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Niu L, Gao M, Wen S, Wang F, Shangguan H, Guo Z, Zhang R, Ge J. Effects of Catecholamine Stress Hormones Norepinephrine and Epinephrine on Growth, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Biofilm Formation, and Gene Expressions of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15646. [PMID: 37958634 PMCID: PMC10649963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a significant contributor to diarrhea. To determine whether ETEC-catecholamine hormone interactions contribute to the development of diarrhea, we tested the effects of catecholamine hormones acting on ETEC in vitro. The results showed that in the presence of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (Epi), the growth of 9 out of 10 ETEC isolates was promoted, the MICs of more than 60% of the isolates to 6 antibiotics significantly increased, and the biofilm formation ability of 10 ETEC isolates was also promoted. In addition, NE and Epi also significantly upregulated the expression of the virulence genes feaG, estA, estB, and elt. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of 290 genes was affected by NE. These data demonstrated that catecholamine hormones may augment the diarrhea caused by ETEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingdi Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Mingchun Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shanshan Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Haikun Shangguan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhiyuan Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Runxiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Junwei Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Harbin 150030, China
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Scollo A, Borello I, Ghilardi M, Cavagnini A. The Administration of Inactivated and Stabilized Whole-Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Gestating Sows Improves Lactation Efficiency and Post-Weaning Antimicrobial Use. Vet Sci 2023; 10:576. [PMID: 37756098 PMCID: PMC10538003 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasingly hyperprolific sows and the need to reduce antibiotics represent challenges in pig farming. The aim of this work was to determine the effects of a postbiotic obtained from inactivated and stabilized whole-cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, administered during the sow's gestation, on the performance of the mother and litter. Maternal feed intake, productive parameters, colostrum quality and post-weaning piglets' health were assessed, including antibiotic consumption. The trial involved 183 sows, divided into two groups: (1) sows fed with a daily supplementation of postbiotic during gestation (n = 90); (2) sows without any supplement (n = 93). Piglets were followed up at two different post-weaning sites. The lactation efficiency of the treated sows improved by +5.9% (41.3 ± 11.4 vs. 35.4 ± 11.6%; p = 0.011). Lactating piglets' mortality was lower in the treated group (25.1 ± 16.7 vs. 28.8 ± 14.4%; p = 0.048). The same tendency was shown in both the weaning sites, together with a reduced antibiotic consumption in weaning site 1 (0.72 ± 0.25 vs. 1.22 ± 0.30 DDDvet/PCU; p = 0.047). The results suggest the role of this postbiotic administered to the mother in improving the health status of the piglets. Furthermore, lactation efficiency is suggested as an interesting parameter for assessing the efficiency of farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Scollo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy;
| | - Irene Borello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy;
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Rydal MP, Jørgensen CB, Gambino M, Poulsen LL, Nielsen JP. Complete association between CHCF1 genotype and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4ab-associated post-weaning diarrhea in a pig challenge trial. Vet Microbiol 2023; 282:109771. [PMID: 37150059 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) susceptibility in pigs is highly influenced by their genotype. The aim of this study was to determine the association between CHCF1 genotype and ETEC F4ab susceptibility in experimentally infected pigs. We investigated ETEC diarrhea development in CHCF1 heterozygous susceptible (RS) (n = 12 pigs) compared to CHCF1 homozygous resistant (RR) (n = 12 pigs) for six days after ETEC F4ab challenge. Afterwards, we genotyped with MUC4 and MUC13 markers to relate performance in identifying ETEC F4ab diarrhea susceptible pigs. In the CHCF1 RS group, 12/12 pigs developed ETEC diarrhea compared with 0/12 pigs in the CHCF1 RR group. Weight gain was lower in CHCF1 RS pigs compared with RR pigs (mean ± SD: 208 ± 323 g and 987 ± 615 g, p = 0.0007). Further, the shedding of hemolytic E. coli was significantly higher in CHCF1 RS pigs from 2 to 6 days post inoculation and they shed the challenge strain for more days (mean ± SD: 3.5 ± 1.6 days versus 0.5 ± 0.5 days, p < 0.0001). Twelve pigs with ETEC diarrhea were misclassified as resistant with the MUC4 marker and four pigs without ETEC diarrhea were misclassified as susceptible with the MUC13 marker. We found complete association between CHCF1 genotype and ETEC diarrhea development in pigs from a herd with Danbred genetics. The CHCF1 marker was more likely to determine the true host susceptibility to ETEC F4ab than the other markers. The marker shows potential for improving reliability of PWD challenge models and potentially for use in breeding for ETEC F4ab/ac resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Peter Rydal
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Claus Bøttcher Jørgensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Michela Gambino
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Louise Ladefoged Poulsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Baillo A, Villena J, Albarracín L, Tomokiyo M, Elean M, Fukuyama K, Quilodrán-Vega S, Fadda S, Kitazawa H. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Strains Modulate Intestinal Innate Immune Response and Increase Resistance to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Infection. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010063. [PMID: 36677354 PMCID: PMC9863675 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, probiotic bacteria with not transferable antibiotic resistance represent a sustainable strategy for the treatment and prevention of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in farm animals. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is among the most versatile species used in the food industry, either as starter cultures or probiotics. In the present work, the immunobiotic potential of L. plantarum CRL681 and CRL1506 was studied to evaluate their capability to improve the resistance to ETEC infection. In vitro studies using porcine intestinal epithelial (PIE) cells and in vivo experiments in mice were undertaken. Expression analysis indicated that both strains were able to trigger IL-6 and IL-8 expression in PIE cells in steady-state conditions. Furthermore, mice orally treated with these strains had significantly improved levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α in the intestine as well as enhanced activity of peritoneal macrophages. The ability of CRL681 and CRL1506 to beneficially modulate intestinal immunity was further evidenced in ETEC-challenge experiments. In vitro, the CRL1506 and CRL681 strains modulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6) and chemokines (IL-8, CCL2, CXCL5 and CXCL9) in ETEC-stimulated PIE cells. In vivo experiments demonstrated the ability of both strains to beneficially regulate the immune response against this pathogen. Moreover, the oral treatment of mice with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains significantly reduced ETEC counts in jejunum and ileum and prevented the spread of the pathogen to the spleen and liver. Additionally, LAB treated-mice had improved levels of intestinal IL-10 both at steady state and after the challenge with ETEC. The protective effect against ETEC infection was not observed for the non-immunomodulatory TL2677 strain. Furthermore, the study showed that L. plantarum CRL1506 was more efficient than the CRL681 strain to modulate mucosal immunity highlighting the strain specific character of this probiotic activity. Our results suggest that the improved intestinal epithelial defenses and innate immunity induced by L. plantarum CRL1506 and CRL681 would increase the clearance of ETEC and at the same time, protect the host against detrimental inflammation. These constitute valuable features for future probiotic products able to improve the resistance to ETEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelen Baillo
- Laboratory of Technology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman CP4000, Argentina
| | - Julio Villena
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman CP4000, Argentina
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (S.F.); (H.K.)
| | - Leonardo Albarracín
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman CP4000, Argentina
| | - Mikado Tomokiyo
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Mariano Elean
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman CP4000, Argentina
| | - Kohtaro Fukuyama
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Sandra Quilodrán-Vega
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Concepción, Chillán 3820572, Chile
| | - Silvina Fadda
- Laboratory of Technology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman CP4000, Argentina
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (S.F.); (H.K.)
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (S.F.); (H.K.)
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Shi X, Yu L, Huang R, Bao W, Wu S, Wu Z. Identification of a 5-Methylcytosine Site (mC-7) That May Inhibit CXCL11 Expression and Regulate E. coli F18 Susceptibility in IPEC-J2 Cells. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9110600. [PMID: 36356076 PMCID: PMC9698616 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary pathogen causing post-weaning diarrhea in piglets is Escherichia coli F18 (E. coli F18), hence it is essential to investigate the mechanism governing E. coli F18 resistance in native pig breeds. Based on the previous RNA-seq results of the duodenum from E. coli F18-resistant and -susceptible Meishan piglets, CXCL11, an important functional gene, was preliminarily screened. In this investigation, in order to further examine the expression regulation mechanism of E. coli F18 in intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) against E. coli F18 infection, CXCL11 gene expression on IPEC-J2 cells infected by E. coli F18 was detected, which was significantly downregulated (p < 0.01). Secondly, the overexpression on the IPEC-J2 cell line was successfully structured, and a relative quantification method of the PILIN, bacteria enumeration, and immunofluorescence assay indicated that the CXCL11 overexpression significantly reduced the ability of E. coli F18 to interact with IPEC-J2 in vitro. The promoter region of the CXCL11 gene was predicted to contain a CpG island (−619 ~ −380 bp) of which 13 CpG sites in the sequencing region were methylated to varying degrees, and the methylation level of one CPG site (mC-7) positively linked negatively with the expression of the CXCL11 gene (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, a dual luciferase assay detected the mutation of the mC-7 site that significantly inhibited the luciferase activity of the CXCL11 gene promoter (p < 0.01). Transcription factor prediction and expression verification indicated that mC-7 is located in the OSR1-binding domain, and that its expression level is related to E. coli F18 susceptibility. We speculated that methylation modification of the mC-7 site of the CpG island in the promoter region of the CXCL11 gene might inhibit the binding of transcription factor OSR1 with the mC-7 site, and then affect its expression level to regulate the susceptibility to E. coli F18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Shi
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Luchen Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Rufeng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shenglong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhengchang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (Z.W.)
