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Kroeger M, Temeeyasen G, Dilberger-Lawson S, Nelson E, Magtoto R, Gimenez-Lirola L, Piñeyro P. The porcine circovirus 3 humoral response: characterization of maternally derived antibodies and dynamic following experimental infection. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0087024. [PMID: 38916319 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00870-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Since Porcine Circovirus 3 (PCV3) was first identified in 2016, our understanding of the humoral response is still relatively scarce. Current knowledge of the PCV3 humoral response is primarily based on field studies identifying the seroprevalence of PCV3 Cap-induced antibodies. Studies on the humoral response following experimental PCV3 infection have conflicting results where one study reports the development of the Cap IgG response 7 days postinfection with no concurrent Cap IgM response, while a second study shows a Cap IgM response at the same time point with no detection of Cap IgG. The dynamics of the PCV3 Cap and Rep IgG following maternal antibody transfer and experimental infection have not been well characterized. Additionally, the cross-reactivity of convalescent serum from PCV2 and PCV3 experimentally infected animals to serologic methods of the alternate PCV has limited evaluation. Here, we show that maternally derived antibodies were detectable in piglet serum 7-9 weeks postfarrowing for the Cap IgG and 5-weeks-post farrowing for the Rep IgG using Cap- and Rep-specific enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and immunofluorescent assays (IFA) methods. Following experimental inoculation, Cap IgG was detected at 2-weeks-post inoculation and Rep IgG detection was delayed until 4-weeks-post inoculation. Furthermore, convalescent serum from either PCV2 or PCV3 methods displayed no cross-reactivity by serological methods against the other PCV. The information gained in this study highlights the development of both the Cap- and Rep-specific antibodies following experimental infection and through the transfer of maternal antibodies. The increased understanding of the dynamics of maternal antibody transfer and development of the humoral response following infection gained in the present study may aid in the establishment of husbandry practices and potential application of prophylactics to control PCV3 clinical disease. IMPORTANCE Research on Porcine Circovirus 3 (PCV3) immunology is vital for understanding and controlling this virus. Previous studies primarily relied on field observations, but they have shown conflicting results about the immunological response against PCV3. This study helps fill those gaps by looking at how antibodies develop in pigs, especially those maternal-derived, and their impact in neonatal pigs preventing PCV3-associated disease in piglets. In addition, we look at the dynamics of antibodies in experimental infections mimicking infection in pigs in the grower-phase condition. Understanding this process can help to develop better strategies to prevent PCV3 infection. Also, this research found that PCV2 and PCV3 do not cross-react, which is crucial for serological test development and results interpretation. Overall, this work is essential for improving swine health and farming practices in the face of PCV3 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Kroeger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Gun Temeeyasen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Steven Dilberger-Lawson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Ronaldo Magtoto
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Luis Gimenez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Kim K, Choi K, Shin M, Hahn TW. A porcine circovirus type 2d-based virus-like particle vaccine induces humoral and cellular immune responses and effectively protects pigs against PCV2d challenge. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1334968. [PMID: 38274769 PMCID: PMC10808717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1334968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) leads to significant economic losses in pig production. PCV2d is currently the dominant genotype causing porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) worldwide. Therefore, development of a recombinant PCV2d-based vaccine is required to elicit complete protection against PCV2d infection. In this study, we generated virus-like particles of PCV2d-based capsid protein (Bac-2dCP) using a baculovirus expression system and evaluated its protective efficacy against PCV2d infection in specific pathogen-free (SPF) pigs. Three-week-old SPF miniature pigs were intramuscularly immunized with purified Bac-2dCP and intranasally challenged with PCV2d at 4 weeks post-vaccination. The Bac-2dCP group showed significantly higher IgG levels and neutralizing antibodies against PCV2b and PCV2d genotypes, as well as increased interferon-γ levels, and increased body weight and average daily weight gain compared with positive (challenged) and negative (unchallenged) controls. In particular, the Bac-2dCP group showed almost complete absence of PCV2d DNA in serum, nasal, and rectal swabs and in lung, lymph node, and kidney tissue samples. However, the positive control group exhibited low levels of neutralizing antibody, and high levels of PCV2 DNA in serum, swab, and tissue samples, resulting in PCV2-associated pathological lesions. The results of this study demonstrated that a recombinant Bac-2dCP vaccine conferred complete protection against a PCV2d challenge in SPF miniature pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiju Kim
- INNOVAC, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Tae-Wook Hahn
