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Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1386:347-369. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-08491-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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2
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Venkatakrishnan V, Packer NH, Thaysen-Andersen M. Host mucin glycosylation plays a role in bacterial adhesion in lungs of individuals with cystic fibrosis. Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 7:553-76. [DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2013.837752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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3
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Martins VV, Pitondo-Silva A, Manço LDM, Falcão JP, Freitas SDS, da Silveira WD, Stehling EG. Pathogenic potential and genetic diversity of environmental and clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. APMIS 2013; 122:92-100. [PMID: 23879442 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of virulence genes among clinical and environmental isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to establish their genetic relationships by Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR). A total of 60 P. aeruginosa isolates from environmental and clinical sources were studied. Of these, 20 bacterial isolates were from soil, 20 from water, and 20 from patients with cystic fibrosis. Analysis of ERIC-PCR demonstrated that the isolates of P. aeruginosa showed a considerable genetic variability, regardless of their habitat. Numerous virulence genes were detected in both clinical and environmental isolates, reinforcing the possible pathogenic potential of soil and water isolates. The results showed that the environmental P. aeruginosa has all the apparatus needed to cause disease in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Vicente Martins
- Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Lewis AL, Lewis WG. Host sialoglycans and bacterial sialidases: a mucosal perspective. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:1174-82. [PMID: 22519819 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01807.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids are nine-carbon-backbone sugars that occupy outermost positions on vertebrate cells and secreted sialoglycoproteins. These negatively charged hydrophilic carbohydrates have a variety of biological, biophysical and immunological functions. Mucosal surfaces and secretions of the mouth, airway, gut and vagina are especially sialoglycan-rich. Given their prominent positions and important functions, a variety of microbial strategies have targeted host sialic acids for adherence, mimicry and/or degradation. Here we review the roles of bacterial sialidases (neuraminidases) during colonization and pathogenesis of mammalian mucosal surfaces. Evidence is presented to support the myriad roles of mucosal sialoglycans in protecting the host from bacterial infection. In opposition, many bacteria hydrolyse sialic acids during associations with the gastrointestinal, oral, respiratory and reproductive tracts. Sialidases promote bacterial survival in mucosal niche environments in several ways, including: (i) nutritional benefits of sialic acid catabolism, (ii) unmasking of cryptic host ligands used for adherence, (iii) participation in biofilm formation and (iv) modulation of immune function. Bacterial sialidases are among the best-studied enzymes involved in pathogenesis and may also drive commensal and/or symbiotic host associations. Future studies should continue to define host substrates of bacterial sialidases and the mechanisms of their pathologic, commensal and symbiotic interactions with the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Lewis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Alterations of the Erythrocyte Membrane during Sepsis. Crit Care Res Pract 2012; 2012:702956. [PMID: 22675622 PMCID: PMC3363976 DOI: 10.1155/2012/702956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythrocytes have been long considered as “dead” cells with transport of oxygen (O2) as their only function. However, the ability of red blood cells (RBCs) to modulate the microcirculation is now recognized as an important additional function. This capacity is regulated by a key element in the rheologic process: the RBC membrane. This membrane is a complex unit with multiple interactions between the extracellular and intracellular compartments: blood stream, endothelium, and other blood cells on the one hand, and the intracytoplasmic compartment with possible rapid adaptation of erythrocyte metabolism on the other. In this paper, we review the alterations in the erythrocyte membrane observed in critically ill patients and the influence of these alterations on the microcirculatory abnormalities observed in such patients. An understanding of the mechanisms of RBC rheologic alterations in sepsis and their effects on blood flow and on oxygen transport may be important to help reduce morbidity and mortality from severe sepsis.