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Castro J, Barros MM, Araújo D, Campos AM, Oliveira R, Silva S, Almeida C. Swine enteric colibacillosis: Current treatment avenues and future directions. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:981207. [PMID: 36387374 PMCID: PMC9650617 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.981207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric colibacillosis is a common disease in nursing and weanling pigs. It is caused by the colonization of the small intestine by enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli (ETEC) that make use of specific fimbria or pili to adhere to the absorptive epithelial cells of the jejunum and ileum. Once attached, and when both the immunological systems and the gut microbiota are poorly developed, ETEC produce one or more enterotoxins that can have local and, further on, systemic effects. These enterotoxins cause fluid and electrolytes to be secreted into the intestinal lumen of animals, which results in diarrhea, dehydration, and acidosis. From the diversity of control strategies, antibiotics and zinc oxide are the ones that have contributed more significantly to mitigating post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) economic losses. However, concerns about antibiotic resistance determined the restriction on the use of critically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals and the prohibition of their use as growth promoters. As such, it is important now to begin the transition from these preventive/control measures to other, more sustainable, approaches. This review provides a quick synopsis of the currently approved and available therapies for PWD treatment while presenting an overview of novel antimicrobial strategies that are being explored for the control and treatment of this infection, including, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, organic acids, bacteriophages, spray-dried plasma, antibodies, phytogenic substances, antisense oligonucleotides, and aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Castro
- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV), Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Maria Margarida Barros
- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV), Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Daniela Araújo
- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV), Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Campos
- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV), Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Oliveira
- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV), Vila do Conde, Portugal
- LEPABE – Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE – Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Silva
- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV), Vila do Conde, Portugal
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carina Almeida
- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV), Vila do Conde, Portugal
- LEPABE – Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE – Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS – Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Le Floc'h N, Achard CS, Eugenio FA, Apper E, Combes S, Quesnel H. Effect of live yeast supplementation in sow diet during gestation and lactation on sow and piglet fecal microbiota, health and performance. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6604467. [PMID: 35675760 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding probiotics like live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii (SB) in pig diets has been suggested to preserve health and reduce antibiotic use during critical periods like weaning. This study was conducted to determine whether SB added in the diet of sows during the last 2 mo of gestation and the 4 wk of lactation may contribute to supporting health and performance of piglets before and after weaning through changes in sow physiology, milk composition and fecal microbiota. Crossbred sows (n=45) from parity 1 to 9 were allocated to two dietary treatments, Control (n=23) and SB (n=22). Sows in the SB group were fed the same standard gestation then lactation diet as the Control sows but with the addition of SB at 1x10 9 colony forming units/kg of feed. Piglets were weaned under challenging conditions consisting in mixing of litters, no pen cleaning and a 2-h period of non-optimal temperature exposure. Blood and feces were collected from sows on d 28 and 113 of gestation and d 6 (feces only) and 28 of lactation, and from piglets on d 6 (feces) and 28 of lactation and d 5 after weaning. Colostrum was collected during parturition and milk on d 6 of lactation. Supplementation of sow diets with SB influenced the fecal microbiota of the sows and their piglets. Five days after weaning, the alpha-diversity was lower (P < 0.05) in piglets from SB sows than in piglets from Control sows. Analysis of microbiota with Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis discriminated feces from SB sows from that of Control sows at 110 d of gestation (29.4% error rate). Piglet feces could also be discriminated according to the diet of their mother, with a better discrimination early after birth (d 6 of lactation) than after weaning (d 5 post-weaning, 3.4% vs 12.7% error rate). Five d after weaning, piglets had greater white blood cell count, plasma haptoglobin concentration, and oxidative stress than before weaning (P <0.001). Nevertheless, SB supplementation in sow diets had no effect (P > 0.05) on most of health criteria measured in blood and growth performance of piglets during lactation and the post-weaning period. Moreover, dietary supplementation of SB to sows did not elicit any changes (P > 0.05) in their reproductive performance, metabolic and health status, nor in the immunoglobulin and nutrient concentration of colostrum and milk. In the present experimental conditions, feeding SB to sows influenced sow and piglet microbiota with no consequences on their health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sylvie Combes
- INRAE, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, GenPhySE, Castanet Tolosan, France
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Kwoji ID, Aiyegoro OA, Okpeku M, Adeleke MA. Multi-Strain Probiotics: Synergy among Isolates Enhances Biological Activities. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:322. [PMID: 33924344 PMCID: PMC8070017 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of probiotics for health benefits is becoming popular because of the quest for safer products with protective and therapeutic effects against diseases and infectious agents. The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance among pathogens had prompted restrictions over the non-therapeutic use of antibiotics for prophylaxis and growth promotion, especially in animal husbandry. While single-strain probiotics are beneficial to health, multi-strain probiotics might be more helpful because of synergy and additive effects among the individual isolates. This article documents the mechanisms by which multi-strain probiotics exert their effects in managing infectious and non-infectious diseases, inhibiting antibiotic-resistant pathogens and health improvement. The administration of multi-strain probiotics was revealed to effectively alleviate bowel tract conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome, inhibition of pathogens and modulation of the immune system and gut microbiota. Finally, while most of the current research focuses on comparing the effects of multi-strain and single-strain probiotics, there is a dearth of information on the molecular mechanisms of synergy among multi-strain probiotics isolates. This forms a basis for future research in the development of multi-strain probiotics for enhanced health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliya D. Kwoji
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (I.D.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Olayinka A. Aiyegoro
- Gastrointestinal Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Agricultural Research Council-Animal Production, Irene 0062, South Africa;
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Moses Okpeku
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (I.D.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Matthew A. Adeleke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (I.D.K.); (M.O.)
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Luo Y, He J, Li H, Lan C, Cai J, Chen H, Tian G, Wang H, Wang Q, He J, Chen D, Yu B, Huang Z, Zheng P, Mao X, Yu J, Luo J, Wu A, Yan H. Wheat bran fermented by mixed fungal strains improves the digestibility of crude fiber and may benefit the gut health without impacting the growth performance in weaned pigs. Food Funct 2021; 12:2962-2971. [PMID: 33690750 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00273b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare the effect of raw (WB) or mixed fungi-fermented wheat bran (FWB) on the growth, nutrient digestibility and intestinal health in weaned piglets. After the preparation of FWB, twenty-one cross-bred weaned piglets (7.20 ± 0.5 kg) were separated into three groups for a 40-day trial. The pigs in the control group were fed a basal corn-soybean meal diet. For the other two groups, 8% of expanded corn in the basal diet was replaced by equivalent WB or FWB. Results showed that the content of main nutrients and the composition of dietary fiber in FWB improved compared to that for WB. The digestibility of fiber in pigs fed FWB improved (P < 0.05) compared to the control and/or WB without affecting their growth performance. Both WB and FWB decreased the conditional pathogen (Streptococcus) or/and E. coli virulence factor (STb) in the colon compared to control (P < 0.05), and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (VCR) in jejunum increased (P < 0.05). The number of goblet cells, the expression of MUC-1 and pBD1 in jejunal mucosa, and the proportion of blood CD4+ T lymphocyte subset improved (P < 0.05) by FWB rather than WB. Furthermore, although only WB elevated (P < 0.05) the concentration of butyrate in the colon, both WB and FWB increased the number of butyrate-producing bacteria (P < 0.05) compared to the control. Thus, the main advantage of FWB over WB in weaned pigs is its improvement in fiber digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Luo
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Li HH, Jiang XR, Qiao JY. Effect of dietary Bacillus subtilis on growth performance and serum biochemical and immune indexes in weaned piglets. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2021.1877717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Hua Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian-Ren Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Yun Qiao
