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Kim WD, Sin DD. Granzyme B May Act as an Effector Molecule to Control the Inflammatory Process in COPD. COPD 2024; 21:1-11. [PMID: 38314671 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2023.2299104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is caused by smoking, but only a small proportion of smokers have disease severe enough to develop COPD. COPD is not always progressive. The question then arises as to what explains the different trajectories of COPD. The role of autoimmunity and regulatory T (Treg) cells in the pathogenesis of COPD is increasingly being recognized. Nine published studies on Treg cells in the lung tissue or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid have shown that smokers with COPD have fewer Treg cells than smokers without COPD or nonsmokers. Three studies showed a positive correlation between Treg cell count and FEV1%, suggesting an important role for Treg cells in COPD progression. Treg cells can regulate immunological responses via the granzyme B (GzmB) pathway. Immunohistochemical staining for GzmB in surgically resected lungs with centrilobular emphysema showed that the relationship between the amount of GzmB+ cells and FEV1% was comparable to that between Treg cell count and FEV1% in the COPD lung, suggesting that GzmB could be a functional marker for Treg cells. The volume fraction of GzmB+ cells in the small airways, the number of alveolar GzmB+ cells, and GzmB expression measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the lung tissue of smokers were significantly correlated with FEV1%. These results suggest that the GzmB content in lung tissue may determine the progression of COPD by acting as an effector molecule to control inflammatory process. Interventions to augment GzmB-producing immunosuppressive cells in the early stages of COPD could help prevent or delay COPD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Dong Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Don D Sin
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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2
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Jiang Y, Li H. The effect of smoking on tumor immunoediting: Friend or foe? Tob Induc Dis 2024; 22:TID-22-108. [PMID: 38887597 PMCID: PMC11181014 DOI: 10.18332/tid/189302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The recognition of smoking as an independent risk factor for lung cancer has become a widely accepted within the realm of respiratory medicine. The emergence of tumor immunotherapy has notably enhanced the prognosis for numerous late-stage cancer patients. Nevertheless, some studies have noted a tendency for lung cancer patients who smoke to derive greater benefit from immunotherapy. This observation has sparked increased interest in the interaction between smoking and the immune response to tumors in lung cancer. The concept of cancer immunoediting has shed light on the intricate and nuanced relationship between the immune system and tumors. Starting from the perspectives of immune surveillance, immune equilibrium, and immune evasion, this narrative review explores how smoking undermines the immune response against tumor cells and induces the generation of tumor neoantigens, and examines other behaviors that trigger tumor immune evasion. By elucidating these aspects, the review concludes that smoking is not conducive to tumor immunoediting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixia Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hequan Li
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Hoffmann T, Oelzner P, Teichgräber U, Franz M, Gaßler N, Kroegel C, Wolf G, Pfeil A. Diagnosing lung involvement in inflammatory rheumatic diseases-Where do we currently stand? Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 9:1101448. [PMID: 36714096 PMCID: PMC9874106 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1101448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung involvement is the most common and serious organ manifestation in patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease (IRD). The type of pulmonary involvement can differ, but the most frequent is interstitial lung disease (ILD). The clinical manifestations of IRD-ILD and severity can vary from subclinical abnormality to dyspnea, respiratory failure, and death. Consequently, early detection is of significant importance. Pulmonary function test (PFT) including diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO), and forced vital capacity (FVC) as well as high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) are the standard tools for screening and monitoring of ILD in IRD-patients. Especially, the diagnostic accuracy of HRCT is considered to be high. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) allow both morphological and functional assessment of the lungs. In addition, biomarkers (e.g., KL-6, CCL2, or MUC5B) are being currently evaluated for the detection and prognostic assessment of ILD. Despite the accuracy of HRCT, invasive diagnostic methods such as bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and lung biopsy are still important in clinical practice. However, their therapeutic and prognostic relevance remains unclear. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the individual methods and to present their respective advantages and disadvantages in detecting and monitoring ILD in IRD-patients in the clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital–Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany,*Correspondence: Tobias Hoffmann,
| | - Peter Oelzner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital–Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulf Teichgräber
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital–Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Marcus Franz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Jena University Hospital–Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Gaßler
- Department of Pathology, Jena University Hospital–Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Claus Kroegel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Jena University Hospital–Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Gunter Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital–Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Pfeil
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital–Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Biswas M, Suvarna R, Krishnan S V, Devasia T, Shenoy Belle V, Prabhu K. The mechanistic role of neutrophil lymphocyte ratio perturbations in the leading non communicable lifestyle diseases. F1000Res 2022; 11:960. [PMID: 36619602 PMCID: PMC9780608 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.123245.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a critical role in the development and progression of chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Inflammatory responses are indispensable for pathogen control and tissue repair, but they also cause collateral damage. A chronically activated immune system and the resultant immune dysregulation mediated inflammatory surge may cause multiple negative effects, requiring tight regulation and dampening of the immune response to minimize host injury. While chronic diseases are characterized by systemic inflammation, the mechanistic relationship of neutrophils and lymphocytes to inflammation and its correlation with the clinical outcomes is yet to be elucidated. The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an easy-to-measure laboratory marker used to assess systemic inflammation. Understanding the mechanisms of NLR perturbations in chronic diseases is crucial for risk stratification, early intervention, and finding novel therapeutic targets. We investigated the correlation between NLR and prevalent chronic conditions as a measure of systemic inflammation. In addition to predicting the risk of impending chronic conditions, NLR may also provide insight into their progression. This review summarizes the mechanisms of NLR perturbations at cellular and molecular levels, and the key inflammatory signaling pathways involved in the progression of chronic diseases. We have also explored preclinical studies investigating these pathways and the effect of quelling inflammation in chronic disease as reported by a few in vitro, in vivo studies, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Renuka Suvarna
- Division of Ayurveda, Center for Integrative Medicine and Research, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Vimal Krishnan S
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Tom Devasia
- Department of Cardiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Vijetha Shenoy Belle
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India,
| | - Krishnananda Prabhu
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India,