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Ganesan S, Sajjan US. Host evasion by Burkholderia cenocepacia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 1:25. [PMID: 22919590 PMCID: PMC3417383 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2011.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia cenocepacia is an opportunistic respiratory pathogen of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). Some strains of B. cenocepacia are highly transmissible and resistant to almost all antibiotics. Approximately one-third of B. cenocepacia infected CF patients go on to develop fatal "cepacia syndrome." During the last two decades, substantial progress has been made with regards to evasion of host innate defense mechanisms by B. cenocepacia. Almost all strains of B. cenocepacia have the capacity to survive and replicate intracellularly in both airway epithelial cells and macrophages, which are primary sentinels of the lung and play a pivotal role in clearance of infecting bacteria. Those strains of B. cenocepacia, which express both cable pili and the associated 22 kDa adhesin are also capable of transmigrating across airway epithelium and persist in mouse models of infection. In this review, we will discuss how this type of interaction between B. cenocepacia and host may lead to persistence of bacteria as well as lung inflammation in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Ganesan
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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A novel toxin regulator, the CPE1446-CPE1447 protein heteromeric complex, controls toxin genes in Clostridium perfringens. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:4417-24. [PMID: 21725013 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00262-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive anaerobic spore-forming bacterium that is widespread in environmental soil and sewage, as well as in animal intestines. It is also a causative agent of diseases in humans and other animals, and it produces numerous extracellular enzymes and toxins. Although these toxins have been characterized in detail, regulators of toxin genes are less well understood. The present study identified CPE1447 and CPE1446 as novel regulators of toxin gene expression. CPE1447 and CPE1446 are cotranscribed as an operon, and the encoded proteins have a helix-turn-helix (HTH) motif at the N termini of their amino acid sequences, suggesting that CPE1447 and CPE1446 control the target genes as transcriptional regulators. The expression of several genes encoding toxins was changed in both a CPE1446 mutant and a CPE1447-CPE1446 deletion mutant. Complementation of CPE1446 and CPE1447 revealed that CPE1447 and CPE1446 coordinately regulate their target genes. CPE1447 protein was coprecipitated with His-tagged CPE1446 protein, indicating that the CPE1447 and CPE1446 proteins form a stable complex in C. perfringens under their native conditions. Although the small RNA that regulates several genes under the VirR/VirS two-component system (VR-RNA) positively affected CPE1447-CPE1446 mRNA expression, it did not control expression of the CPE1447-CPE1446 regulon, demonstrating that CPE1447 and CPE1446 regulate a different set of toxin genes from the VirR/VirS-VR-RNA cascade.
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Contribution of an arsenal of virulence factors to pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Emam A, Carter WG, Lingwood C. Glycolipid-Dependent, Protease Sensitive Internalization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Into Cultured Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells. Open Microbiol J 2010; 4:106-15. [PMID: 21270937 PMCID: PMC3026333 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801004010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Internalization of PAK strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa into human respiratory epithelial cell lines and HeLa cervical cancer cells in vitro was readily demonstrable via a gentamycin protection assay. Depletion of target cell glycosphingolipids (GSLs) using a glucosyl ceramide synthase inhibitor, P4, completely prevented P. aeruginosa internalization. In contrast, P4 treatment had no effect on the internalization of Salmonella typhimurium into HeLa cells. Internalized P. aeruginosa were within membrane vacuoles, often containing microvesicles, between the bacterium and the limiting membrane. P. aeruginosa internalization was markedly enhanced by target cell pretreatment with the exogenous GSL, deacetyl gangliotetraosyl ceramide (Gg4). Gg4 binds the lipid raft marker, GM1 ganglioside. Target cell pretreatment with TLCK, but not other (serine) protease inhibitors, prevented both P. aeruginosa host cell binding and internalization. NFkB inhibition also prevented internalization. A GSL-containing lipid-raft model of P. aeruginosa host cell binding/internalization is proposed
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Affiliation(s)
- Aufaugh Emam
- Molecular Structure and Function, The Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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The NanI and NanJ sialidases of Clostridium perfringens are not essential for virulence. Infect Immun 2009; 77:4421-8. [PMID: 19651873 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00548-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential toxin in Clostridium perfringens-mediated gas gangrene or clostridial myonecrosis is alpha-toxin, although other toxins and extracellular enzymes may also be involved. In many bacterial pathogens extracellular sialidases are important virulence factors, and it has been suggested that sialidases may play a role in gas gangrene. C. perfringens strains have combinations of three different sialidase genes, two of which, nanI and nanJ, encode secreted sialidases. The nanI and nanJ genes were insertionally inactivated by homologous recombination in derivatives of sequenced strain 13 and were shown to encode two functional secreted sialidases, NanI and NanJ. Analysis of these derivatives showed that NanI was the major sialidase in this organism. Mutation of nanI resulted in loss of most of the secreted sialidase activity, and the residual activity was eliminated by subsequent mutation of the nanJ gene. Only a slight reduction in the total sialidase activity was observed in a nanJ mutant. Cytotoxicity assays using the B16 melanoma cell line showed that supernatants containing NanI or overexpressing NanJ enhanced alpha-toxin-mediated cytotoxicity. Finally, the ability of nanI, nanJ, and nanIJ mutants to cause disease was assessed in a mouse myonecrosis model. No attenuation of virulence was observed for any of these strains, providing evidence that neither the NanI sialidase nor the NanJ sialidase is essential for virulence.