- INNOVAC, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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Hwang SY, Shin SH, Park SH, Lee MJ, Kim SM, Lee JS, Park JH. Serological Conversion through a Second Exposure to Inactivated Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Expressing the JC Epitope on the Viral Surface. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1487. [PMID: 37766163 PMCID: PMC10537882 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a fatal contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals and causes severe economic damage at the national level. There are seven serotypes of the causative foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), and type O is responsible for serious outbreaks and shows a high incidence. Recently, the Cathay, Southeast Asia (SEA), and ME-SA (Middle East-South Asia) topotypes of type O have been found to frequently occur in Asia. Thus, it is necessary to develop candidate vaccines that afford protection against these three different topotypes. In this study, an experimental FMD vaccine was produced using a recombinant virus (TWN-JC) with the JC epitope (VP1 140-160 sequence of the O/SKR/Jincheon/2014) between amino acid 152 and 153 of VP1 in TWN-R. Immunization with this novel vaccine candidate was found to effectively protect mice against challenge with the three different topotype viruses. Neutralizing antibody titers were considerably higher after a second vaccination. The serological differences between the topotype strains were identified in guinea pigs and swine. In conclusion, a significant serological difference was observed at 56 days post-vaccination between animals that received the TWN-JC vaccine candidate and those that received the positive control virus (TWN-R). The TWN-JC vaccine candidate induced IFNγ and IL-12B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Yun Hwang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.H.); (S.H.S.); (S.-H.P.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34314, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sung Ho Shin
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.H.); (S.H.S.); (S.-H.P.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Sung-Han Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.H.); (S.H.S.); (S.-H.P.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Min Ja Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.H.); (S.H.S.); (S.-H.P.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Su-Mi Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.H.); (S.H.S.); (S.-H.P.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34314, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.H.); (S.H.S.); (S.-H.P.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
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Chen JY, Wu CM, Chia MY, Huang C, Chien MS. A prospective CSFV-PCV2 bivalent vaccine effectively protects against classical swine fever virus and porcine circovirus type 2 dual challenge and prevents horizontal transmission. Vet Res 2023; 54:57. [PMID: 37434231 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection leading to CSF outbreaks is among the most devastating swine diseases in the pig industry. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection, resulting in porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), is also a highly contagious disease affecting pig health worldwide. To prevent and control disease occurrence, multiple-vaccine immunization is necessary in contaminated areas or countries. In this study, a novel CSFV-PCV2 bivalent vaccine was constructed and demonstrated to be capable of eliciting humoral and cellular immune responses against CSFV and PCV2, respectively. Moreover, a CSFV-PCV2 dual-challenge trial was conducted on specific-pathogen-free (SPF) pigs to evaluate vaccine efficacy. All of the vaccinated pigs survived and showed no clinical signs of infection throughout the experimental period. In contrast, placebo-vaccinated pigs exhibited severe clinical signs of infection and steeply increased viremia levels of CSFV and PCV2 after virus challenge. Additionally, neither clinical signs nor viral detections were noted in the sentinel pigs when cohabitated with vaccinated-challenged pigs at three days post-inoculation of CSFV, indicating that the CSFV-PCV2 bivalent vaccine completely prevents horizontal transmission of CSFV. Furthermore, conventional pigs were utilized to evaluate the application of the CSFV-PCV2 bivalent vaccine in field farms. An adequate CSFV antibody response and a significant decrease in PCV2 viral load in the peripheral lymph nodes were observed in immunized conventional pigs, suggesting its potential for clinical application. Overall, this study demonstrated that the CSFV-PCV2 bivalent vaccine effectively elicited protective immune responses and the ability to prevent horizontal transmission, which could be a prospective strategy for controlling both CSF and PCVAD in commercial herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yuan Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ming Wu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yuan Chia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chienjin Huang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Maw-Sheng Chien
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
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5
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Li YA, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Wang S, Shi H. Live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis vector delivering a virus-like particles induces a protective immune response against porcine circovirus type 2 in mice. Vaccine 2022; 40:4732-4741. [PMID: 35773121 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The virus-like particles (VLPs) of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an attractive vaccine candidate that retains the natural conformation of the virion but lacks the viral genome to replicate, thus balancing safety and immunogenicity. However, the assembly of VLPs requires cumbersome subsequent processes, hindering the development of related vaccines. In addition, as a subunit antigen, VLPs are defective in inducing cellular and mucosal immune responses. In this study, the capsid (Cap) protein of PCV2 was synthesized and self-assembled into VLPs in the recombinant attenuated S. Choleraesuis vector, rSC0016(pS-Cap). Furthermore, rSC0016(pS-Cap) induced a Cap-specific Th1-dominant immune response, mucosal immune responses, and neutralizing antibodies against PCV2. Finally, the virus genome copies in mice immunized with the rSC0016(pS-Cap) were significantly lower than those of the empty vector control group after challenge with PCV2. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the potential of using S. Choleraesuis vectors to delivery VLPs, providing new ideas for the development of PCV2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-An Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanni Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University (JIRLAAPS), Yangzhou, China.