- College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Alternatives to antibiotics and trace elements (copper and zinc) to improve gut health and zootechnical parameters in piglets: A review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Xiong Y, Long C. An ethnoveterinary study on medicinal plants used by the Buyi people in Southwest Guizhou, China. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2020; 16:46. [PMID: 32807192 PMCID: PMC7433110 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-020-00396-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Buyi (Bouyei) people in Qianxinan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Southwest Guizhou, China, have used medicinal plants and traditional remedies for ethnoveterinary practices, such as treating domestic animals during livestock breeding, since ancient times. However, the unique ethnoveterinary practices of the Buyi have rarely been recorded. This study aimed to identify the plants used in their traditional ethnoveterinary practices, and to propose suggestions for future conservation and sustainable use of this knowledge. METHODS Ethnobotanical fieldwork was conducted in 19 villages/townships in Qianxinan Prefecture between 2017 and 2018. Data were collected from the local Buyi people through semi-structured interviews and participatory observations. The informant consensus factor (FIC) and use reports (URs) were utilized to evaluate the consent of the current ethnoveterinary practices among the local communities, and 83 informants were interviewed during the field investigations. Plant samples and voucher specimens were collected for taxonomic identification. RESULTS A total of 122 plant species, belonging to 60 families and 114 genera, were recorded as being used in ethnoveterinary practices by the Buyi people. The most used ethnoveterinary medicinal plant (EMP) parts included the roots, whole plant, and bulb, and the most common preparation methods included decoction, crushing, and boiling. Some EMPs, such as Quisqualis indica and Paris polyphylla, have special preparation methods. The informant consensus factor (FIC) and use reports (URs) of the EMP species were analyzed. Twenty EMP species with the highest URs were noted as having particular importance in the daily lives of Buyi people in Qianxinan Prefecture. CONCLUSION In this study, we identified traditional ethnoveterinary knowledge of the medicinal plants among the Buyi communities in Qianxinan Prefecture. This knowledge has previously been limited to local vets, herders, and aged community members. Plants with important medicinal uses need to be validated phytochemically and pharmacologically in the future, to develop new alternative drugs for veterinary purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xiong
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Ministry of Education of China, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
- School of Ethnomedicine & Ethnopharmacy, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Chunlin Long
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Ministry of Education of China, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
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Micro-encapsulated essential oils and organic acids combination improves intestinal barrier function, inflammatory responses and microbiota of weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 (K88 +). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6:269-277. [PMID: 33005760 PMCID: PMC7503083 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of micro-encapsulated (protected) organic acids (OA) and essential oils (EO) combination, P(OA + EO), and effects of a regular blend of free acids (FA) on the growth, immune responses, intestinal barrier and microbiota of weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4 (K88+). A total of 30 crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) weaned barrows (7.41 ± 0.06 kg, 28 d old) were assigned randomly to 5 treatments: 1) non-challenged positive control (PC), 2) ETEC F4 (K88+)-challenged negative control (NC), 3) NC + kitasamycin at 50 mg/kg + olaquindox at 100 mg/kg + free acidifier (FA) at 5 g/kg, 4) NC + kitasamycin at 50 mg/kg + olaquindox at 100 mg/kg + P(OA + EO) at 1 g/kg (P1), 5) NC + kitasamycin at 50 mg/kg + olaquindox at 100 mg/kg + P(OA + EO) at 2 g/kg (P2). Each dietary treatment had 6 replicates of one piglet each and the study lasted for 3 wk. On d 7, pigs in NC, FA, P1 and P2 were orally dosed with 10 mL of ETEC F4 (K88+) culture (1 × 109 CFU/mL). From d 7 to 14 after the ETEC F4 (K88+) challenge, P1 increased gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) significantly (P < 0.05) compared with NC and FA groups. From d 14 to 21, P2 increased the average daily gain of pigs (P < 0.05) compared with NC and FA groups. Compared with NC, P2 reduced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 concentrations (P < 0.05) in sera collected at 4 h later after ETEC F4 (K88+) challenge. On d 21, P1 increased occludin and zonula occludens-1 protein expression in ileum compared with NC (P < 0.05). After this 3-wk experiment, alpha diversity of gut microbiota was decreased by P2 compared with PC, and P1 increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in ileum, cecum and colon (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary P(OA + EO) additive at 2 g/kg combined with antibiotics could improve piglet performance and attenuate inflammation, and P(OA + EO) additive at 1 g/kg combined with antibiotics improved intestinal barrier and increased beneficial microbiota composition after an F4 (K88+) challenge.
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Effect of Probiotics and Herbal Products on Intestinal Histomorphological and Immunological Development in Piglets. Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:3461768. [PMID: 32373310 PMCID: PMC7196157 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3461768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of probiotics and herbal products on the intestinal histomorphological and immunological development in piglets. Accordingly, 2-week-old piglets were allocated in 4 groups: C (basal diet), Pro (basal diet + probiotics), Pro+B (basal diet + probiotics + buckwheat bran), and H (powder of herbs). After 6 weeks of the experiment, 4 piglets from each experimental group were randomly selected and slaughtered at a slaughterhouse. Samples of tissue and digestive content from the jejunum and colon were collected for bacteriological, histological, and immunohistochemical examination. The results showed that probiotics increased the number of Lactobacillus spp. in the small (p < 0.05) and large intestines. The intestinal histomorphology was improved (p < 0.05) in all experimental groups by an increased villus height, VH : CD ration, colon crypt depth, and number of Ki-67+ epithelial cells. A higher number (p < 0.05) of goblet cells and their acidification were observed in group Pro, while the density of goblet cells was decreased by the herbs. Probiotics increased (p < 0.05) the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), density of CD3+ cells in Peyer's patches (PPs), and lamina propria (LP). In group H, a dual effect on the CD3+ cell distribution was observed. The herbs reduced (p < 0.05) the number of IELs and CD3+ in LP but increased the distribution of CD3+ cells in PPs. In the colon, herbs increased CD3+ cells in LP as well. It suggests that probiotics and herbs had influence on the intestinal histomorphology and the ability to modulate the mucosal immune system; however, the combination of probiotics and buckwheat bran was not so convincing, probably due to the inhibitory effect of the buckwheat bran on the probiotics used.
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Ekim B, Calik A, Ceylan A, Saçaklı P. Effects of Paenibacillus xylanexedens on growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, intestinal microflora, and immune response in broiler chickens challenged with Escherichia coli K88. Poult Sci 2020; 99:214-223. [PMID: 32416805 PMCID: PMC7587685 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary Paenibacillus xylanexedens ysm1 supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology, immune response, and cecal microbiota of broiler chickens challenged with Escherichia coli K88. A total of 320 one-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 4 treatments (8 floor pens, 10 birds/pen) including 1) negative control (NC) birds fed a basal diet and not challenged with E. coli K88; 2) positive control (PC) birds fed a basal diet and challenged with of E. coli K88; 3) P. xylanexedens ysm1 treatment (PRO) birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 1 × 109P. xylanexedens ysm1 cfu/kg feed and challenged with E. coli K88; and 4) antibiotic treatment (ANT) birds fed a basal diet supplemented with 20 mg of colistin sulphate/kg of feed and challenged with E. coli K88. The E. coli challenge decreased (P < 0.05) BWG in PC birds compared with the ANT birds on days 21 and 28. The FCR was higher (P < 0.01) in PC birds compared with the NC, PRO, and ANT birds on days 14, 21, and 28. Compared with the NC, PRO, and ANT birds on day 28, PC birds had shorter villi and higher number of goblet cells in both jejunum and ileum (P < 0.001). Irrespective of the dietary treatments, the E. coli challenge reduced the number of PCNA-positive cells in both the jejunum and ileum on day 28. Paenibacillus xylanexedens ysm1 treatment resulted in higher concentration of mucosal sIgA in the jejunum as compared to the other treatment groups on days 14 and 28. The numbers of cecal E. coli were reduced (P = 0.017) in broilers treated with P. xylanexedens ysm1 or antibiotic in comparison with the PC group on day 28. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that dietary supplementation of this new probiotic bacteria P. xylanexedens ysm1 improved broiler performance by modulating intestinal morphology, enhancing immune response, and reducing the number of E. coli in the cecum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Ekim
- Life Sciences Research and Application Centre, Gazi University, 06830 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Calik
- Department of Animal Nutrition & Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ceylan
- Department of Histology Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pınar Saçaklı
- Department of Animal Nutrition & Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, 06110 Ankara, Turkey.
