | | | - Ting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting, Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug, Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting, Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug, Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bengui Ye
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting, Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug, Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Bilgili H, Białas AJ, Górski P, Piotrowski WJ. Telomere Abnormalities in the Pathobiology of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8081232. [PMID: 31426295 PMCID: PMC6723768 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) occurs primarily in older adults and the incidence is clearly associated with aging. This disease seems to be associated with several hallmarks of aging, including telomere attrition and cellular senescence. Increasing evidence suggests that abnormalities involving telomeres and their proteome play a significant role in the pathobiology of IPF. The aim of this study is to summarize present knowledge in the field, as well as to discuss its possible clinical implications. Numerous mutations in genes associated with telomere functioning were studied in the context of IPF, mainly for Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT) and Telomerase RNA Component (TERC). Such mutations may lead to telomere shortening, which seems to increase the risk of IPF, negatively influence disease progression, and contribute to worse prognosis after lung transplantation. Some evidence indicates the possibility for the use of telomerase activators as potential therapeutic agents in pulmonary fibrosis. To sum up, increasing evidence suggests the role of telomere abnormalities in the pathobiology of IPF, natural history and prognosis of the disease. There are also possibilities for telomerase targeting in the potential development of new treatment agents. However, all these aspects require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasancan Bilgili
- Department of Pneumology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 90-154 Lodz, Poland
| | - Adam J Białas
- Department of Pneumology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 90-154 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Paweł Górski
- Department of Pneumology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 90-154 Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech J Piotrowski
- Department of Pneumology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 90-154 Lodz, Poland
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Cameli P, Carleo A, Bergantini L, Landi C, Prasse A, Bargagli E. Oxidant/Antioxidant Disequilibrium in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Pathogenesis. Inflammation 2019; 43:1-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Administration of vitamin D and aerobic training: recovery of lung apoptosis markers in male rats exposed to hydrogen peroxide. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-019-00546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Abstract
The aging of the human population has resulted in an unprecedented increase in the incidence and prevalence of age-related diseases, including those of the lung. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a disease of aging, and is characterized by a progressive decline in lung function and high mortality. Recent studies suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction, which can accompany aging phenotypes, may contribute to the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we explore current evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in alveolar epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells that participate in the fibrotic process. Further, the fates of these cell populations and the potential to target mitochondrial dysfunction as a therapeutic strategy are discussed.
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Ghebre YT. Proton Pump Inhibitors in IPF: A Call for Clinical Trials. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:499. [PMID: 29867501 PMCID: PMC5966555 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent FDA approval of two drugs, pirfenidone and nintedanib, for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has fueled interest in the development of additional drugs to treat the disease or its major clinical complications including cough and acute exacerbations. Since 2015, there are at least a dozen active interventional studies that are testing the efficacy of novel pharmacotherapies, exercise or stem cells in modifying the disease process in IPF. Additionally, there are combinatorial studies evaluating the effectiveness of pirfenidone or nintedanib in combination with other agents. However, there remains an urgent need for clinical trials to prospectively evaluate the efficacy of existing drugs with promising retrospective data, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), in IPF. Several retrospective cohorts have provided tantalizing data supporting the beneficial effect of PPIs in patients with well-defined IPF. This review provides the general outlook of pharmacotherapies in IPF, and highlights preclinical and retrospective clinical data to make a case for randomized controlled clinical trials of PPIs in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes T Ghebre
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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ELISA Development for Serum Hemeoxygenase-1 and Its Application to Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Can Respir J 2018; 2018:9627420. [PMID: 29849835 PMCID: PMC5932439 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9627420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an essential enzyme in heme catabolism and has been proposed as a biomarker of lung disease prognosis. We modified a commercial HO-1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit to achieve higher sensitivity and evaluated if serum HO-1 could be a biomarker to predict the prognosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients. Methods Serum samples were collected from 15 healthy volunteers to validate the modified ELISA. In the 22 patients with ARDS who were enrolled, serum HO-1 was measured upon diagnosis (D0) and at 7 days after diagnosis (D7). Results The serum HO-1 concentration could be measured in all healthy volunteers. The intra- and interassay tests and the percentage recovery test were acceptable. Compared with normal control subjects, patients with ARDS had significantly higher D0 HO-1 concentrations (75.4 ng/mL versus 31.7 ng/mL, P < 0.001). The 28-day survival was significantly better in patients with low D0 HO-1 (<75.8 ng/mL) than in those with high D0 HO-1 (≥75.8 ng/mL) (mortality rate: 18% versus 73%, P=0.016). Nonsurvivors had significantly higher D0 and D7 HO-1 concentrations than survivors (P < 0.05). Conclusion Serum HO-1 may be a useful biomarker to predict the prognosis of patients with ARDS.
