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Pelosi G, Travis WD. Head-to-head: Should Ki67 proliferation index be included in the formal classification of pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms? Histopathology 2024; 85:535-548. [PMID: 38728050 DOI: 10.1111/his.15206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/31/2024]
Abstract
The reporting of lung neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) according to the 2021 World Health Organisation (WHO) is based on mitotic count per 2 mm2, necrosis assessment and a constellation of cytological and immunohistochemical details. Accordingly, typical carcinoid and atypical carcinoid are low- to intermediate-grade neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), while large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) and small-cell lung carcinoma are high-grade NECs. In small-sized diagnostic material (cytology and biopsy), the noncommittal term of carcinoid tumour/NET not otherwise specified (NOS) and metastatic carcinoid NOS have been introduced with regard to primary and metastatic diagnostic settings, respectively. Ki-67 antigen, a well-known marker of cell proliferation, has been included in the WHO classification as a non-essential but desirable criterion, especially to distinguish NETs from high-grade NECs and to delineate the provisional category of carcinoid tumours/NETs with elevated mitotic counts (> 10 mitoses per mm2) and/or Ki-67 proliferation index (≥ 30%). However, a wider use of this marker in the spectrum of lung NENs continues to be highly reported and debated, thus witnessing a never-subsided attention. Therefore, the arguments for and against incorporating Ki-67 in the classification and clinical practice of these neoplasms are discussed herein in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pelosi
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Inter-Hospital Pathology Division, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - William D Travis
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA
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2
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Joshi A, Law J, Shah N, Ghnaima H, Akanbi M, Tikaria R. Superior and inferior vena cava syndrome caused by a rare lung cancer: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2024; 12:e9391. [PMID: 39219783 PMCID: PMC11364610 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.9391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is commonly caused by mediastinal malignancies. Early identification through clinical signs and imaging is critical to avoid complications including cerebral and laryngeal edema, and cardiogenic shock. We present a case of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma causing superior and inferior vena cava compression that responded well to radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amey Joshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sparrow HospitalMichigan State UniversityLansingMichiganUSA
| | - Jason Law
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sparrow HospitalMichigan State UniversityLansingMichiganUSA
| | - Niket Shah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sparrow HospitalMichigan State UniversityLansingMichiganUSA
| | - Harith Ghnaima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sparrow HospitalMichigan State UniversityLansingMichiganUSA
| | - Maxwell Akanbi
- Department of OncologyMclaren Greater Hospital‐LansingLansingMichiganUSA
| | - Richa Tikaria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sparrow HospitalMichigan State UniversityLansingMichiganUSA
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3
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Xu X, Liu B, Su Y, Dong P, Wang S, Deng J, Lin Z, Huang L, Li S, Gu J, Zhou Y. The prognostic analysis and a machine-learning based disease-specific survival state model in pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas. J Thorac Dis 2024; 16:5152-5166. [PMID: 39268117 PMCID: PMC11388250 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-23-1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Background Pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (PLCNEC) is a rare and highly malignant lung cancer. Due to the paucity of data from clinical studies, its clinical characteristics and treatment remain controversial. The present study explored factors influencing the prognosis and survival outcomes of patients with PLCNEC and developed a dependable prognostic model using machine learning. Methods The clinical data of PLCNEC patients were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 2010 and 2020. A total of 2,897 PLCNEC patients were enrolled and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to explore independent prognostic factors for disease-specific survival (DSS). Ten machine learning algorithms were utilized to predict the 2-year survival. The clinicopathological data collected from The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University between 2010 and 2022 were used to test the trained machine. Results Sex [hazard ratio (HR) 1.168, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.063-1.284], age (HR 1.262, 95% CI: 1.144-1.391), surgery (HR 0.481, 95% CI: 0.413-0.559), chemotherapy (HR 0.450, 95% CI: 0.404-0.501), bone metastasis (HR 1.284, 95% CI: 1.124-1.466), brain metastasis (HR 1.167, 95% CI: 1.023-1.331), liver metastasis (HR 1.223, 95% CI: 1.069-1.399), American Joint Committee on Cancer-Node (AJCC-N), and tumor stage were independent prognostic factors. The gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) performed better than other models, with an F1-score of 0.791 and an area under the curve of 0.831. Conclusions Male, age ≥65 years, distant metastasis to the bone, liver, and brain are associated with a worse prognosis in PLCNEC patients, while surgery and chemotherapy are associated with improved prognosis. GBDT showed promising performance in predicting 2-year survival, which can serve as a valuable reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of PLCNEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongye Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baomo Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Su
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peixin Dong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuaishuai Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiating Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziying Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixia Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoli Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jincui Gu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanbin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Sun J, Jing Y, Tian P, Li W, Li Y. [Advances of Treatment of Pulmonary Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2024; 27:622-628. [PMID: 39318255 PMCID: PMC11425679 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2024.102.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of lung is a rare neuroendocrine carcinoma subtype with difficulty in early diagnosis and poor prognosis which is treated with standard strategies of small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. In recent years, the precise types of LCNEC and its response to therapy have been identified by next-generation sequencing. Some researches have also found the correlation between different subtypes of LCNEC and the efficacy of chemotherapy regimens. However, there is no consensual agreement of its therapy. Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has provided a new option for LCNEC patients based on some retrospective research data and case reports. In this review, we aimed to summarize the epidemiological characteristics, standard therapy, the advances of molecular subtypes and clinical applications of ICIs of LCNEC, so as to provide optimal systemic clinical decision-making for LCNEC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Center/Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yawan Jing
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Center/Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Tibet Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Panwen Tian
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Center/Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Lung Cancer Center/Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Center/Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yalun Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Center/Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Lung Cancer Center/Lung Cancer Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Stefàno E, De Castro F, Ciccarese A, Muscella A, Marsigliante S, Benedetti M, Fanizzi FP. An Overview of Altered Pathways Associated with Sensitivity to Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Neuroendocrine Tumors: Strengths and Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8568. [PMID: 39201255 PMCID: PMC11354135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a diverse group of malignancies with a shared phenotype but varying prognosis and response to current treatments. Based on their morphological features and rate of proliferation, NENs can be classified into two main groups with a distinct clinical behavior and response to treatment: (i) well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) or carcinoids (with a low proliferation rate), and (ii) poorly differentiated small- or large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) (with a high proliferation rate). For certain NENs (such as pancreatic tumors, higher-grade tumors, and those with DNA damage repair defects), chemotherapy is the main therapeutic approach. Among the different chemotherapic agents, cisplatin and carboplatin, in combination with etoposide, have shown the greatest efficacy in treating NECs compared to NETs. The cytotoxic effects of cisplatin and carboplatin are primarily due to their binding to DNA, which interferes with normal DNA transcription and/or replication. Consistent with this, NECs, which often have mutations in pathways involved in DNA repair (such as Rb, MDM2, BRCA, and PTEN), have a high response to platinum-based chemotherapy. Identifying mutations that affect molecular pathways involved in the initiation and progression of NENs can be crucial in predicting the response to platinum chemotherapy. This review aims to highlight targetable mutations that could serve as predictors of therapeutic response to platinum-based chemotherapy in NENs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Michele Benedetti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.S.); (F.D.C.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (F.P.F.)
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6
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Liang M, Huang J, Liu C, Chen M. Predictive Modeling of Long-Term Prognosis After Resection in Typical Pulmonary Carcinoid: A Machine Learning Perspective. Cancer Invest 2024; 42:544-558. [PMID: 39007912 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2024.2356002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Typical Pulmonary Carcinoid (TPC) is defined by its slow growth, frequently necessitating surgical intervention. Despite this, the long-term outcomes following tumor resection are not well understood. This study examined the factors impacting Overall Survival (OS) in patients with TPC, leveraging data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database spanning from 2000 to 2018. We employed Lasso-Cox analysis to identify prognostic features and developed various models using Random Forest, XGBoost, and Cox regression algorithms. Subsequently, we assessed model performance using metrics such as Area Under the Curve (AUC), calibration plot, Brier score, and Decision Curve Analysis (DCA). Among the 2687 patients, we identified five clinical features significantly affecting OS. Notably, the Random Forest model exhibited strong performance, achieving 5- and 7-year AUC values of 0.744/0.757 in the training set and 0.715/0.740 in the validation set, respectively, outperforming other models. Additionally, we developed a web-based platform aimed at facilitating easy access to the model. This study presents a machine learning model and a web-based support system for healthcare professionals, assisting in personalized treatment decisions for patients with TPC post-tumor resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
- Center of Respiratory Research, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Caiyan Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Mafeng Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
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7
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Yokota E, Iwai M, Yukawa T, Naomoto Y, Haisa M, Monobe Y, Takigawa N, Fukazawa T, Yamatsuji T. Patient-derived tumoroid models of pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: a promising tool for personalized medicine and developing novel therapeutic strategies. Cancer Lett 2024; 588:216816. [PMID: 38499265 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), a disease with poor prognosis, is classified as pulmonary high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma, along with small-cell lung cancer. However, given its infrequent occurrence, only a limited number of preclinical models have been established. Here, we established three LCNEC tumoroids for long-term culture. Whole-exome sequencing revealed that these tumoroids inherited genetic mutations from their parental tumors; two were classified as small-cell carcinoma (S-LCNEC) and one as non-small cell carcinoma (N-LCNEC). Xenografts from these tumoroids in immunodeficient mice mimicked the pathology of the parent LCNEC, and one reproduced the mixed-tissue types of combined LCNEC with a component of adenocarcinoma. Drug sensitivity tests using these LCNEC tumoroids enabled the evaluation of therapeutic agent efficacy. Based on translational research, we found that a CDK4/6 inhibitor might be effective for N-LCNEC and that Aurora A kinase inhibitors might be suitable for S-LCNEC or LCNEC with MYC amplification. These results highlight the value of preclinical tumoroid models in understanding the pathogenesis of rare cancers and developing treatments. LCNEC showed a high success rate in tumoroid establishment, indicating its potential application in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Yokota
- Department of General Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Miki Iwai
- General Medical Center Research Unit, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takuro Yukawa
- Department of General Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshio Naomoto
- Department of General Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Minoru Haisa
- Kawasaki Medical School General Medical Center, Okayama, Japan; Department of Medical Care Work, Kawasaki College of Health Professions, Okayama, Japan; Kawasaki Geriatric Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Nagio Takigawa
- General Medical Center Research Unit, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takuya Fukazawa
- Department of General Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan; General Medical Center Research Unit, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Tomoki Yamatsuji
- Department of General Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
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8
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Iida Y, Wakuda K, Kenmotsu H, Doshita K, Kodama H, Nishioka N, Miyawaki E, Miyawaki T, Mamesaya N, Kobayashi H, Omori S, Ko R, Ono A, Naito T, Murakami H, Sugino T, Gon Y, Takahashi T. Efficacy of second-line chemotherapy in patients with pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7641. [PMID: 38561461 PMCID: PMC10984918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58327-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of second-line chemotherapy in patients with pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of second-line chemotherapy in patients with pulmonary LCNEC. We retrospectively reviewed patients with pulmonary LCNEC or possible LCNEC (pLCNEC) who received platinum-based chemotherapy as the first-line treatment. Among these patients, we evaluated the efficacy of second-line treatment by comparing patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC group). Of the 61 patients with LCNEC or pLCNEC (LCNEC group) who received first-line chemotherapy, 39 patients were treated with second-line chemotherapy. Among the 39 patients, 61.5% received amrubicin monotherapy. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in the LCNEC groups were 3.3 and 8.3 months, respectively. No significant differences in the PFS (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.924, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.647-1.320; P = 0.664) and OS (HR: 0.926; 95% CI 0.648-1.321; P = 0.670) were observed between the LCNEC and SCLC groups. In patients treated with amrubicin, the PFS (P = 0.964) and OS (P = 0.544) were not different between both the groups. Second-line chemotherapy, including amrubicin, may be considered as a treatment option for patients with pulmonary LCNEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Iida
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushige Wakuda
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Kosei Doshita
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kodama
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Naoya Nishioka
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Eriko Miyawaki