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Strateva T, Petrova G, Perenovska P, Mitov I. Bulgarian cystic fibrosis Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates: antimicrobial susceptibility and neuraminidase-encoding gene distribution. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:690-692. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.004325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Strateva
- Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Zdrave Street, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Guergana Petrova
- Alexandrovska University Hospital, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Penka Perenovska
- Alexandrovska University Hospital, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Mitov
- Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Zdrave Street, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Sharma S, Jaffe A, Dixon G. Immunomodulatory effects of macrolide antibiotics in respiratory disease: therapeutic implications for asthma and cystic fibrosis. Paediatr Drugs 2007; 9:107-18. [PMID: 17407366 DOI: 10.2165/00148581-200709020-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The macrolide antibiotics are a family of related 14- or 15-membered lactone ring antibiotics. There has been recent interest in the beneficial effects of these drugs as immune modulators in respiratory conditions in children. Cystic fibrosis (CF) and asthma, both of which occur in childhood, have an underlying inflammatory component and are associated with significant morbidity. The pathogenesis of both conditions is poorly understood but several molecular mechanisms have been suggested. In CF, these mechanisms broadly involve altered chloride transport and alteration of the airway surface liquid with disordered neutrophilic inflammation. There is much evidence for a proinflammatory propensity in CF immune effector and epithelial cells and many studies indicate that macrolides modulate these inflammatory processes. Recent studies have confirmed a clinical improvement in CF following treatment with macrolides, but the exact mechanisms by which they work are unknown. Asthma is likely to represent several different phenotypes but in all of these, airway obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation are central processes. Results from trials using macrolides have suggested an improvement in clinical outcome. The putative mechanisms of macrolide immunomodulatory action include improvement of the primary defense mechanisms, inhibition of the bacteria-epithelial cell interaction, modulation of the signaling pathway and chemokine release, and direct neutrophil effects. Putative mechanisms of phenotypic modulation have also been proposed involving interactions with nitric oxide, endothelin-1, and bronchoconstriction, endothelial growth factors and airway remodeling, and bioactive phospholipids in both CF and asthma. Further characterization of these effects and development of targeted designer drugs will further expand our therapeutic repertoire and lead to improved quality and quantity of life for patients with CF and asthma.