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Eriksson Ström J, Pourazar J, Linder R, Blomberg A, Lindberg A, Bucht A, Behndig AF. Airway regulatory T cells are decreased in COPD with a rapid decline in lung function. Respir Res 2020; 21:330. [PMID: 33317530 PMCID: PMC7734742 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Differences in the expression of regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been suggested to explain why some smokers develop COPD and some do not. Upregulation of Tregs in response to smoking would restrain airway inflammation and thus the development of COPD; while the absense of such upregulation would over time lead to chronic inflammation and COPD. We hypothesized that—among COPD patients—the same mechanism would affect rate of decline in lung function; specifically, that a decreased expression of Tregs would be associated with a more rapid decline in FEV1. Methods Bronchoscopy with BAL was performed in 52 subjects recruited from the longitudinal OLIN COPD study; 12 with COPD and a rapid decline in lung function (loss of FEV1 ≥ 60 ml/year), 10 with COPD and a non-rapid decline in lung function (loss of FEV1 ≤ 30 ml/year), 15 current and ex-smokers and 15 non-smokers with normal lung function. BAL lymphocyte subsets were determined using flow cytometry. Results The proportions of Tregs with regulatory function (FoxP3+/CD4+CD25bright) were significantly lower in COPD subjects with a rapid decline in lung function compared to those with a non-rapid decline (p = 0.019). This result was confirmed in a mixed model regression analysis in which adjustments for inhaled corticosteroid usage, smoking, sex and age were evaluated. No significant difference was found between COPD subjects and smokers or non-smokers with normal lung function. Conclusions COPD subjects with a rapid decline in lung function had lower proportions of T cells with regulatory function in BAL fluid, suggesting that an inability to suppress the inflammatory response following smoking might lead to a more rapid decline in FEV1. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT02729220
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Eriksson Ström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Jamshid Pourazar
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Robert Linder
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anne Lindberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Bucht
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.,Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelie F Behndig
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
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6
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Hou J, Sun Y. Role of Regulatory T Cells in Disturbed Immune Homeostasis in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:723. [PMID: 32411140 PMCID: PMC7198877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex chronic disease in which T cell-mediated pulmonary inflammation has been shown to play a key role. Accumulating evidence shows that COPD has many of the characteristics of an autoimmune response. An adaptive immune response directed against lung self-antigens, which are released during the initial innate inflammatory response and are triggered by constant exposure to cigarette smoke and epithelial injury, drives the persistent inflammatory response found in smokers. The development and severity of adaptive inflammation depend on the level of tolerance to self-antigens. For these reasons, the effect of regulatory T (Treg) cells on adaptive immunity in COPD patients is of particular interest and could be targeted therapeutically. The disturbance in immune homeostasis caused by changes in the number or function of Treg cells, which is related to cigarette smoke exposure, may be of importance in understanding the development and progression of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Yongchang Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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7
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Singh R, Alape D, de Lima A, Ascanio J, Majid A, Gangadharan SP. Regulatory T Cells in Respiratory Health and Diseases. Pulm Med 2019; 2019:1907807. [PMID: 31827925 PMCID: PMC6886321 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1907807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases compromise the health of millions of people all over the world and are strongly linked to the immune dysfunction. CD4+FOXP3+ T regulatory cells, also known as Tregs, have a central role maintaining tissue homeostasis during immune responses. Their activity and clinical impact have been widely studied in different clinical conditions including autoimmune diseases, inflammatory conditions, and cancer, amongst others. Tregs express transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), which allows regulation of the immune response through anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 or transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and direct cell-to-cell interaction. Maintenance of immune tolerance is achieved via modulation of effector CD4+ T helper 1, 2 or 17 (Th1, Th2, Th17) cells by Tregs. This review highlights the recent progress in the understanding of Tregs in different disorders of the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Singh
- Division of Thoracic Surgery and Interventional Pulmonology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Alape
- Division of Thoracic Surgery and Interventional Pulmonology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrés de Lima
- Division of Thoracic Surgery and Interventional Pulmonology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juan Ascanio
- Division of Thoracic Surgery and Interventional Pulmonology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adnan Majid
- Division of Thoracic Surgery and Interventional Pulmonology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sidhu P. Gangadharan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery and Interventional Pulmonology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Eriksson Ström J, Pourazar J, Linder R, Blomberg A, Lindberg A, Bucht A, Behndig AF. Cytotoxic lymphocytes in COPD airways: increased NK cells associated with disease, iNKT and NKT-like cells with current smoking. Respir Res 2018; 19:244. [PMID: 30526599 PMCID: PMC6286566 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0940-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytotoxic lymphocytes are increased in the airways of COPD patients. Whether this increase is driven primarily by the disease or by smoking is not clear, nor whether it correlates with the rate of decline in lung function. METHODS Bronchoscopy with BAL was performed in 52 subjects recruited from the longitudinal OLIN COPD study according to pre-determined criteria; 12 with COPD and a rapid decline in lung function (loss of FEV1 ≥ 60 ml/year), 10 with COPD and a non-rapid decline in lung function (loss of FEV1 ≤ 30 ml/year), 15 current and ex-smokers and 15 non-smokers with normal lung function. BAL lymphocyte subsets were determined using flow cytometry. RESULTS In BAL fluid, the proportions of NK, iNKT and NKT-like cells all increased with pack-years. Within the COPD group, NK cells - but not iNKT or NKT-like cells - were significantly elevated also in subjects that had quit smoking. In contrast, current smoking was associated with a marked increase in iNKT and NKT-like cells but not in NK cells. Rate of lung function decline did not significantly affect any of the results. CONCLUSIONS In summary, increased proportions of NK cells in BAL fluid were associated with COPD; iNKT and NKT-like cells with current smoking but not with COPD. Interestingly, NK cell percentages did not normalize in COPD subjects that had quit smoking, indicating that these cells might play a role in the continued disease progression seen in COPD even after smoking cessation. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT02729220 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Eriksson Ström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Jamshid Pourazar
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Robert Linder
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anne Lindberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Bucht
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Annelie F Behndig
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
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9
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Strzelak A, Ratajczak A, Adamiec A, Feleszko W. Tobacco Smoke Induces and Alters Immune Responses in the Lung Triggering Inflammation, Allergy, Asthma and Other Lung Diseases: A Mechanistic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1033. [PMID: 29883409 PMCID: PMC5982072 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15051033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have been undertaken to reveal how tobacco smoke skews immune responses contributing to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other lung diseases. Recently, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been linked with asthma and allergic diseases in children. This review presents the most actual knowledge on exact molecular mechanisms responsible for the skewed inflammatory profile that aggravates inflammation, promotes infections, induces tissue damage, and may promote the development of allergy in individuals exposed to ETS. We demonstrate how the imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants resulting from exposure to tobacco smoke leads to oxidative stress, increased mucosal inflammation, and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α ([TNF]-α). Direct cellular effects of ETS on epithelial cells results in increased permeability, mucus overproduction, impaired mucociliary clearance, increased release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, enhanced recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils and disturbed lymphocyte balance towards Th2. The plethora of presented phenomena fully justifies a restrictive policy aiming at limiting the domestic and public exposure to ETS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Strzelak
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Ratajczak
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Aleksander Adamiec
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Feleszko
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warszawa, Poland.