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6
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Sun Y, Zhang J, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Huang K. Swine Influenza Virus Infection Decreases the Protective Immune Responses of Subunit Vaccine Against Porcine Circovirus Type 2. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:807458. [PMID: 35003038 PMCID: PMC8740023 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.807458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary pathogen of porcine circovirus diseases and porcine circovirus associated diseases. Immunization with a vaccine is considered an effective measure to control these diseases. However, it is still unknown whether PCV2 vaccines have protective immune responses on the animals infected with swine influenza virus (SIV), a pandemic virus in swine herds. In this study, we first compared the effects of 2 different PCV2 vaccines on normal mice and SIV-infected mice, respectively. The results showed that these two vaccines had protective immune responses in normal mice, and the subunit vaccine (vaccine S) had better effects. However, the inactivated vaccine (vaccine I) instead of vaccine S exhibited more immune responses in the SIV-infected mice. SIV infection significantly decreased the immune responses of vaccine S in varying aspects including decreased PCV2 antibody levels and increased PCV2 replication. Mechanistically, further studies showed that SIV infection increased IL-10 expression and M2 macrophage percentage, but decreased TNF-α expression and M1 macrophage percentage in the mice immunized with vaccine S; on the contrary, macrophage depleting by using clodronate-containing liposomes significantly alleviated the SIV infection-induced decrease in the protective immune responses of vaccine S against PCV2. This study indicates that SIV infection decreases the protective immune responses of vaccine S against PCV2. The macrophage polarization induced by SIV infection might facilitate decreased immune responses to vaccine S, which provides new insight into vaccine evaluation and a reference for the analysis of immunization failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zixuan Liu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Venegas-Vargas C, Taylor LP, Foss DL, Godbee TK, Philip R, Bandrick M. Cellular and humoral immunity following vaccination with two different PCV2 vaccines (containing PCV2a or PCV2a/PCV2b) and challenge with virulent PCV2d. Vaccine 2021; 39:5615-5625. [PMID: 34420789 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) associated disease is one of the most economically important swine diseases worldwide. Vaccines reduce PCV2 disease by inducing humoral immunity (neutralizing antibodies) and cell-mediated immunity (CMI) but may be improved by optimizing the immune response they induce. This study evaluated immune responses to a trivalent inactivated Porcine Circovirus (PCV) Type 1-Type 2a chimera (cPCV2a), cPCV2b and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MH) (an experimental serial of Fostera® Gold PCV MH, also marketed as Circomax® Myco) vaccine or a bivalent recombinant PCV2a baculovirus expressed ORF2 capsid plus MH vaccine (Circumvent® PCV-M G2). Treatment Groups (T) received two doses of placebo (T01), one full or two split doses of the trivalent vaccine (T02, T03) or two split doses of the bivalent vaccine (T04) where two doses were given, there was a three-week period between administrations. All pigs were challenged with a virulent field isolate of PCV2d. CMI was measured as PCV2-specific IFN-γ secreting cells in blood and lymph node. Humoral immunity was measured as PCV2 antibodies. Vaccine efficacy was determined as viremia and fecal shedding of virus. There was a robust antibody response in T02 and T04 post the second vaccination and all vaccinated groups post challenge. There was a robust PCV2-specific IFN-γ response following the 1st dose in T02 and T03 and after the second dose in T02. T04 induced a low but detectable PCV2-specific IFN-γ response only after the 2nd dose. Among lymph node cells (study day 52), there was a significantly higher PCV2-specific, IFN-γ response to replicase and PCV2d capsid peptides in T01, consistent with active viral replication in non-vaccinated pigs. The trivalent chimeric vaccine induced robust CMI and protective efficacy, following a one dose regimen or splitting the dose into two vaccine administrations.
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Maternally Derived Antibody Levels Influence on Vaccine Protection against PCV2d Challenge. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082231. [PMID: 34438689 PMCID: PMC8388515 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The efficacy of vaccination against type 2 porcine circoviruses is influenced by the level of maternally derived antibodies present at the time of vaccination of the piglets. This aspect was investigated by using two types of vaccines either comprised of a whole virus or its single protein. Both vaccines were able to overcome the impact of the maternal antibodies, however, the immunity, measured by serum antibody levels, developed faster for the whole virus type vaccine. The correlation between the maternally derived antibody levels at the time of vaccination and the challenge viral load showed differences amongst the tested lymph nodes. Additionally, it was confirmed also in this study that group oral fluid samples provide a reliable and relatively easy animal welfare-friendly way of estimating the PCV2 status of groups of pigs. Abstract Piglets from a porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) stable farm of low and high levels of maternally derived antibodies (MDA) against PCV2 were vaccinated either with a whole virus type or a PCV2 ORF2 antigen-based commercial subunit vaccine at three weeks of age. Two non-vaccinated groups served as low and high MDA positive controls. At four weeks post vaccination, all piglets were challenged with a PCV2d-2 type virus strain and were checked for parameters related to vaccine protection over a four-week observation period. MDA levels evidently impacted the outcome of the PCV2d-2 challenge in non-vaccinated animals, while it did not have a significant effect on vaccine-induced protection levels. The humoral immune response developed faster in the whole virus vaccinates than in the subunit vaccinated pigs in the low MDA groups. Further, high MDA levels elicited a stronger negative effect on the vaccine-induced humoral immune response for the subunit vaccine than for the whole virus vaccine. The group-based oral fluid samples and the group mean viraemia and faecal shedding data correlated well, enabling this simple, and animal welfare-friendly sampling method for the evaluation of the PCV2 viral load status of these nursery piglets.