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Emam A, Yu AR, Park HJ, Mahfoud R, Kus J, Burrows LL, Lingwood CA. Laboratory and clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains do not bind glycosphingolipids in vitro or during type IV pili-mediated initial host cell attachment. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2006; 152:2789-2799. [PMID: 16946273 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The glycosphingolipids (GSLs) gangliotriaosylceramide (Gg(3)) and gangliotetraosylceramide (Gg(4)) have been implicated as receptors for type IV pili (T4P)-mediated Pseudomonas aeruginosa epithelial cell attachment. Since P. aeruginosa T4P are divided into five groups, the authors determined whether GSLs in general, and Gg(3) and Gg(4) in particular, are specifically bound and required for host epithelial cell attachment of clinical and laboratory strains within these groups. An enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli strain, CL56, known to bind to both Gg(3) and Gg(4), provided a positive control. TLC overlay showed no binding of more than 12 P. aeruginosa strains to either Gg(3) or Gg(4) (or other GSLs), while CL56 Gg(3)/Gg(4) binding was readily detectable. GSL ELISA similarly demonstrated no significant P. aeruginosa binding to Gg(3) or Gg(4), compared with CL56. Using a selective chemical inhibitor, epithelial cell GSL synthesis was abrogated, and Gg(3) and Gg(4) expression deleted, but P. aeruginosa attachment was not impaired. Target cell attachment was mediated by T4P, since non-piliated, but flagellated, mutants were unable to bind to the target cells. CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) has also been implicated as a receptor; however, in this work, overexpression of CFTR had no effect on P. aeruginosa binding. It is concluded that neither Gg(3) nor Gg(4) are specifically recognized by P. aeruginosa, and that endogenous GSLs do not have a role in the attachment of live intact P. aeruginosa to cultured lung epithelial cells. In contrast to whole piliated P. aeruginosa, T4P sheared from such bacteria showed significant Gg(3) and Gg(4) binding, which may explain the results of other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aufaugh Emam
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Analyn R Yu
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Hyun-Joo Park
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Radhia Mahfoud
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Julianne Kus
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lori L Burrows
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Clifford A Lingwood
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Equi AC, Davies JC, Painter H, Hyde S, Bush A, Geddes DM, Alton EWFW. Exploring the mechanisms of macrolides in cystic fibrosis. Respir Med 2006; 100:687-97. [PMID: 16185859 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2005.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported clinical improvements in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients on macrolide antibiotics although the mechanism of action remains unclear. We conducted an open-label study of azithromycin (500 mg daily for 2 weeks) in 9 adult CF patients to explore 3 possible mechanisms: up-regulation of the multi-drug resistance (MDR) or cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) proteins, correction of epithelial ion transport and reduced bacterial adherence. End-points included nasal potential difference (PD) measurements, nasal epithelial MDR and CFTR mRNA levels and Pseudomonas aeruginosa adherence to nasal epithelium. Forced expiratory volume in the 1st second (FEV(1)) increased significantly after 2 weeks of azithromycin (pre- 41.1 [5.0]%; post- 44.6 [5.8]%; P<0.05), although improvements in forced vital capacity (FVC) did not reach significance (pre- 61.3 [4.0]%; post- 67.1 [5.4]%, NS). Before treatment all subjects had nasal PD measurements characteristic of CF. Treatment led to no significant group differences in any measures of either sodium absorption or chloride secretion. Neither CFTR nor MDR mRNA levels had altered significantly and the adherence of P. aeruginosa did not decrease. We conclude that these are unlikely to be significant contributing mechanisms accounting for the consistent beneficial results observed in clinical trials of macrolides in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Equi
- Department of Gene Therapy, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
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McNamara N, Gallup M, Sucher A, Maltseva I, McKemy D, Basbaum C. AsialoGM1 and TLR5 cooperate in flagellin-induced nucleotide signaling to activate Erk1/2. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 34:653-60. [PMID: 16439799 PMCID: PMC2644226 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0441oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial flagellin can interact with both Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) and the cell surface glycolipid, asialoGM1, to activate an innate immune response. The induction of mucin by flagellin in human lung epithelial cells (NCIH292) is dependent on asialoGM1 ligation, ATP receptor signaling, Ca2+ mobilization, and Erk1/2 activation. Conversely, the activation of NF-kappaB by flagellin is dependent on signaling through TLR5. These results prompted us to ask whether the flagellin-induced TLR5 signaling pathway was intersecting with or mutually independent of the nucleotide receptor pathway activated downstream of asialoGM1. Herein, we demonstrate that the release of ATP induced by flagellin is dependent on a Toll signaling cascade. Although Toll was able to activate NF-kappaB in the absence of extracellular ATP, Toll required ATP to activate Erk1/2. These results suggest interdependence between the asialoGM1 and TLR5 pathways and reveal a previously unsuspected role for autocrine extracellular ATP signaling in TLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy McNamara
- Department of Anatomy, niversity of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA.