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10
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Bhat TA, Kalathil SG, Bogner PN, Miller A, Lehmann PV, Thatcher TH, Phipps RP, Sime PJ, Thanavala Y. Secondhand Smoke Induces Inflammation and Impairs Immunity to Respiratory Infections. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2927-2940. [PMID: 29555783 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite advocacy to reduce smoking-related diseases, >1 billion people worldwide continue to smoke. Smoking is immunosuppressive and an important etiological factor in the development of several human disorders including respiratory diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, there is a critical gap in the knowledge of the role of secondhand smoke (SHS) in inflammation and immunity. We therefore studied the influence of SHS on pulmonary inflammation and immune responses to respiratory infection by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) recurrently found in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Chronic SHS-exposed mice were chronically infected with NTHI and pulmonary inflammation was evaluated by histology. Immune cell numbers and cytokines were measured by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. Chronic SHS exposure impaired NTHI P6 Ag-specific B and T cell responses following chronic NTHI infection as measured by ELISPOT assays, reduced the production of Abs in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage, and enhanced albumin leak into the bronchoalveolar lavage as determined by ELISA. Histopathological examination of lungs revealed lymphocytic accumulation surrounding airways and bronchovasculature following chronic SHS exposure and chronic infection. Chronic SHS exposure enhanced the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-17A, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the lungs, and impaired the generation of adaptive immunity following either chronic infection or P6 vaccination. Chronic SHS exposure diminished bacterial clearance from the lungs after acute NTHI challenge, whereas P6 vaccination improved clearance equivalent to the level seen in air-exposed, non-vaccinated mice. Our study provides unequivocal evidence that SHS exposure has long-term detrimental effects on the pulmonary inflammatory microenvironment and immunity to infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq A Bhat
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | | | - Paul N Bogner
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Austin Miller
- Department of Biostatistics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | | | - Thomas H Thatcher
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620; and
| | - Richard P Phipps
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620; and.,Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620
| | - Patricia J Sime
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620; and.,Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620
| | - Yasmin Thanavala
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263;
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11
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Yang X, Huo B, Zhong X, Su W, Liu W, Li Y, He Z, Bai J. Imbalance between Subpopulations of Regulatory T Cells in Patients with Acute Exacerbation of COPD. COPD 2017; 14:618-625. [PMID: 29166179 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2017.1385055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been reported to be not significantly different in the peripheral blood of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and healthy controls. Recent research has identified some new markers for Tregs and indicated that Tregs are composed of distinct subpopulations. The aim of the study was to describe the changing patterns of circulating Treg subpopulations in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) and healthy controls, and to explore their potential roles in AECOPD pathogenesis. Blood samples were obtained from 30 never-smokers with normal lung function and 30 patients with COPD before and after they had an exacerbation. The proportions of Treg subpopulations were evaluated using flow cytometry. In the peripheral blood, decreased proportions of CD4+CD25+CD127low Tregs, CD4+CD25+CD45RA+ Tregs, and CD4+CD25+CD62L+ Tregs and an increased proportion of CD4+CD25+CD45RO+ Tregs were found in patients with stable COPD compared with non-smokers with normal lung function. The patients showed further changes in Treg subpopulations when they had an AECOPD, with an overall decrease in a suppressive subset, indicating that the immune negative regulatory population of Tregs did not play an effective role. Immune homeostasis favored inflammation, and a negative correlation between the circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha and the proportions of CD4+CD25+CD62L+ cells (r = -0.698, p < 0.05) in patients with AECOPD was found. The imbalance between the suppressive subsets and the proinflammatory subset of Tregs and the decline of Treg subpopulations with immunosuppressive activity may play important roles in AECOPD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yang
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , China
| | - Bo Huo
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , China
| | - Xiaoning Zhong
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , China
| | - Wenyan Su
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , China
| | - Wenting Liu
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , China
| | - Yumei Li
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , China
| | - Zhiyi He
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , China
| | - Jing Bai
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , China
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12
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Eapen MS, Myers S, Walters EH, Sohal SS. Airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a true paradox. Expert Rev Respir Med 2017; 11:827-839. [PMID: 28743228 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2017.1360769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is primarily an airway condition, which mainly affects cigarette smokers and presents with shortness of breath that is progressive and poorly reversible. In COPD research, there has been a long held belief that airway disease progression is due to inflammation. Although this may be true in the airway lumen with innate immunity activated by the effect of smoke or secondary to infection, the accurate picture of inflammatory cells in the airway wall, where the pathophysiological COPD remodeling occurs, is uncertain and debatable. Areas covered: The current review provides a comprehensive literature survey of the changes in the main inflammatory cells in human COPD patients and focuses on contrarian views that affect the prevailing dogma on inflammation. The review also delves into the role of oxidative stress and inflammasomes in modulating the immune response in COPD. Further, the effects of inflammation in affecting the epithelium, fibroblasts, and airway remodeling are discussed. Expert commentary: Inflammation as a driving force for airway wall damage and remodelling in early COPD is at the very least 'oversimplified' and is likely to be misleading. This has serious implications for rational thinking about the illness, including pathogenesis and designing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Suji Eapen
- a Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Australia
| | - Stephen Myers
- b School of Health Sciences , University of Tasmania , Launceston , Australia
| | - Eugene Haydn Walters
- a Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- a Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Australia.,b School of Health Sciences , University of Tasmania , Launceston , Australia
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13
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Roth-Walter F, Bergmayr C, Meitz S, Buchleitner S, Stremnitzer C, Fazekas J, Moskovskich A, Müller MA, Roth GA, Manzano-Szalai K, Dvorak Z, Neunkirchner A, Jensen-Jarolim E. Janus-faced Acrolein prevents allergy but accelerates tumor growth by promoting immunoregulatory Foxp3+ cells: Mouse model for passive respiratory exposure. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45067. [PMID: 28332605 PMCID: PMC5362909 DOI: 10.1038/srep45067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrolein, a highly reactive unsaturated aldehyde, is generated in large amounts during smoking and is best known for its genotoxic capacity. Here, we aimed to assess whether acrolein at concentrations relevant for smokers may also exert immunomodulatory effects that could be relevant in allergy or cancer. In a BALB/c allergy model repeated nasal exposure to acrolein abrogated allergen-specific antibody and cytokine formation, and led to a relative accumulation of regulatory T cells in the lungs. Only the acrolein-treated mice were protected from bronchial hyperreactivity as well as from anaphylactic reactions upon challenge with the specific allergen. Moreover, grafted D2F2 tumor cells grew faster and intratumoral Foxp3+ cell accumulation was observed in these mice compared to sham-treated controls. Results from reporter cell lines suggested that acrolein acts via the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor which could be inhibited by resveratrol and 3′-methoxy-4′-nitroflavone Acrolein- stimulation of human PBMCs increased Foxp3+ expression by T cells which could be antagonized by resveratrol. Our mouse and human data thus revealed that acrolein exerts systemic immunosuppression by promoting Foxp3+ regulatory cells. This provides a novel explanation why smokers have a lower allergy, but higher cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Roth-Walter
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia Bergmayr
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Meitz
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Buchleitner
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline Stremnitzer
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judit Fazekas
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Moskovskich
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario A Müller
