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Salpekar JA, Ma GJ, Mietchen J, Mani J, Jones JE. Treatment of Comorbid Anxiety and Epilepsy. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 35:218-227. [PMID: 36785943 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20220116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Anxiety is among the most common psychiatric illnesses, and it commonly co-occurs with epilepsy. This review of the existing literature on anxiety comorbid with epilepsy aims to generate new insights into strategies for assessment and treatment. Methods: The authors conducted a narrative literature review to select key publications that help clarify the phenomenology and management of comorbid anxiety and epilepsy. Results: Anxiety symptoms may be relevant even if the criteria for a diagnosis of an anxiety disorder are not met. Associating specific seizure types or seizure localization with anxiety symptoms remains difficult; however, the amygdala is a brain region commonly associated with seizure foci and panic or fear sensations. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may also be relevant for anxiety symptoms, particularly for the selection of treatments. Nonpharmacological treatment is appropriate for anxiety comorbid with epilepsy, particularly because relaxation techniques may reduce hypersympathetic states, which improve symptoms. Medication options include antidepressants and anticonvulsants that may have efficacy for anxiety symptoms. Benzodiazepines are a good choice to address this comorbid condition, although side effects may limit utility. Conclusions: Ultimately, there are numerous treatment options, and although there is a limited evidence base, quality of life may be improved with appropriate treatment for individuals experiencing comorbid anxiety and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Salpekar
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Salpekar); Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (Ma); Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Mietchen, Jones); Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, D.C. (Mani)
| | - Grace J Ma
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Salpekar); Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (Ma); Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Mietchen, Jones); Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, D.C. (Mani)
| | - Jonathan Mietchen
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Salpekar); Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (Ma); Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Mietchen, Jones); Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, D.C. (Mani)
| | - Jeremy Mani
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Salpekar); Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (Ma); Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Mietchen, Jones); Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, D.C. (Mani)
| | - Jana E Jones
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (Salpekar); Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (Ma); Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Mietchen, Jones); Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, D.C. (Mani)
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Wu X, Yu G, Zhang K, Feng J, Zhang J, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW. Symptom-Based Profiling and Multimodal Neuroimaging of a Large Preteenage Population Identifies Distinct Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder-like Subtypes With Neurocognitive Differences. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:1078-1089. [PMID: 34224907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by both internalizing (anxiety) and externalizing (compulsivity) symptoms. Currently, little is known about their interrelationships and their relative contributions to disease heterogeneity. Our goal is to resolve affective and cognitive symptom heterogeneity related to internalized and externalized symptom dimensions by determining subtypes of children with OCD symptoms, and to identify any corresponding neural differences. METHODS A total of 1269 children with OCD symptoms screened using the Child Behavior Checklist Obsessive-Compulsive Symptom scale and 3987 matched control subjects were obtained from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Consensus hierarchical clustering was used to cluster children with OCD symptoms into distinct subtypes. Ten neurocognitive task scores and 20 Child Behavior Checklist syndrome scales were used to characterize cognitive/behavioral differences. Gray matter volume, fractional anisotropy of major white matter fiber tracts, and functional connectivity among networks were used in case-control studies. RESULTS We identified two subgroups with contrasting patterns in internalized and externalized dimensions. Group 1 showed compulsive thoughts and repeated acts but relatively low anxiety symptoms, whereas group 2 exhibited higher anxiety and perfectionism and relatively low repetitive behavior. Only group 1 had significant cognitive impairments and gray matter volume reductions in the bilateral inferior parietal lobe, precentral gyrus, and precuneus gyrus, and had white matter tract fractional anisotropy reductions in the corticostriatal fasciculus. CONCLUSIONS Children with OCD symptoms are heterogeneous at the level of symptom clustering and its underlying neural basis. Two subgroups represent distinct patterns of externalizing and internalizing symptoms, suggesting that anxiety is not its major predisposing factor. These results may have implications for the nosology and treatment of preteenage OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Wu
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gechang Yu