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Hsieh JC, Tham DM, Feng W, Huang F, Embaie S, Liu K, Dean D, Hertle R, Fitzgerald DJ, Mrsny RJ. Intranasal immunization strategy to impede pilin-mediated binding of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to airway epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2005; 73:7705-17. [PMID: 16239575 PMCID: PMC1273878 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.11.7705-7717.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Revised: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention of pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections represents a critical unmet medical need for cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. We have examined the tenet that a mucosal immunization approach can reduce interactions of a piliated form of this opportunistic pathogen with respiratory epithelial cells. Vaccinations were performed using ntPEpilinPAK, a protein chimera composed of a nontoxic form of P. aeruginosa exotoxin A (ntPE), where the C-terminal loop amino acid sequence of the PAK strain pilin protein was inserted in place of the ntPE Ib domain. Intranasal (i.n.) immunization of BALB/c mice with ntPEpilinPAK generated both serum and saliva immune responses. A series of in vitro studies showed that diluted samples of saliva obtained from immunized mice reduced pilin-dependent P. aeruginosa binding to polarized human tracheal epithelial cells, protected human pulmonary epithelial cells from cytotoxic actions associated with bacterial challenge, and reduced exotoxin A toxicity. Overall, i.n. administration of ntPEpilinPAK induced mucosal and systemic immune responses that may be beneficial for blocking early stage adhesion and/or infection events of epithelial cell-P. aeruginosa interactions at oropharyngeal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Hsieh
- Trinity BioSystems, Inc., 1455 Adams Dr., Suite 1317, Menlo Park, CA 94025-1438, USA
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17
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Kube DM, Fletcher D, Davis PB. Relation of exaggerated cytokine responses of CF airway epithelial cells to PAO1 adherence. Respir Res 2005; 6:69. [PMID: 16008840 PMCID: PMC1177994 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In many model systems, cystic fibrosis (CF) phenotype airway epithelial cells in culture respond to P. aeruginosa with greater interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6 secretion than matched controls. In order to test whether this excess inflammatory response results from the reported increased adherence of P. aeruginosa to the CF cells, we compared the inflammatory response of matched pairs of CF and non CF airway epithelial cell lines to the binding of GFP-PAO1, a strain of pseudomonas labeled with green fluorescent protein. There was no clear relation between GFP-PAO1 binding and cytokine production in response to PAO1. Treatment with exogenous aGM1 resulted in greater GFP-PAO1 binding to the normal phenotype compared to CF phenotype cells, but cytokine production remained greater from the CF cell lines. When cells were treated with neuraminidase, PAO1 adherence was equalized between CF and nonCF phenotype cell lines, but IL-8 production in response to inflammatory stimuli was still greater in CF phenotype cells. The polarized cell lines 16HBEo-Sense (normal phenotype) and Antisense (CF phenotype) cells were used to test the effect of disrupting tight junctions, which allows access of PAO1 to basolateral binding sites in both cell lines. IL-8 production increased from CF, but not normal, cells. These data indicate that increased bacterial binding to CF phenotype cells cannot by itself account for excess cytokine production in CF airway epithelial cells, encourage investigation of alternative hypotheses, and signal caution for therapeutic strategies proposed for CF that include disruption of tight junctions in the face of pseudomonas infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne M Kube
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, BRB 8floor, 2109 Adelbert Rd. Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - David Fletcher