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Taichi Miyawaki
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Mamesaya
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Haruki Kobayashi
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shota Omori
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
- Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Ryo Ko
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Ono
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tateaki Naito
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Haruyasu Murakami
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugino
- Division of Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Gon
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Burns L, Tukachinsky H, Raskina K, Huang RSP, Schrock AB, Sands J, Kulke MH, Oxnard GR, Tapan U. Real-World comprehensive genomic profiling data for diagnostic clarity in pulmonary Large-Cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Lung Cancer 2024; 188:107454. [PMID: 38159439 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2023.107454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is an uncommon subtype of lung cancer believed to represent a spectrum of tumors sharing characteristics of both small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Other groups have proposed genomic LCNEC subtypes, including small cell-like, non-small cell-like, and carcinoid-like subtypes. The primary goal of this study was to better define the NSCLC-like subtype with comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP). METHODS An institutional database was queried to identify tissue specimens (TBx, N = 1,426) and liquid biopsies (LBx, N = 39) submitted for CGP during routine clinical care (8/2014 - 7/2023) with a disease ontology of LCNEC. TBx were profiled with FoundationOne® (F1) or F1CDx, using hybrid-capture technology to detect genomic alterations (GAs). RESULTS 1,426 LCNEC samples were genomically profiled. The presence of RB1 and TP53 genomic alterations (GAs) were used to define a SCLC-like subtype (n = 557). A carcinoid-like group was defined by the presence of MEN1 mutation in the absence of TP53 GAs (n = 25). The remaining 844 samples were compared to the SCLC-like group and GAs enriched relative to the SCLC-like samples with a false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.0001 were used to define a NSCLC-like group. These NSCLC-like subtype-defining GAs included SMARCA4, KRAS, FGF3/4/19, STK11, CDKN2A/B, MTAP, and CCND1. Under this schema, 530 samples were classified as NSCLC-like and 314 remained unclassified. CONCLUSIONS Large-scale CGP can better characterize biologically distinct molecular subtypes in LCNEC. Further studies to define how these molecular subtypes may help inform treatment decisions in this complex and challenging malignancy are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Burns
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, and Boston Medical Center, One Boston Medical Center Pl, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Hanna Tukachinsky
- Foundation Medicine, 150 Second St, Cambridge, MA 02141, United States
| | - Kira Raskina
- Foundation Medicine, 150 Second St, Cambridge, MA 02141, United States
| | - Richard S P Huang
- Foundation Medicine, 150 Second St, Cambridge, MA 02141, United States
| | - Alexa B Schrock
- Foundation Medicine, 150 Second St, Cambridge, MA 02141, United States
| | - Jacob Sands
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Matthew H Kulke
- Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, and Boston Medical Center, 830 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Geoffrey R Oxnard
- Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, and Boston Medical Center, 830 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Umit Tapan
- Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, and Boston Medical Center, 830 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
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10
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Ben Toumia I, Bachetti T, Chekir-Ghedira L, Profumo A, Ponassi M, Di Domizio A, Izzotti A, Sciacca S, Puglisi C, Forte S, Giuffrida R, Colarossi C, Milardi D, Grasso G, Lanza V, Fiordoro S, Drago G, Tkachenko K, Cardinali B, Romano P, Iervasi E, Vargas GC, Barboro P, Kohnke FH, Rosano C. Fraisinib: a calixpyrrole derivative reducing A549 cell-derived NSCLC tumor in vivo acts as a ligand of the glycine-tRNA synthase, a new molecular target in oncology. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1258108. [PMID: 38235113 PMCID: PMC10791888 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1258108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: Lung cancer is the leading cause of death in both men and women, constituting a major public health problem worldwide. Non-small-cell lung cancer accounts for 85%-90% of all lung cancers. We propose a compound that successfully fights tumor growth in vivo by targeting the enzyme GARS1. Experimental approach: We present an in-depth investigation of the mechanism through which Fraisinib [meso-(p-acetamidophenyl)-calix(4)pyrrole] affects the human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line. In a xenografted model of non-small-cell lung cancer, Fraisinib was found to reduce tumor mass volume without affecting the vital parameters or body weight of mice. Through a computational approach, we uncovered that glycyl-tRNA synthetase is its molecular target. Differential proteomics analysis further confirmed that pathways regulated by Fraisinib are consistent with glycyl-tRNA synthetase inhibition. Key results: Fraisinib displays a strong anti-tumoral potential coupled with limited toxicity in mice. Glycyl-tRNA synthetase has been identified and validated as a protein target of this compound. By inhibiting GARS1, Fraisinib modulates different key biological processes involved in tumoral growth, aggressiveness, and invasiveness. Conclusion and implications: The overall results indicate that Fraisinib is a powerful inhibitor of non-small-cell lung cancer growth by exerting its action on the enzyme GARS1 while displaying marginal toxicity in animal models. Together with the proven ability of this compound to cross the blood-brain barrier, we can assess that Fraisinib can kill two birds with one stone: targeting the primary tumor and its metastases "in one shot." Taken together, we suggest that inhibiting GARS1 expression and/or GARS1 enzymatic activity may be innovative molecular targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leila Chekir-Ghedira
- Unit of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology, Faculty of Dental Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Aldo Profumo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Ponassi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Izzotti
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefano Forte
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Viagrande, Italy
| | | | | | - Danilo Milardi
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grasso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Lanza
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiordoro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Giacomo Drago
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Romano
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Erika Iervasi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Paola Barboro
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Franz Heinrich Kohnke
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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11
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Wang Z, Wu Y, Lu T, Xu Y, Chen M, Zhong W, Zhao J, Wang M. The outcomes of different regimens depend on the molecular subtypes of pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: A retrospective study in China. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e6834. [PMID: 38180312 PMCID: PMC10807557 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal systemic treatment for pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) remains controversial, and recent advances in LCNEC molecular subtype classification have provided potential strategies for assisting in treatment decisions. Our study aimed to investigate the impact of treatment regimens, molecular subtypes and their concordance on clinical outcomes of patients diagnosed with LCNEC. PATIENTS AND METHODS All patients diagnosed with advanced pulmonary LCNEC in Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) between January 2000 and October 2021 were enrolled in this retrospective study. The tumor samples were collected and sequenced using a tumor-specific gene panel, while clinical information was retrieved from the medical records system. The survival and therapeutic response were analyzed and compared between different subgroups classified by treatment regimen (SCLC or NSCLC-based), molecular subtype (type I or II) or the combination. RESULTS In univariate subgroup analysis categorized only by treatment regimen or molecular subtype, there were no differences identified in DCR, ORR, PFS, or OS. Nevertheless, the group with consistent treatment regimen and molecular subtype exhibited significantly longer OS than that of the inconsistent group (median OS 37.7 vs. 8.3 months; p = 0.046). Particularly, the OS of patients with type II LCNEC treated with SCLC-based regimen was significantly prolonged than that of others (median 37.7 vs. 10.5 months; p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study revealed the clinical outcomes of different treatment regimens for LCNEC patients highly depend on their molecular subtypes, highlighting the need for sequencing-guided therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Male
- Female
- Retrospective Studies
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/mortality
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Middle Aged
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/genetics
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/pathology
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/mortality
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/therapy
- China
- Aged
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/therapy
- Adult
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojue Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicinePeking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicinePeking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of PathologyPeking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicinePeking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Minjiang Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicinePeking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Wei Zhong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicinePeking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicinePeking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Mengzhao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicinePeking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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12
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Dayton TL, Alcala N, Moonen L, den Hartigh L, Geurts V, Mangiante L, Lap L, Dost AFM, Beumer J, Levy S, van Leeuwaarde RS, Hackeng WM, Samsom K, Voegele C, Sexton-Oates A, Begthel H, Korving J, Hillen L, Brosens LAA, Lantuejoul S, Jaksani S, Kok NFM, Hartemink KJ, Klomp HM, Borel Rinkes IHM, Dingemans AM, Valk GD, Vriens MR, Buikhuisen W, van den Berg J, Tesselaar M, Derks J, Speel EJ, Foll M, Fernández-Cuesta L, Clevers H. Druggable growth dependencies and tumor evolution analysis in patient-derived organoids of neuroendocrine neoplasms from multiple body sites. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:2083-2099.e9. [PMID: 38086335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) comprise well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). Treatment options for patients with NENs are limited, in part due to lack of accurate models. We establish patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs) from pulmonary NETs and derive PDTOs from an understudied subtype of NEC, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), arising from multiple body sites. PDTOs maintain the gene expression patterns, intra-tumoral heterogeneity, and evolutionary processes of parental tumors. Through hypothesis-driven drug sensitivity analyses, we identify ASCL1 as a potential biomarker for response of LCNEC to treatment with BCL-2 inhibitors. Additionally, we discover a dependency on EGF in pulmonary NET PDTOs. Consistent with these findings, we find that, in an independent cohort, approximately 50% of pulmonary NETs express EGFR. This study identifies an actionable vulnerability for a subset of pulmonary NETs, emphasizing the utility of these PDTO models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talya L Dayton
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Nicolas Alcala
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team (RCG), Genomic Epidemiology Branch (GEM), International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organisation (IARC/WHO), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Laura Moonen
- Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lisanne den Hartigh
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Veerle Geurts
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lise Mangiante
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team (RCG), Genomic Epidemiology Branch (GEM), International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organisation (IARC/WHO), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Lisa Lap
- Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Antonella F M Dost
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joep Beumer
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sonja Levy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel S van Leeuwaarde
- Department of Endocrine Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wenzel M Hackeng
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kris Samsom
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Catherine Voegele
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team (RCG), Genomic Epidemiology Branch (GEM), International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organisation (IARC/WHO), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Alexandra Sexton-Oates
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team (RCG), Genomic Epidemiology Branch (GEM), International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organisation (IARC/WHO), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Harry Begthel
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Korving
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa Hillen
- Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk A A Brosens
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvie Lantuejoul
- Department of Biopathology, Pathology Research Platform- Synergie Lyon Cancer- CRCL, Centre Léon Bérard Unicancer, 69008 Lyon, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sridevi Jaksani
- Hubrecht Organoid Technology, Utrecht 3584 CM, the Netherlands
| | - Niels F M Kok
- Department of Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Koen J Hartemink
- Department of Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Houke M Klomp
- Department of Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Inne H M Borel Rinkes
- Department of Endocrine Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Dingemans
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology and and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 GD, the Netherlands
| | - Gerlof D Valk
- Department of Endocrine Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Menno R Vriens
- Department of Endocrine Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Wieneke Buikhuisen
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - José van den Berg
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Margot Tesselaar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jules Derks
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology and and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ernst Jan Speel
- Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthieu Foll
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team (RCG), Genomic Epidemiology Branch (GEM), International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organisation (IARC/WHO), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Lynnette Fernández-Cuesta
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team (RCG), Genomic Epidemiology Branch (GEM), International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organisation (IARC/WHO), 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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13