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Distinct Profiles of CD163-Positive Macrophages in Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:1436236. [PMID: 29507864 PMCID: PMC5817286 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1436236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The types of cells most significantly linked to individual subtypes of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) remain unclear. Few studies have examined CD163+ macrophages in IIPs. Objective We retrospectively aimed to immunohistochemically characterize the CD163+ macrophages in IIPs. Methods Paraffin-embedded lung tissue samples were obtained from 47 patients with IIPs, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP), and 12 normal controls were immunohistochemically analyzed, using primary antibodies against CD68 and CD163 as indicators of pan and M2 macrophages, respectively. Results CD68+ macrophage density was significantly increased in the 3 subtypes of IIPs relative to that in the control group, although no difference was detected within the different IIPs. CD163+ macrophage density was significantly increased in NSIP and COP samples relative to that in IPF samples. The density ratio of CD163+ macrophages to CD68+ macrophages was significantly decreased in IPF/UIP samples relative to that in the others, while the densities in NSIP and COP were significantly higher than those in control cases. Conclusion CD163+ macrophages show distinct profiles among IIPs, and the standardized numerical density is decreased in IPF cases that have poor prognoses.
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Li L, Kong L, Song H. The therapeutic effect of zerumbone on chronic gastritis via antioxidant mechanisms. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:2505-2510. [PMID: 28962187 PMCID: PMC5609211 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of zerumbone on chronic gastritis remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of the protective effect of zerumbone on the treatment of chronic gastritis in rats. The animal models of chronic gastritis in rats were established, and the surface damage of gastric mucosa was observed by gross anatomy; the changes of gastric mucosal tissue and surface morphology were observed by pathological sections of gastric mucosal tissues; the expressions of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) proteins of gastric mucosal tissues in each group were detected by western blot analysis; the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) as well as the contents of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in gastric mucosal tissues were detected by kits. The results indicated that zerumbone could significantly relieve red and swelling as well as erosion of the gastric mucosal tissues in rats with chronic gastritis; zerumbone could significantly ameliorate the loose arrangement of cells in the lamina propria of gastric mucosa, epithelial cell deformation and abscission, and inflammatory cell infiltration. The results of western blot analysis showed that compared with the model group, zerumbone could significantly upregulate the expression of HO-1 and Nrf-2 in gastric mucosal tissues. Compared with the model group, the activities of SOD and CAT as well as GSH levels in gastric mucosal tissues of rats in the zerumbone groups were obviously increased, but MDA contents were significantly decreased. Zerumbone has a protective effect on chronic gastritis in rats, which is achieved by improving the antioxidant capacity of gastric mucosal tissues through inhibiting lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Li
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Liang Kong
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Gaoxin District Branch, Jinan, Shandong 250101, P.R. China
| | - Hongquan Song
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250010, P.R. China
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Pleiotropic effect of the proton pump inhibitor esomeprazole leading to suppression of lung inflammation and fibrosis. J Transl Med 2015; 13:249. [PMID: 26231702 PMCID: PMC4522053 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The beneficial outcome associated with the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has been reported in retrospective studies. To date, no prospective study has been conducted to confirm these outcomes. In addition, the potential mechanism by which PPIs improve measures of lung function and/or transplant-free survival in IPF has not been elucidated. Methods Here, we used biochemical, cell biological and preclinical studies to evaluate regulation of markers associated with inflammation and fibrosis. In our in vitro studies, we exposed primary lung fibroblasts, epithelial and endothelial cells to ionizing radiation or bleomycin; stimuli typically used to induce inflammation and fibrosis. In addition, we cultured lung fibroblasts from IPF patients and studied the effect of esomeprazole on collagen release. Our preclinical study tested efficacy of esomeprazole in a rat model of bleomycin-induced lung injury. Furthermore, we performed retrospective analysis of interstitial lung disease (ILD) databases to examine the effect of PPIs on transplant-free survival. Results The cell culture studies revealed that esomeprazole controls inflammation by suppressing the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules including vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6). The antioxidant effect is associated with strong induction of the stress-inducible cytoprotective protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO1) and the antifibrotic effect is associated with potent inhibition of fibroblast proliferation as well as downregulation of profibrotic proteins including receptors for transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), fibronectin and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Furthermore, esomeprazole showed robust effect in mitigating the inflammatory and fibrotic responses in a murine model of acute lung injury. Finally, retrospective analysis of two ILD databases was performed to assess the effect of PPIs on transplant-free survival in IPF patients. Intriguingly, this data demonstrated that IPF patients on PPIs had prolonged survival over controls (median survival of 3.4 vs 2 years). Conclusions Overall, these data indicate the possibility that PPIs may have protective function in IPF by directly modulating the disease process and suggest that they may have other clinical utility in the treatment of extra-intestinal diseases characterized by inflammatory and/or fibrotic phases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0614-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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22