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Shin D, Chang SY, Bogere P, Won K, Choi JY, Choi YJ, Lee HK, Hur J, Park BY, Kim Y, Heo J. Beneficial roles of probiotics on the modulation of gut microbiota and immune response in pigs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220843. [PMID: 31461453 PMCID: PMC6713323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of probiotics in swine production is widely acknowledged as crucial. However, gaps still remain in the exact roles played by probiotics in modulation of gut microbiota and immune response. This study determined the roles of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum strain JDFM LP11in gut microbiota modulation and immune response in weaned piglets. L. plantarum JDFM LP11 increased the population of lactic acid bacteria in feces and enhanced the development of villi in the small intestine. Metagenome analysis showed that microbial diversity and richness (Simpson, Shannon, ACE, Chao1) and the relative abundance of the Firmicutes were higher in weaned piglets fed probiotics. Five bacterial families were different in the relative abundance, especially; Prevotellaceae occupied the largest part of microbial community showed the most difference between two groups. Transcriptome analysis identified 25 differentially expressed genes using RNA-sequencing data of the ileum. Further gene ontology and immune DB analysis determined 8 genes associated with innate defense response and cytokine production. BPI, RSAD2, SLPI, LUM, OLFM4, DMBT1 and C6 genes were down-regulated by probiotic supplementation except PLA2G2A. PICRUSt analysis predicting functional profiling of microbial communities indicated branched amino acid biosynthesis and butyrate metabolism promoting gut development and health were increased by probiotics. Altogether, our data suggest that L. plantarum JDFM LP11 increases the diversity and richness in the microbial community, and attenuates the ileal immune gene expression towards gut inflammation, promoting intestinal development in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Shin
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yong Chang
- Department of Animal Science and Institute of Milk Genomics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Paul Bogere
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - KyeongHye Won
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Choi
- The Animal Molecular Genetics and Breeding Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Jae Choi
- International Agricultural Development and Cooperation Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Kyo Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- The Animal Molecular Genetics and Breeding Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Yong Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Heo
- International Agricultural Development and Cooperation Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Barba-Vidal E, Martín-Orúe SM, Castillejos L. Practical aspects of the use of probiotics in pig production: A review. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Lo Verso L, Lessard M, Talbot G, Fernandez B, Fliss I. Isolation and Selection of Potential Probiotic Bacteria from the Pig Gastrointestinal Tract. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2019; 10:299-312. [PMID: 28744832 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to isolate bacterial strains from the pig gastrointestinal tract that have antagonistic activity against potential pathogens and are able to produce antimicrobial compounds. That ability would be a first requirement for the strains' possible use as probiotics. Samples obtained from pig intestinal mucosa and contents were screened for the presence of antagonistic activity against pathogenic indicator strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Listeria by means of the double-layer technique. Samples displaying the largest inhibitory halos were further studied for the production of inhibitory substances using the agar diffusion and microtitration methods. The three most promising isolates were identified by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and showed highest affiliation to Lactobacillus salivarius. Optimal growth conditions and bacteriocin production were recorded in de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe broth under anaerobic conditions at 37 °C. The antimicrobial substances were found to be sensitive to proteolytic enzymes but showed good stability at pH values below 6. Our findings suggest that these three intestinal strains are able to produce antimicrobial substances capable of inhibiting the growth of potential enteric pathogens and might have potential as probiotic feed additives for the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lo Verso
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - Martin Lessard
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Guylaine Talbot
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Benoit Fernandez
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - Ismail Fliss
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1K 7P4, Canada
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Liu Y, Ji P. Dietary Factors in Prevention of Pediatric Escherichia coli Infection: A Model Using Domestic Piglets. ILAR J 2018; 59:338-351. [PMID: 31095688 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the major etiological agent causing acute watery diarrhea that is most frequently seen in young children in lower-income countries. The duration of diarrheal symptom may be shortened by antibiotic treatment, but ETEC is relative refractory to common antibiotics. Burgeoning evidence suggests bioactive components that naturally occur in human milk (e.g., lysozyme and oligosaccharides) and plants (e.g., nondigestible carbohydrates and phytochemicals) contain antimicrobial functions are promising preventive measures to control ETEC infection. Although the exact protective mechanisms may vary for each compound and are still not completely understood, they generally act to (1) competitively inhibit the binding of pathogenic bacteria and toxins to gut epithelium; (2) directly kill pathogens; and (3) stimulate and/or enhance host mucosal and systemic immune defense against pathogenic microorganisms. An appropriate ETEC-challenge animal model is critical to evaluate the effect and unveil the mechanism of bioactive compounds in prevention of enteric infection. Despite wide application in biomedical research, rodents do not usually manifest typical clinical signs of enteric infections. The remarkable differences in digestive physiology, immune response, and gut microbiota between rodents and human beings necessitate the use of alternative animal models. Pigs are closely related to humans in terms of genomes, physiology, anatomy of gastrointestinal tracts, digestive enzymes, components of immune system, and gut microbiota. Like human infants and young children, nursing and nursery piglets are more susceptible to ETEC infection and reproduce the clinical signs as observed in humans. Hence, the ETEC-challenge piglet represents a valuable translational model to study pathogenesis and evaluate dietary factors (e.g., milk bioactive compounds, nondigestible carbohydrates, and phytochemicals) as preventive measures for ETEC infection in pediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California
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20
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Zhou M, Liu X, Yu H, Yin X, Nie SP, Xie MY, Chen W, Gong J. Cell Signaling of Caenorhabditis elegans in Response to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Infection and Lactobacillus zeae Protection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1745. [PMID: 30250464 PMCID: PMC6139356 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection causes the death of Caenorhabditis elegans, which can be prevented by certain Lactobacillus isolates. The host response of C. elegans to ETEC infection and its regulation by the isolates are, however, largely unclear. This study has revealed that, in agreement with the results of life-span assays, the expression of the genes encoding p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway (nsy-1, sek-1, and pmk-1), insulin/insulin-like growth factor (DAF/IGF) pathway (daf-16), or antimicrobial peptides (lys-7, spp-1, and abf-3) and other defensing molecules (abf-2, clec-85) was upregulated significantly when the wild-type nematode (N2) was subjected to ETEC infection. This upregulation was further enhanced by the pretreatment with Lactobacillus zeae LB1, but not with L. casei CL11. Mutants defective in the cell signaling of C. elegans were either more susceptible (defective in NSY-1, SEK-1, PMK-1, or DAF16) or more resistant (defective in AGE-1, DBL-1, SKN-1, or SOD-3) to ETEC infection compared with the wild-type. Mutants defective in antimicrobial peptides (LYS-7, SPP1, or ABF-3) were also more susceptible. In addition, mutants that are defective in NSY-1, SEK-1, PMK-1, DAF16, ABF-3, LYS-7, or SPP1 showed no response to the protection from L. zeae LB1. The expression of the genes encoding antimicrobial peptides (lys-7, spp-1, and abf-3) and other defensing molecules (abf-2, clec-60, and clec-85) were almost all upregulated in AGE-1- or DBL-1-defective mutant compared with the wild-type, which was further enhanced by the pretreatment of L. zeae LB1. The expression of these genes was, however, mostly downregulated in NSY-1- or DAF-16-defective mutant. These results suggest that L. zeae LB1 regulates C. elegans signaling through the p38 MAPK and DAF/IGF pathways to control the production of antimicrobial peptides and defensing molecules to combat ETEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhou Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology/International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaozhen Liu
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Xianhua Yin
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shao-Ping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ming-Yong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology/International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Aluko K, Velayudhan DE, Khafipour E, Fang L, Nyachoti M. Effect of chicken egg anti-F4 antibodies on performance and diarrhea incidences in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 +-challenged piglets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 3:353-358. [PMID: 29767131 PMCID: PMC5941264 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of spay-dried whole egg containing anti-F4 antibodies (SDWE) against recombinantly produced F4 antigens in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88+ (ETEC)-challenged piglets. Twenty-seven 21-d-old and individually housed piglets were randomly allotted to 3 treatments consisting of a wheat-soybean meal basal diet containing either 0 (control egg powder; CEP), 0.1% (SDWE1) or 0.4% (SDWE2) SDWE. After a 7-d adaptation period, blood samples were collected from all pigs, and pigs were weighed and orally challenged with an ETEC inoculum. Blood was sampled at 24 and 48 h post-challenge, and diarrhea incidences and scores were recorded. On d 14, all pigs were weighed and then euthanized to obtain intestinal tissue samples for histomorphology measurement. During the pre-challenge period, pigs fed the SDWE showed a linear improvement (P < 0.05) in average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F), but there were no differences among treatments in growth performance during the post-challenge period. Diarrhea incidences and scores, fecal shedding of ETEC, plasma urea nitrogen content and intestinal histomorphology were similar among treatments. The results show that 0.4% SDWE supported greater piglet performance before challenge although such benefits were not evident during the post-challenge period at either 0.1% or 0.4% supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolawole Aluko
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Deepak E. Velayudhan
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ehsan Khafipour
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Lin Fang
- Zyme Fast System Inc., Winnipeg, MB R2C 2Z2, Canada
| | - Martin Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Corresponding author.
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Abstract
Intensive farming may involve the use of diets, environments or management practices that impose physiological and psychological stressors on the animals. In particular, early weaning is nowadays a common practice to increase the productive yield of pig farms. Still, it is considered one of the most critical periods in swine production, where piglet performance can be seriously affected and where they are predisposed to the overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens. Pig producers nowadays face the challenge to overcome this situation in a context of increasing restrictions on the use of antibiotics in animal production. Great efforts are being made to find strategies to help piglets overcome the challenges of early weaning. Among them, a nutritional strategy that has received increasing attention in the last few years is the use of probiotics. It has been extensively documented that probiotics can reduce digestive disorders and improve productive parameters. Still, research in probiotics so far has also been characterized as being inconsistent and with low reproducibility from farm to farm. Scientific literature related to probiotic effects against gastrointestinal pathogens will be critically examined in this review. Moreover, the actual practical approach when using probiotics in these animals, and potential strategies to increase consistency in probiotic effects, will be discussed. Thus, considering the boost in probiotic research observed in recent years, this paper aims to provide a much-needed, in-depth review of the scientific data published to-date. Furthermore, it aims to be useful to swine nutritionists, researchers and the additive industry to critically consider their approach when developing or using probiotic strategies in weaning piglets.
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Wang Y, Wu Y, Wang B, Cao X, Fu A, Li Y, Li W. Effects of probiotic Bacillus as a substitute for antibiotics on antioxidant capacity and intestinal autophagy of piglets. AMB Express 2017; 7:52. [PMID: 28244029 PMCID: PMC5328899 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Ba) as a substitute for antibiotics on growth performance, antioxidant ability and intestinal autophagy of piglets. Ninety piglets were divided into three groups: G1 (containing 150 mg/Kg aureomycin in the diet); G2 (containing 75 mg/Kg aureomycin and 1 × 108 cfu/Kg Ba in the diet); G3 (containing 2 × 108 cfu/Kg Ba in the diet without any antibiotics). Each treatment had three replications of ten pigs per pen. Results showed that Ba replacement significantly increased the daily weight gain of piglets. Moreover, improved antioxidant status in serum and jejunum was noted in Ba-fed groups as compared with aureomycin group. Increased gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and elevated nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) in jejunum was also observed in Ba-fed groups. Besides, Ba replacement significantly decreased jejunal c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation compared with antibiotic group. Western blotting results also revealed that replacing all antibiotics with Ba initiated autophagy in the jejunum as evidenced by increased microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 II (LC3-II) abundance. Taken together, these results indicate that replacing aureomycin with Ba can improve growth performance and antioxidant status of piglets via increasing antioxidant capacity and intestinal autophagy, suggesting a good potential for Ba as an alternative to antibiotics in feed.