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Meng L, Cao B, Ji R, Chen DT, Laber DA, Shafique M. Enhanced Efficacy of Chemotherapy by Addition of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Stage IV Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Lung: A Real-World Analysis. J Cancer 2023; 14:3169-3175. [PMID: 37928431 PMCID: PMC10622985 DOI: 10.7150/jca.87052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (LCNEC) is a high-grade malignancy with limited treatment options. Despite promising results of immunotherapy in non-small cell and small cell lung cancers, its benefit in LCNEC remains elusive. Methods: We included 24 patients diagnosed with stage IV LCNEC from the Moffitt Cancer Center database who received systemic therapy between January 2016 and May 2021. Group A comprised patients who received first-line CT and ICI (anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 therapy for ICI, n = 11), and Group B received first-line CT only (n = 13). The collected data encompassed overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and toxicities since treatment initiation. Results: Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed median OS was 56 weeks (95%CI = 22.2-89.8) and 28 weeks (95% CI=16.3-39.7) in groups A and B, respectively. Log-rank test showed the difference was statistically significant (p=0.029). Median PFS was 32 weeks (95%CI=14.7-49.3) in group A and 20 weeks (95% CI=13.8-26.2) in groups B, but the difference was not statistically significant (p= 0.136). Univariate Cox analysis confirmed that the addition of ICI to CT significantly improved OS in patients with stage IV LCNEC (HR=0.35, 95% CI=0.13-0.95, p = 0.039). The ORR (63.6% vs 45.4%, p= 0.670) and DCR (81.8% vs 63.6%, p= 0.635) tended to be higher in group A than in group B but the difference was not statistically significant. Importantly, the combined treatment demonstrated a satisfactory safety profile, with only two patients reporting grade 2 or higher adverse events. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the combination of immunotherapy with chemotherapy holds potential for improving outcomes in stage IV LCNEC. Despite the retrospective nature and limited sample size of our study, these preliminary findings provide a valuable insight into the potential of immunotherapy in LCNEC treatment and encourage further research through larger, prospective trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbin Meng
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Biwei Cao
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Rui Ji
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dung-Tsa Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Damian A. Laber
- Department of Satellite and Community Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael Shafique
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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14
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Imai R, Kitamura A. Successful treatment with atezolizumab in a haemodialysis patient with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Respirol Case Rep 2023; 11:e01193. [PMID: 37484711 PMCID: PMC10356775 DOI: 10.1002/rcr2.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report, a modified regimen based on IMpower 133 (carboplatin + etoposide + atezolizumab) was administered to a patient diagnosed with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) who was concurrently undergoing haemodialysis. Adverse events led to the discontinuation of carboplatin and etoposide after the first course. Nevertheless, the patient exhibited reduction in pulmonary nodule and adrenal metastasis while receiving atezolizumab, indicating its sustained efficacy for a duration of 7 months. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case demonstrating successful treatment with atezolizumab in LCNEC patients undergoing haemodialysis. Atezolizumab can be administered safely in patients undergoing dialysis and is a promising therapeutic option for dialysis patients with LCNEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Imai
- Department of Pulmonary MedicineSt. Luke's International HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Atsushi Kitamura
- Department of Pulmonary MedicineSt. Luke's International HospitalTokyoJapan
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15
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Buium C, Negru S, Ionescu DN, Dediu M. The Unmet Diagnostic and Treatment Needs in Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Lung. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:7218-7228. [PMID: 37623004 PMCID: PMC10453448 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30080523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung (LCNEC) is currently classified as a rare lung cancer subtype, but given the high incidence of lung cancer, the overall number of cases is considerable. The pathologic diagnosis of LCNEC is mainly based on the microscopic appearance of the tumor cells, the mitotic rate, the amount of intra-tumoral necrosis, and the presence of positive neuroendocrine markers identified by immunohistochemistry. Recently, a subdivision into two main categories was proposed based on mutation signatures involving the RB1, TP53, KRAS, and STK11/LKB1 genes, into SCLC-like (small cell lung cancer-like) and NSCLC-like (non-small cell lung cancer-like) LCNEC. In terms of treatment, surgery is still the best option for resectable, stage I-IIIA cases. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy have conflicting evidence. Etoposide/platinum remains the standard chemotherapy regimen. However, based on the newly proposed LCNEC subtypes, some retrospective series report better outcomes using a pathology-driven chemotherapy approach. Encouraging outcomes have also been reported for immunotherapy and targeted therapy, but the real impact of these strategies is still being determined in the absence of adequate prospective clinical trials. The current paper scrutinized the epidemiology, reviewed the reliability of pathologic diagnosis, discussed the need for molecular subtyping, and reviewed the heterogeneity of treatment algorithms in LCNEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalin Buium
- Department of Medical Oncology, Asociatia Oncohelp, 300239 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Serban Negru
- Department of Medical Oncology, Asociatia Oncohelp, 300239 Timisoara, Romania;
- Department of Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes”, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Diana N. Ionescu
- Department of Pathology, BC Cancer, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6B5M5, Canada;
| | - Mircea Dediu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sanador Clinical Hospital, 010991 Bucharest, Romania;
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16
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Jelli B, Brandão M, Mekinda Z, Durieux V, Berghmans T. Systemic treatment for neuroendocrine non-small cell lung carcinoma: A cases series and a systematic review of the literature. Lung Cancer 2023; 181:107232. [PMID: 37216840 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2023.107232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroendocrine lung cancer constitutes a continuum from carcinoid tumours (CT) to large cell neuroendocrine (LCNEC) and small-cell carcinomas (SCLC). Except for SCLC, there is no consensual agreement on systemic therapy. The aim of this study is to review our clinical experience among patients with CT and LCNEC in the light of a systematic review of the literature. METHODS A retrospective study of all patients with CT and LCNEC receiving a systemic therapy at Institut Jules Bordet and Erasme Hospital between 01/01/2000-31/12/2020. A systematic review of the literature was performed in Ovid Medline. RESULTS 53 patients (21 CT and 32 LCNEC) were included. Despite limited response rates, patients with CT receiving a "carcinoid-like" 1st-line regimen (somatostatin analogues (SSA), everolimus, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT)) had a numerically longer survival compared to those receiving other type of regimens (median 51.4 vs 18.6 months, respectively; p = 0.17). We observed a similar survival between 1st line "SCLC-like" vs "non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)-like" schemes in LCNEC (median 11.2 vs 12.6 months, respectively; p = 0.46). The systematic review identified 23 studies (12 prospective, 15 and 8 for CT and LCNEC respectively). For CT, everolimus and SSA led to prolonged disease control with an acceptable toxicity profile, while higher response rates but lower tolerance were associated with PRRT and chemotherapy regimens including oxaliplatine and dacarbazine. For LCNEC, no difference emerged when comparing "SCLC-like" and "NSCLC-like" regimens considering response rate, progression-free or overall survival. CONCLUSIONS SSA, everolimus and PRRT present a good therapeutic index for CT, while the role of chemotherapy remains limited to aggressive and rapidly evolving CT. The best type of chemotherapy regimen remains an open question in LCNEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Jelli
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Mariana Brandão
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Zita Mekinda
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Pneumology department, Hôpital Erasme, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Valérie Durieux
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bibliothèque des Sciences de la Santé, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Thierry Berghmans
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium.
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17
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Mu F, Fan B, Li H, Qin W, Wang C, Zou B, Wang L. Impact of nab-paclitaxel plus PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor on chemorefractory relapsed small-cell lung cancer. Future Oncol 2023. [PMID: 37114967 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2023-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The present study evaluated the efficacy and safety of nab-paclitaxel (nab-PTX) with a concurrent PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor in patients with refractory relapsed small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Patients & methods: We retrospectively analyzed 240 patients with refractory relapsed SCLC: 40 patients were treated with nab-PTX plus PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor, and 200 received traditional chemotherapy. Results: Median progression-free survival in the nab-PTX plus PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor and traditional chemotherapy groups was 3.6 and 2.5 months (p = 0.0021), respectively. The median overall survival was 8.0 and 5.2 months (p = 0.0002), respectively. No new safety issues were identified. Conclusion: Nab-PTX plus PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor significantly improved survival in patients with refractory relapsed SCLC compared with traditional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchun Mu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Bingjie Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Haoqian Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Wenru Qin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Chunni Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Bing Zou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
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18
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Huang L, Feng Y, Xie T, Zhu H, Tang L, Shi Y. Incidence, survival comparison, and novel prognostic evaluation approaches for stage iii-iv pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and small cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:312. [PMID: 37020179 PMCID: PMC10077650 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10797-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) are two types of high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung with poor prognosis. LCNEC has not been thoroughly studied due to its rarity, data are also lacking regarding the survival comparison and prognosis analysis of patients with locally advanced or metastatic LCNEC and SCLC. METHODS Data of patients with LCNEC, SCLC, and other NSCLC who were diagnosed from 1975 to 2019 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database to estimate incidence. Those in stage III-IV and being diagnosed from 2010 to 2015 were utilized further to investigate their clinical characteristics and prognosis. Propensity score matching (PSM) analyses at a ratio of 1:2 was used to compare their survival outcomes. Nomograms of LCNEC and SCLC were established with internal validation, and the nomogram of SCLC was externally validated by 349 patients diagnosed in Cancer hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2018. RESULTS The incidence of LCNEC has been increasing in recent decades, meanwhile that of SCLC and other types of NSCLC were decreasing. A total of 91,635 lung cancer patients, including 785 with LCNEC, 15,776 with SCLC, and 75,074 with other NSCLC were enrolled for further analysis. The survival of stage III-IV LCNEC resembles that of SCLC, and significantly worse than other types of NSCLC before and after PSM analysis. In pretreatment prognostic analysis, age, T stage, N stage, M stage, bone metastasis, liver metastasis, and brain metastasis were found to be associated with the survival of both LCNEC and SCLC, besides sex, bilaterality, and lung metastasis were additional prognostic factors for SCLC. Two nomograms and convenient online tools respectively for LCNEC and SCLC were established accordingly with favorable predicting accuracy of < 1-year, < 2-year, < 3-year survival probabilities. In external validation of the SCLC nomogram with a Chinese cohort, the AUCs of 1-year, 2-year and 3-year ROC were 0.652, 0.669, and 0.750, respectively. All the results of 1-, 2-, 3- year variable-dependent ROC curves verified the superior prognostic value of our nomograms for LCNEC and SCLC over the traditional T/N/M staging system. CONCLUSIONS Based on large sample-based cohort, we compared the epidemiological trends and survival outcomes between locally advanced or metastatic LCNEC, SCLC, and other NSCLC. Furthermore, two prognostic evaluation approaches respectively for LCNEC and SCLC might present as practical tools for clinicians to predict the survival outcome of these patients and facilitate risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study On Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study On Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Tongji Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study On Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Haohua Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study On Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Le Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study On Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yuankai Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study On Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China.
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19
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Kowash RR, Akbay EA. Tumor intrinsic and extrinsic functions of CD73 and the adenosine pathway in lung cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130358. [PMID: 37033953 PMCID: PMC10079876 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenosine pathway is an exciting new target in the field of cancer immunotherapy. CD73 is the main producer of extracellular adenosine. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has one of the highest CD73 expression signatures among all cancer types and the presence of common oncogenic drivers of NSCLC, such as mutant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and KRAS, correlate with increased CD73 expression. Current immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies only benefit a subset of patients, and it has proved challenging to understand which patients might respond even with the current understanding of predictive biomarkers. The adenosine pathway is well known to disrupt cytotoxic function of T cells, which is currently the main target of most clinical agents. Data thus far suggests that combining ICB therapies already in the clinic with adenosine pathway inhibitors provides promise for the treatment of lung cancer. However, antigen loss or lack of good antigens limits efficacy of ICB; simultaneous activation of other cytotoxic immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells can be explored in these tumors. Clinical trials harnessing both T and NK cell activating treatments are still in their early stages with results expected in the coming years. In this review we provide an overview of new literature on the adenosine pathway and specifically CD73. CD73 is thought of mainly for its role as an immune modulator, however recent studies have demonstrated the tumor cell intrinsic properties of CD73 are potentially as important as its role in immune suppression. We also highlight the current understanding of this pathway in lung cancer, outline ongoing studies examining therapies in combination with adenosine pathway targeting, and discuss future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Kowash
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Esra A Akbay
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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20
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The Surgical Management of Lung Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061695. [PMID: 36980581 PMCID: PMC10046489 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes key recent developments relevant to the surgical management of lung neuroendocrine neoplasms (L-NENs), including typical and atypical carcinoids, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and small cell lung carcinoma. This review includes recent insights into the classification, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, treatment options, and follow-up. Highlighted topics include general principles of surgery in localized or locally advanced or metastatic L-NENs, lung-sparing surgery for small, peripheral typical carcinoids, adjuvant and systemic therapies for typical and atypical carcinoids, and surgery and adjuvant therapies for large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma.