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Evaluation of novel recombinant porcine circovirus type 2d (PCV2d) vaccine in pigs naturally infected with PCV2d. Vaccine 2020; 39:529-535. [PMID: 33342633 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pathogenic porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes significant economic losses in pig production. Emergence of the PCV2d genotype has been linked with PCV2-associated disease (PCVAD) outbreaks. However, no study has been conducted efficacy of an experimental PCV2d-based subunit vaccine in pigs. Therefore, PCV2b- and PCV2d-based capsid (CP) proteins were generated using a baculovirus (Bac) expression system, and we evaluated the protective immune responses in a commercial pig farm where predominant PCV2d is circulating. METHODS Eighteen 3-week-old pigs with maternal antibodies were randomly divided into four groups, and were immunized with purified Bac-2dCP, mixed 1:1 ratio with purified Bac-2bCP and Bac-2dCP (Bac-mCP), a commercial PCV2a-based subunit vaccine (VAC) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as controls. RESULTS The Bac-2dCP and Bac-mCP groups had significantly higher PCV2b- or PCV2d- specific IgG and neutralizing antibody without interference by maternal antibody compared to control group in pigs naturally infected with PCV2d. Interestingly, not only serum IL-4 level was significantly increased in the Bac-2dCP group, but also PCV2d viremia level was significantly reduced than the control group. CONCLUSIONS The recombinant Bac-2dCP subunit vaccine is a good candidate for the effective reduction against PCV2d infection.
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Olagoke O, Quigley BL, Timms P. Koalas vaccinated against Koala retrovirus respond by producing increased levels of interferon-gamma. Virol J 2020; 17:168. [PMID: 33129323 PMCID: PMC7602773 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01442-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Koala retrovirus (KoRV) is believed to be in an active state of endogenization into the koala genome. KoRV is present as both an endogenous and exogenous infection in all koalas in northern Australia. KoRV has been linked to koala pathologies including neoplasia and increased susceptibility to Chlamydia. A KoRV vaccine recently trialled in 10 northern koalas improved antibody response and reduced viral load. This communication reports the expression of key immune genes underlining the innate and adaptive immune response to vaccination in these northern koalas. The results showed that prior to vaccination, IL-8 was expressed at the highest levels, with at least 200-fold greater expression compared to other cytokines, while CD8 mRNA expression was significantly higher than CD4 mRNA expression level. Interferon-γ was up-regulated at both 4- and 8-weeks post-vaccination while IL-8 was down-regulated at 8-weeks post-vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusola Olagoke
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia.
| | - Bonnie L Quigley
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter Timms
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia
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Ferrari L, Martelli P, Saleri R, De Angelis E, Ferrarini G, Cavalli V, Passeri B, Bazzoli G, Ogno G, Magliani W, Borghetti P. An engineered anti-idiotypic antibody-derived killer peptide (KP) early activates swine inflammatory monocytes, CD3 +CD16 + natural killer T cells and CD4 +CD8α + double positive CD8β + cytotoxic T lymphocytes associated with TNF-α and IFN-γ secretion. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 72:101523. [PMID: 32758800 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the early modulation of the phenotype and cytokine secretion in swine immune cells treated with an engineered killer peptide (KP) based on an anti-idiotypic antibody functionally mimicking a yeast killer toxin. The influence of KP on specific immunity was investigated using porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) as ex vivo antigens. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy pigs were stimulated with KP and with a scramble peptide for 20 min, 1, 4 and 20 h or kept unstimulated. The cells were analyzed using flow cytometry and ELISA. The same time-periods were used for KP pre-incubation/co-incubation to determine the effect on virus-recalled interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) secreting cell (SC) frequencies and single cell IFN-γ productivity using ELISPOT. KP induced an early dose-dependent shift to pro-inflammatory CD172α+CD14+high monocytes and an increase of CD3+CD16+ natural killer (NK) T cells. KP triggered CD8α and CD8β expression on classical CD4-CD8αβ+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and double positive (DP) CD4+CD8α+ Th memory cells (CD4+CD8α+low CD8β+low). A fraction of DP cells also expressed high levels of CD8α. The two identified DP CD4+CD8α+high CD8β+low/+high CTL subsets were associated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IFN-γ secretion. KP markedly boosted the reactivity and cross-reactivity of PRRSV type-1- and PCV2b-specific IFN-γ SC. The results indicate the efficacy of KP in stimulating Th1-biased immunomodulation and support studies of KP as an immunomodulator or vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Roberta Saleri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Elena De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Giulia Ferrarini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Passeri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Bazzoli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Giulia Ogno