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Aluko K, Velayudhan DE, Khafipour E, Li A, Yin Y, Nyachoti M. Combined effects of chitosan and microencapsulated Enterococcus faecalis CG1.0007 probiotic supplementation on performance and diarrhea incidences in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 + challenged piglets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:366-371. [PMID: 29767090 PMCID: PMC5941263 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) and a microencapsulated Enterococcus faecalis CG1.0007 probiotic (PRO) on growth performance and diarrhea incidences in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88+ challenged piglets in a 14-d study. Thirty piglets, 7.19 ± 0.52 kg initial BW weaned at 21 ± 1 d, were allotted to 5 treatment groups (n = 6) consisting of a corn-soybean meal diet with no additive (negative control, NC), NC + 0.25% chlortetracycline (positive control, PC), NC + 400 mg/kg COS (COS), NC + 100 mg/kg PRO (PRO) and NC + a combination of COS and PRO (CPRO). Pigs were individually housed in cages, acclimated to treatments for a 7-d period and had ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the study. On d 8, pigs were weighed, blood samples were collected, and then orally challenged with 6 mL (1 × 1011 cfu/mL) of freshly grown ETEC inoculum. During post-challenge period, blood was sampled at 24 and 48 h to determine plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), and diarrhea incidences and fecal consistency scores were recorded from d 9 to 12. On d 14, all pigs were weighed and then euthanized to obtain intestinal tissue samples for histomorphometric measurements. Growth performance responses were similar among treatments during the pre- and post-challenge periods. There were no significant differences in PUN content, incidences of diarrhea, and fecal consistency scores among treatments. The intestinal histomorphology results did not differ significantly among treatments except for PC with increased (P = 0.0001) villus:crypt ratio compared with the NC. Under the conditions of the present study, it can be concluded that supplementation of piglet diets with 400 mg/kg COS, 100 mg/kg microencapsulated PRO or their combination did not significantly improve piglet growth performance both during the pre- and post-ETEC K88+ oral inoculation. Also, there were no significant reduction of incidences and severity of diarrhea after challenge compared with the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolawole Aluko
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Deepak E Velayudhan
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ehsan Khafipour
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Aike Li
- Academy of Science and Technology of State Administration of Grain, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Martin Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Supplementation with Lactobacillus paracasei or Pediococcus pentosaceus does not prevent diarrhoea in neonatal pigs infected with Escherichia coli F18. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:109-120. [PMID: 28720151 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451700160x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diarrhoea is a worldwide problem in newborns. Optimal bacterial colonisation may enhance gut maturation and protect against pathogenic bacteria after birth. We hypothesised that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) administration prevents pathogen-induced diarrhoea in formula-fed newborns. Newborn caesarean-delivered, colostrum-deprived term piglets on parenteral nutrition for the first 15 h, were used as models for sensitive newborn infants. A commercially available probiotic strain, Lactobacillus paracasei F19 (LAP, 2·6×108 colony-forming units (CFU)/kg per d) and a novel LAB isolate, Pediococcus pentosaceus (PEP, 1·3×1010 CFU/kg per d), were administered for 5 d with or without inoculation of the porcine pathogen, Escherichia coli F18 (F18, 1010 CFU/d). This resulted in six treatment groups: Controls (n 9), LAP (n 10), PEP (n 10), F18 (n 10), F18-LAP (n 10) and F18-PEP (n 10). The pathogen challenge increased diarrhoea and density of F18 in the intestinal mucosa (P<0·05). LAB supplementation further increased the diarrhoea score, relative to F18 alone (P<0·01). Intestinal structure and permeability were similar among groups, whereas brush border enzymes were affected in variable intestinal regions with decreased activities in most cases after F18 and LAB inoculation. Bacterial density in colon mucosa increased after F18 inoculation (P<0·05) but was unaffected by LAB supplementation. In colon contents, acetic and butyric acids were increased by PEP (P<0·05). The LAB used in this study failed to reduce E. coli-induced diarrhoea in sensitive newborn pigs. In vulnerable newborns there may be a delicate balance among bacterial composition and load, diet and the host. Caution may be required when administering LAB to compromised newborns suffering from enteric infections.
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Liao SF, Nyachoti M. Using probiotics to improve swine gut health and nutrient utilization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:331-343. [PMID: 29767089 PMCID: PMC5941265 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To maintain a healthy gut is definitely key for a pig to digest and absorb dietary nutrients efficiently. A balanced microbiota (i.e., a healthy micro-ecosystem) is an indispensable constituent of a healthy gut. Probiotics, the live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer good health benefits onto the host, are a category of feed additives that can be used to replenish the gut microbial population while recuperating the host immune system. Besides their antitoxin and diarrhea reduction effects, dietary supplementation of probiotics can improve gut health, nutrient digestibilities and, therefore, benefit nutrient utilization and growth performance of pigs. Current knowledge in the literature pertinent to the beneficial effects of utilizing various probiotics for swine production has been comprehensively reviewed, and the safety and the risk issues related to probiotic usage have also been discussed in this paper. Considering that the foremost cost in a swine operation is feed cost, feed efficiency holds a very special, if not the paramount, significance in commercial swine production. Globally, the swine industry along with other animal industries is moving towards restricting and eventually a total ban on the usage of antibiotic growth promoters. Therefore, selection of an ideal alternative to the in-feed antibiotics to compensate for the lost benefits due to the ban on the antibiotic usage is urgently needed to support the industry for profitable and sustainable swine production. As is understood, a decision on this selection is not easy to make. Thus, this review paper aims to provide some much needed up-to-date knowledge and comprehensive references for swine nutritionists and producers to refer to before making prudent decisions and for scientists and researchers to develop better commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengfa F Liao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA
| | - Martin Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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27
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Bosschem I, Flahou B, Van Deun K, De Koker S, Volf J, Smet A, Ducatelle R, Devriendt B, Haesebrouck F. Species-specific immunity to Helicobacter suis. Helicobacter 2017; 22. [PMID: 28124467 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter (H.) suis is mainly associated with pigs, but is also the most prevalent gastric non-H. pylori Helicobacter species found in humans. Both H. pylori and H. suis may cause persistent infection of the stomach. Several immune evasion mechanisms have been proposed for H. pylori, which focus to a great extent on its major virulence factors, which are absent in H. suis. The aim of this study was to gain more knowledge on immune evasion by H. suis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cytokine expression kinetics were monitored in the stomach of BALB/c mice experimentally infected with H. suis. The cytokine expression profile in the stomach of naturally H. suis-infected pigs was also determined. Subsequently, the effect of H. suis on murine and porcine dendritic cell (DC) maturation and their ability to elicit T-cell effector responses was analyzed. RESULTS Despite a Th17/Th2 response in the murine stomach, the inflammatory cell influx was unable to clear H. suis infection. H. suis-stimulated murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells induced IL-17 secretion by CD4+ cells in vitro. Natural H. suis infection in pigs evoked increased expression levels of IL-17 mRNA in the antrum and IL-10 mRNA in the fundus. In contrast to mice, H. suis-stimulated porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells were unable to express MHCII molecules on their cell surface. These semimature DCs induced proliferation of T-cells, which showed an increased expression of TGF-β and FoxP3 mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS Helicobacter suis might evade host immune responses by skewing toward a Treg-biased response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Bosschem
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bram Flahou
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kim Van Deun
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Koker
- Department of Biomedical molecular biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jiri Volf
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Annemieke Smet
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Rhouma M, Fairbrother JM, Beaudry F, Letellier A. Post weaning diarrhea in pigs: risk factors and non-colistin-based control strategies. Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:31. [PMID: 28526080 PMCID: PMC5437690 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) is one of the most serious threats for the swine industry worldwide. It is commonly associated with the proliferation of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the pig intestine. Colistin, a cationic antibiotic, is widely used in swine for the oral treatment of intestinal infections caused by E. coli, and particularly of PWD. However, despite the effectiveness of this antibiotic in the treatment of PWD, several studies have reported high rates of colistin resistant E. coli in swine. Furthermore, this antibiotic is considered of very high importance in humans, being used for the treatment of infections due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria (GNB). Moreover, the recent discovery of the mcr-1 gene encoding for colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae on a conjugative stable plasmid has raised great concern about the possible loss of colistin effectiveness for the treatment of MDR-GNB in humans. Consequently, it has been proposed that the use of colistin in animal production should be considered as a last resort treatment only. Thus, to overcome the economic losses, which would result from the restriction of use of colistin, especially for prophylactic purposes in PWD control, we believe that an understanding of the factors contributing to the development of this disease and the putting in place of practical alternative strategies for the control of PWD in swine is crucial. Such alternatives should improve animal gut health and reduce economic losses in pigs without promoting bacterial resistance. The present review begins with an overview of risk factors of PWD and an update of colistin use in PWD control worldwide in terms of quantities and microbiological outcomes. Subsequently, alternative strategies to the use of colistin for the control of this disease are described and discussed. Finally, a practical approach for the control of PWD in its various phases is proposed.