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21
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Williams JF, Vivero M. Diagnostic criteria and evolving molecular characterization of pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas. Histopathology 2022; 81:556-568. [PMID: 35758205 DOI: 10.1111/his.14714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung are currently classified into two categories: small cell lung carcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Diagnostic criteria for small cell- and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma are based solely on tumor morphology; however, overlap in histologic and immunophenotypic features between the two types of carcinoma can potentially make their classification challenging. Accurate diagnosis of pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas is paramount for patient management, as clinical course and treatment differ between small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Molecular-genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data published over the past decade suggest that small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas are not homogeneous categories but rather comprise multiple groups of distinctive malignancies. Nuances in the susceptibility of small cell lung carcinoma subtypes to different chemotherapeutic regimens and the discovery of targetable mutations in large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma suggest that classification and treatment of neuroendocrine carcinomas may be informed by ancillary molecular and protein expression testing going forward. This review summarizes current diagnostic criteria, prognostic and predictive correlates of classification, and evidence of previously unrecognized subtypes of small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Williams
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marina Vivero
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Tsutsumi R, Kataoka N, Kunimatsu Y, Sato I, Tanimura M, Nakano T, Tanimura K, Takeda T. Atezolizumab in combination with carboplatin plus nab‐paclitaxel for managing combined large‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: A case report. Respirol Case Rep 2022; 10:e0989. [PMID: 35685848 PMCID: PMC9171681 DOI: 10.1002/rcr2.989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Large‐cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNECs), categorized as high‐grade neuroendocrine carcinomas, account for approximately 3% of resected lung cancers. LCNECs containing other components are called ‘combined LCNECs’ and have no standard treatment. A 73‐year‐old male with a metastatic brain tumour from a combined LCNEC of the lung containing adenocarcinoma and sarcomatoid components was referred to our department. The patient was treated with chemotherapy consisting of carboplatin and nanoparticle albumin‐bound (nab)‐paclitaxel in combination with atezolizumab, which was decided in accordance with the histological evaluation of the components. This treatment resulted in partial response and remained durable for 12 months with an ongoing regimen. The current case suggests that the constituents of chemoimmunotherapy should be selected in accordance with the reported efficacy of relevant regimens for each component of the combined LCNEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Tsutsumi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital Kyoto Japan
| | - Nobutaka Kataoka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital Kyoto Japan
| | - Yusuke Kunimatsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital Kyoto Japan
| | - Izumi Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital Kyoto Japan
| | - Mai Tanimura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital Kyoto Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital Kyoto Japan
| | - Keiko Tanimura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital Kyoto Japan
| | - Takayuki Takeda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital Kyoto Japan
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23
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Andrini E, Marchese PV, De Biase D, Mosconi C, Siepe G, Panzuto F, Ardizzoni A, Campana D, Lamberti G. Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Lung: Current Understanding and Challenges. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051461. [PMID: 35268551 PMCID: PMC8911276 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung (LCNEC) is a rare and highly aggressive type of lung cancer, with a complex biology that shares similarities with both small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The prognosis of LCNEC is poor, with a median overall survival of 8-12 months. The diagnosis of LCNEC requires the identification of neuroendocrine morphology and the expression of at least one of the neuroendocrine markers (chromogranin A, synaptophysin or CD56). In the last few years, the introduction of next-generation sequencing allowed the identification of molecular subtypes of LCNEC, with prognostic and potential therapeutic implications: one subtype is similar to SCLC (SCLC-like), while the other is similar to NSCLC (NSCLC-like). Because of LCNEC rarity, most evidence comes from small retrospective studies and treatment strategies that are extrapolated from those adopted in patients with SCLC and NSCLC. Nevertheless, limited but promising data about targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with LCNEC are emerging. LCNEC clinical management is still controversial and standardized treatment strategies are currently lacking. The aim of this manuscript is to review clinical and molecular data about LCNEC to better understand the optimal management and the potential prognostic and therapeutic implications of molecular subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Andrini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (E.A.); (P.V.M.); (A.A.); (G.L.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Valeria Marchese
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (E.A.); (P.V.M.); (A.A.); (G.L.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario De Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Viale Ercolani 4/2, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Cristina Mosconi
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Giambattista Siepe
- Radiation Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Francesco Panzuto
- Digestive Disease Unit, ENETS Center of Excellence of Rome, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ardizzoni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (E.A.); (P.V.M.); (A.A.); (G.L.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Campana
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (E.A.); (P.V.M.); (A.A.); (G.L.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppe Lamberti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (E.A.); (P.V.M.); (A.A.); (G.L.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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24
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Moon JY, Choi SH, Kim TH, Lee J, Pyo JH, Kim YT, Lee SJ, Yoon HI, Cho J, Lee CG. Clinical features and treatment outcomes of resected large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung. Radiat Oncol J 2022; 39:288-296. [PMID: 34986550 PMCID: PMC8743456 DOI: 10.3857/roj.2021.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a high-grade lung neuroendocrine tumor with a poor prognosis, similar to small cell lung cancer (SCLC). However, it remains unclear whether to treat LCNEC as non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or as SCLC. We reviewed our experiences to suggest appropriate treatment strategy for resected pulmonary LCNEC. Materials and Methods Forty-four patients were treated for pathologically diagnosed pulmonary LCNEC during 2005‒2018. We considered curative surgery first in early-stage or some locally advanced tumors, unless medically inoperable. Adjuvant treatments were decided considering patient’s clinical and pathological features. After excluding two stage I tumors with radiotherapy alone and three stage III tumors with upfront chemotherapy, we analyzed 39 patients with stage I‒III pulmonary LCNEC, who underwent curative resection first. Results Adjuvant chemotherapy (NSCLC-based 91%, SCLC-based 9%) was performed in 62%, and adjuvant radiotherapy was done in three patients for pN2 or positive margin. None received prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI). With a median follow-up of 30 months, the 2- and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were 68% and 51%, and the 2- and 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were 49% and 43%, respectively. Aged ≥67 years and SCLC-mixed pathology were significant poor prognostic factors for OS or RFS (p < 0.05). Among 17 recurrences, regional failures were most common (n = 6), and there were five brain metastases. conclusions Surgery and adjuvant treatment (without PCI) could achieve favorable outcomes in pulmonary LCNEC, which was more similar to NSCLC, although some factors worsened the prognosis. The importance of intensified adjuvant therapies with multidisciplinary approach remains high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Moon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo Hee Choi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Korea
| | - Tae Hyung Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joongyo Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Pyo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Tae Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo Jin Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong In Yoon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeho Cho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Geol Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Rekhtman N. Lung neuroendocrine neoplasms: recent progress and persistent challenges. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:36-50. [PMID: 34663914 PMCID: PMC8695375 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00943-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes key recent developments relevant to the pathologic diagnosis of lung neuroendocrine neoplasms, including carcinoids, small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC). Covered are recent insights into the biological subtypes within each main tumor type, progress in pathological diagnosis and immunohistochemical markers, and persistent challenging areas. Highlighted topics include highly proliferative carcinoids and their distinction from small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), the evolving role of Ki67, the update on the differential diagnosis of NEC to include thoracic SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated tumors, the recent data on SCLC transcriptional subtypes with the emergence of POU2F3 as a novel marker for the diagnosis of SCLC with low/negative expression of standard neuroendocrine markers, and the update on the diagnosis of LCNEC, particularly in biopsies. There has been remarkable recent progress in the understanding of the genetic and expression-based profiles within each type of lung neuroendocrine neoplasm, and it is hoped that these insights will enable the development of novel diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers to aid in the pathologic assessment of these tumors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Rekhtman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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26
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Chen H, Ishihara M, Horita N, Kazahari H, Ochiai R, Tanzawa S, Honda T, Ichikawa Y, Watanabe K, Seki N. Effect of Adjuvant and Palliative Chemotherapy in Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Lung: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13235948. [PMID: 34885057 PMCID: PMC8657002 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Adjuvant chemotherapy revealed a better outcome than surgery only, but there was no statistical difference in patients with stage IA. The small cell lung cancer regimen (SCLC) was frequently selected in adjuvant chemotherapy. The SCLC regimen showed better survival than the non-SCLC regimen as palliative chemotherapy at the endpoint of the odds ratio of mortality after two years. Abstract Background: Pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a rare subset of lung carcinoma with poor overall survival. Methods: A systematic review following a meta-analysis of studies was performed to identify the effect of different selections of chemotherapy in LCNEC. Articles providing overall survival data for adjuvant chemotherapy or palliative chemotherapy for LCNEC were eligible. The odds ratio (OR) of mortality at one or two years after chemotherapy was evaluated. Results: A total of 16 reports were finally included in the quantitative synthesis, involving a total of 5916 LCNEC patients. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 1303 patients, and palliative chemotherapy was administered to 313 patients using either a small cell lung cancer (SCLC) or a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) regimen. The OR for adjuvant chemotherapy was 0.73 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.59 to 0.89, p = 0.002). The SCLC regimen showed an OR of 0.52 (95% CI: 0.11 to 2.38, p = 0.40) after one year, and 0.32 (95% CI: 0.11 to 0.89, p = 0.03) after two years, compared with the NSCLC regimen. Conclusions: Adjuvant chemotherapy for pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma improved the outcome after surgery. The SCLC regimen showed better survival than the NSCLC regimen as palliative chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8606, Japan; (M.I.); (H.K.); (R.O.); (S.T.); (T.H.); (Y.I.); (K.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (N.S.)
| | - Masashi Ishihara
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8606, Japan; (M.I.); (H.K.); (R.O.); (S.T.); (T.H.); (Y.I.); (K.W.)
| | - Nobuyuki Horita
- Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan;
| | - Hiroki Kazahari
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8606, Japan; (M.I.); (H.K.); (R.O.); (S.T.); (T.H.); (Y.I.); (K.W.)
| | - Ryusuke Ochiai
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8606, Japan; (M.I.); (H.K.); (R.O.); (S.T.); (T.H.); (Y.I.); (K.W.)
| | - Shigeru Tanzawa
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8606, Japan; (M.I.); (H.K.); (R.O.); (S.T.); (T.H.); (Y.I.); (K.W.)
| | - Takeshi Honda
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8606, Japan; (M.I.); (H.K.); (R.O.); (S.T.); (T.H.); (Y.I.); (K.W.)
| | - Yasuko Ichikawa
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8606, Japan; (M.I.); (H.K.); (R.O.); (S.T.); (T.H.); (Y.I.); (K.W.)
| | - Kiyotaka Watanabe
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8606, Japan; (M.I.); (H.K.); (R.O.); (S.T.); (T.H.); (Y.I.); (K.W.)
| | - Nobuhiko Seki
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8606, Japan; (M.I.); (H.K.); (R.O.); (S.T.); (T.H.); (Y.I.); (K.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (N.S.)
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27
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Xu J, Feng Q, Chen Y, Liu XL, Jiang O. Complete remission of combined pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: a case report. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211055387. [PMID: 34738481 PMCID: PMC8573517 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211055387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), which accounts for approximately 1% of all lung cancers, is a rare and highly aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. Therefore, it is important to devise an effective treatment strategy. In the treatment of locally advanced complex LCNEC, it is unique to first administer radiotherapy combined with albumin-bound paclitaxel plus carboplatin, followed by durvalumab for immune maintenance treatment after concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy to achieve complete remission. We report a 54-year-old man who smoked and who felt chest tightness for 2 weeks and was diagnosed as having combined pulmonary LCNEC. For patients with locally advanced pulmonary LCNEC, chemoradiotherapy increases overall survival. After surgical resection and chemoradiotherapy, our patient achieved complete remission. Durvalumab was then started to consolidate the treatment. After six courses of immune maintenance therapy, the patient developed grade 2 immune-related pneumonitis and took prednisone orally until the symptoms resolved, and then reached complete remission again. The patient achieved complete remission, which was a challenge with this rare carcinoma, through albumin-bound paclitaxel plus platinum-based chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy and durvalumab for immune maintenance therapy. This approach may provide a treatment option for locally advanced combined pulmonary LCNEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Oncology Department, The Second Neijiang People's Hospital, Neijiang, Sichaun, P.R. China
| | - Qi Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nan-Chang Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Yong Chen
- Thoracic Surgery Department, The Second Neijiang People's Hospital, Sichaun, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Lan Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Neijiang People's Hospital, Sichaun, P.R. China
| | - Ou Jiang
- Oncology Department, The Second Neijiang People's Hospital, Neijiang, Sichaun, P.R. China
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Vrontis K, Economidou SC, Fotopoulos G. Platinum Doublet plus Atezolizumab as First-line Treatment in Metastatic Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: A Single Institution Experience. Cancer Invest 2021; 40:124-131. [PMID: 34601985 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2021.1988962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Lung (L-LCNEC) is a rare type of neuroendocrine lung cancer that is increasingly diagnosed. However, the optimal management regarding the advanced stage is unclear. The purpose of this article is to present and compare our experience when L-LCNEC is treated as Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Overall, eight cases of L-LCNEC were included. We retrospectively reviewed medical files and reports by accessing the Institution's Data of patients diagnosed with L-LCNEC from April 2019 until December 2020 and evaluated their response to the combination of Platinum - Etoposide - Atezolizumab as first-line chemotherapy. RESULTS The overall observed response rate (ORR) of 75%. The median PFS was 6.85 months. The median response duration was 5.5 months. CONCLUSIONS Comparing our findings with other retrospective and prospective studies, it seems that the systematic treatment of choice and management in L-LCNEC of the lung should be that of a small cell carcinoma of the lung.