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg A Roth
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Krisztina Manzano-Szalai
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zdenek Dvorak
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alina Neunkirchner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Qiu F, Liang CL, Liu H, Zeng YQ, Hou S, Huang S, Lai X, Dai Z. Impacts of cigarette smoking on immune responsiveness: Up and down or upside down? Oncotarget 2017; 8:268-284. [PMID: 27902485 PMCID: PMC5352117 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is associated with numerous diseases and poses a serious challenge to the current healthcare system worldwide. Smoking impacts both innate and adaptive immunity and plays dual roles in regulating immunity by either exacerbation of pathogenic immune responses or attenuation of defensive immunity. Adaptive immune cells affected by smoking mainly include T helper cells (Th1/Th2/Th17), CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells and memory T/B lymphocytes while innate immune cells impacted by smoking are mostly DCs, macrophages and NK cells. Complex roles of cigarette smoke have resulted in numerous diseases, including cardiovascular, respiratory and autoimmune diseases, allergies, cancers and transplant rejection etc. Although previous reviews have described the effects of smoking on various diseases and regional immunity associated with specific diseases, a comprehensive and updated review is rarely seen to demonstrate impacts of smoking on general immunity and, especially on major components of immune cells. Here, we aim to systematically and objectively review the influence of smoking on major components of both innate and adaptive immune cells, and summarize cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying effects of cigarette smoking on the immune system. The molecular pathways impacted by cigarette smoking involve NFκB, MAP kinases and histone modification. Further investigations are warranted to understand the exact mechanisms responsible for smoking-mediated immunopathology and to answer lingering questions over why cigarette smoking is always harmful rather than beneficial even though it exerts dual effects on immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Qiu
- Section of Immunology, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chun-Ling Liang
- Section of Immunology, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huazhen Liu
- Section of Immunology, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Qun Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaozhen Hou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Song Huang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoping Lai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenhua Dai
- Section of Immunology, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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15
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Hemström P, Larsson A, Elfsmark L, Åstot C. l-α-Phosphatidylglycerol Chlorohydrins as Potential Biomarkers for Chlorine Gas Exposure. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9972-9979. [PMID: 27673432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chlorine is a widely available toxic chemical that has been repeatedly used in armed conflict globally. The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) have on numerous occasions found "compelling confirmation" that chlorine gas has been used against civilians in northern Syria. However, currently, there are no analytical methods available to unambiguously prove chlorine gas exposure. In this study, we describe the screening for chlorinated biomolecules by the use of mass isotope ratio filters followed by the identification of two biomarkers present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from chlorine gas exposed mice. The relevance of these markers for human exposure was verified by their presence in in vitro chlorinated human BALF. The biomarkers were detectable for 72 h after exposure and were absent in nonexposed control animals. Furthermore, the biomarkers were not detected in humans diagnosed with chronic respiratory diseases. The potential chlorine specific markers were all chlorohydrins of unsaturated pulmonary surfactant phospholipids; phosphatidylglycerols, and phosphatidylcholines. Mass spectrometry fragmentation characteristics were favorable for the phosphatidylglycerol chlorohydrins, and they were therefore proposed as the best biomarker candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrus Hemström
- The Swedish Defense Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defense and Security, 90182 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andreas Larsson
- The Swedish Defense Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defense and Security, 90182 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Linda Elfsmark
- The Swedish Defense Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defense and Security, 90182 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Crister Åstot
- The Swedish Defense Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defense and Security, 90182 Umeå, Sweden
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16
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Chu S, Zhong X, Zhang J, Lai X, Xie J, Li Y. Four SNPs and Systemic Level of FOXP3 in Smokers and Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. COPD 2016; 13:760-766. [DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2016.1192112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Chu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoning Zhong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jianquan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoying Lai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiajun Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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17
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Shaw CA, Mortimer GM, Deng ZJ, Carter ES, Connell SP, Miller MR, Duffin R, Newby DE, Hadoke PWF, Minchin RF. Protein corona formation in bronchoalveolar fluid enhances diesel exhaust nanoparticle uptake and pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:981-91. [PMID: 27027807 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2016.1155672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In biological fluids nanoparticles bind a range of molecules, particularly proteins, on their surface. The resulting protein corona influences biological activity and fate of nanoparticle in vivo. Corona composition is often determined by the biological milieu encountered at the entry portal into the body, and, can therefore, depend on the route of exposure to the nanoparticle. For environmental nanoparticles where exposure is by inhalation, this will be lung lining fluid. This study examined plasma and bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) protein binding to engineered and environmental nanoparticles. We hypothesized that protein corona on nanoparticles would influence nanoparticle uptake and subsequent pro-inflammatory biological response in macrophages. All nanoparticles bound plasma and BALF proteins, but the profile of bound proteins varied between nanoparticles. Focusing on diesel exhaust nanoparticles (DENP), we identified proteins bound from plasma to include fibrinogen, and those bound from BALF to include albumin and surfactant proteins A and D. The presence on DENP of a plasma-derived corona or one of purified fibrinogen failed to evoke an inflammatory response in macrophages. However, coronae formed in BALF increased DENP uptake into macrophages two fold, and increased nanoparticulate carbon black (NanoCB) uptake fivefold. Furthermore, a BALF-derived corona increased IL-8 release from macrophages in response to DENP from 1720 ± 850 pg/mL to 5560 ± 1380 pg/mL (p = 0.014). These results demonstrate that the unique protein corona formed on nanoparticles plays an important role in determining biological reactivity and fate of nanoparticle in vivo. Importantly, these findings have implications for the mechanism of detrimental properties of environmental nanoparticles since the principle route of exposure to such particles is via the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Shaw
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Gysell M Mortimer
- b Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Zhou J Deng
- b Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Edwin S Carter
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Shea P Connell
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Mark R Miller
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Rodger Duffin
- c MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - David E Newby
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Patrick W F Hadoke
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Rodney F Minchin
- b Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
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18
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Chiappori A, Folli C, Balbi F, Caci E, Riccio AM, De Ferrari L, Melioli G, Braido F, Canonica GW. CD4(+)CD25(high)CD127(-) regulatory T-cells in COPD: smoke and drugs effect. World Allergy Organ J 2016; 9:5. [PMID: 26904157 PMCID: PMC4751712 DOI: 10.1186/s40413-016-0095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disorder characterized by poorly reversible airway obstruction and its pathogenesis remains largely misunderstood. Local changes of regulatory T-cell populations in the lungs of COPD patients have been demonstrated although data concerning their pathologic role are contrasting. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relative percentage of regulatory T-cells in the peripheral blood of current and former smoker subjects, affected or not by COPD. Furthermore, the effect of different concentrations of budesonide and formoterol, on regulatory T-cells has been investigated. Methods T regulatory lymphocytes were isolated and assessed as CD4+CD25highCD127- cells by flow cytometry and cultured for 48 hours in the absence or in the presence of budesonide and/or formoterol at different doses. Results CD4+CD25highCD127- regulatory T-cells percentage was significantly reduced in COPD patients, both current and former smokers, with respect to volunteers. Furthermore, CD4+CD25highCD127- cells of COPD patients showed a not statistically significant response to drugs compared to healthy subjects. Discussion Our results evidenced a different behaviour of CD4+CD25highCD127- Treg cells in COPD patients after in vitro treatments. Conclusions Based on our data, we suggested a possible role of CD4 CD25highCD127 T-cells in COPD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Chiappori