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Adolescent fluoxetine treatment mediates a persistent anxiety-like outcome in female C57BL/6 mice that is ameliorated by fluoxetine re-exposure in adulthood. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7758. [PMID: 33833356 PMCID: PMC8032660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate whether juvenile fluoxetine (FLX) exposure induces long-term changes in baseline responses to anxiety-inducing environments, and if so, whether its re-exposure in adulthood would ameliorate this anxiety-like phenotype. An additional goal was to assess the impact of adolescent FLX pretreatment, and its re-exposure in adulthood, on serotonin transporters (5-HTT) and brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor (BDNF)-related signaling markers (TrkB-ERK1/2-CREB-proBDNF-mBDNF) within the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. To do this, female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to FLX in drinking water during postnatal-days (PD) 35–49. After a 21-day washout-period (PD70), mice were either euthanized (tissue collection) or evaluated on anxiety-related tests (open field, light/dark box, elevated plus-maze). Juvenile FLX history resulted in a persistent avoidance-like profile, along with decreases in BDNF-signaling markers, but not 5-HTTs or TrkB receptors, within both brain regions. Interestingly, FLX re-exposure in adulthood reversed the enduring FLX-induced anxiety-related responses across all behavioral tasks, while restoring ERK2-CREB-proBDNF markers to control levels and increasing mBDNF within the prefrontal cortex, but not the hippocampus. Collectively, these results indicate that adolescent FLX history mediates neurobehavioral adaptations that endure into adulthood, which are indicative of a generalized anxiety-like phenotype, and that this persistent effect is ameliorated by later-life FLX re-exposure, in a prefrontal cortex-specific manner.
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Solmi M, Fornaro M, Ostinelli EG, Zangani C, Croatto G, Monaco F, Krinitski D, Fusar‐Poli P, Correll CU. Safety of 80 antidepressants, antipsychotics, anti-attention-deficit/hyperactivity medications and mood stabilizers in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders: a large scale systematic meta-review of 78 adverse effects. World Psychiatry 2020; 19:214-232. [PMID: 32394557 PMCID: PMC7215080 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental disorders frequently begin in childhood or adolescence. Psychotropic medications have various indications for the treatment of mental dis-orders in this age group and are used not infrequently off-label. However, the adverse effects of these medications require special attention during developmentally sensitive periods of life. For this meta-review, we systematically searched network meta-analyses and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), individual RCTs, and cohort studies reporting on 78 a priori selected adverse events across 19 categories of 80 psychotropic medications - including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anti-attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications and mood stabilizers - in children and adolescents with mental disorders. We included data from nine network meta-analyses, 39 meta-analyses, 90 individual RCTs, and eight cohort studies, including 337,686 children and adolescents. Data on ≥20% of the 78 adverse events were available for six antidepressants (sertraline, escitalopram, paroxetine, fluoxetine, venlafaxine and vilazodone), eight antipsychotics (risperidone, quetiapine, aripiprazole, lurasidone, paliperidone, ziprasidone, olanzapine and asenapine), three anti-ADHD medications (methylphenidate, atomoxetine and guanfacine), and two mood stabilizers (valproate and lithium). Among these medications with data on ≥20% of the 78 adverse events, a safer profile emerged for escitalopram and fluoxetine among antidepressants, lurasidone for antipsychotics, methylphenidate among anti-ADHD medications, and lithium among mood stabilizers. The available literature raised most concerns about the safety of venlafaxine, olanzapine, atomoxetine, guanfacine and valproate. Nausea/vomiting and discontinuation due to adverse event were most frequently associated with antidepressants; sedation, extrapyramidal side effects, and weight gain with antipsychotics; anorexia and insomnia with anti-ADHD medications; sedation and weight gain with mood stabilizers. The results of this comprehensive and updated quantitative systematic meta-review of top-tier evidence regarding the safety of antidepressants, antipsychotics, anti-ADHD medications and mood stabilizers in children and adolescents can inform clinical practice, research and treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Solmi
- Neurosciences DepartmentUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly,Padua Neuroscience CenterUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly,Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical‐detection (EPIC) lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Edoardo G. Ostinelli
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation TrustWarneford Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, University of OxfordOxfordUK,Department of Health SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | | | | | | | | | - Paolo Fusar‐Poli
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical‐detection (EPIC) lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK,OASIS ServiceSouth London & Maudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK,Department of Brain and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly,National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research CentreSouth London & Maudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Christoph U. Correll