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Prieto TG, Baldavira CM, Machado-Rugolo J, Farhat C, Olivieri EHR, de Sá VK, da Silva ECA, Balancin ML, Ab Saber AM, Takagaki TY, Cordeiro de Lima VC, Capelozzi VL. Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Neoplasms Overexpressing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Mechanical Barriers Genes Lack Immune-Suppressive Response and Present an Increased Risk of Metastasis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:645623. [PMID: 34527572 PMCID: PMC8435885 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.645623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical carcinoids (TC), atypical carcinoids (AC), large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNEC), and small cell lung carcinomas (SCLC) encompass a bimodal spectrum of metastatic tumors with morphological, histological and histogenesis differences, The hierarchical structure reveals high cohesiveness between neoplastic cells by mechanical desmosomes barrier assembly in carcinoid tumors and LCNEC, while SCLC does not present an organoid arrangement in morphology, the neoplastic cells are less cohesive. However, the molecular mechanisms that lead to PNENs metastasis remain largely unknown and require further study. In this work, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcription factors were evaluated using a set of twenty-four patients with surgically resected PNENs, including carcinomas. Twelve EMT transcription factors (BMP1, BMP7, CALD1, CDH1, COL3A1, COL5A2, EGFR, ERBB3, PLEK2, SNAI2, STEAP1, and TCF4) proved to be highly expressed among carcinomas and downregulated in carcinoid tumors, whereas upregulation of BMP1, CDH2, KRT14 and downregulation of CAV2, DSC2, IL1RN occurred in both histological subtypes. These EMT transcription factors identified were involved in proliferative signals, epithelium desmosomes assembly, and cell motility sequential steps that support PNENs invasion and metastasis in localized surgically resected primary tumor. We used a two-stage design where we first examined the candidate EMT transcription factors using a whole-genome screen, and subsequently, confirmed EMT-like changes by transmission electron microscopy and then, the EMT-related genes that were differentially expressed among PNENs subtypes were predicted through a Metascape analysis by in silico approach. A high expression of these EMT transcription factors was significantly associated with lymph node and distant metastasis. The sequential steps for invasion and metastasis were completed by an inverse association between functional barrier created by PD-L1 immunosuppressive molecule and EMT transcriptional factors. Our study implicates upregulation of EMT transcription factors to high proliferation rates, mechanical molecular barriers disassembly and increased cancer cell motility, as a critical molecular event leading to metastasis risk in PNENs thus emerging as a promising tool to select and customize therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juliana Machado-Rugolo
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Health Technology Assessment Center (NATS), Clinical Hospital (HCFMB), Medical School of São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Cecília Farhat
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Karen de Sá
- International Center of Research/CIPE, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Luiz Balancin
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Teresa Yae Takagaki
- Division of Pneumology, Instituto do Coração (Incor), Medical School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vladmir Cláudio Cordeiro de Lima
- Oncology, Rede D'Or São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera Luiza Capelozzi
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Prieto TG, Machado-Rugolo J, Baldavira CM, Velosa APP, Teodoro WR, Saber AMA, Capelozzi VL. The Fibrosis-Targeted Collagen/Integrins Gene Profile Predicts Risk of Metastasis in Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Front Oncol 2021; 11:706141. [PMID: 34458147 PMCID: PMC8385766 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.706141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, collagen/integrin genes have shown promise as predictors of metastasis mainly in non-small cell lung cancer and breast cancer. However, it is unknown if these gene expression profiling differ in metastatic potential of pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms (PNENs). In this study, we sought to identify differentially expressed collagen/integrin genes in PNENs in order to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of stroma-associated fibrosis for invasion and metastasis. We compared collagen/integrin gene expression profiling between PNE tumors (PNETs) and PNE carcinomas (PNECs) using a two-stage design. First, we used PCR Array System for 84 ECM-related genes, and among them, we found COL1A2, COL3A1, COL5A2, ITGA5, ITGAV, and ITGB1 functionally involved in the formation of the stroma-associated fibrosis among PNENs histological subtypes. Second, we examined the clinical association between the six collagen/integrin genes in tumor tissues from 24 patients with surgically excised PNENs. However, the pathological exam of their resected tissues demonstrated that 10 developed lymph node metastasis and 7 distant metastasis. We demonstrated and validated up regulation of the six fibrogenic genes in PNECs and down regulation in PNETs that were significantly associated with metastasis-free and overall survival (P<0.05). Our study implicates up regulation of fibrogenic genes as a critical molecular event leading to lymph node and distant metastasis in PNENs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabatha Gutierrez Prieto
- Laboratory of Genomics and Histomorphometry, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Machado-Rugolo
- Laboratory of Genomics and Histomorphometry, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Health Technology Assessment Center (NATS), Clinical Hospital (HCFMB), Medical School of São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Camila Machado Baldavira
- Laboratory of Genomics and Histomorphometry, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Pereira Velosa
- Rheumatology Division of the Clinical Hospital, University of São Paulo Medical School (USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walcy Rosolia Teodoro
- Rheumatology Division of the Clinical Hospital, University of São Paulo Medical School (USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Muxfeldt Ab Saber
- Laboratory of Genomics and Histomorphometry, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera Luiza Capelozzi
- Laboratory of Genomics and Histomorphometry, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Corbett V, Arnold S, Anthony L, Chauhan A. Management of Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:653162. [PMID: 34513663 PMCID: PMC8432609 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.653162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a rare, aggressive cancer with a dismal prognosis. The majority of cases occur in the lung and the gastrointestinal tract; however, it can occur throughout the body. Recently advances in the understanding of the molecular underpinnings of this disease have paved the way for additional novel promising therapies. This review will discuss the current best evidence for management of LCNEC and new directions in the classification and treatment of this rare disease. METHODS We performed a PubMed search for "Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma" and "High grade neuroendocrine carcinoma." All titles were screened for relevance to the management of LCNEC. Papers were included based on relevance to the management of LCNEC. RESULTS Papers were included reviewing both pulmonary and extra pulmonary LCNEC. We summarized the data driven best practices for the management of both early and advanced stage LCNEC. We describe emerging therapies with promising potential. DISCUSSION LCNEC are rare and aggressive neoplasms. In advanced disease, the historical regimen of platinum based therapy in combination with etoposide or irinotecan remains among the commonly used first line therapies, however for extra thoracic LCNEC regimens like FOLFOX, FOLFOIRI and CAPTEM can also be used. Further effective and safe treatment options are desperately needed. Recently, new advances including a new understanding of the genetic subcategories of LCNEC and immunotherapy agents may guide further treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Corbett
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Susanne Arnold
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Lowell Anthony
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Aman Chauhan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Fisch D, Bozorgmehr F, Kazdal D, Kuon J, Klotz LV, Shah R, Eichhorn F, Kriegsmann M, Schneider MA, Muley T, Stenzinger A, Bischoff H, Christopoulos P. Comprehensive Dissection of Treatment Patterns and Outcome for Patients With Metastatic Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Lung Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:673901. [PMID: 34307143 PMCID: PMC8295750 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.673901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large-cell neuroendocrine lung carcinoma (LCNEC) is a rare pulmonary neoplasm with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed all patients with metastatic LCNEC in the records of a large German academic center since 2010. RESULTS 191 patients were identified with a predominance of male (68%) smokers (92%) and a median age of 65 years. The single most important factor associated with outcome was the type of systemic treatment, with a median overall survival (OS) of 26.4 months in case of immune checkpoint inhibitor administration (n=13), 9.0 months for other patients receiving first-line platinum doublets (n=129), and 4.0 months with non-platinum chemotherapies (n=17, p<0.01). Other patient characteristics independently associated with longer OS were a lower baseline serum LDH (hazard ratio [HR] 0.54, p=0.008) and fewer initial metastatic sites (HR 0.52, p=0.006), while the platinum drug type (cisplatin vs. carboplatin) and cytotoxic partner (etoposide vs. paclitaxel), patients' smoking status and baseline levels of tumor markers (NSE, CYFRA 21-1, CEA) did not matter. 12% (23/191) of patients forewent systemic treatment, mainly due to tumor-related clinical deterioration (n=13), while patient refusal of therapy (n=5) and severe concomitant illness (n=5) were less frequent. The attrition between successive treatment lines was approximately 50% and similar for platinum-based vs. other therapies, but higher in case of a worse initial ECOG status or higher serum LDH (p<0.05). 19% (36/191) of patients had secondary stage IV disease and showed fewer metastatic sites, better ECOG status and longer OS (median 12.6 vs. 8.7 months, p=0.030). Among the 111 deceased patients with palliative systemic treatment and complete follow-up, after exclusion of oligometastatic cases (n=8), administration of local therapies (n=63 or 57%) was associated with a longer OS (HR 0.58, p=0.008), but this association did not persist with multivariable testing. CONCLUSIONS Highly active systemic therapies, especially immunotherapy and platinum doublets, are essential for improved outcome in LCNEC and influence OS stronger than clinical disease parameters, laboratory results and other patient characteristics. The attrition between chemotherapy lines is approximately 50%, similar to other NSCLC. Patients with secondary metastatic disease have a more favorable clinical phenotype and longer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fisch
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik and National Center for Tumor diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Farastuk Bozorgmehr
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik and National Center for Tumor diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kazdal
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Kuon
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik and National Center for Tumor diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura V. Klotz
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rajiv Shah
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik and National Center for Tumor diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Eichhorn
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark Kriegsmann
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc A. Schneider
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Muley
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stenzinger
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helge Bischoff
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik and National Center for Tumor diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petros Christopoulos
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik and National Center for Tumor diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