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, BRB 8floor, 2109 Adelbert Rd. Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Pamela B Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, BRB 8floor, 2109 Adelbert Rd. Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Kensinger RD, Catalone BJ, Krebs FC, Wigdahl B, Schengrund CL. Novel polysulfated galactose-derivatized dendrimers as binding antagonists of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:1614-23. [PMID: 15105112 PMCID: PMC400553 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.5.1614-1623.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence indicates that galactosyl ceramide (GalCer) and its 3'-sulfated derivative, sulfatide (SGalCer), may act as alternate coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in CD4(-) cells. Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) may also be necessary for fusion of HIV-1 and host cell membranes. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine which GSL was the best ligand for both recombinant and virus-associated gp120, we found that SGalCer was the best ligand for each rgp120 and HIV-1 isolate tested. Therefore, novel multivalent glycodendrimers, which mimic the carbohydrate clustering reportedly found in lipid rafts, were synthesized based on the carbohydrate moiety of SGalCer. Here we describe the synthesis of a polysulfated galactose functionalized, fifth generation DAB dendrimer (PS Gal 64mer), containing on average two sulfate groups per galactose residue. Its ability to inhibit HIV-1 infection of cultured indicator cells was compared to that of dextran sulfate (DxS), a known, potent, binding inhibitor of HIV-1. The results indicate that the PS Gal 64mer inhibited infection by the HIV-1 isolates tested as well as DxS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Kensinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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Darling KEA, Dewar A, Evans TJ. Role of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in internalization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by polarized respiratory epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2004; 6:521-33. [PMID: 15104594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important human pathogen, producing lung infection in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), patients who are ventilated and those who are neutropenic. The respiratory epithelium provides the initial barrier to infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa can enter epithelial cells, although the mechanism of entry and the role of intracellular organisms in its life cycle are unclear. We devised a model of infection of polarized human respiratory epithelial cells with P. aeruginosa and investigated the role of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in adherence, uptake and IL-8 production by human respiratory epithelial cells. We found that a number of P. aeruginosa strains could invade and replicate within cells derived from a patient with CF. Intracellular bacteria did not produce host cell cytotoxicity over a period of 24 h. When these cells were transfected with wild-type CFTR, uptake of bacteria was significantly reduced and release of IL-8 following infection enhanced. We propose that internalized P. aeruginosa may play an important role in the pathogenesis of infection and that, by allowing greater internalization into epithelial cells, mutant CFTR results in an increased susceptibility of bronchial infection with this microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine E A Darling
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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Abstract
The discovery of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene in 1989 led to a dramatic increase in the understanding of the molecular basis of CF. Increased knowledge has provided the opportunity to target drug development at correcting the basic defect either by gene therapy or pharmacological modulation of the abnormal physiological processes. Development of new medications for the CF population poses many challenges. The discovery and development of new medications is always time consuming and expensive. Since CF affects a small population worldwide, the potential for a drug company to profit from a new treatment is limited. In addition, each new therapy must have an additional and proven benefit to be attractive to clinicians and consumers, otherwise it will not be commercially viable. Demonstrating clinical benefit is problematic as a limited number of patients are available to participate in clinical trails and outcome measures, such as length of life, are hard to measure. In this review we will illustrate these challenges by discussing the development of treatments which have successfully reached the bedside and those that were unsuccessful.