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Luzina IG, Lockatell V, Todd NW, Kopach P, Pentikis HS, Atamas SP. Pharmacological In Vivo Inhibition of S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Inflammation and Fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015. [PMID: 26209236 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.224675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) characterized by pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation poses a substantial biomedical challenge due to often negative disease outcomes combined with the need to develop better, more effective therapies. We assessed the in vivo effect of administration of a pharmacological inhibitor of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, SPL-334 (4-{[2-[(2-cyanobenzyl)thio]-4-oxothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-3(4H)-yl]methyl}benzoic acid), in a mouse model of ILD induced by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (BLM). Daily i.p. administration of SPL-334 alone at 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 mg/kg had no effect on animal body weight, appearance, behavior, total and differential bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell counts, or collagen accumulation in the lungs, showing no toxicity of our investigational compound. Similar administration of SPL-334 for 7 days before and for an additional 14 days after BLM instillation resulted in a preventive protective effect on the BLM challenge-induced decline in total body weight and changes in total and differential BAL cellularity. In the therapeutic treatment regimen, SPL-334 was administered at days 7-21 after BLM challenge. Such treatment attenuated the BLM challenge-induced decline in total body weight, changes in total and differential BAL cellularity, and magnitudes of histologic changes and collagen accumulation in the lungs. These changes were accompanied by an attenuation of BLM-induced elevations in pulmonary levels of profibrotic cytokines interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Experiments in cell cultures of primary normal human lung fibroblast have demonstrated attenuation of TGF-β-induced upregulation in collagen by SPL-334. It was concluded that SPL-334 is a potential therapeutic agent for ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Luzina
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., V.L., N.W.T., P.K., S.P.A); and SAJE Pharma, Baltimore, Maryland (H.S.P.)
| | - Virginia Lockatell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., V.L., N.W.T., P.K., S.P.A); and SAJE Pharma, Baltimore, Maryland (H.S.P.)
| | - Nevins W Todd
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., V.L., N.W.T., P.K., S.P.A); and SAJE Pharma, Baltimore, Maryland (H.S.P.)
| | - Pavel Kopach
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., V.L., N.W.T., P.K., S.P.A); and SAJE Pharma, Baltimore, Maryland (H.S.P.)
| | - Helen S Pentikis
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., V.L., N.W.T., P.K., S.P.A); and SAJE Pharma, Baltimore, Maryland (H.S.P.)
| | - Sergei P Atamas
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., V.L., N.W.T., P.K., S.P.A); and SAJE Pharma, Baltimore, Maryland (H.S.P.)
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Sixt S, Costabel U, Bonella F, Grunert K, Alami R, Hakenbeck J, Bauer P, Dahlmann B, Schmid K, Peters J, Wohlschlaeger J. Alveolar and intraparenchymal proteasome in sarcoidosis. Respir Med 2014; 108:1534-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Todd NW, Luzina IG, Atamas SP. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2012; 5:11. [PMID: 22824096 PMCID: PMC3443459 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-5-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic lung disease characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and remodeling of the lung architecture. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is considered the most common and severe form of the disease, with a median survival of approximately three years and no proven effective therapy. Despite the fact that effective treatments are absent and the precise mechanisms that drive fibrosis in most patients remain incompletely understood, an extensive body of scientific literature regarding pulmonary fibrosis has accumulated over the past 35 years. In this review, we discuss three broad areas which have been explored that may be responsible for the combination of altered lung fibroblasts, loss of alveolar epithelial cells, and excessive accumulation of ECM: inflammation and immune mechanisms, oxidative stress and oxidative signaling, and procoagulant mechanisms. We discuss each of these processes separately to facilitate clarity, but certainly significant interplay will occur amongst these pathways in patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevins W Todd
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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25