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Walter Magliani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
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12
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Liu G, Qiao X, Chang C, Hua T, Wang J, Tang B, Zhang D. Reduction of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome-Associated Clinical Symptoms by Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Against Porcine Parvovirus and Porcine Circovirus Type 2. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:444-456. [PMID: 32255758 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) capsid (Cap) protein and porcine parvovirus (PPV) VP2 protein have been studied in vaccines to control postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines are nonreplicative vectors that deliver epitopes and induce immune responses. However, most VLP vaccines are recombinant proteins expressed in eukaryotic systems and are expensive and complex. In this study, the full-length PCV2-Cap and PPV-VP2 proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli, which self-assembled into VLPs. The highly soluble proteins were purified using Ni-chelating affinity chromatography. The proteins self-assembled into VLPs of ∼20 nm (Cap VLP) and 25 nm (VP2 VLP) in diameter. The immunogenicities of Cap VLP and VP2 VLP were determined in piglets coinfected with PPV and PCV2 postimmunization. The results suggested that Cap VLP and VP2 VLP did not antagonize each other. The combined vaccine induced stronger humoral and cellular immune responses and provided the best protection against PPV and PCV2 coinfection. On a farm containing PMWS-infected pigs, the combined Cap VLP and VP2 VLP vaccine significantly improved piglet growth indices; the average daily weight gains were significantly higher than those of the Cap VLP vaccine and nonimmunized groups. Thus, Cap and VP2 protein expression in E. coli is feasible for large-scale VLP vaccine production. The combined vaccine may be a promising candidate vaccine for better preventing PMWS-associated diseases coinfected with PCV2 and PPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyang Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuwen Qiao
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chen Chang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tao Hua
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jichun Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daohua Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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13
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Influence of pigeon interferon alpha (PiIFN-α) on pigeon circovirus (PiCV) replication and cytokine expression in Columba livia. Vet Microbiol 2020; 242:108591. [PMID: 32122595 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) is the most diagnosed virus in pigeons (Columba livia) and have been studied and reported globally. PiCV infections can lead to immunosuppression and pigeons infected with PiCV can result to lymphocyte apoptosis and atrophy of immune organs. Young pigeon disease syndrome (YPDS) is a complex disease and believed that PiCV could be one of the agents leading to this syndrome. An effective treatment regimen is needed to control the spread of PiCV in pigeons. In this study pigeon interferon alpha (PiIFN-α) was cloned and expressed and its antiviral effects were tested against fowl adenovirus type 4 (FAdV-4) in vitro and PiCV in vivo. No detectable levels of FAdV-4 viral genome in LMH cells stimulated with 300 μg/mL PiIFN-α were found. Additionally, PiIFN-α was stable at different temperature and pH for 4 h, and no reduction in antiviral activity was observed in untreated and treated cells. In pigeons naturally and experimentally infected by PiCV, no detectable levels of PiCV virus titers were found after treatment with PiIFN-α. Cytokine and ISG expression levels in liver and spleen samples were detected and IFN-γ and Mx1 genes were dominantly up-regulated following PiIFN-α treatment (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated that PiCV can be inhibited by administration of PiIFN-α and PiFN-α can be used as a therapeutic approach to prevent the spread of PiCV in pigeons.
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14
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Stenzel T, Dziewulska D, Śmiałek M, Tykałowski B, Kowalczyk J, Koncicki A. Comparison of the immune response to vaccination with pigeon circovirus recombinant capsid protein (PiCV rCP) in pigeons uninfected and subclinically infected with PiCV. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219175. [PMID: 31251772 PMCID: PMC6599111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with immunosuppressive pigeon circovirus (PiCV) pose the most severe health problem to the global pigeon breeding. The vaccination with immunogenic PiCV recombinant capsid protein (PiCV rCP) is a potential tool for disease control. Because of the high prevalence of PiCV asymptomatic infections, the subclinically infected pigeons will be vaccinated in practice. The aim of this study was to answer a question if vaccination of asymptomatic, infected with PiCV pigeons induces a similar immune response to PiCV rCP as in uninfected birds. One hundred and twenty 6-week-old carrier pigeons were divided into 4 groups (2 groups of naturally infected and uninfected with PiCV individuals). Birds from groups V and V1 were vaccinated twice with PiCV rCP mixed with an adjuvant, whereas pigeons from groups C and C1 were immunized with an adjuvant only. The expression of genes encoding IFN-γ, CD4, and CD8 