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Derks JL, Rijnsburger N, Hermans BCM, Moonen L, Hillen LM, von der Thüsen JH, den Bakker MA, van Suylen RJ, Speel EJM, Dingemans AMC. Clinical-Pathologic Challenges in the Classification of Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Neoplasms and Targets on the Horizon for Future Clinical Practice. J Thorac Oncol 2021; 16:1632-1646. [PMID: 34139363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2021.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosing a pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN) may be difficult, challenging clinical decision making. In this review, the following key clinical and pathologic issues and informative molecular markers are being discussed: (1) What is the preferred outcome parameter for curatively resected low-grade NENs (carcinoid), for example, overall survival or recurrence-free interval? (2) Does the WHO classification combined with a Ki-67 proliferation index and molecular markers, such as OTP and CD44, offer improved prognostication in low-grade NENs? (3) What is the value of a typical versus atypical carcinoid diagnosis on a biopsy specimen in local and metastatic disease? Diagnosis is difficult in biopsy specimens and recent observations of an increased mitotic rate in metastatic carcinoid from typical to atypical and high-grade NEN can further complicate diagnosis. (4) What is the (ir)relevance of morphologically separating large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) SCLC and the value of molecular markers (RB1 gene and pRb protein or transcription factors NEUROD1, ASCL1, POU2F3, or YAP1 [NAPY]) to predict systemic treatment outcome? (5) Are additional diagnostic criteria required to accurately separate LCNEC from NSCLC in biopsy specimens? Neuroendocrine morphology can be absent owing to limited sample size leading to missed LCNEC diagnoses. Evaluation of genomic studies on LCNEC and marker studies have identified that a combination of napsin A and neuroendocrine markers could be helpful. Hence, to improve clinical practice, we should consider to adjust our NEN classification incorporating prognostic and predictive markers applicable on biopsy specimens to inform a treatment outcome-driven classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules L Derks
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicole Rijnsburger
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bregtje C M Hermans
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Moonen
- Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa M Hillen
- Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H von der Thüsen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Robert J van Suylen
- Pathology-DNA, Location Jeroen Bosch Hospital, s' Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst-Jan M Speel
- Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie C Dingemans
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Ferrara MG, Stefani A, Simbolo M, Pilotto S, Martini M, Lococo F, Vita E, Chiappetta M, Cancellieri A, D’Argento E, Trisolini R, Rindi G, Scarpa A, Margaritora S, Milella M, Tortora G, Bria E. Large Cell Neuro-Endocrine Carcinoma of the Lung: Current Treatment Options and Potential Future Opportunities. Front Oncol 2021; 11:650293. [PMID: 33937057 PMCID: PMC8081906 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.650293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung (LCNECs) are rare tumors representing 1-3% of all primary lung cancers. Patients with LCNEC are predominantly male, older, and heavy smokers. Histologically, these tumors are characterized by large cells with abundant cytoplasm, high mitotic rate, and neuroendocrine immunohistochemistry-detected markers (chromogranin-A, synaptophysin, and CD56). In 2015 the World Health Organization classified LCNEC as a distinct subtype of pulmonary large-cell carcinoma and, therefore, as a subtype of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Because of the small-sized tissue samples and the likeness to other neuroendocrine tumors, the histological diagnosis of LCNEC remains difficult. Clinically, the prognosis of metastatic LCNECs is poor, with high rates of recurrence after surgery alone and overall survival of approximately 35% at 5 years, even for patients with early stage disease that is dramatically shorter compared with other NSCLC subtypes. First-line treatment options have been largely discussed but with limited data based on phase II studies with small sample sizes, and there are no second-line well defined treatments. To date, no standard treatment regimen has been developed, and how to treat LCNEC is still on debate. In the immunotherapy and targeted therapy era, in which NSCLC treatment strategies have been radically reshaped, a few data are available regarding these opportunities in LCNEC. Due to lack of knowledge in this field, many efforts have been done for a deeper understanding of the biological and molecular characteristics of LCNEC. Next generation sequencing analyses have identified subtypes of LCNEC that may be relevant for prognosis and response to therapy, but further studies are needed to better define the clinical impact of these results. Moreover, scarce data exist about PD-L1 expression in LCNEC and its predictive value in this histotype with regard to immunotherapy efficacy. In the literature some cases are reported concerning LCNEC metastatic patients carrying driver mutations, especially EGFR alterations, showing targeted therapy efficacy in this setting of disease. Due to the rarity and the challenging understanding of LCNEC, in this review we aim to summarize the management options currently available for treatment of LCNEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Grazia Ferrara
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
- Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessio Stefani
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
- Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Michele Simbolo
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sara Pilotto
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Martini
- Institute of Pathology, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Filippo Lococo
- Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Vita
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
- Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Chiappetta
- Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cancellieri
- Institute of Pathology, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Ettore D’Argento
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
- Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Rocco Trisolini
- Interventional Pulmonology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Rindi
- Institute of Pathology, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Margaritora
- Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Milella
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Tortora
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
- Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Emilio Bria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
- Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
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Bräutigam K, Rodriguez-Calero A, Kim-Fuchs C, Kollár A, Trepp R, Marinoni I, Perren A. Update on Histological Reporting Changes in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Curr Oncol Rep 2021; 23:65. [PMID: 33855635 PMCID: PMC8046746 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-021-01062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Classification and nomenclature of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) have frequently changed over the last years. These changes reflect both increasing knowledge and international standardisation. RECENT FINDINGS The most recent changes in the Gastro-Entero-Pancreatic system induced the concept of well-differentiated NET with high proliferation rate (NET G3), explaining partially the heterogeneity of G3 NEN. Even if the nomenclature in pulmonary NEN is still different, the terms 'carcinoid' and 'atypical carcinoid' are widely overlapping with NET G1 and NET G2. Molecular data shows an additional heterogeneity both in well-differentiated NET and poorly differentiated NEC. However, no studies are available demonstrating clinical usefulness yet. The heterogeneity of NEN regarding the organ of origin, differentiation and molecular subtypes make development of personalised therapy a challenge needing more international and interdisciplinary collaborations and clinical trials allowing stratification according to biological subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Bräutigam
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Corina Kim-Fuchs
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Attila Kollár
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roman Trepp
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Marinoni
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aurel Perren
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3008, Bern, Switzerland.
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Lacombe C, De Rycke O, Couvelard A, Turpin A, Cazes A, Hentic O, Gounant V, Zalcman G, Ruszniewski P, Cros J, de Mestier L. Biomarkers of Response to Etoposide-Platinum Chemotherapy in Patients with Grade 3 Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:643. [PMID: 33562726 PMCID: PMC7915900 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Etoposide-platinum (EP) chemotherapy has long been the reference treatment for grade 3 neuroendocrine neoplasms (G3 NEN). However, G3 NEN are heterogeneous, including well-differentiated tumors (NET) and poorly differentiated large (LCNEC) or small (SCNEC) cell carcinomas, whose response to EP chemotherapy varies considerably. Our aim was to evaluate predictive biomarkers for the response to EP chemotherapy in G3 NEN. We retrospectively studied 89 patients with lung (42%) and digestive (58%) G3 NEN treated by EP chemotherapy between 2006 and 2020. All cases were centrally reviewed for cytomorphology/Ki-67 and immunohistochemistry of retinoblastoma protein (Rb)/p53/p16, analyzed using a semi-quantitative score. The absence of Rb staining (Rbinap) or the absence of very intense p53 staining (p53inap) were considered inappropriate. Rb staining was also studied as a quantitative marker, the best threshold being determined by ROC curve. Intense p16 staining (p16high) also suggested cell cycle dysregulation. Our primary endpoint was the objective response rate (ORR). We included 10 G3 NET, 31 LCNEC and 48 SCNEC, which showed ORR of 20%, 32% and 75%, respectively (NET vs. NEC, p = 0.040; LCNEC vs. SCNEC, p < 0.001). The ORR was significantly higher in NEN presenting with Rbinap (63% vs. 42%, p = 0.025) and p16high (66% vs. 35%, p = 0.006). Rb < 150 optimally identified responders (AUC = 0.657, p < 0.001). The ORR was 67% in Rb < 150 (vs. 25%, p = 0.005). On multivariate analysis, only Rb < 150 was independently associated with ORR (OR 4.16, 95% CI 1.11-15.53, p = 0.034). We confirm the heterogeneity of the response to EP treatment in G3 NEN. Rb < 150 was the best predictive biomarker for the response to EP, and p53 immunostaining had no additional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lacombe
- Université de Paris, Department of Gastroenterology-Pancreatology, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Beaujon University Hospital (APHP), 92110 Clichy, France; (C.L.); (O.D.R.); (O.H.); (P.R.)
- Université de Paris, Centre of Research on Inflammation, INSERM U1149, 75018 Paris, France; (A.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Ophélie De Rycke
- Université de Paris, Department of Gastroenterology-Pancreatology, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Beaujon University Hospital (APHP), 92110 Clichy, France; (C.L.); (O.D.R.); (O.H.); (P.R.)
- Université de Paris, Centre of Research on Inflammation, INSERM U1149, 75018 Paris, France; (A.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Anne Couvelard
- Université de Paris, Centre of Research on Inflammation, INSERM U1149, 75018 Paris, France; (A.C.); (J.C.)
- Université de Paris, Department of Pathology, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Beaujon/Bichat University Hospital (APHP), 75018 Paris, France;
| | - Anthony Turpin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Claude Huriez University Hospital, 59000 Lille, France;
| | - Aurélie Cazes
- Université de Paris, Department of Pathology, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Beaujon/Bichat University Hospital (APHP), 75018 Paris, France;
| | - Olivia Hentic
- Université de Paris, Department of Gastroenterology-Pancreatology, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Beaujon University Hospital (APHP), 92110 Clichy, France; (C.L.); (O.D.R.); (O.H.); (P.R.)
| | - Valérie Gounant
- Université de Paris, Department of Thoracic Oncology, CIC INSERM 1425, Bichat University Hospital, 75018 Paris, France; (V.G.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gérard Zalcman
- Université de Paris, Department of Thoracic Oncology, CIC INSERM 1425, Bichat University Hospital, 75018 Paris, France; (V.G.); (G.Z.)
| | - Philippe Ruszniewski
- Université de Paris, Department of Gastroenterology-Pancreatology, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Beaujon University Hospital (APHP), 92110 Clichy, France; (C.L.); (O.D.R.); (O.H.); (P.R.)
- Université de Paris, Centre of Research on Inflammation, INSERM U1149, 75018 Paris, France; (A.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Jérôme Cros
- Université de Paris, Centre of Research on Inflammation, INSERM U1149, 75018 Paris, France; (A.C.); (J.C.)
- Université de Paris, Department of Pathology, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Beaujon/Bichat University Hospital (APHP), 75018 Paris, France;
| | - Louis de Mestier
- Université de Paris, Department of Gastroenterology-Pancreatology, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Beaujon University Hospital (APHP), 92110 Clichy, France; (C.L.); (O.D.R.); (O.H.); (P.R.)
- Université de Paris, Centre of Research on Inflammation, INSERM U1149, 75018 Paris, France; (A.C.); (J.C.)