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS San Martino-IST-University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Folli
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS San Martino-IST-University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Balbi
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS San Martino-IST-University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Anna Maria Riccio
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS San Martino-IST-University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura De Ferrari
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS San Martino-IST-University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Melioli
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS San Martino-IST-University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fulvio Braido
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS San Martino-IST-University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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19
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Solleiro-Villavicencio H, Quintana-Carrillo R, Falfán-Valencia R, Vargas-Rojas MI. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease induced by exposure to biomass smoke is associated with a Th2 cytokine production profile. Clin Immunol 2015; 161:150-5. [PMID: 26220216 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Smoking and exposure to biomass smoke induce the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and the activation of T helper cells. The resulting inflammatory response contributes to the development of COPD. Clinical heterogeneity exists among COPD patients, particularly between patients with disease associated with tobacco smoking (TS-COPD) and those exposed to biomass smoke (BE-COPD). The aim of this study was to identify whether exposure to tobacco and biomass smokes promotes different Th responses that contribute to clinical variability. The study only included women. The frequency of Th17 cells in patients with TS-COPD was significantly higher than in patients with BE-COPD and healthy controls (HC). In contrast, patients with BE-COPD had higher levels of Th2 cells than TS-COPD and HC. In accordance, IL-4 serum concentration was higher in BE-COPD than in TS-COPD. Our data indicates that the different responses induced by these two irritants may underlie the clinical heterogeneity between TS- and BE-COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Solleiro-Villavicencio
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Roger Quintana-Carrillo
- Departamento de Investigación sobre Tabaco, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- Laboratorio de HLA, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - María Inés Vargas-Rojas
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Mexico City, Mexico; Departamento de Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico.
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20
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Hunt L, Hensor EM, Nam J, Burska AN, Parmar R, Emery P, Ponchel F. T cell subsets: an immunological biomarker to predict progression to clinical arthritis in ACPA-positive individuals. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 75:1884-9. [PMID: 27613874 PMCID: PMC5036223 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-207991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Anticitrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)+ individuals with non-specific musculoskeletal symptoms are at risk of inflammatory arthritis (IA). This study aims to demonstrate the predictive value of T cell subset quantification for progression towards IA and compare it with previously identified clinical predictors of progression. Methods 103 ACPA+ individuals without clinical synovitis were observed 3-monthly for 12 months and then as clinically indicated. The end point was the development of IA. Naïve, regulatory T cells (Treg) and inflammation related cells (IRCs) were quantified by flow cytometry. Areas under the ROC curve (AUC) were calculated. Adjusted logistic regressions and Cox proportional hazards models for time to progression to IA were constructed. Results Compared with healthy controls (age adjusted where appropriate), ACPA+ individuals demonstrated reduced naïve (22.1% of subjects) and Treg (35.8%) frequencies and elevated IRC (29.5%). Of the 103 subjects, 48(46.6%) progressed. Individually, T cell subsets were weakly predictive (AUC between 0.63 and 0.66), although the presence of 2 T cell abnormalities had high specificity. Three models were compared: model-1 used T cell subsets only, model-2 used previously published clinical parameters, model-3 combined clinical data and T cell data. Model-3 performed the best (AUC 0.79 (95% CI 0.70 to 0.89)) compared with model-1 (0.75 (0.65 to 0.86)) and particularly with model-2 (0.62 (0.54 to 0.76)) demonstrating the added value of T cell subsets. Time to progression differed significantly between high-risk, moderate-risk and low-risk groups from model-3 (p=0.001, median 15.4 months, 25.8 months and 63.4 months, respectively). Conclusions T cell subset dysregulation in ACPA+ individuals predates the onset of IA, predicts the risk and faster progression to IA, with added value over previously published clinical predictors of progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hunt
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - E M Hensor
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - J Nam
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - A N Burska
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - R Parmar
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - P Emery
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - F Ponchel
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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21
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Muala A, Rankin G, Sehlstedt M, Unosson J, Bosson JA, Behndig A, Pourazar J, Nyström R, Pettersson E, Bergvall C, Westerholm R, Jalava PI, Happo MS, Uski O, Hirvonen MR, Kelly FJ, Mudway IS, Blomberg A, Boman C, Sandström T. Acute exposure to wood smoke from incomplete combustion--indications of cytotoxicity. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:33. [PMID: 26511835 PMCID: PMC4625445 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-015-0111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smoke from combustion of biomass fuels is a major risk factor for respiratory disease, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine whether exposure to wood smoke from incomplete combustion would elicit airway inflammation in humans. Methods Fourteen healthy subjects underwent controlled exposures on two separate occasions to filtered air and wood smoke from incomplete combustion with PM1 concentration at 314 μg/m3 for 3 h in a chamber. Bronchoscopy with bronchial wash (BW), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and endobronchial mucosal biopsies was performed after 24 h. Differential cell counts and soluble components were analyzed, with biopsies stained for inflammatory markers using immunohistochemistry. In parallel experiments, the toxicity of the particulate matter (PM) generated during the chamber exposures was investigated in vitro using the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Results Significant reductions in macrophage, neutrophil and lymphocyte numbers were observed in BW (p < 0.01, <0.05, <0.05, respectively) following the wood smoke exposure, with a reduction in lymphocytes numbers in BAL fluid (<0.01. This unexpected cellular response was accompanied by decreased levels of sICAM-1, MPO and MMP-9 (p < 0.05, <0.05 and <0.01). In contrast, significant increases in submucosal and epithelial CD3+ cells, epithelial CD8+ cells and submucosal mast cells (p < 0.01, <0.05, <0.05 and <0.05, respectively), were observed after wood smoke exposure. The in vitro data demonstrated that wood smoke particles generated under these incomplete combustion conditions induced cell death and DNA damage, with only minor inflammatory responses. Conclusions Short-term exposure to sooty PAH rich wood smoke did not induce an acute neutrophilic inflammation, a classic hallmark of air pollution exposure in humans. While minor proinflammatory lymphocytic and mast cells effects were observed in the bronchial biopsies, significant reductions in BW and BAL cells and soluble components were noted. This unexpected observation, combined with the in vitro data, suggests that wood smoke particles from incomplete combustion could be potentially cytotoxic. Additional research is required to establish the mechanism of this dramatic reduction in airway leukocytes and to clarify how this acute response contributes to the adverse health effects attributed to wood smoke exposure. Trial registration NCT01488500 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-015-0111-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Muala
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gregory Rankin
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Sehlstedt
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jon Unosson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jenny A Bosson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Annelie Behndig
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jamshid Pourazar
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Robin Nyström
- Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Thermochemical Energy Conversion Laboratory, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Esbjörn Pettersson
- Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Thermochemical Energy Conversion Laboratory, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Bergvall
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger Westerholm
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko S Happo