T lymphocyte receptors; the number of anti-PiCV rCP IgY-secreting B cells (SBC) and anti-PiCV rCP IgY were evaluated 2, 21, 39 and 46 days post vaccination (dpv). Study results showed that the expression of CD8 and IFN-γ genes was higher in both groups of infected pigeons than in the uninfected birds, irrespective of vaccination. In the uninfected birds, the expression of these genes was insignificantly higher in the vaccinated pigeons. The anti-PiCV rCP IgY-SBC were detected on 2 and 23 dpv and seroconversion was noted on 23 and 39 dpv in V and V1 groups, respectively. In the light of the results obtained, it could be concluded that pigeon circovirus recombinant capsid protein elicits the immune response in both naturally infected and uninfected pigeons, but its rate varies depending on PiCV infectious status. The infection with PiCV masks the potential cellular immune response to the vaccination with PiCV rCP and leads to the suppression of humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Stenzel
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Daria Dziewulska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marcin Śmiałek
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Tykałowski
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Kowalczyk
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Andrzej Koncicki
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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15
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Immunogenicity of Pigeon Circovirus Recombinant Capsid Protein in Pigeons. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110596. [PMID: 30384424 PMCID: PMC6265742 DOI: 10.3390/v10110596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) is the most frequently diagnosed virus in pigeons and is thought to be one of the causative factors of a complex disease called the young pigeon disease syndrome (YPDS). The development of a vaccine against this virus could be a strategy for YPDS control. Since laboratory culture of PiCV is impossible, its recombinant capsid protein (rCP) can be considered as a potential antigen candidate in sub-unit vaccines. The aim of this basic research was to evaluate the immune response of pigeons to PiCV rCP. Sixty six-week-old carrier pigeons were divided into two groups (experimental immunized with PiCV rCP mixed with an adjuvant, and control immunized with an adjuvant only), and immunized twice in a 21-day interval. On the day of immunization and on two, 23, 39, and 46 days post first immunization (dpv), samples of blood, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius were collected from six birds from each group to examine anti-PiCV rCP IgY, anti-PiCV rCP IgY-secreting B cells (SBC), IFN-γ gene expression, and percentage of T CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and B IgM+ lymphocytes. The results indicated a correct immune response to PiCV rCP both in humoral and cell-mediated immunity, which was manifested by seroconversion since 23 dpv, by a significantly higher anti-PiCV rCP IgY-SBC number on two and 23 dpv, and significantly higher IFN-γ gene expression since two dpv. There were no significant differences or trends noted between particular T and B lymphocyte subpopulations. To conclude, PiCV rCP may be deemed immunogenic and could be considered as an antigen candidate in sub-unit vaccines against PiCV infections in pigeons.
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16
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Ferrari L, Canelli E, De Angelis E, Catella A, Ferrarini G, Ogno G, Bonati L, Nardini R, Borghetti P, Martelli P. A highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 1 (PRRSV-1) strongly modulates cellular innate and adaptive immune subsets upon experimental infection. Vet Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Comparison of cytokine profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells between piglets born from Porcine circovirus 2 vaccinated and non-vaccinated sows. Vet Microbiol 2017; 214:148-153. [PMID: 29408027 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) sow vaccination on cell-mediated immune responses in sows and their progeny. At 7 weeks before farrowing, fifteen PCV2 PCR negative pregnant sows with medium-low antibody values were selected and randomly distributed in two groups according to the antibody levels. Seven sows were vaccinated with a commercial PCV2 vaccine and eight were injected with phosphate-buffered saline at 6 and 3 weeks before farrowing. Blood samples were taken from sows and their piglets (n = 90) during the study duration. PCV2 DNA and antibodies were tested in sera, and cytokine (IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-12p40, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10) levels were assessed in supernatant from cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells. All sows and piglets were negative by PCV2 PCR throughout the study. Significantly higher PCV2 antibody levels were detected in vaccinated sows after vaccination and in their offspring after colostrum ingestion compared to the non-vaccinated counterparts. Vaccinated sows did not show significant differences in cytokine secretion levels at farrowing compared to unvaccinated dams. In contrast, piglets from vaccinated sows had significantly higher levels of cytokines linked to Th1 memory cells (IFN-γ and TNF-α) in comparison to the ones from non-vaccinated dams. In conclusion, PCV2 sow vaccination, apart from triggering a humoral immunity response in sows and their progeny, might be associated to an increased transfer of cell-mediated immunity from the dam to the piglet.