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Li S, Sha Z, Wang X, Bu Z, Wang L, Guan X, Lang X, Wang X. Yeast Surface Display of Escherichia coli Enterotoxin and Its Effects of Intestinal Microflora and Mucosal Immunity. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:854-862. [PMID: 28466091 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1259-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a significant cause of infectious diarrhea in animals. In this study, yeast surface display technology was employed to investigate the effects of ETEC enterotoxin fusion protein on the intestinal flora and mucosal immunity of rats. ETEC estA, estB, and eltAB (heat-labile and heat-stable toxins) were expressed on the surface of yeast. Rats were divided into normal saline, yeast and display yeast groups. Fecal and jejunal content samples were collected on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days. Rats were then fed ETEC for 3 days before again collecting these samples. Levels of SIgA, IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ, and microbial population density and diversity were documented by ELISA, T-RFLP and real-time PCR. The results demonstrated that estA, estB, and eltAB fusion proteins were expressed on the surface of yeast. Following ETEC challenge, levels of SIgA, IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ, and, the numbers and variety of intestinal microbes were significantly increased in rats receiving display yeast and yeast. These factors were significantly decreased in rats given normal saline and yeast. Our results indicate that display yeast and yeast can increase the number and diversity of intestinal microbes in rats and improve intestinal immune function. After ETEC challenge, the display yeast can better maintain the balance of intestinal bacteria and mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShiYu Li
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhou Sha
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, Jilin, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhaoyang Bu
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, Jilin, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaohui Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xulong Lang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China.
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, Jilin, China.
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China.
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30
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Dubreuil JD. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and probiotics in swine: what the bleep do we know? BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA, FOOD AND HEALTH 2017; 36:75-90. [PMID: 28785529 PMCID: PMC5510153 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.16-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The concept of certain microorganisms conferring direct benefits to the host relates to the term "probiotic". Probiotics are microorganisms, bacteria, or yeast that when administered orally in sufficient quantity can counteract the effect of pathogenic microorganisms. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the site where probiotics are believed to play the most important role. The proposed effects of probiotics include antagonism of pathogens, interference with adherence, competition for nutrients, enterotoxin inactivation, modulation of the immune response, and strengthening of the intestinal barrier. From birth to postweaning, piglets are very sensitive to gut colonisation by pathogens. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli represents one of the most common agents of swine diarrhoea. The enterotoxins produced by this E. coli virotype are responsible for the loss of electrolytes and water observed following infection. This review addresses more specifically the studies done during the last 10 years deciphering the molecular mechanisms at play between host cell and probiotic interactions in the swine GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Daniel Dubreuil
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 7C6, Canada
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31
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Rhouma M, Fairbrother JM, Thériault W, Beaudry F, Bergeron N, Laurent-Lewandowski S, Letellier A. The fecal presence of enterotoxin and F4 genes as an indicator of efficacy of treatment with colistin sulfate in pigs. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:6. [PMID: 28056796 PMCID: PMC5217267 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains producing multiple enterotoxins are important causes of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in pigs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the fecal presence of ETEC enterotoxin as well as F4 and F18 genes as an indicator of colistin sulfate (CS) efficacy for treatment of PWD in pigs. Forty-eight piglets were weaned at the age of 21 days, and were divided into four groups: challenged treated, challenged untreated, unchallenged treated, and unchallenged untreated. Challenge was performed using 109 CFU of an ETEC: F4 strain, and treatment was conducted using oral CS at the dose of 50,000 IU/kg. The fecal presence of genes encoding for STa, STb, LT, F4 and F18 was detected using PCR. Results The PCR amplification of ETEC virulence genes showed that nearly 100% of pigs excreted genes encoding for STa and STb toxins in the feces before the challenge. These genes, in the absence of the gene encoding F4, were considered as a marker for F4-negative ETEC. One day after ETEC: F4 oral challenge pigs in the two challenged groups excreted the genes encoding LT and F4 in the feces. These genes were considered as a marker for F4-positive ETEC. However, the gene encoding F18 was not detected in any fecal samples of the 4 groups throughout the experiment. After only 3 days of successive oral treatment with CS, a significant reduction in both the F4-positive and negative ETEC populations was observed in the challenged treated group compared to the challenged untreated group (p < 0.0001). Conclusions Our study is among the first to report that under controlled farming conditions, oral CS treatment had a significant effect on both fecal F4-positive and F4-negative ETEC in pigs. However, CS clinical efficiency was correlated with non-detection of F4-positive ETEC in the feces. Furthermore the fecal presence of F4-negative ETEC was not associated with clinical symptoms of post-weaning diarrhea in pigs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0915-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rhouma
- Chaire de recherche industrielle du CRSNG en salubrité des viandes (CRSV), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire - Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada. .,Groupe de recherche et d'enseignement en salubrité alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire - Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada. .,Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire - Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.
| | - John Morris Fairbrother
- Groupe de recherche et d'enseignement en salubrité alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire - Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire - Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli (EcL), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire - Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - William Thériault
- Chaire de recherche industrielle du CRSNG en salubrité des viandes (CRSV), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire - Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Groupe de recherche et d'enseignement en salubrité alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire - Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire - Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Francis Beaudry
- Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire - Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire - Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Nadia Bergeron
- Chaire de recherche industrielle du CRSNG en salubrité des viandes (CRSV), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire - Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Groupe de recherche et d'enseignement en salubrité alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire - Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire - Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Sylvette Laurent-Lewandowski
- Chaire de recherche industrielle du CRSNG en salubrité des viandes (CRSV), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire - Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Groupe de recherche et d'enseignement en salubrité alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire - Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire - Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Ann Letellier
- Chaire de recherche industrielle du CRSNG en salubrité des viandes (CRSV), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire - Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada. .,Groupe de recherche et d'enseignement en salubrité alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire - Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada. .,Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire - Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada. .,Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire - Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.
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32
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Effect of feed supplementation with live yeast on the intestinal transcriptome profile of weaning pigs orally challenged with Escherichia coli F4. Animal 2017; 11:33-44. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116001178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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33
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Fairbrother JM, Nadeau É, Bélanger L, Tremblay CL, Tremblay D, Brunelle M, Wolf R, Hellmann K, Hidalgo Á. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a single-dose live non-pathogenic Escherichia coli oral vaccine against F4-positive enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli challenge in pigs. Vaccine 2017; 35:353-360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Roussel C, Sivignon A, de Wiele TV, Blanquet-Diot S. Foodborne enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: from gut pathogenesis to new preventive strategies involving probiotics. Future Microbiol 2016; 12:73-93. [PMID: 27983878 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are a major cause of traveler's diarrhea and infant mortality in developing countries. Given the rise of antibiotic resistance worldwide, there is an urgent need for the development of new preventive strategies. Among them, a promising approach is the use of probiotics. Although many studies, mostly performed under piglet digestive conditions, have shown the beneficial effects of probiotics on ETEC by interfering with their survival, virulence or adhesion to mucosa, underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This review describes ETEC pathogenesis, its modulation by human gastrointestinal cues as well as novel preventive strategies with a particular emphasis on probiotics. The potential of in vitro models simulating human digestion in elucidating probiotic mode of action will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Roussel
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, EA 4678 CIDAM, Conception Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Cmet, Center for Microbial Ecology & Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adeline Sivignon
- Clermont Université, UMR 1071 INSERM/Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France INRA, Unité Sous Contrat 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Cmet, Center for Microbial Ecology & Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, EA 4678 CIDAM, Conception Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Dubreuil JD, Isaacson RE, Schifferli DM. Animal Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. EcoSal Plus 2016; 7:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0006-2016. [PMID: 27735786 PMCID: PMC5123703 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0006-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the most common cause of E. coli diarrhea in farm animals. ETEC are characterized by the ability to produce two types of virulence factors: adhesins that promote binding to specific enterocyte receptors for intestinal colonization and enterotoxins responsible for fluid secretion. The best-characterized adhesins are expressed in the context of fimbriae, such as the F4 (also designated K88), F5 (K99), F6 (987P), F17, and F18 fimbriae. Once established in the animal small intestine, ETEC produce enterotoxin(s) that lead to diarrhea. The enterotoxins belong to two major classes: heat-labile toxins that consist of one active and five binding subunits (LT), and heat-stable toxins that are small polypeptides (STa, STb, and EAST1). This review describes the disease and pathogenesis of animal ETEC, the corresponding virulence genes and protein products of these bacteria, their regulation and targets in animal hosts, as well as mechanisms of action. Furthermore, vaccines, inhibitors, probiotics, and the identification of potential new targets by genomics are presented in the context of animal ETEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Daniel Dubreuil
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Richard E Isaacson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Dieter M Schifferli
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Rhouma M, Beaudry F, Thériault W, Bergeron N, Beauchamp G, Laurent-Lewandowski S, Fairbrother JM, Letellier A. In vivo therapeutic efficacy and pharmacokinetics of colistin sulfate in an experimental model of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in weaned pigs. Vet Res 2016; 47:58. [PMID: 27234971 PMCID: PMC4884413 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC: F4) associated with post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in pigs has developed resistance against several antimicrobial families, leading to increased use of colistin sulfate (CS) for the treatment of this disease. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of oral CS treatment in experimental PWD due to ETEC: F4 challenge and determine the effect of this challenge on CS intestinal absorption. In this study, 96 pigs were divided into two trials based on CS dose (100 000 or 50 000 IU/kg). Fecal shedding of ETEC: F4, total E. coli, and CS-resistant E. coli, diarrhea scores, and weight changes were evaluated. Colistin sulfate plasma concentrations were determined by HPLC–MS/MS. Regardless of the dose, CS treatment resulted in a reduction of fecal ETEC: F4 and total E. coli shedding, and in diarrhea scores but only during the treatment period. However, CS treatment resulted in a slight increase in fecal shedding of CS resistant E. coli and did not prevent weight loss in challenged pigs. In addition, challenge with ETEC: F4 resulted in an increase of CS intestinal absorption. Our study is among the first to demonstrate that under controlled conditions, CS was effective in reducing fecal shedding of ETEC: F4 and total E. coli in experimental PWD. However, CS treatment was associated with a slight selection pressure on E. coli and did not prevent pig weight loss. Further studies are needed in field conditions, to better characterize CS therapeutic regimen efficacy and bacterial resistance dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rhouma
- Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes (CRSV), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Groupe de recherche et d'enseignement en salubrité alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Francis Beaudry
- Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - William Thériault
- Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes (CRSV), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Groupe de recherche et d'enseignement en salubrité alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Nadia Bergeron
- Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes (CRSV), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Groupe de recherche et d'enseignement en salubrité alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Guy Beauchamp
- Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Sylvette Laurent-Lewandowski
- Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes (CRSV), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Groupe de recherche et d'enseignement en salubrité alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - John Morris Fairbrother
- Groupe de recherche et d'enseignement en salubrité alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Ann Letellier
- Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes (CRSV), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada. .,Groupe de recherche et d'enseignement en salubrité alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada. .,Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada. .,Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.