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Oskari Uski
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Frank J Kelly
- Environmental Research Group, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ian S Mudway
- Environmental Research Group, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Boman
- Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Thermochemical Energy Conversion Laboratory, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Sandström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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22
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Castillo-Courtade L, Han S, Lee S, Mian FM, Buck R, Forsythe P. Attenuation of food allergy symptoms following treatment with human milk oligosaccharides in a mouse model. Allergy 2015; 70:1091-102. [PMID: 25966668 DOI: 10.1111/all.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prebiotic nature of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and increasing evidence of direct immunomodulatory effects of these sugars suggest that they may have some therapeutic potential in allergy. Here, we assess the effect of two HMOs, 2'-fucosyllactose and 6'-sialyllactose, on symptomatology and immune responses in an ovalbumin-sensitized mouse model of food allergy. METHODS The effects of oral treatment with 2'-fucosyllactose and 6'-sialyllactose on anaphylactic symptoms induced by oral ovalbumin (OVA) challenge in sensitized mice were investigated. Mast cell functions in response to oral HMO treatment were also measured in the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis model, and direct effects on IgE-mediated degranulation of mast cells were assessed. RESULTS Daily oral treatment with 2'-fucosyllactose or 6'-sialyllactose attenuated food allergy symptoms including diarrhea and hypothermia. Treatment with HMOs also suppressed antigen-induced increases in mouse mast cell protease-1 in serum and mast cell numbers in the intestine. These effects were associated with increases in the CD4(+) CD25(+) IL-10(+) cell populations in the Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes, while 6'-sialyllactose also induced increased IL-10 and decreased TNF production in antigen-stimulated splenocytes. Both 2'-fucosyllactose and 6'-sialyllactose reduced the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis response, but only 6'-sialyllactose directly inhibited mast cell degranulation in vitro, at high concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that 2'-fucosyllactose and 6'-sialyllactose reduce the symptoms of food allergy through induction of IL-10(+) T regulatory cells and indirect stabilization of mast cells. Thus, human milk oligosaccharides may have therapeutic potential in allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Han
- Department of Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - S. Lee
- Department of Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - F. M. Mian
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - R. Buck
- Division of Abbott Laboratories; Abbott Nutrition; Columbus OH USA
| | - P. Forsythe
- Department of Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Research; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
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Kislina A, Balode L, Jurka N, Sinkevica Z, Isajevs S, Isajeva D, Gordjusina V, Bukovskis M, Taivans I, Strazda G. Increased innate and adaptive immune responses in induced sputum of young smokers. MEDICINA-LITHUANIA 2015; 51:159-166. [PMID: 28705478 DOI: 10.1016/j.medici.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES It is known that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) development process is imperceptible and can be asymptomatic for 20 or more years. It is of great importance to diagnose early inflammatory changes that can lead to COPD in young asymptomatic cigarette smokers. The aim of our study was to analyze the cell spectrum of induced sputum (IS) of young cigarette smokers, with emphasis on T-regulatory cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 20 healthy nonallergic smokers, 20 nonsmokers and 20 COPD patients were enrolled in the study. After lung function measurements were taken, we performed sputum induction and analyzed sputum cells. We evaluated the cell count of FOXP3-positive, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes by immunocytochemistry staining, and the cell count of macrophages and neutrophils by May-Grünwald Giemsa staining. RESULTS Induced sputum of smokers contained a higher absolute amount of macrophages and neutrophils when compared to nonsmokers. FOXP3-positive cells in the sputum of young smokers showed a statistically significant increase when compared to nonsmokers. Induced sputum of COPD patients contained an increased absolute amount of neutrophils and FOXP3-positive Treg cells when compared to nonsmokers. Regression analysis showed that the amount of FOXP-3 positive cells, neutrophils and macrophages in the induced sputum was increasing with the number of pack years. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that young smokers have early inflammatory changes in their airways that not only initiate nonspecific mechanisms recruiting neutrophils, but also involve specific immune mechanisms with recruitment of T regulatory lymphocytes. The lymphocyte response is probably adaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Kislina
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Liga Balode
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Normunds Jurka
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | | | | | - Darja Isajeva
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Maris Bukovskis
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Immanuels Taivans
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Gunta Strazda
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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Disruption of Th17/Treg Balance in the Sputum of Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Med Sci 2015; 349:392-7. [DOI: 10.1097/maj.0000000000000447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Limón-Camacho L, Solleiro-Villavicencio H, Pupko-Sissa I, Lascurain R, Vargas-Rojas MI. [Regulatory T cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. ARCHIVOS DE CARDIOLOGIA DE MEXICO 2015; 83:45-54. [PMID: 23474149 DOI: 10.1016/j.acmx.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposition to tobacco smoke has been established as the main risk factor to develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), by inducing inflammation of the airways. Several cell populations participate in this inflammatory process. It has been accepted that a maladaptive modulation of inflammatory responses plays a critical role in the development of the disease. Regulatory T cells (Treg) are a subset of T CD4(+) lymphocytes that modulate the immune response through secretion of cytokines. The role of the Treg cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is not clearly known, that is why it is important to focus in understanding their participation in the pathogenesis of the disease. To elaborate a systematic review of original articles in which we could describe Treg cells (their ontogeny, mechanisms of action) and their role in COPD, we made a systematic literature search in some data bases (MEDLINE, AMED, PubMed and Scielo) looking through the next keywords: "COPD and Regulatory T cells/EPOC y células T reguladoras", «Inflammation and COPD/Inflamación y EPOC», «Regulatory T cells/Células T reguladoras». We included basic science articles, controlled and non-controlled clinical trials, meta-analysis and guides. From this search we conclude that Treg cells are a subpopulation of T CD4(+) lymphocytes and their major functions are the suppression of immune responses and the maintenance of tolerance to self-antigens. A disruption in the regulatory mechanisms of the Treg cells leads to the development and perpetuation of inflammation in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Limón-Camacho
- Unidad de Posgrado, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D.F., México
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Kalathil SG, Lugade AA, Pradhan V, Miller A, Parameswaran GI, Sethi S, Thanavala Y. T-regulatory cells and programmed death 1+ T cells contribute to effector T-cell dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190:40-50. [PMID: 24825462 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201312-2293oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prone to exacerbations with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae have impaired responses to lipoprotein P6. We hypothesized that an underlying immunosuppressive network could be responsible for the defective antibacterial immunity observed in these patients. We evaluated T regulatory cells (Tregs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and exhausted T effector cells (programmed death 1 [PD-1](+)) in patients with COPD, because these cells are known to play a pivotal role in suppressing immune responses. OBJECTIVES We performed an in-depth characterization of Tregs, T effector cells, and MDSC in COPD and correlated their levels and function with disease severity. METHODS Treg, effector T cell, and MDSC frequency from patients with COPD and healthy subjects' PBMCs were analyzed by flow cytometry. Treg immunosuppressive capacity was measured by in vitro suppression assay. The frequency of interferon-γ producing T cells and T-cell proliferation were measured after blocking CTLA-4 and PD-1. Plasma proinflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine levels were measured. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Significantly increased levels of Tregs, MDSC, and PD-1(+) exhausted effector T cells were present in patients with COPD compared with healthy subjects. Tregs from patients with COPD suppressed P6-specific T-cell proliferation to a greater extent than Tregs from healthy subjects. Plasma levels of Treg-generated cytokines, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-β were elevated. Blockade of CTLA-4 resulted in significant augmentation of T-cell IFN-γ production in patients with COPD. CONCLUSIONS Functionally suppressive Tregs, MDSCs, and exhausted PD-1(+) T cells contribute to effector T-cell dysfunction in COPD.