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18
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Afghah Z, Webb B, Meng XJ, Ramamoorthy S. Ten years of PCV2 vaccines and vaccination: Is eradication a possibility? Vet Microbiol 2017; 206:21-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Karaffová V, Csank T, Mudroňová D, Király J, Revajová V, Gancarčíková S, Nemcová R, Pistl J, Vilček Š, Levkut M. Influence of Lactobacillus reuteri L26 Biocenol™ on immune response against porcine circovirus type 2 infection in germ-free mice. Benef Microbes 2017; 8:367-378. [PMID: 28504566 DOI: 10.3920/bm2016.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria are frequently used for prevention of bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract, but there are only limited studies on their efficacy against viral gut infections in animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri L26 BiocenolTM on the innate and adaptive immune responses in germ-free Balb/c mice, experimentally infected by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), which confers immunosuppressive effect. A total of 30 six-week-old female mice were divided into 3 groups and animals in experimental group LPCV (n=10) were inoculated with L. reuteri L26, animals in the control group (C; n=10) and experimental group PCV (n=10) received sterile De Man-Rogosa-Sharpe broth for 7 days. Subsequently, mice from both experimental groups were infected with PCV2; however, mice in the control group received virus cultivation medium (mock). Virus load in faeces, ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN); as well as gene expression of selected cytokines, immunoglobulin A (IgA) and polymeric Ig receptor (PIgR) in the ileum, and percentage of CD8+, CD19+ and CD49b+CD8- cells in the MLN were evaluated. Our results showed that L. reuteri significantly decreased the amount of PCV2 in faeces and in the ileum, and up-regulated the gene expression of chemokines, interferon (IFN)-γ, IgA and PIgR in the ileum. Increased IFN-γ mRNA level was accompanied by higher proportion of natural killer cells and up-regulated IgA and PIgR gene expressions were in accordance with significantly higher percentage of CD19+ lymphocytes in the MLN. These findings indicate that probiotic L. reuteri has an antiviral effect on PCV2 in the intestine which is mediated by stimulation of local gut immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Karaffová
- 1 Department of Pathological Anatomy and Pathological Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - T Csank
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - D Mudroňová
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - J Király
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - V Revajová
- 1 Department of Pathological Anatomy and Pathological Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - S Gancarčíková
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - R Nemcová
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - J Pistl
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Š Vilček
- 3 Department of Epizootiology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - M Levkut
- 1 Department of Pathological Anatomy and Pathological Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
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20
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Ferrari L, Borghetti P, Ferrarini G, De Angelis E, Canelli E, Ogno G, Catella A, Ciociola T, Magliani W, Martelli P. Phenotypic modulation of porcine CD14+ monocytes, natural killer/natural killer T cells and CD8αβ+ T cell subsets by an antibody-derived killer peptide (KP). Res Vet Sci 2016; 109:29-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Lopez-Rodriguez A, Dewulf J, Meyns T, Del-Pozo-Sacristán R, Andreoni C, Goubier A, Chapat L, Charreyre C, Joisel F, Maes D. Effect of sow vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) on virological profiles in herds with or without PCV2 systemic disease. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2016; 57:619-628. [PMID: 27247462 PMCID: PMC4866667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) virological profiles in herds affected (PCVAD-AH, n = 5) or non-affected (PCVAD-NAH, n = 4) by PCV2-associated diseases (PCVAD), before and after 1 y of PCV2 gilt and sow vaccination. Fresh feces from the floor (5 pens/age/farm) and 5 blood samples (1/pen) were collected at 3, 9, 15, 21 wk. Individual feces and blood samples were collected from 5 gilts and 15 sows. Sampling was repeated 1 y after vaccination. Quantitative PCR on feces, PCV2 antibodies in blood serum and cell-mediated immunity were investigated. Before vaccination, pigs of PCVAD-AH had higher viral load in feces (9 and 15 wk), lower IgG and higher IgM (3 wk) and lower lymphocyte counts (9 and 15 wk) suggesting immunosuppression. Vaccination reduced viral load in growers, increased IgG (3 wk) suggesting improved maternal immunity, reduced IgM (3 wk), increased total antibody titers in sows and increased CD79a cells in the pigs.
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22
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Martelli P, Saleri R, Ferrarini G, De Angelis E, Cavalli V, Benetti M, Ferrari L, Canelli E, Bonilauri P, Arioli E, Caleffi A, Nathues H, Borghetti P. Impact of maternally derived immunity on piglets' immune response and protection against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) after vaccination against PCV2 at different age. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:77. [PMID: 27170186 PMCID: PMC4864921 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was aimed at evaluating the clinical protection, the level of Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) viremia and the immune response (antibodies and IFN-γ secreting cells (SC)) in piglets derived from PCV2 vaccinated sows and themselves vaccinated against PCV2 at different age, namely at 4, 6 and 8 weeks. The cohort study has been carried out over three subsequent production cycles (replicates). At the start/enrolment, 46 gilts were considered at first mating, bled and vaccinated. At the first, second and third farrowing, dams were bled and re-vaccinated at the subsequent mating after weaning piglets. Overall 400 piglets at each farrowing (first, second and third) were randomly allocated in three different groups (100 piglets/group) based on the timing of vaccination (4, 6 or 8 weeks of age). A fourth group was kept non-vaccinated (controls). Piglets were vaccinated intramuscularly with one dose (2 mL) of a commercial PCV2a-based subunit vaccine (Porcilis® PCV). Twenty animals per group were bled at weaning and from vaccination to slaughter every 4 weeks for the detection of PCV2 viremia, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Clinical signs and individual treatments (morbidity), mortality, and body weight of all piglets were recorded. RESULTS All vaccination schemes (4, 6 and 8 weeks of age) were able to induce an antibody response and IFN-γ SC. The highest clinical and virological protection sustained by immune reactivity was observed in pigs vaccinated at 6 weeks of age. Overall, repeated PCV2 vaccination in sows at mating and the subsequent higher levels of maternally derived antibodies did not significantly interfere with the induction of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity in their piglets after vaccination. CONCLUSIONS The combination of vaccination in sows at mating and in piglets at 6 weeks of age was more effective for controlling PCV2 natural infection, than other vaccination schemas, thus sustaining that some interference of MDA with the induction of an efficient immune response could be considered. In conclusion, optimal vaccination strategy needs to balance the levels of passive immunity, the management practices and timing of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Roberta Saleri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Ferrarini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Benetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Pitagora, 2-42100, Reggio, Emilia, Italy