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Komiya T, Ravindra N, Powell E. Role of Immunotherapy in Stage IV Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Lung. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:365-370. [PMID: 33639649 PMCID: PMC8190341 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.2.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite approvals of immune checkpoint inhibitors in both small cell and non-small cell lung cancers, the role of immunotherapy in large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) in lung is undefined. Methods: Using the National Cancer Database (NCDB), Stage IV lung LCNEC cases diagnosed from 2014 to 2016 were analyzed. Information regarding cancer treatment was limited to first course of therapy, including surgery for primary lesion, radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves and Log-rank tests. Cox proportional hazard model was used for multivariate analysis. Results: Among 661 eligible cases, 37 patients were treated with immunotherapy. No significant association between use of immunotherapy and clinical demographics was observed except for use of chemotherapy (p=0.0008). Chemotherapy was administered in 34 (92%) and 406 (65%) in immunotherapy and non-immunotherapy groups, respectively. Use of immunotherapy was associated with improved overall survival (Log-rank p=0.0018). Landmark analysis in the immunotherapy group showed 12 and 18-month survivals of 34.0% and 29.1%, respectively, whereas those in the non-immunotherapy group were 24.1% and 15.0%, respectively. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that female sex (HR=0.79, p=0.0063), liver metastases (HR=0.75, p=.0392), surgery (HR= 0.50, p<0.0001) use of chemotherapy (HR= 0.44, p<0.0001), and use of immunotherapy (HR=0.64, p=0.0164) had statistical significance. Propensity score matching in overall survival analysis showed a nonsignificant trend (p=0.0733) in favor of immunotherapy treatment. Conclusion: This retrospective study using NCDB suggests that use of immunotherapy may improve survival of LCNEC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Komiya
- Medical Oncology, Parkview Cancer Institute, 11050 Parkview Circle, Fort Wayne, IN 46845, USA
| | - Neema Ravindra
- Medical Oncology, Parkview Cancer Institute, 11050 Parkview Circle, Fort Wayne, IN 46845, USA
| | - Emily Powell
- Parkview Research Center, Mirro Center for Research and Innovation, 3948- A New Vision Drive, Fort Wayne, IN 46845, USA
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Dudnik E, Kareff S, Moskovitz M, Kim C, Liu SV, Lobachov A, Gottfried T, Urban D, Zer A, Rotem O, Onn A, Wollner M, Bar J. Real-world survival outcomes with immune checkpoint inhibitors in large-cell neuroendocrine tumors of lung. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001999. [PMID: 33597218 PMCID: PMC7893659 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known regarding the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in patients with advanced large-cell neuroendocrine lung carcinoma (aLCNEC). METHODS 125 consecutive patients with aLCNEC were identified in the electronic databases of 4 participating cancer centers. The patients were divided into group A (patients who received ICI, n=41) and group B (patients who did not receive ICI, n=84). Overall survival since advanced disease diagnosis (OS DX) and OS since ICI initiation (OS ICI) were captured. RESULTS With a median follow-up of 11.8 months (mo) (IQR 7.5-17.9) and 6.0mo (IQR 3.1-10.9), 66% and 76% of patients died in groups A and B, respectively. Median OS DX was 12.4mo (95% CI 10.7 to 23.4) and 6.0mo (95% CI 4.7 to 9.4) in groups A and B, respectively (log-rank test, p=0.02). For ICI administration, HR for OS DX was 0.59 (95% CI 0.38 to 0.93, p=0.02-unadjusted), and 0.58 (95% CI 0.34 to 0.98, p=0.04-adjusted for age, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS), presence of liver metastases and chemotherapy administration). In a propensity score matching analysis (n=74; 37 patients in each group matched for age and ECOG PS), median OS DX was 12.5 mo (95% CI 10.6 to 25.2) and 8.4 mo (95% CI 5.4 to 16.9) in matched groups A and B, respectively (log-rank test, p=0.046). OS ICI for patients receiving ICI as monotherapy (n=36) was 11.0 mo (95% CI 6.1 to 19.4). CONCLUSIONS With the limitations of retrospective design and small sample size, the results of this real-world cohort analysis suggest a positive impact of ICI on OS in aLCNEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Dudnik
- Thoracic Cancer Service, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Samuel Kareff
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Mor Moskovitz
- Thoracic Cancer Service, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Chul Kim
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Stephen V Liu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Anastasiya Lobachov
- Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Teodor Gottfried
- Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Damien Urban
- Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Alona Zer
- Thoracic Cancer Service, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofer Rotem
- Thoracic Cancer Service, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Amir Onn
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Pulmonology Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Mira Wollner
- Thoracic Cancer Service, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jair Bar
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Lowczak A, Kolasinska-Cwikla A, Osowiecka K, Glinka L, Palucki J, Rzepko R, Doboszynska A, Cwikla JB. Outcomes of Patients with Pulmonary Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma in I-IV Stage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57020118. [PMID: 33525370 PMCID: PMC7911070 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Large cell neuroendocrine cancer is characterised by poor prognosis. The standard of treatment is still not established. The aim of this study was to assess the predictive factors of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and combined LCNEC. Materials and Methods: All patients had confirmed pathology stage I-IV disease recorded between period 2002–2018. Survival curves were estimated by Kaplan–Meier method. Uni- and multivariable analysis was conducted using Cox-regression analysis. Results: A total of 132 patients with LCNEC and combined LCNEC were included. Half of them had clinical stage IIIB/C-IV. Patients were treated with radical (n = 67, including surgery alone; resection with neo-adjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy, radiochemotherapy, or adjuvant radiotherapy; patients treated with radiochemotherapy alone), palliative (n = 41) or symptomatic (n = 24) intention. Seventeen patients were treated with resection margin R1 or R2. Non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC) chemotherapy (platinum-vinorelbine; PN schedule) and small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) chemotherapy approaches (platinum/carboplatinum-etoposide; PE/KE schedule) were administered in 20 and in 55 patients, respectively. The median (95% Confidence Interval (CI)) OS and PFS were 17 months (9.0–36.2 months) and 7 months (3.0–15.0 months), respectively. Patients treated with negative resection margin, with lower clinical stage, without lymph node metastasis, and with size of primary tumour ≤4 cm showed significantly better OS and PFS. The main risk factors with an adverse effect on survival were advanced CS and positive resection margin. Conclusions: Patients with LCNEC characterized poor prognosis. Independent prognostic factors influencing PFS were initial clinical stage and resection margin R0 vs. R1-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lowczak
- Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Jagiellonska 78, 11-041 Olsztyn, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-89-532-29-85
| | - Agnieszka Kolasinska-Cwikla
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Karolina Osowiecka
- Department of Psychology and Sociology of Health and Public Health, School of Public Health, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 11-041 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Lidia Glinka
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Faculty of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Jakub Palucki
- Department of Radiology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology in Warsaw, Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Robert Rzepko
- Specialist Hospital in Prabuty, Kuracyjna 30, 82-550 Prabuty, Poland;
| | - Anna Doboszynska
- Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Jagiellonska 78, 11-041 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Jaroslaw B. Cwikla
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine Faculty of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland;
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Cai C, Zeng Q, Zhou G, Mu X. Identification of novel transcription factor-microRNA-mRNA co-regulatory networks in pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:133. [PMID: 33569435 PMCID: PMC7867924 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-7759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the lung is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm. Previous studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) are widely involved in tumor regulation through targeting critical genes. However, it is unclear which miRNAs play vital roles in the pathogenesis of LCNEC, and how they interact with transcription factors (TFs) to regulate cancer-related genes. Methods To determine the novel TF-miRNA-target gene feed-forward loop (FFL) model of LCNEC, we integrated multi-omics data from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Transcriptional Regulatory Relationships Unraveled by Sentence-Based Text Mining (TRRUST), Transcriptional Regulatory Element Database (TRED), and The experimentally validated microRNA-target interactions database (miRTarBase database). First, expression profile datasets for mRNAs (GSE1037) and miRNAs (GSE19945) were downloaded from the GEO database. Overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were identified through integrative analysis. The target genes of the FFL were obtained from the miRTarBase database, and the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment analyses were performed on the target genes. Then, we screened for key miRNAs in the FFL and performed gene regulatory network analysis based on key miRNAs. Finally, the TF-miRNA-target gene FFLs were constructed by the hypergeometric test. Results A total of 343 DEGs and 60 DEMs were identified in LCNEC tissues compared to normal tissues, including 210 down-regulated and 133 up-regulated genes, and 29 down-regulated and 31 up-regulated miRNAs. Finally, the regulatory network of TF-miRNA-target gene was established. The key regulatory network modules included ETS1-miR195-CD36, TAOK1-miR7-1-3P-GRIA1, E2F3-miR195-CD36, and TEAD1-miR30A-CTHRC1. Conclusions We constructed the TF-miRNA-target gene regulatory network, which is helpful for understanding the complex LCNEC regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunliang Cai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qianli Zeng
- The South China Center for Innovative Pharmaceuticals, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guiliang Zhou
- The South China Center for Innovative Pharmaceuticals, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Mu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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May MS, Kinslow CJ, Adams C, Saqi A, Shu CA, Chaudhary KR, Wang TJC, Cheng SK. Outcomes for localized treatment of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung in the United States. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:71-79. [PMID: 33569294 PMCID: PMC7867769 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-20-374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Treatment paradigms for large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the lung are based largely upon small retrospective studies and smaller prospective trials. It is unclear if these tumors behave like non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Data are lacking with regard to the role of radiotherapy (RT). U. S. guidelines recommend that LCNEC be treated as a NSCLC. We sought to perform a cross-sectional study of LCNEC cases to understand treatment paradigms and outcomes in this disease. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database was queried for cases of stage I-III pulmonary LCNEC diagnosed 2004-2013. Treatment groups were defined as no surgery, RT alone, surgery alone, and surgery + RT. The Cox-proportional hazards regression model was used to compare overall survival and cause-specific survival (OS/CSS), stratified by AJCC 6th Staging. Factors that were significant on univariable analysis were included in multivariable analysis. Results We identified 1,523 cases of LCNEC, with 748, 177, and 598 cases of stage I, II, and III disease, respectively. In stage I and II disease, RT was associated with improved survival for non-surgical patients, but not for those who underwent surgery. In stage I disease, the adjusted hazard ratios for OS for RT alone, surgery, and surgery + RT were 0.39, 0.21, and 0.22, respectively (P<0.001). In stage II disease, the adjusted hazard ratios for RT alone, surgery, and surgery + RT were 0.51 (P=0.15), 0.39 (P=0.004), and 0.38 (P=0.01), respectively. For patients with stage III disease, RT was associated with improved survival in surgical and non-surgical patients. The adjusted hazard ratios for RT alone, surgery, and surgery + RT were 0.49, 0.43, and 0.36, respectively (P<0.001). Conclusions Our findings indicate that non-metastatic LCNEC may be treated as a NSCLC with respect to RT. Prospective studies are necessary to increase our understanding of optimal treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S May
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Connor J Kinslow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Anjali Saqi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Catherine A Shu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kunal R Chaudhary
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tony J C Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simon K Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Mori R, Yamashita SI, Midorikawa K, Abe S, Inada K, Yoneda S, Okabayashi K, Nabeshima K. CDX2 Expression and Prognostic Factors of Resectable Pulmonary Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ONCOLOGY 2020; 14:1179554920967319. [PMID: 33293882 PMCID: PMC7705386 DOI: 10.1177/1179554920967319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aim: Pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a rare neoplasm, and its clinical features and management are still limited. We evaluated the clinicopathological factors, including CDX2 immunohistochemical expression, to predict survival in patients with LCNEC. Patients and Methods: In all, 50 patients with LCNEC who underwent surgery at 4 institutes between 2001 and 2017 were included. Clinicopathological characteristics were evaluated for prognostic factors and statistically analyzed by Kaplan-Meier curve with a log-rank test or Cox regression models. We used immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis to determine the expressions of CDX2 and compared them with clinicopathological factors and survival. Results: Sixteen of the 50 cases (32%) were CDX2 positive. No correlation was found between the CDX2 expression by IHC and clinicopathological factors. Multivariate analysis identified adjuvant chemotherapy (hazard ratio [HR] =2.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04-8.16, P = .04) and vascular invasion (HR = 4.35, 95% CI = 1.21-15.63, P = .03) as being associated with a significantly worse rate of recurrence-free survival. Conclusion: CDX2 was expressed in 1/3 of LCNEC but not associated with prognostic factor. Adjuvant chemotherapy and vascular invasion were associated with a negative prognostic factor of LCNEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Mori
- Department of General Thoracic, Breast and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Yamashita
- Department of General Thoracic, Breast and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.,General Thoracic and Breast Surgery Center, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Kensuke Midorikawa
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Imakiire Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Sosei Abe
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Fukuoka-Higashi Medical Center, Koga, Japan
| | - Kazuo Inada
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Omuta Medical Center, Omuta, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yoneda
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Imakiire Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kan Okabayashi
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Fukuoka-Higashi Medical Center, Koga, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nabeshima
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Hospital, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Limonnik V, Abel S, Finley GG, Long GS, Wegner RE. Factors associated with treatment receipt and overall survival for patients with locally advanced large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung: A National Cancer Database analysis. Lung Cancer 2020; 150:107-113. [PMID: 33126090 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a rare pulmonary malignancy with clinicopathologic features of both non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Given the paucity of available data regarding LCNEC management, we queried the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to describe trends in management, identify predictors of treatment receipt, and compare outcomes in patients receiving chemotherapy (ChT) and chemoradiotherapy (CRT). METHODS We identified patients with locally advanced (Stage III) LCNEC of the lung treated with definitive ChT or CRT between the years of 2004-2015. Odds ratios were calculated to determine predictors of CRT receipt. Multivariable cox regression was used to determine predictors of overall survival. RESULTS Using the above criteria, 5797 patients were identified, 54 % of whom received CRT (n = 3153) while 46 % (n = 2644) received ChT alone. Most patients had T4 (35 %) and N2 (59 %) disease. Median overall survival was 11.9 months (11.3-12.6) in patients receiving ChT compared to 16.1 months (15.4-16.9) in patients receiving CRT (p < 0.0001). Overall survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 50 %, 20 %, and 13 % versus 60 %, 27 %, and 18 %, in patients receiving ChT and CRT, respectively. Older patients and those with higher comorbidity scores were less likely to receive CRT; whereas patients with higher education level, treatment receipt at an academic/research program facility, N2 disease, and later treatment year were more likely to receive CRT. On multivariable analysis, older age, greater comorbidity score, presence of N2 disease, and presence of T4 disease were all associated with decreased OS. CRT receipt was an independent predictor of increased overall survival. CONCLUSIONS Definitive CRT was an independent predictor of increased overall survival in patients with locally advanced LCNEC of the lung. Findings from our study may help guide potential areas of future investigation to help define an ideal treatment approach for LCNEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Limonnik
- Allegheny Health Network, Department of Internal Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Stephen Abel
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Division of Radiation Oncology, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Gene G Finley
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Division of Medical Oncology, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Gregory S Long
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Division of Medical Oncology, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Rodney E Wegner
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Division of Radiation Oncology, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Pulmonary Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: Therapeutic Challenges and Opportunities. FORUM OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/fco-2019-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (P-LCNEC) is a rare, poorly differentiated, non-small cell malignancy within the spectrum of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the lung. Despite sharing several similarities with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) in their clinical, immunohistopathological, genomic, and prognostic features, it is a distinct and biologically heterogeneous entity with challenging diagnostic and therapeutic requirements. Given the lack of prospective, randomized data to guide management, it is common practice to pursue thoracic surgery for resectable tumors according to the guidelines for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and implement systemic chemotherapy as early as at stage I, similar to the treatment of SCLC. However, important issues, such as the optimal timing and combination of therapeutic modalities, the most effective type of chemotherapy for advanced-stage disease, and the benefit from prophylactic cranial irradiation, remain debated. Accumulating evidence from retrospective, molecular profiling studies supports the existence of at least two P-LCNEC subtypes, most notably a SCLC-like and a NSCLC-like phenotype, which presumably underlie the observed differential sensitivity to platinum-based regimens and warrant further validation as predictive biomarkers of efficacy. Furthermore, several potentially actionable, driver molecular alterations have been identified, offering implications for personalized treatment approaches, including targeted therapies and immunotherapy. The current review discusses open questions on the diagnosis and management of P-LCNEC, as well as recent advances in its genomic and transcriptomic characterization that create promising therapeutic opportunities.