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Gao M, Singh A, Macri K, Reynolds C, Singhal V, Biswal S, Spannhake EW. Antioxidant components of naturally-occurring oils exhibit marked anti-inflammatory activity in epithelial cells of the human upper respiratory system. Respir Res 2011; 12:92. [PMID: 21752292 PMCID: PMC3154159 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The upper respiratory tract functions to protect lower respiratory structures from chemical and biological agents in inspired air. Cellular oxidative stress leading to acute and chronic inflammation contributes to the resultant pathology in many of these exposures and is typical of allergic disease, chronic sinusitis, pollutant exposure, and bacterial and viral infections. Little is known about the effective means by which topical treatment of the nose can strengthen its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory defenses. The present study was undertaken to determine if naturally-occurring plant oils with reported antioxidant activity can provide mechanisms through which upper respiratory protection might occur. METHODS Controlled exposure of the upper respiratory system to ozone and nasal biopsy were carried out in healthy human subjects to assess mitigation of the ozone-induced inflammatory response and to assess gene expression in the nasal mucosa induced by a mixture of five naturally-occurring antioxidant oils--aloe, coconut, orange, peppermint and vitamin E. Cells of the BEAS-2B and NCI-H23 epithelial cell lines were used to investigate the source and potential intracellular mechanisms of action responsible for oil-induced anti-inflammatory activity. RESULTS Aerosolized pretreatment with the mixed oil preparation significantly attenuated ozone-induced nasal inflammation. Although most oil components may reduce oxidant stress by undergoing reduction, orange oil was demonstrated to have the ability to induce long-lasting gene expression of several antioxidant enzymes linked to Nrf2, including HO-1, NQO1, GCLm and GCLc, and to mitigate the pro-inflammatory signaling of endotoxin in cell culture systems. Nrf2 activation was demonstrated. Treatment with the aerosolized oil preparation increased baseline levels of nasal mucosal HO-1 expression in 9 of 12 subjects. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that selected oil-based antioxidant preparations can effectively reduce inflammation associated with oxidant stress-related challenge to the nasal mucosa. The potential for some oils to activate intracellular antioxidant pathways may provide a powerful mechanism through which effective and persistent cytoprotection against airborne environmental exposures can be provided in the upper respiratory mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Gao
- Health Effects Assessment Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Anju Singh
- Health Effects Assessment Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Kristin Macri
- Health Effects Assessment Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Curt Reynolds
- Health Effects Assessment Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Vandana Singhal
- Health Effects Assessment Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Shyam Biswal
- Health Effects Assessment Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Ernst W Spannhake
- Health Effects Assessment Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether 26S proteasome is detectable in human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and whether burn and inhalation injury is accompanied by changes in BALF proteasome content or activity. BALF was obtained on hospital admission from 28 patients with burn and inhalation injury (controls: 10 healthy volunteers). Proteasome concentrations were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and their native molecular mass was assessed by gel filtration. Proteasome peptidase activity was measured using a chymotryptic-like peptide substrate in combination with epoxomicin (specific proteasome inhibitor). BALF protein was increased in patients (P<.001) and correlated positively with the degree of inhalation injury. The 20S/26S proteasomes were detectable in all BALF by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Gel filtration confirmed the presence of intact 20S and 26S proteasome that was stable without soluble ATP/Mg. In all BALF chymotryptic-like activity was detectable and could be inhibited with epoxomicin by 60 to 70% (P<.01). Absolute amounts of 20S/26S proteasomes and proteasome activity were increased in patients (P<.001 for all). The relative BALF composition after injury was characterized by increased concentrations of 20S proteasome/mg protein (P=.0034 vs volunteers), decreased concentrations of 26S proteasome/mg protein (P=.041 vs volunteers), and reduced specific proteasome activity (P=.044 vs volunteers). The 26S proteasome per milligram and specific proteasome activity were even further reduced in patients who developed ventilator-associated pneumonia (P=.045 and P=.03 vs patients without ventilator-associated pneumonia). This study supports the novel concept that extracellular proteasomes could play a pathophysiological role in the injured lung and suggests that insufficient proteasome function may increase susceptibility for pulmonary complications.