| | | | | | - Heiko Nathues
- Swine Clinic, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
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23
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Canelli E, Borghetti P, Ferrari L, De Angelis E, Ferrarini G, Catella A, Ogno G, Martelli P. Immune response to PCV2 vaccination in PRRSV viraemic piglets. Vet Rec 2016; 178:193. [PMID: 26829964 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - P Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - L Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - E De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - G Ferrarini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - A Catella
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - G Ogno
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - P Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy
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24
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Efficient expression and purification of porcine circovirus type 2 virus-like particles in Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2016; 220:78-85. [PMID: 26795354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) capsid (Cap) protein has been successfully used as a vaccine to control porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD). Most PCV2 subunit vaccines are recombinant Cap protein expressed in baculovirus/insect cell expression system, but using this eukaryotic system is laborious and expensive. In our previous study, full-length of PCV2Cap protein expressed in Escherichia coli formed virus-like particles (VLPs). This expression system has the advantages of being relatively simple and inexpensive. In this study, we constructed a recombinant plasmid containing the full-length codon-optimized cap (ORF2) gene to improve high-level expression of recombinant Cap protein (rCap) with no changed amino acids. The highly water-soluble rCap protein was purified by a single-column, high-throughput fractionation procedure based on size exclusion chromatography. Yield was 10mg per 200ml bacterial culture. The rCap protein self-assembled into VLPs of diameter 25-30nm that contained exogenous nucleic acids. The immunogenicity of PCV2 VLPs was analyzed by immunizing mice. VLP-immunized mice mounted specific immune responses to PCV2. Thus, expression of rCap in E. coli was feasible for large-scale production of PCV2 VLPs, which could potentially be used for a VLP-based PCV2 vaccine.
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25
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Kekarainen T, Segalés J. Porcine circovirus 2 immunology and viral evolution. Porcine Health Manag 2015; 1:17. [PMID: 28405423 PMCID: PMC5382452 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-015-0012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) has and is still causing important economic losses to pig industry. This is due to PCV2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD), formerly known as postweaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), which increases mortality rates and slows down the growth of the animals, as well as other conditions collectively included within the so-called porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD). PCV2-SD affected pigs are considered to be immunosuppressed, with severe lymphocyte depletion and evidence of secondary infections. However, PCV2-infected pigs not developing the disease are able to mount humoral and cellular immune responses and clear the virus or limit the infection. On the contrary, insufficient amounts of neutralizing antibodies have been linked to increased PCV2 replication, severe lymphoid lesions and development of PCV2-SD. Central role in controlling PCV2 infection are played by the antigen specific memory T cells. These cells persist long term post-infection or vaccination and are able to expand rapidly after recall antigen recognition. Most farms in the main pig producing countries are applying vaccination against PCV2 to prevent the disease and improve the farm performance. Vaccines do not induce sterilizing immunity and PCV2 keeps on circulating even in farms applying vaccination. This, together with the high mutation rate of PCV2, world-wide fluctuations in the genotype dominance and emergence of novel genetic variants, warrant close molecular survey of the virus in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuija Kekarainen
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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26
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Martelli P, Ferrari L, Ferrarini G, De Angelis E, Catella A, Benetti M, Nathues H, Canelli E, Borghetti P. Influence of repeated porcine circovirus type 2 vaccination on sows' immune response. Vet Rec 2015; 177:305. [PMID: 26374783 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - L Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - G Ferrarini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - E De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - A Catella
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - M Benetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - H Nathues
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, Swine Clinic, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - E Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - P Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
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27
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PCV2 vaccination induces IFN-γ/TNF-α co-producing T cells with a potential role in protection. Vet Res 2015; 46:20. [PMID: 25888899 PMCID: PMC4348102 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is one of the economically most important pathogens for swine production worldwide. Vaccination is a powerful tool to control porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD). However, it is not fully understood how PCV2 vaccination interacts with the porcine immune system. Especially knowledge on the cellular immune response against PCV2 is sparse. In this study we analysed antigen-specific T cell responses against PCV2 in a controlled vaccination and infection experiment. We focused on the ability of CD4+ T cells to produce cytokines using multicolour flow cytometry (FCM). Vaccination with a PCV2 subunit vaccine (Ingelvac CircoFLEX®) induced PCV2-specific antibodies only in five out of 12 animals. Conversely, vaccine-antigen specific CD4+ T cells which simultaneously produced IFN-γ and TNF-α and had a phenotype of central and effector memory T cells were detected in all vaccinated piglets. After challenge, seroconversion occurred earlier in vaccinated and infected pigs compared to the non-vaccinated, infected group. Vaccinated pigs were fully protected against viremia after subsequent challenge. Therefore, our data suggests that the induction of IFN-γ/TNF-α co-producing T cells by PCV2 vaccination may serve as a potential correlate of protection for this type of vaccine.
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28
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Segalés J. Best practice and future challenges for vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:473-87. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.983084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i d’Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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