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Peripheral CD4+ cell prevalence and pleuropulmonary manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Respir Med 2014; 108:766-74. [PMID: 24613209 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease involving several organs, including the lungs. Previous results confirmed changes of peripheral T cell subsets in lupus patients; however no data are available about their possible relationship with pulmonary involvement. OBJECTIVE To determine pulmonary manifestations and potential relationship in changes of peripheral CD4+ T cell subsets. METHODS Patients with SLE (N = 28) were enrolled in complex pulmonary examination. Patients were divided into groups with pleuropulmonary manifestations (SLEpulm N = 13 age: 44.9 ± 3.3 years, female: male = 11:2) or without (SLEc N = 15 age: 27.2 ± 3.7 years, female: male = 12:3). Peripheral blood was taken for T helper (Th)1, Th2, Th17, CD4+CD25hi+ and regulatory T (Treg: CD4+CD25hi+ CD127-) cell analysis from SLE patients and healthy volunteers (controls, N = 40). RESULTS SLEpulm patients were older, had more pulmonary symptoms and significantly decreased pO2 as compared to SLEc group. Ventilatory disorder was present in 92% of SLEpulm patients, with significantly decreased lung volumes, signs of airway involvement and decrease in DLco. Significant increase in Th1/Th2, while decrease in Th17/Treg ratios was present in all SLE compared to controls. In SLEpulm CD4+CD25hi+ subset without changes in Treg number was significantly increased as compared to SLEc and this subgroup of T cell showed significant positive correlation with dynamic lung function parameters and DLco (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In lupus patients pleuropulmonary manifestations are prevalent and lung function and blood gas measurements should be regularly performed in the daily clinical assessment. Significant increase of activated CD4+CD25hi+ T cells, but not Treg is associated with decreased lung function parameters in SLEpulm patients.
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Di Stefano A, Caramori G, Barczyk A, Vicari C, Brun P, Zanini A, Cappello F, Garofano E, Padovani A, Contoli M, Casolari P, Durham AL, Chung KF, Barnes PJ, Papi A, Adcock I, Balbi B. Innate immunity but not NLRP3 inflammasome activation correlates with severity of stable COPD. Thorax 2014; 69:516-24. [PMID: 24430176 PMCID: PMC4219154 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-203062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background In models of COPD, environmental stressors induce innate immune responses, inflammasome activation and inflammation. However, the interaction between these responses and their role in driving pulmonary inflammation in stable COPD is unknown. Objectives To investigate the activation of innate immunity and inflammasome pathways in the bronchial mucosa and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of patients with stable COPD of different severity and control healthy smokers and non-smokers. Methods Innate immune mediators (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-27, IL-37, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interferon γ and their receptors, STAT1 and pSTAT1) and inflammasome components (NLRP3, NALP7, caspase 1, IL-1β and its receptors, IL-18, IL-33, ST2) were measured in the bronchial mucosa using immunohistochemistry. IL-6, soluble IL-6R, sgp130, IL-7, IL-27, HMGB1, IL-33, IL-37 and soluble ST2 were measured in BAL using ELISA. Results In bronchial biopsies IL-27+ and pSTAT1+ cells are increased in patients with severe COPD compared with control healthy smokers. IL-7+ cells are increased in patients with COPD and control smokers compared with control non-smokers. In severe stable COPD IL-7R+, IL-27R+ and TSLPR+ cells are increased in comparison with both control groups. The NALP3 inflammasome is not activated in patients with stable COPD compared with control subjects. The inflammasome inhibitory molecules NALP7 and IL-37 are increased in patients with COPD compared with control smokers. IL-6 levels are increased in BAL from patients with stable COPD compared with control smokers with normal lung function whereas IL-1β and IL-18 were similar across all groups. Conclusions Increased expression of IL-27, IL-37 and NALP7 in the bronchial mucosa may be involved in progression of stable COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Di Stefano
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, IRCCS, Veruno (NO) e Tradate, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Centro Interdipartimentale per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo-correlate (CEMICEF; formerly Centro di Ricerca su Asma e BPCO), Sezione di Medicina Interna e Cardiorespiratoria (formerly Sezione di Malattie dell'Apparato Respiratorio), Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Adam Barczyk
- Katedra i Klinika Pneumonologii Slaskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Katowicach, Slaskiego, Poland
| | - Chiara Vicari
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, IRCCS, Veruno (NO) e Tradate, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Brun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Histology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Zanini
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, IRCCS, Veruno (NO) e Tradate, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche, Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia, Palermo, Italy Istituto Paolo Sotgiu, Libera Università degli Studi di Scienze Umane e Tecnologiche, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Elvira Garofano
- Centro Interdipartimentale per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo-correlate (CEMICEF; formerly Centro di Ricerca su Asma e BPCO), Sezione di Medicina Interna e Cardiorespiratoria (formerly Sezione di Malattie dell'Apparato Respiratorio), Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Padovani
- Centro Interdipartimentale per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo-correlate (CEMICEF; formerly Centro di Ricerca su Asma e BPCO), Sezione di Medicina Interna e Cardiorespiratoria (formerly Sezione di Malattie dell'Apparato Respiratorio), Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Contoli
- Centro Interdipartimentale per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo-correlate (CEMICEF; formerly Centro di Ricerca su Asma e BPCO), Sezione di Medicina Interna e Cardiorespiratoria (formerly Sezione di Malattie dell'Apparato Respiratorio), Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Casolari
- Centro Interdipartimentale per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo-correlate (CEMICEF; formerly Centro di Ricerca su Asma e BPCO), Sezione di Medicina Interna e Cardiorespiratoria (formerly Sezione di Malattie dell'Apparato Respiratorio), Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrew L Durham
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter J Barnes
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alberto Papi
- Centro Interdipartimentale per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo-correlate (CEMICEF; formerly Centro di Ricerca su Asma e BPCO), Sezione di Medicina Interna e Cardiorespiratoria (formerly Sezione di Malattie dell'Apparato Respiratorio), Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ian Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bruno Balbi