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Miyazaki S, Kuno Y, Hayai S, Teramachi R, Yamashita R, Saito Y, Higuchi K, Nara Y, Ikeda T. An EGFR T790M-mutated lung adenocarcinoma undergoing large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma transformation after osimertinib therapy: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2020; 14:122. [PMID: 32762742 PMCID: PMC7412784 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-020-02447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osimertinib, a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is selective for both epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor-sensitizing and T790M resistance mutations. Almost all patients who initially respond to an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor subsequently report disease progression. Epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent resistance mechanisms, bypass pathway activation, and histological transformation have been reported with osimertinib therapy. CASE PRESENTATION We report a case of a 64-year-old Asian man with epidermal growth factor receptor T790M-positive adenocarcinoma that transformed to epidermal growth factor receptor T790M-negative large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma after osimertinib therapy. A prompt rebiopsy revealed a rare mechanism of resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and subsequently treatment with carboplatin and etoposide was effective. CONCLUSIONS Despite the promising emergence of circulating tumoral DNA testing, this case report emphasizes the importance of rebiopsy of a progressive epidermal growth factor receptor-mutant tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yokkaichi Municipal Hospital, 2-2-37, Shibata, Yokkaichi-shi, Mie, 510-0822, Japan.
| | - Yasumasa Kuno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yokkaichi Municipal Hospital, 2-2-37, Shibata, Yokkaichi-shi, Mie, 510-0822, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Hayai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yokkaichi Municipal Hospital, 2-2-37, Shibata, Yokkaichi-shi, Mie, 510-0822, Japan
| | - Ryo Teramachi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamashita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yokkaichi Municipal Hospital, 2-2-37, Shibata, Yokkaichi-shi, Mie, 510-0822, Japan
| | - Yusuke Saito
- Department of Pharmacy, Yokkaichi Municipal Hospital, 2-2-37, Shibata, Yokkaichi-shi, Mie, 510-0822, Japan
| | - Kosuke Higuchi
- Department of Pharmacy, Yokkaichi Municipal Hospital, 2-2-37, Shibata, Yokkaichi-shi, Mie, 510-0822, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Nara
- Department of Pathology, Yokkaichi Municipal Hospital, 2-2-37, Shibata, Yokkaichi-shi, Mie, 510-0822, Japan
| | - Takuya Ikeda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yokkaichi Municipal Hospital, 2-2-37, Shibata, Yokkaichi-shi, Mie, 510-0822, Japan
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Xi J, Zhao M, Zheng Y, Liang J, Hu Z, Huang Y, Yang Y, Zhan C, Jiang W, Lu T, Guo W, Wang Q. Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting the overall survival of patients with lung large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:4943-4957. [PMID: 35117856 PMCID: PMC8799202 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-20-780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (L-LCNEC) is a rare and rapidly progressing lung cancer. We aimed to formulate a nomogram model to predict the survival of L-LCNEC patients. METHODS Clinical data of patients with L-LCNEC, lung large cell cancer (L-LCC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) were derived from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. The characteristics and prognosis of L-LCNEC were investigated by comparing with that of L-LCC and SCLC, respectively. All L-LCNEC patients were randomly assigned into training group and validation group. A prognostic nomogram model was established for the overall survival (OS) in L-LCNEC patients. Furthermore, we enrolled 112 L-LCNEC patients from our department to validate the nomogram model. RESULT 3,076 L-LCNEC, 11,163 L-LCC, and 78,097 SCLC patients were collected and enrolled in our analyses. Compared with L-LCC and SCLC, differences were observed in L-LCNEC in age, sex, race, marital status, SEER registry, TNM stage, and treatment. Furthermore, higher proportions of L-LCNEC were located at the upper lobe and unilateral lung compared with SCLC. L-LCNEC has similar survival to L-LCC, but better than SCLC. We identified that the age, gender, T, N, and M classification, and treatment were the independent prognostic predictors. A nomogram model was formulated to predict the OS. Calibration curves were performed to show optimal coherence between predicted probability of survival and actual survival, with a concordance index of 0.775. The external cohort included 112 patients and all of them underwent surgical treatment. The external validation demonstrated the reliability of this model. CONCLUSIONS The nomogram demonstrated its discrimination capability to predict the OS for L-LCNEC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Xi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengnan Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuansheng Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengyang Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Suzhou Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weigang Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Arpin D, Charpentier MC, Bernardi M, Monnet I, Boni A, Watkin E, Goubin-Versini I, Lamy R, Gérinière L, Geier M, Forest F, Gervais R, Madrosyk A, Guisier F, Serrand C, Locher C, Decroisette C, Fournel P, Auliac JB, Jeanfaivre T, Letreut J, Doubre H, Francois G, Piton N, Chouaïd C, Damotte D. PD-L1-expression patterns in large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung: potential implications for use of immunotherapy in these patients: the GFPC 03-2017 "EPNEC" study. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920937972. [PMID: 32684990 PMCID: PMC7343361 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920937972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Few data are available on programmed cell-death-protein-1-ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression on large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung (LCNECs). We analyzed PD-L1 expression on tumor (TCs) and inflammatory cells (ICs) from LCNEC patients to assess relationships between this expression, clinical characteristics, and disease outcomes. Methods PD-L1 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibody 22C3 in consecutive LCNEC patients managed in 17 French centers between January 2014 and December 2016. Results After centralized review, only 68 out of 105 (64%) patients had confirmed LCNEC diagnoses. Median overall survival (OS) (95% CI) was 11 (7-16) months for all patients, 7 (5-10), 21 (10-not reached) and not reached months for metastatic, stage III and localized forms (p = 0.0001). Respectively, 11% and 75% of the tumor samples were TC+ and IC+, and 66% had a TC-/IC+ profile. Comparing IC+ versus IC- metastatic LCNEC, the former had significantly longer progression-free survival [9 (4-13) versus 4 (1-8) months; p = 0.03], with a trend towards better median OS [12 (7-18) versus 9.5 (4-14) months; p = 0.21]. Compared to patients with TC- tumors, those with TC+ LCNECs tended to have non-significantly shorter median OS [4 (1-6.2) versus 11 (8-18) months, respectively]. Median OS was significantly shorter for patients with TC+/IC- metastatic LCNECs than those with TC-IC+ lesions (2 versus 8 months, respectively; p = 0.04). Conclusion TC-/IC+ was the most frequent PD-L1-expression profile for LCNECs, a pattern quite specific compared with non-small-cell lung cancer and small-cell lung cancer. IC PD-L1 expression seems to have a prognostic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Arpin
- Department of Pneumology, Hôpital Nord-Ouest, Villefranche-sur-Saône, France
| | | | - Marie Bernardi
- Department of Pneumology, Centre Hospitalier du Pays d'Aix, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Isabelle Monnet
- Department of Pneumology, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Watkin
- Departement of pathology, Hôpital Nord-Ouest, Villefranche-sur-Saône, France
| | | | - Régine Lamy
- Department of Pneumology, Centre Hospitalier Bretagne-Sud, Lorient, France
| | - Laurence Gérinière
- Department of Pneumology, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, HCL, Lyon, France
| | - Margaux Geier
- Department of Medical Oncology, CHU Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Fabien Forest
- Department of Pathology, CHU Saint-Etienne, Hôpital Nord, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Radj Gervais
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Francois-Baclesse, Caen, France
| | - Anne Madrosyk
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Florian Guisier
- Department of Pneumology, CHU Charles-Nicolle, Rouen, France
| | - Cécile Serrand
- Department of Pneumology, Hôpital Nord-Ouest, Villefranche-sur-Saône, France
| | - Chrystèle Locher
- Department of Pneumology, Grand Hôpital de L'Est Francilien, site de Meaux, Meaux, France
| | | | - Pierre Fournel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie Lucien-Neuwirth, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Jean-Bernard Auliac
- Department of Pneumology, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
| | | | - Jacques Letreut
- Department of Pneumology, Hopital Européen, Marseille, France
| | - Hélène Doubre
- Department of Pneumology, Hôpital Foch, Surennes, France
| | | | - Nicolas Piton
- Department of Pathology, CHU Charles-Nicolle, Rouen, France
| | - Christos Chouaïd
- Department of Pneumology, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, 40 avenue de Verdun, Créteil, 94010, France
| | - Diane Damotte
- Department of Pathology, Cochin Hospital APHP, Paris, France
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Takimoto Sato M, Ikezawa Y, Sato M, Suzuki A, Kawai Y. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung that responded to nivolumab: A case report. Mol Clin Oncol 2020; 13:43-47. [PMID: 32499913 PMCID: PMC7265227 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2020.2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a rare type of lung cancer, accounting for 3% of all lung cancers. The prognosis is poor and the standard therapy has not been well established. Herein, we report a case of advanced LCNEC of the lung that responded to nivolumab. The patient was a 62-year old man with stage IVB LCNEC of the lung. The disease progressed following the administration of second-line chemotherapy, and he was treated with nivolumab 3 mg/kg as the third-line treatment. Although treatment was ceased after two cycles due to interstitial pneumonia, the disease remained stable for approximately six months under observation. There was no other adverse event related to nivolumab. Following patient mortality from tumor progression, PD-L1 expression was observed to be negative (tumor proportion score <1%) by a re-examination of the primary biopsy specimen. The case herein suggests that nivolumab may be a possible treatment option for LCNEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Takimoto Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Oji General Hospital, Tomakomai, Hokkaido 0538506, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ikezawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Oji General Hospital, Tomakomai, Hokkaido 0538506, Japan
| | - Mineyoshi Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Oji General Hospital, Tomakomai, Hokkaido 0538506, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, Oji General Hospital, Tomakomai, Hokkaido 0538506, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kawai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Oji General Hospital, Tomakomai, Hokkaido 0538506, Japan
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Baine MK, Rekhtman N. Multiple faces of pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: update with a focus on practical approach to diagnosis. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2020; 9:860-878. [PMID: 32676352 PMCID: PMC7354156 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2020.02.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy that is strongly linked to smoking and notoriously difficult to diagnose and treat. Recent molecular data reveal that it represents a biologically heterogeneous group of tumors, characterized by morphologic and genomic diversity that straddles small cell and non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs), and in a minority of cases atypical carcinoids. This review provides an update on recent molecular and clinical developments in LCNEC with the main focus on practical approach to pathologic diagnosis using illustrative examples of the main differential diagnostic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina K Baine
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natasha Rekhtman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Kato R, Aoyama N, Mizutani S, Warabi M, Kasamatsu T, Hujigasaki H. [A case of paraneoplastic sensory neuronopathy with anti-Hu antibody associated with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the endometrium]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2020; 60:441-445. [PMID: 32435048 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.60.cn-001393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An 81-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital due to paresthesia of the extremities and difficulty in walking for three months. She underwent a total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the endometrium seven months before the admission. The serum levels of neuron specific enolase (NSE) reduced after the surgery. She showed numbness of her limbs, disturbance of vibration, areflexia and autonomic dysfunction. Nerve conduction studies showed sensory dominant sensory neuronopathy. CT scan of her abdomen and pelvis revealed the recurrence of LCNEC of the endometrium. The serum levels of NSE was elevated and anti-Hu antibody was also positive. Other laboratory test, including autoantibodies were unremarkable. We diagnosed her as paraneoplastic sensory neuronopathy associated with postoperative recurrence of LCNEC of the endometrium. Here we show a clinical picture of anti-Hu positive paraneoplastic neurological syndrome with LCNEC of the endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Kato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital
| | - Naoto Aoyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital
| | - Saneyuki Mizutani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital
| | - Masahiro Warabi
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital
| | - Takahiro Kasamatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital
| | - Hiroto Hujigasaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital
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