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside HospitalNorthwell HealthGlen OaksNew YorkNYUSA,Department of Psychiatry and Molecular MedicineZucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/NorthwellHempsteadNYUSA,Center for Psychiatric NeuroscienceFeinstein Institute for Medical ResearchManhassetNYUSA,Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryCharité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
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Cortese S, Tomlinson A, Cipriani A. Meta-Review: Network Meta-Analyses in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 58:167-179. [PMID: 30738544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.07.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Network meta-analyses (NMAs) are gaining traction as the preferred method for evidence synthesis of intervention studies. This review aimed to summarize the basics of NMAs and conduct a meta-review of available NMAs on the treatment of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders by appraising their quality. METHOD PubMed (Medline), PsycInfo, Embase, Ovid Medline, and Web of Knowledge were systematically searched (last update January 9, 2018). The quality of each included NMA was appraised using the AMSTAR-2 tool and the PRISMA-NMA checklist, which includes specific items for NMAs. RESULTS Eighteen NMAs (6 on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; 4 on psychotic disorders; 2 on depression; 2 on anxiety disorders; 1 on obsessive-compulsive disorder; 1 on disruptive behavior disorder, 1 on bipolar disorder, and 1 on antipsychotics across disorders) were retrieved. Results from the AMSTAR-2 assessment showed that only 27% of appraised NMAs were rated as moderate quality; most were rated as low (33%) or critically low (40%) quality. Only 3 of the appraised NMAs reported on all PRISMA-NMA items specific for NMAs; the network structure was graphically presented in most NMAs (80%), and inconsistency was described in only 47%. CONCLUSION Given the paucity of head-to-head trials in child and adolescent psychiatry, NMAs have the potential to contribute to the field, because they provide evidence-based hierarchies for treatment decision making, even in the absence of trials directly comparing at least 2 treatments. However, because of important limitations in the included NMAs, additional methodologically sound NMAs are needed to inform future guidelines and clinical practice in child and adolescent psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Cortese
- Center for Innovation in Mental Health, Academic Unit of Psychology and Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK; the Solent NHS Trust, Southampton; the New York University Child Study Center, New York, NY; and the Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK.
| | | | - Andrea Cipriani
- Warneford Hospital and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford, UK
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Abstract
Fears and worries are normal feelings that help us adapt to the ups and downs of life. Those ups and downs are especially normal as children and adolescents grow up and try to find where they fit in the world. With changing relationships at home and in social circles, they are establishing their worldview and solidifying their identity. These feelings of fear and worry can sometimes become overwhelming, and anxiety disorders can develop. Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders with onset in childhood. Pediatricians are often a trusted confidant for children and adolescents, and they may be the first people to hear when normal stress becomes overwhelming and progresses into an anxiety disorder. This article is intended for primary care pediatricians to help them identify normal stresses versus anxiety disorders, and help their patients move, through psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, toward wellness. [Pediatr Ann. 2017;46(6)e213-e216.].
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Network Meta-analysis. Health Serv Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6704-9_13-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Treating child and adolescent anxiety effectively: Overview of systematic reviews. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 50:80-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Salum GA, Desousa DA, do Rosário MC, Pine DS, Manfro GG. Pediatric anxiety disorders: from neuroscience to evidence-based clinical practice. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2014; 35 Suppl 1:S03-21. [PMID: 24142122 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2013-s108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this narrative review of the literature is to describe the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders. We aim to guide clinicians in understanding the biology of anxiety disorders and to provide general guidelines for the proper diagnoses and treatment of these conditions early in life. Anxiety disorders are prevalent, associated with a number of negative life outcomes, and currently under-recognized and under-treated. The etiology involves both genes and environmental influences modifying the neural substrate in a complex interplay. Research on pathophysiology is still in its infancy, but some brain regions, such as the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex, have been implicated in fear and anxiety. Current practice is to establish diagnosis based purely on clinical features, derived from clinical interviews with the child, parents, and teachers. Treatment is effective using medication, cognitive behavioral therapy, or a combination of both. An introduction to the neuroscience behind anxiety disorders combined with an evidence-based approach may help clinicians to understand these disorders and treat them properly in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Abrahão Salum