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, IRCCS, Veruno (NO) e Tradate, Pavia, Italy
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Beamer CA, Shepherd DM. Role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in lung inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:693-704. [PMID: 23963493 PMCID: PMC3821999 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Millions of individuals worldwide are afflicted with acute and chronic respiratory diseases, causing temporary and permanent disabilities and even death. Oftentimes, these diseases occur as a result of altered immune responses. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, acts as a regulator of mucosal barrier function and may influence immune responsiveness in the lungs through changes in gene expression, cell-cell adhesion, mucin production, and cytokine expression. This review updates the basic immunobiology of the AhR signaling pathway with regards to inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and silicosis following data in rodent models and humans. Finally, we address the therapeutic potential of targeting the AhR in regulating inflammation during acute and chronic respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine A Beamer
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, The University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Skaggs Building Room 284, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
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An increased alveolar CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + T-regulatory cell ratio in acute respiratory distress syndrome is associated with increased 30-day mortality. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39:1743-51. [PMID: 23949701 PMCID: PMC7095258 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-013-3036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Cell therapy may become an option for lung injury treatment. However, no data are available on the alveolar presence and time course of CD4+ CD25 + Foxp3 + T-regulatory lymphocyte cells (Tregs) in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Accordingly, we (1) measured the ratio of CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + Tregs to all (CD4+) lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of ARDS patients and of control subjects without lung disease and (2) assessed their impact on 30-day mortality. Methods In a prospective study, the ratios of CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + T-regulatory cells to all CD4+ cells were measured (FACS) within 24 h of the patients’ ICU referral in the BAL and in the blood of 47 patients with ARDS (32 males, 15 females; mean age 44 years ±13) as well as in 8 controls undergoing elective abdominal surgery (5 men, 3 women; mean age 49 years ±4). BAL concentrations of several cytokines were also measured in ARDS patients. Results Tregs were detected in the BAL of control subjects and ARDS patients. However, the mean ratio of Tregs to all CD4+ lymphocytes was threefold greater in ARDS non-survivors (16.5 %; p = 0.025) and almost twofold greater in ARDS survivors (9.0 %; p = 0.015) compared to controls (5.9 %). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed the ratio of CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + T-regulatory lymphocytes to all CD4+ lymphocytes in the BAL to be an important and independent prognostic factor for 30-day survival (HR 6.5; 95 % CI, 1.7–25; p = 0.006). Conclusion An increased T-regulatory cell ratio in the admission BAL of patients with ARDS is an important and independent risk factor for 30-day mortality.
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Pace E, Ferraro M, Giarratano A, Cipollina C, Gjomarkaj M. TLR4 up-regulation and reduced Foxp3 expression in mechanically ventilated smokers with obstructive chronic bronchitis. COPD 2013; 10:147-55. [PMID: 23514217 DOI: 10.3109/15412555.2012.730565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic bronchitis (CB) is a risk factor in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for accelerated lung function decline and increased mortality. The lung and systemic inflammatory and immunological profile of COPD patients with CB which acutely experience respiratory failure upon a disease exacerbation is unknown. METHODS In this study, we explored the expression of Foxp3 by western blot analysis, TLR4 by immunocytochemistry and the concentrations of IP-10 and IL-8 by ELISA in the mini-bronchoalveolar lavages (mini-BAL) and in the peripheral blood of patients with respiratory failure requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. The recruited subjects were separated into three different groups: smokers with CB and COPD (COPD, n = 18), smokers with CB but without COPD (S, n = 8) and patients without CB and without COPD (C, n = 10). RESULTS In mini-BAL of COPD group, Foxp3 and IP-10 were significantly reduced while TLR4 was significantly increased in comparison to C. TLR4 was also increased in mini-BAL of S. In COPD peripheral blood, Foxp3 was reduced in comparison to C but no significant differences were observed for TLR4 and for IP-10. No significant differences were observed for IL-8 concentrations in the mini-BAL and in the blood of the recruited patients. The mini-BAL TLR4 expression correlated with the Clinical Infective Pulmonary Score. CONCLUSIONS In exacerbated COPD patients with respiratory failure, lung and systemic reduced immune regulatory events (low Foxp3 expression) and lung increased innate immunity responses (high TLR4 expression) occur. These events may contribute to the increased inflammatory events leading to respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Pace
- Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Palermo, Italy.
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Horvath KM, Brighton LE, Herbst M, Noah TL, Jaspers I. Live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) induces different mucosal T cell function in nonsmokers and smokers. Clin Immunol 2012; 142:232-6. [PMID: 22264637 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Smokers are more susceptible to respiratory infections, including influenza. To explore the effect of smoking on influenza-induced responses within the nasal mucosa, we have developed a protocol using inoculation with live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccine followed by sampling of the nasal mucosa. Mucosal cell populations were harvested through superficial biopsy of the nasal inferior turbinate pre and post LAIV inoculation and analyzed using flow cytometry. The majority of nasal biopsy CD45+ immune cells at baseline were CD3+ T lymphocytes. Following LAIV, these lymphocytes increased in nonsmokers but not in smokers. A subset of individuals was negative for helper T cell marker CD4 and cytotoxic T cell marker CD8 but positive for the γδ T cell receptor (TCR). Increases in γδ TCR+ cells were greater in nonsmokers, than in smokers. Thus, LAIV-induced changes in CD3 T as well as γδ T lymphocyte percentages are suppressed in smokers compared to nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Horvath
- Curriculum in Toxicology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7127, USA
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