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Lanotte P, Watt S, Mereghetti L, Dartiguelongue N, Rastegar-Lari A, Goudeau A, Quentin R. Genetic features of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis patients compared with those of isolates from other origins. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53:73-81. [PMID: 14663109 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve our understanding of the colonization of the pulmonary tract of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 162 isolates from five different ecological origins were studied. The genetic features of each isolate were determined by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and by searching for eight virulence genes (six known virulence genes, algD, lasB, toxA, plcH, plcN and exoS, and two genes encoding putative neuraminidases, nan1 and nan2). Five RAPD groups were identified. Most of the CF isolates were distributed equally in three of these groups (RA, RB and RC). The CF isolates in RB were related to isolates from a wide variety of origins. The CF isolates in RA were related to a population composed of 65 % of the non-CF isolates from pulmonary tract infections. RC was mainly composed of CF isolates that were related to 30 % of isolates from plants. All genes except exoS and nan1 were present in all isolates. The exoS and nan1 virulence factor genes were most prevalent in CF isolates. exoS, which encodes exoenzyme S, was present in 94 % of CF isolates but also in 80 % of non-CF isolates from pulmonary tract infections. nan1, which encodes a putative neuraminidase, was found in 82.5 % of the isolates from group RC, which was composed largely of CF isolates. In conclusion, three major genogroups of P. aeruginosa isolates, each of which exhibits peculiar genetic features, are able to colonize CF patients. This may have different consequences on the outcome of pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Lanotte
- Département de Microbiologie Médicale et Moléculaire, EA 3250, Unité de Bactériologie, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - Stephane Watt
- Département de Microbiologie Médicale et Moléculaire, EA 3250, Unité de Bactériologie, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - Laurent Mereghetti
- Département de Microbiologie Médicale et Moléculaire, EA 3250, Unité de Bactériologie, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - Nathalie Dartiguelongue
- Département de Microbiologie Médicale et Moléculaire, EA 3250, Unité de Bactériologie, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - Aziz Rastegar-Lari
- Département de Microbiologie Médicale et Moléculaire, EA 3250, Unité de Bactériologie, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - Alain Goudeau
- Département de Microbiologie Médicale et Moléculaire, EA 3250, Unité de Bactériologie, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - Roland Quentin
- Département de Microbiologie Médicale et Moléculaire, EA 3250, Unité de Bactériologie, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
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Lanotte P, Mereghetti L, Lejeune B, Massicot P, Quentin R. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and cystic fibrosis: correlation between exoenzyme production and patient's clinical state. Pediatr Pulmonol 2003; 36:405-12. [PMID: 14520723 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.10380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the correlation between the production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates of four exoenzymes (protease, elastase, neuraminidase, and phospholipase C (PLC)) and the clinical state of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. We studied 212 P. aeruginosa isolates from 22 CF patients chronically infected with this bacterium. Patients were classified into three clinical groups according to a modified Shwachman-Kulczycki-Khaw (SKK) scoring system. The production of enzymes by isolates from patients in the three populations was analyzed and compared using four statistical tests: chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, principal component analysis, and discriminant analysis. Isolates from patients with excellent or good clinical status (group I, SKK score >/=71) had higher elastase and neuraminidase activities than isolates from the other patients. In contrast, PLC activity, a common characteristic of CF isolates, was higher in isolates from patients with poor or weak clinical status (group III, SKK score </=55). PLC also appeared to be the best parameter for differentiating between groups I and III. Enzyme production was highly variable in group II isolates (SKK score, 56-70). Our results suggest that P. aeruginosa isolates from patients with good clinical status produce large amounts of neuraminidase, and that PLC production may be involved in the decrease in pulmonary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lanotte
- Département de Microbiologie Médicale et Moléculaire, EA 3250, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France.
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Darling KEA, Evans TJ. Effects of nitric oxide on Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of epithelial cells from a human respiratory cell line derived from a patient with cystic fibrosis. Infect Immun 2003; 71:2341-9. [PMID: 12704103 PMCID: PMC153226 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.5.2341-2349.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by airway inflammation and chronic bacterial lung infection, most commonly with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic human pathogen. Despite the persistent airway inflammation observed in patients with CF, although phagocyte inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) production is upregulated, expression of iNOS in the respiratory epithelium is markedly reduced. Given the antimicrobial action of NO, this may contribute to the chronic airway infection of this disease. To define the role of epithelium-derived NO in airway defense against P. aeruginosa, we infected differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells derived from a patient with CF (CFBE41o- cells) with different strains of this pathogen at low multiplicities of infection. Using cells transfected with human iNOS cDNA, we studied the effect of NO on P. aeruginosa replication, adherence, and internalization. P. aeruginosa adherence to iNOS-expressing cells was reduced by 44 to 72% (P = 0.02) compared with control values. Absolute P. aeruginosa uptake into these cells was reduced by 44%, but uptake expressed as a percentage of adherent bacteria did not differ from the control uptake. Survival of P. aeruginosa within iNOS-expressing cells was reduced at late times postinfection (P = 0.034). NO production did not alter host cell viability. NO production reduced P. aeruginosa adherence to human bronchial epithelial cells and enhanced killing of internalized bacteria, suggesting that a lack of epithelial iNOS in patients with CF may contribute to P. aeruginosa infection and colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine E A Darling
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infections in Individuals with Cystic Fibrosis. SEVERE INFECTIONS CAUSED BY PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0433-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal inherited disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance. Major progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms leading to increased susceptibility to Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization. Persistent respiratory infection with P. aeruginosa leads to progressive pulmonary inflammation and is the major cause of morbidity and mortality. Treatment and prophylaxis of respiratory infection has improved the median survival and quality of life of cystic fibrosis patients. In the future, treatment of the underlying genetic defect may be possible.