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Hayakawa T, Masuda T, Kurosawa D, Tsukahara T. Dietary administration of probiotics to sows and/or their neonates improves the reproductive performance, incidence of post-weaning diarrhea and histopathological parameters in the intestine of weaned piglets. Anim Sci J 2016; 87:1501-1510. [PMID: 27018090 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics have gained considerable attention with respect to their beneficial effects on livestock performance and health. The most significant effects of probiotics on the gut microbiota and the host animals take place when they are included in diets during particularly stressful periods such as weaning and/or at the beginning of the lactation period. The probiotics Bacillus mesentericus strain TO-A at 1 × 108 colony forming units (CFU)/g, Clostridium butyricum strain TO-A at 1 × 108 CFU/g and Enterococcus faecalis strain T-110 at 1 × 109 CFU/g were used. Litter weight at delivery and ratio of return to estrous improved significantly (17% and 24% improvement, respectively) by probiotic administration to sows (0.2% (w/w)). Furthermore, the feed intake of the probiotics-administered sows was greater than that of the control sows during the late lactation period. Post-weaning diarrheal incidence and growth performance was improved by probiotics administration to neonates (0.02% (w/w)), while the combined use of probiotics in sows and their neonates induced the enlargement of villous height and prevented muscle layer thinning in the small intestine of weaning piglets. The administration of probiotics of three species of live bacteria improved the porcine reproductive performance around stressful periods of sows (farrowing) and piglets (weaning). [Corrections added on 26 April 2016, after first online publication: 'Enterococcus faecalis strain T-100' has been corrected to 'Enterococcus faecalis strain T-110' in the above paragraph and in the 'Probiotics' section under the Materials and Methods heading.].
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Buntyn JO, Schmidt TB, Nisbet DJ, Callaway TR. The Role of Direct-Fed Microbials in Conventional Livestock Production. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2015; 4:335-55. [PMID: 26667362 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-111123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Supplementation of direct-fed microbials (DFM) as a means to improve the health and performance of livestock has generated significant interest over the past 15+ years. A driving force for this increased interest in DFM is to reduce or eliminate the use of low-dose antibiotics in livestock production. This increased attention toward DFM supplementation has generated an extensive body of research. This effort has resulted in conflicting reports. Although there has been considerable variation in the design of these studies, one of the main causes for this lack of consistency may be attributed to the variation in the experimental immune challenge incorporated to evaluate DFM supplementation. Taking into account the experimental immune challenge, there is strong evidence to suggest that DFM supplementation may have an impact on the immune response, overall health, and performance of livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Buntyn
- Animal Science Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583; ,
| | - T B Schmidt
- Animal Science Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583; ,
| | - D J Nisbet
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, South Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas 77845;
| | - T R Callaway
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, South Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas 77845;
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Brousseau JP, Talbot G, Beaudoin F, Lauzon K, Roy D, Lessard M. Effects of probiotics Pediococcus acidilactici strain MA18/5M and Saccharomyces cerevisiae subsp. boulardii strain SB-CNCM I-1079 on fecal and intestinal microbiota of nursing and weanling piglets1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:5313-26. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J.-P. Brousseau
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1M 0C8
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - G. Talbot
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - F. Beaudoin
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - K. Lauzon
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - D. Roy
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - M. Lessard
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1M 0C8
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
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40
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Influence of a blend of essential oils and an enzyme combination on growth performance, microbial counts, ileum microscopic anatomy and the expression of inflammatory mediators in weaned piglets following an Escherichia coli infection. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Rhouma M, Beaudry F, Thériault W, Bergeron N, Laurent-Lewandowski S, Fairbrother JM, Letellier A. Gastric stability and oral bioavailability of colistin sulfate in pigs challenged or not with Escherichia coli O149: F4 (K88). Res Vet Sci 2015; 102:173-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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42
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Zhou D, Zhu YH, Zhang W, Wang ML, Fan WY, Song D, Yang GY, Jensen BB, Wang JF. Oral administration of a select mixture of Bacillus probiotics generates Tr1 cells in weaned F4ab/acR- pigs challenged with an F4+ ETEC/VTEC/EPEC strain. Vet Res 2015; 46:95. [PMID: 26384321 PMCID: PMC4574530 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although breeding of F4 receptor − negative (F4R−) pigs may prevent post-weaning diarrhea, the underlying immunity is poorly understood. Here, various doses of a Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis mixture (BLS-mix) were orally administered to F4ab/acR− pigs for 1 week before F4 (K88) − positive ETEC/VTEC/EPEC challenge. Administration of BLS-mix increased the percentage of Foxp3−IL-10+ T cells but not of Foxp3+IL-10+ regulatory T (Treg) cells among peripheral blood CD4+ T cells. A low dose of BLS-mix feeding resulted in increased the expression of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and the transcription factors Foxp3 and T-bet mRNAs in the jejunum. Administration of either a low or high dose BLS-mix also led to an increase in the percentage of CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells among intraepithelial lymphocytes and CD4+IL-10+ T cells in the small intestinal Peyer’s patches and the lamina propria of F4ab/acR− pigs following F4+ ETEC/VTEC/EPEC challenge. The increased number of IL-10–producing CD4+ T cells was attributed to an increase in the proportion of Foxp3−IL-10+ Treg cells rather than Foxp3+IL-10+ Treg cells. Our data indicate that oral administration of BLS-mix to newly weaned F4ab/acR− pigs ameliorates enteritis in an F4+ ETEC/VTEC/EPEC model; however, induction of IL-10–producing Foxp3− Treg cells by BLS-mix administration cannot account for the protection of newly weaned F4ab/acR− pigs from F4+ ETEC/VTEC/EPEC infection, and that excessive generation of CD4+IL-10+ T cells following consumption of BLS-mix during episodes of intestinal inflammation that is caused by enteric pathogens might prohibit clearance of the pathogen. Select probiotic mixtures may allow for tailoring strategies to prevent infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yao-Hong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Meng-Ling Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Wen-Yi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Dan Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Gui-Yan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Bent Borg Jensen
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Danish Center for Food and Agriculture, Aarhus University, DK 8830, Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Jiu-Feng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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43
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Feed Fermentation with Reuteran- and Levan-Producing Lactobacillus reuteri Reduces Colonization of Weanling Pigs by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:5743-52. [PMID: 26070673 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01525-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the effect of feed fermentation with Lactobacillus reuteri on growth performance and the abundance of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in weanling piglets. L. reuteri strains produce reuteran or levan, exopolysaccharides that inhibit ETEC adhesion to the mucosa, and feed fermentation was conducted under conditions supporting exopolysaccharide formation and under conditions not supporting exopolysaccharide formation. Diets were chosen to assess the impact of organic acids and the impact of viable L. reuteri bacteria. Fecal samples were taken throughout 3 weeks of feeding; at the end of the 21-day feeding period, animals were euthanized to sample the gut digesta. The feed intake was reduced in pigs fed diets containing exopolysaccharides; however, feed efficiencies did not differ among the diets. Quantification of L. reuteri by quantitative PCR (qPCR) detected the two strains used for feed fermentation throughout the intestinal tract. Quantification of E. coli and ETEC virulence factors by qPCR demonstrated that fermented diets containing reuteran significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the copy numbers of genes for E. coli and the heat-stable enterotoxin in feces compared to those achieved with the control diet. Any fermented feed significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the abundance of E. coli and the heat-stable enterotoxin in colonic digesta at 21 days; reuteran-containing diets reduced the copy numbers of the genes for E. coli and the heat-stable enterotoxin below the detection limit in samples from the ileum, the cecum, and the colon. In conclusion, feed fermentation with L. reuteri reduced the level of colonization of weaning piglets with ETEC, and feed fermentation supplied concentrations of reuteran that may specifically contribute to the effect on ETEC.