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2009; 15:521-7. [DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0b013e3283304c7b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kokturk N, Sabag M, Stark M, Grief J, Fireman E. High extracellular induced sputum haem oxygenase-1 in sarcoidosis and chronic beryllium disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2009; 39:584-90. [PMID: 19453654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcoidosis and chronic beryllium disease (CBD) are inflammatory conditions in which oxidative stress state may be crucial for disease outcome. This study compares haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) extracellular activity for the first time in patients with sarcoidosis or CBD and in healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Induced sputum was recovered using a standard protocol. Pulmonary function tests (PFT) were performed by conventional methods. T lymphocyte subsets (CD4 and CD8) were measured by flow activated cell shorter (FACS). The HO-1 and nitrite levels were measured by a bilirubin-biliverdin reductase-dependent reaction and Greiss reaction respectively. Ferritin and iron levels were measured by enzymatic reaction and chemiluminometric immunoassay respectively. RESULTS The mean percentage of lymphocytes was significantly higher in the 36 sarcoid patients compared with that in the 17 controls (P=0.001). The mean CD4/CD8 ratio was significantly higher in the sarcoid and the 10 CBD patients compared to that in controls (P=0.000 and 0.002 respectively), as was the mean HO-1 activity (P=0.045 and 0.041 respectively). The HO-1 activity did not differ with the sarcoidosis stage. The HO-1 level and PFT parameters were negatively correlated. The differences in mean nitrite, ferritin and iron levels were non-significant between the three groups. The HO-1 and ferritin levels were correlated (P=0.008). CONCLUSIONS We succeeded in non-invasively measuring the activity of HO-1 from cells of airways in spite of its being an intracellular enzyme. The HO-1 levels in sarcoidosis and CBD were abnormally elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kokturk
- Gazi University School of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Bargagli E, Olivieri C, Bennett D, Prasse A, Muller-Quernheim J, Rottoli P. Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diffuse lung diseases: a review. Respir Med 2009; 103:1245-56. [PMID: 19464864 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an imbalance between oxidants (reactive oxygen and nitrogen species) and antioxidants that may affect lipids, DNA, carbohydrates and proteins. The lung is continuously exposed to endogenous and exogenous oxidants (cigarette smoke, mineral dust, ozone, radiation). Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are mainly produced by phagocytes as well as by polymorphonuclear, alveolar, bronchial and endothelial cells. A potential role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diffuse lung diseases (particularly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) has been demonstrated. Increased oxidant levels and decreased antioxidant defences can contribute to the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other diffuse lung diseases. The growing number of papers on the different aspects of oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in diffuse lung diseases in the last decade reflects increasing interest in this topic and suggests that specific DLDs may be characterized by specific patterns of oxidation and antioxidant responses. The study of oxidative stress can provide insights into etiopathogenesis and favour the discovery of new treatments. In this review of the literature on oxidants and antioxidants in diffuse lung diseases, the focus is on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, pneumoconiosis and pulmonary fibrosis associated with systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bargagli
- Respiratory Diseases Section, Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunological Sciences, University of Siena, viale Bracci, Siena, Italy.
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Sixt SU, Adamzik M, Spyrka D, Saul B, Hakenbeck J, Wohlschlaeger J, Costabel U, Kloss A, Giesebrecht J, Dahlmann B, Peters J. Alveolar extracellular 20S proteasome in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179:1098-106. [PMID: 19286628 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200802-199oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Repair mechanisms resulting in alveolar protein degradation in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are largely unknown. OBJECTIVES To test whether the 20S proteasome is present and functional in the alveolar space in patients with ARDS. METHODS Proteasome antigenic concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) supernatants was measured by ELISA in patients with ARDS (n = 64), acute lung injury (ALI) (n = 8), sarcoidosis (n = 13), and in healthy subjects (n = 8). Cleavage of specific fluorogenic substrates (+/-epoxomicin), I(125) albumin degradation rate, and gel filtration were used to quantify and characterize proteasomal activity. The presence of proteasomes was confirmed independently by electron microscopic techniques. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Proteasome concentrations in patients with ARDS were markedly increased (1,069 +/- 1,194 ng/ml) in comparison to healthy subjects (60.8 +/- 49.8; P < 0.001), ALI (154 +/- 43; P = 0.006), and sarcoidosis (97.6 +/- 42.2; P = 0.037). All fluorogenic substrates were hydrolyzed (Suc-LLVY-AMC, 3.6 +/- 8.8 pkat/mg; BZ-VGR-AMC, 1.8 +/- 3.1; Suc-LLE-AMC, 1 +/- 1.7) by BAL supernatants of patients with ARDS, with inhibition by epoxomicin (P = 0.0001), and the majority of proteolytic activity was detected in BAL supernatant. Maximum hydrolyzing activity occurred at 660 kD and 20S proteasome was seen microscopically after purification and being released by pneumocytes type II. Proteasomal activity and albumin degradation rate in patients with ARDS were approximately 17-fold lower than in healthy subjects. Proteasomal activity in normal BAL was inhibited by BAL aliquots from patients with ARDS but not by denatured BAL, and returned to normal by purification. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we identified extracellular, biologically active 20S proteasome in the alveolar space of patients with ARDS in concentrations much higher than in normal subjects or in those with ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Urs Sixt
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen, Germany.
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