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Schroeder TH, Zaidi T, Pier GB. Lack of adherence of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to asialo-GM(1) on epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2001; 69:719-29. [PMID: 11159960 PMCID: PMC97944 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.2.719-729.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported that asialo-GM(1), gangliotetraosylceramide, or moieties serve as epithelial cell receptors for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Usually this interaction is confirmed with antibodies to asialo-GM(1). However, few, if any, of these reports have evaluated the binding of fresh clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa to asialo-GM(1) or the specificity of the antibodies for the asialo-GM(1) antigen. We confirmed that asialo-GM(1) dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide could be added to the apical membrane of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells growing as a polarized epithelium on Transwell membranes (J. C. Comolli, L. L. Waite, K. E. Mostov, and J. N. Engel, Infect. Immun. 67:3207-3214, 1999) and that such treatment enhanced the binding of P. aeruginosa strain PA103. However, no other P. aeruginosa strain, including eight different clinical isolates, exhibited enhanced binding to asialo-GM(1)-treated cells. Studies with commercially available antibodies to asialo-GM(1) showed that these preparations had high titers of antibody to P. aeruginosa antigens, including whole cells, purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and pili. Inhibition studies showed that adsorption of an antiserum to asialo-GM(1) with P. aeruginosa cells could remove the reactivity of antibodies to asialo-GM(1), and adsorption of this serum with asialo-GM(1) removed antibody binding to P. aeruginosa LPS. Antibodies in sera raised to asialo-GM(1) were observed to bind to P. aeruginosa cells by immunoelectron microscopy. Antibodies to asialo-GM(1) inhibited formation of a biofilm by P. aeruginosa in the absence of mammalian cells, indicating a direct inhibition of bacterial cell-cell interactions. These findings demonstrate that asialo-GM(1) is not a major cellular receptor for clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa and that commercially available antibodies raised to this antigen contain high titers of antibody to multiple P. aeruginosa antigens, which do not interfere with the binding of P. aeruginosa to mammalian cells but possibly interfere with the binding of P. aeruginosa cells to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Schroeder
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Goldberg JB, Pier GB. The role of the CFTR in susceptibility to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in cystic fibrosis. Trends Microbiol 2000; 8:514-20. [PMID: 11121762 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-842x(00)01872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent molecular and cellular studies have shed new light on the basis for the susceptibility of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Changes in airway liquid composition and/or viscosity, enhanced bacterial binding to mucin and epithelial cell receptors, increased innate inflammation owing to disruptions in lipid metabolism and a role for the CFTR protein in bacterial ingestion and clearance have all been postulated. The high P. aeruginosa infection rate in CF patients can potentially be explained by the specificity of the interaction between the CFTR and P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Goldberg
- Dept of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health Science Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA
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Bush A, Tiddens H, Silverman M. Clinical implications of inflammation in young children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:S11-4. [PMID: 10934124 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.162.supplement_1.maic-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Bush
- Paediatric Respirology, Imperial School of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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Chinet T. [Correction of CFTR anomalies: pharmacological approach]. Arch Pediatr 2000; 7 Suppl 2:352s-354s. [PMID: 10904771 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(00)80098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Chinet
- Laboratoire de biologie et pharmacologie des épithéliums respiratoires, université Paris-V, hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne, France
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