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Anxiety Disorders Outpatient Program for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto AlegreRS, Brazil
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Impact of treatments for depression on comorbid anxiety, attentional, and behavioral symptoms in adolescents with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-resistant depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013; 52:482-92. [PMID: 23622849 PMCID: PMC3756470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relative efficacy of antidepressant medication, alone and in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), on comorbid symptoms of anxiety, attention, and disruptive behavior disorders in participants in the Treatment of Resistant Depression in Adolescents (TORDIA) trial. METHOD Adolescents with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)-resistant depression (N = 334) were randomly assigned to a medication switch alone (to another SSRI or to venlafaxine) or to a medication switch plus CBT. Anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) symptoms were assessed by psychiatric interview and self-report at regular intervals between baseline and 24 weeks. The differential effects of medication and of CBT, and the impact of remission on the course of comorbid symptoms and diagnoses, were assessed using generalized linear mixed models. RESULTS Remission was associated with a greater reduction in scalar measures of anxiety, ADHD, and DBDs, and a greater decrease in the rate of diagnosed anxiety disorders. The correlations between the changes in symptoms of depression on the CDRS-R and anxiety, ADHD, and oppositional symptoms were modest, ranging from r = 0.12 to r = 0.28. There were no significant differential treatment effects on diagnoses, or corresponding symptoms. CONCLUSION The achievement of remission had a beneficial effect on anxiety, ADHD, and DBD symptoms, regardless of the type of treatment received. There were no differential effects of medication or CBT on outcome, except for a nonsignificant trend that those adolescents treated with SSRIs showed a greater decrease in rates of comorbid DBDs relative to those treated with venlafaxine. Clinical trial registration information-Treatment of SSRI-Resistant Depression In Adolescents (TORDIA); http://clinicaltrials.gov/; NCT00018902.
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Sobieraj DM, Cappelleri JC, Baker WL, Phung OJ, White CM, Coleman CI. Methods used to conduct and report Bayesian mixed treatment comparisons published in the medical literature: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2013; 3:bmjopen-2013-003111. [PMID: 23878173 PMCID: PMC3717466 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify published closed-loop Bayesian mixed treatment comparisons (MTCs) and to summarise characteristics regarding their conduct and reporting. DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS We searched multiple bibliographic databases (January 2006-31 July 2011) for full-text, English language publications of Bayesian MTCs comparing the effectiveness or safety of ≥3 interventions based on randomised controlled trials and having at least one closed loop. Methodological and reporting characteristics of MTCs were extracted in duplicate and summarised descriptively. RESULTS We identified 34 Bayesian MTCs spanning 13 clinical areas. Publication of MTCs increased over the 5-year period; with 76.5% published during or after 2009. MTCs included a mean (±SD) of 35.9±30.1 trials (n=33 459±71 233 participants) and 8.5±4.3 interventions (85.7% pharmacological). Non-informative and informative prior distributions were reported to be used in 44.1% and 8.8% of MTCs, respectively, with the remainder failing to specify the prior used. A random-effects model was used to analyse the networks of trials in 58.5% of MTCs, all using WinBUGS; however, code was infrequently provided (20.6%). More than two-thirds of MTCs (76.5%) also conducted traditional meta-analysis. Methods used to evaluate convergence, heterogeneity and inconsistency were infrequently reported, but from those providing detail, methods appeared varied. MTCs most often used a binary effect measure (85.3%) and ranking of interventions based on probability was common (61.8%), although rarely displayed in a figure (8.8% of MTCs). MTCs were published in 24 different journals with a mean impact factor of 9.20±8.71. While 70.8% of journals imposed limits on word counts and 45.8% limits on the number of tables/figures, online supplements/appendices were allowed in 79.2% of journals. Publication of closed-loop Bayesian MTCs is increasing in frequency, but details regarding their methodology are often poorly described. Efforts in clarifying the appropriate methods and reporting of Bayesian MTCs should be of priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Sobieraj
- University of Connecticut/Hartford Hospital Evidence-based Practice Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - William L Baker
- University of Connecticut/Hartford Hospital Evidence-based Practice Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Olivia J Phung
- University of Connecticut/Hartford Hospital Evidence-based Practice Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - C Michael White
- University of Connecticut/Hartford Hospital Evidence-based Practice Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Craig I Coleman
- University of Connecticut/Hartford Hospital Evidence-based Practice Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
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Manassis K, Russell K, Newton AS. The Cochrane Library and the treatment of childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders: an overview of reviews. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ebch.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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