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Xia P, Song Y, Zou Y, Yang Y, Zhu G. F4+ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) adhesion mediated by the major fimbrial subunit FaeG. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:1118-24. [PMID: 25847483 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The FaeG subunit is the major constituent of F4(+) fimbriae, associated with glycoprotein and/or glycolipid receptor recognition and majorly contributes to the pathogen attachment to the host cells. To investigate the key factor involved in the fimbrial binding of F4(+) Escherichia coli, both the recombinant E. coli SE5000 strains carrying the fae operon gene clusters that express the different types of fimbriae in vitro, named as rF4ab, rF4ac, and rF4ad, respectively, corresponding to the fimbrial types F4ab, F4ac, and F4ad, and the three isogenic in-frame faeG gene deletion mutants were constructed. The adhesion assays and adhesion inhibition assays showed that ΔfaeG mutants had a significant reduction in the binding to porcine brush border as well as the intestinal epithelial cell lines, while the complemented strain ΔfaeG/pfaeG restored the adhesion function. The recombinant bacterial strains rF4ab, rF4ac, and rF4ad have the same binding property as wild-type F4(+) E. coli strains do and improvement in terms of binding to porcine brush border and the intestinal epithelial cells, and the adherence was blocked by the monoclonal antibody anti-F4 fimbriae. These data demonstrate that the fimbrial binding of F4(+) E. coli is directly mediated by the major FaeG subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yajie Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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45
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Effect of bovine colostrum feeding in comparison with milk replacer and natural feeding on the immune responses and colonisation of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the intestinal tissue of piglets. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:923-34. [PMID: 25743486 PMCID: PMC4392705 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514003201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of feeding bovine colostrum (BC) to piglets in comparison with feeding a milk replacer (MR) and conventional rearing by the sow on the intestinal immune system and number of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) colonising the intestinal tissue. Piglets (23-d-old) were allocated to one of the following four groups: (1) killed at the beginning of the experiment (Base); (2) separated from the sow and fed BC (BC-fed); (3) separated from the sow and fed a MR (MR-fed); (4) kept with the sow (Sow-Milk). Blood was sampled on days 1 and 8, and faecal samples were collected on days 1, 3, 5 and 8. On day 8, piglets were killed and gastrointestinal digesta and intestinal segments were collected. The frequency of diarrhoea was found to be higher (P≤ 0·019) in MR-fed piglets than in BC-fed and Sow-Milk piglets. Piglets from the MR-fed group had the lowest lactic acid bacteria:haemolytic E. coli ratio (Ptreat= 0·064) in the faeces. The number of E. coli colonising the intestinal tissue was higher (P< 0·001) in piglets from the MR-fed group than in those from the BC-fed and Sow-Milk groups. Piglets from the Sow-Milk group had a higher (P= 0·020) mucosal IgG concentration than those from the MR-fed group, but did not exhibit any difference when compared with piglets from the Base and BC-fed groups. Piglets from the BC-fed group exhibited a reduced (P≤ 0·037) expression level of Toll-like receptor-4 in the intestinal mucosa when compared with those from the MR-fed and Sow-Milk groups. The expression level of IL-2 was higher (P≤ 0·051) in piglets from the MR-fed group than in those from the other treatment groups. In conclusion, feeding BC rather than MR to the piglets reduced the colonisation of intestine by ETEC and modulated the intestinal immune system, whereas no differences were observed in piglets fed BC and conventionally reared by the sows.
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46
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Colostrum whey down-regulates the expression of early and late inflammatory response genes induced byEscherichia coliandSalmonella entericaTyphimurium components in intestinal epithelial cells. Br J Nutr 2014; 113:200-11. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514003481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic invasion byEscherichia coliandSalmonellaeremains a constant threat to the integrity of the intestinal epithelium and can rapidly induce inflammatory responses. At birth, colostrum consumption exerts numerous beneficial effects on the properties of intestinal epithelial cells and protects the gastrointestinal tract of newborns from pathogenic invasion. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of colostrum on the early and late inflammatory responses induced by pathogens. The short-term (2 h) and long-term (24 h) effects of exposure to heat-killed (HK)E. coliandSalmonella entericaTyphimurium on gene expression in the porcine intestinal epithelial cell (IPEC-J2) model were first evaluated by microarray and quantitative PCR analyses. Luciferase assays were performed using a NF-κB-luc reporter construct to investigate the effect of colostrum whey treatment on the activation of NF-κB induced by HK bacteria. Luciferase assays were also performed using NF-κB-luc, IL-8-luc and IL-6-luc reporter constructs in human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2/15 cells exposed to dose–response stimulations with HK bacteria and colostrum whey. Bovine colostrum whey treatment decreased the expression of early and late inflammatory genes induced by HK bacteria in IPEC-J2, as well as the transcriptional activation of NF-κB-luc induced by HK bacteria. Unlike that with colostrum whey, treatment with other milk fractions failed to decrease the activation of NF-κB-luc induced by HK bacteria. Lastly, the reduction of the HK bacteria-induced activation of NF-κB-luc, IL-8-luc and IL-6-luc by colostrum whey was dose dependent. The results of the present study indicate that bovine colostrum may protect and preserve the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier in the host by controlling the expression levels of early and late inflammatory genes following invasion by enteric pathogens.
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47
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Orally Administered Pediococcus acidilactici and Saccharomyces boulardii–Based Probiotics Alter Select Equine Immune Function Parameters. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Xu J, Xu C, Chen X, Cai X, Yang S, Sheng Y, Wang T. Regulation of an antioxidant blend on intestinal redox status and major microbiota in early weaned piglets. Nutrition 2014; 30:584-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Zhou M, Zhu J, Yu H, Yin X, Sabour PM, Zhao L, Chen W, Gong J. Investigation into in vitro and in vivo models using intestinal epithelial IPEC-J2 cells and Caenorhabditis elegans for selecting probiotic candidates to control porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:217-26. [PMID: 24674595 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To identify a fast, economic and reliable method for preselecting lactic acid-producing bacterial (LAB) isolates to control enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). METHODS AND RESULTS Two assays with porcine intestinal epithelial IPEC-J2 cells or Caenorhabditis elegans for selecting effective probiotic candidates were compared. Both assays were based on measuring death of cells or worms caused by ETEC strain JG280. Six of 13 LAB isolates showed ≥50% protection in each assay, among which only four isolates (≥50% protection) were consistently selected by both assays. Isolate CL9 (Lactobacillus reuteri) was further studied. It reduced gene expression of estA, estB and elt in JG280 in both assays. Furthermore, the isolate protected IPEC-J2 and C. elegans from cell and worm death caused by STa, STb or LT enterotoxin expressed in E. coli DH5α. CL9 also promoted host defensive responses by decreasing IL-8 and increasing IL-10 production in IPEC-J2 cells and expression of antimicrobial peptide genes clec-60, clec-85 in C. elegans. CONCLUSIONS Caenorhabditis elegans is useful for preselecting probiotic candidates to control ETEC after initial screening with IPEC-J2 cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY A combination of IPEC-J2 cell and C. elegans assays can improve the effectiveness in preselecting probiotic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China; Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Zhou M, Yu H, Yin X, Sabour PM, Chen W, Gong J. Lactobacillus zeae protects Caenorhabditis elegans from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-caused death by inhibiting enterotoxin gene expression of the pathogen. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89004. [PMID: 24558463 PMCID: PMC3928337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has become increasingly used for screening antimicrobials and probiotics for pathogen control. It also provides a useful tool for studying microbe-host interactions. This study has established a C. elegans life-span assay to preselect probiotic bacteria for controlling K88(+) enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), a pathogen causing pig diarrhea, and has determined a potential mechanism underlying the protection provided by Lactobacillus. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Life-span of C. elegans was used to measure the response of worms to ETEC infection and protection provided by lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB). Among 13 LAB isolates that varied in their ability to protect C. elegans from death induced by ETEC strain JG280, Lactobacillus zeae LB1 offered the highest level of protection (86%). The treatment with Lactobacillus did not reduce ETEC JG280 colonization in the nematode intestine. Feeding E. coli strain JFF4 (K88(+) but lacking enterotoxin genes of estA, estB, and elt) did not cause death of worms. There was a significant increase in gene expression of estA, estB, and elt during ETEC JG280 infection, which was remarkably inhibited by isolate LB1. The clone with either estA or estB expressed in E. coli DH5α was as effective as ETEC JG280 in killing the nematode. However, the elt clone killed only approximately 40% of worms. The killing by the clones could also be prevented by isolate LB1. The same isolate only partially inhibited the gene expression of enterotoxins in both ETEC JG280 and E. coli DH5α in-vitro. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The established life-span assay can be used for studies of probiotics to control ETEC (for effective selection and mechanistic studies). Heat-stable enterotoxins appeared to be the main factors responsible for the death of C. elegans. Inhibition of ETEC enterotoxin production, rather than interference of its intestinal colonization, appears to be the mechanism of protection offered by Lactobacillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhou Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hai Yu
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xianhua Yin
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parviz M. Sabour
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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